Informatics Educational Institutions & Programs

In atomic, molecular, and optical physics, above-threshold ionization (ATI) is a multi-photon effect where an atom is ionized with more than the energetically required number of photons.^[1] It was first observed in 1979 by Pierre Agostini and colleagues in xenon gas.^[2]

Photoelectrons

In the case of ATI the photoelectron peaks should appear at

<img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28957391aa01425c69e7dc2159c7b2f10452a2f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.627ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{s}=(n+s)\hbar \omega -W,}">

where the integer n represents the minimal number of photons absorbed, and the integer s represents the number of additional photons absorbed. W is the ionization energy, and $<img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0c1623a2086aff18584e32b589d83c06ac4cdda" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.719ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{s}}">$ is the electron kinetic energy of the peak corresponding to s additional photons being absorbed.^[3]

Structure

It typically has a strong maximum at the minimal number of photons to ionize the system, with successive peaks (known as ATI peaks) separated by the photon energy and thus corresponding to higher numbers of photons being absorbed.^[1]^[4]

In the non-perturbative regime the bound states are dressed with the electric field, shifting the ionization energy. If the ponderomotive energy of the field is greater than the photon energy $<img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }">$ , then the first peak disappears.^[3]

Features from ultrashort pulses

High intensity ultrashort pulse lasers can create ATI features with 20 or more peaks.^[5] The photoelectron spectrum of electron energies is continuous since actual light sources contain a spread of energies.

References

^ ^a ^b Parker, Jonathan; Clark, Charles W. (February 1, 1996). "Study of a plane-wave final-state theory of above-threshold ionization and harmonic generation". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 13 (2): 371. Bibcode:1996JOSAB..13..371P. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.13.000371.
^
Bashkansky, M.; Bucksbaum, P.; Schumacher, D. (June 13, 1988). "Asymmetries in Above-Threshold Ionization". Physical Review Letters. 60 (24): 2458–2461. Bibcode:1988PhRvL..60.2458B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.2458. PMID 10038359.
- Agostini, P.; Fabre, F.; Mainfray, G.; Petite, G.; Rahman, N. (April 23, 1979). "Free-Free Transitions Following Six-Photon Ionization of Xenon Atoms". Physical Review Letters. 42 (17): 1127–1130. Bibcode:1979PhRvL..42.1127A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.1127. The original article on the discovery
^ ^a ^b Gordon W. F. Drake, ed. (2006). Springer handbook of atomic, molecular, and optical physics (Updated and expanded ed.). New York: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 0-387-20802-X.
^ Cormier, E; Lambropoulos, P (May 14, 1996). "Optimal gauge and gauge invariance in non-perturbative time-dependent calculation of above-threshold ionization". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 29 (9): 1667–1680. Bibcode:1996JPhB...29.1667C. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/29/9/013. S2CID 250907316.
^ Cormier, E; Lambropoulos, P (January 14, 1997). "Above-threshold ionization spectrum of hydrogen using B-spline functions". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 30 (1): 77–91. Bibcode:1997JPhB...30...77C. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/30/1/010. S2CID 250843543.

External links

Above threshold ionization photoelectron spectra

[parker-1] Parker, Jonathan; Clark, Charles W. (February 1, 1996). "Study of a plane-wave final-state theory of above-threshold ionization and harmonic generation". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 13 (2): 371. Bibcode:1996JOSAB..13..371P. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.13.000371.

[2] Bashkansky, M.; Bucksbaum, P.; Schumacher, D. (June 13, 1988). "Asymmetries in Above-Threshold Ionization". Physical Review Letters. 60 (24): 2458–2461. Bibcode:1988PhRvL..60.2458B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.2458. PMID 10038359.
Agostini, P.; Fabre, F.; Mainfray, G.; Petite, G.; Rahman, N. (April 23, 1979). "Free-Free Transitions Following Six-Photon Ionization of Xenon Atoms". Physical Review Letters. 42 (17): 1127–1130. Bibcode:1979PhRvL..42.1127A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.1127. The original article on the discovery

[3] Agostini, P.; Fabre, F.; Mainfray, G.; Petite, G.; Rahman, N. (April 23, 1979). "Free-Free Transitions Following Six-Photon Ionization of Xenon Atoms". Physical Review Letters. 42 (17): 1127–1130. Bibcode:1979PhRvL..42.1127A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.1127. The original article on the discovery

[Drake-3] Gordon W. F. Drake, ed. (2006). Springer handbook of atomic, molecular, and optical physics (Updated and expanded ed.). New York: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 0-387-20802-X.

[4] Cormier, E; Lambropoulos, P (May 14, 1996). "Optimal gauge and gauge invariance in non-perturbative time-dependent calculation of above-threshold ionization". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 29 (9): 1667–1680. Bibcode:1996JPhB...29.1667C. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/29/9/013. S2CID 250907316.

[CormierEtAl-5] Cormier, E; Lambropoulos, P (January 14, 1997). "Above-threshold ionization spectrum of hydrogen using B-spline functions". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 30 (1): 77–91. Bibcode:1997JPhB...30...77C. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/30/1/010. S2CID 250843543.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]