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Personal name
Vietnamese	Lê Hạo
Hán-Nôm	黎灝

Names
	Lê Tư Thành (黎思誠)
Era name and dates
	Quang Thuận (光順)(Follower of Light): 1460–1469; Hồng Đức (洪德)(lit. Man of Great Virtue): 1470–1497
Posthumous name
	Sùng Thiên Quảng Vận Cao Minh Quang Chính Chí Đức Đại Công Thánh Văn Thần Vũ Đạt Hiếu Thuần Hoàng đế; (崇天廣運高明光正至德大功聖文神武達孝淳皇帝)
Temple name
	Thánh Tông (聖宗)

Lê Thánh Tông
黎聖宗
Lê Thánh Tông; 黎聖宗
Emperor of Đại Việt
5th Emperor of the Le Dynasty
Reign	26 June 1460 – 3 March 1497 (36 years, 250 days)
Predecessor	Lê Nghi Dân
Successor	Lê Hiến Tông
Born	Lê Tư Thành (黎思誠); 25 August 1442
Died	3 March 1497 (aged 54)
Burial	Chiêu Tomb, Lam Kinh [vi], Đại Việt
Spouse	Nguyễn Thị Huyên
Names
Names
	Lê Tư Thành (黎思誠)
Era name and dates
	Quang Thuận (光順)(Follower of Light): 1460–1469; Hồng Đức (洪德)(lit. Man of Great Virtue): 1470–1497
Posthumous name
	Sùng Thiên Quảng Vận Cao Minh Quang Chính Chí Đức Đại Công Thánh Văn Thần Vũ Đạt Hiếu Thuần Hoàng đế; (崇天廣運高明光正至德大功聖文神武達孝淳皇帝)
Temple name
	Thánh Tông (聖宗)
Dynasty	House of Lê
Father	Lê Thái Tông
Mother	Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao

Temple name
Vietnamese alphabet	Lê Thánh Tông
Hán-Nôm	黎聖宗

Lê Thánh Tông (chữ Hán: 黎聖宗; 25 August 1442 – 3 March 1497), personal name Lê Hạo, temple name Thánh Tông, courtesy name Tư Thành, was the emperor of Đại Việt from 1460 to 1497, the fifth monarch of the House of Lê and is one of the greatest monarchs in Vietnamese history. His era was eulogized as the Prospered reign of Hồng Đức.

Early life

Lê Thánh Tông's birth name is Lê Hạo (黎灝), courtesy name Tư Thành (思誠), pseudonym Đạo Am chủ nhân (道庵主人), rhymed name Tao Đàn nguyên súy (騷壇元帥), formal title Thiên Nam động chủ (天南洞主), was the fourth son of emperor Lê Thái Tông and his consort Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao. He was the fourth grandson of Lê Lợi,^[1] the half-brother of Lê Nhân Tông and it is likely that his mother and consort Nguyễn Thị Anh (the mother of Lê Nhân Tông) were related (cousins or perhaps sisters). When Hạo was three years old, he was brought to the royal palace and was educated just like his half brother, the ruling emperor Lê Nhân Tông, and other brothers, Lê Khắc Xương and Lê Nghi Dân in Hanoi.^[2] When his elder half brother, Lê Nghi Dân, staged a coup and killed the emperor and the queen in late 1459, Prince Hạo was spared.^[3] Nghi Dân proclaimed himself king. Nine months later, a second counter-coup against Lê Nghi Dân led by two military leaders Nguyễn Xí and Đinh Liệt successfully carried out, and Nghi Dân was killed in the royal palace.^[3] The plotters asked Prince Hạo to become the new emperor and he accepted. Two days after Lê Nghi Dân’s death, Lê Hạo was proclaimed king.^[3]

The leaders of the counter-coup which removed and killed Nghi Dân were two of the last surviving friends and aides of Lê Lợi - Nguyễn Xí and Đinh Liệt. The pair had been out of power since the 1440s, but they still commanded respect due to their association with the dynasty's founder, Lê Lợi. The new emperor appointed these men to the highest positions in his new government: Nguyễn Xí became one of the king's councilors, and Đinh Liệt was gifted command over the royal army of Đại Việt.

Reign

Bureaucratic reforms

His reforms were designed to replace the Thanh Hoá oligarchy of Dai Viet's southern region with a corps of bureaucrats selected through the Confucian civil service examinations.^[4]

Following the Chinese model, Lê Thánh Tông divided the government into six ministries; they were Finance, Rites, Justice, Personnel, Army, and Public Works.^[5] Nine grades of rank were set up for both the civil administration and the military.^[1] A Board of Censors was set up with royal authority to monitor governmental officials and reported exclusively to the emperor. However, governmental authority did not extend all the way to the village level.^[6] The villages were ruled by their own councils.^[6]

In 1469, all of Dai Viet was mapped and a full census was taken, listing all the villages in the kingdom. Around this time the country was divided into 13 dao (provinces).^[7] Each was administrated by a Governor, Judge, and the local army commander. Thánh Tông also ordered that a new census should be taken every six years.^[8] Other public works that were undertaken included building and repair of granaries, using the army to rebuild and repair irrigation systems after floods, and sending out doctors to areas afflicted by outbreaks of disease. Even though the emperor, at 25, was relatively young, he had already restored Vietnam's stability, which was a marked contrast from the turbulent times marking the reigns of the two emperors before him. By 1471, the kingdom employed more than 5,300 officials (0.1 percent of the population), equally divided between the court and the provinces, with at least one supervising officer every three villages.^[8]

A national-wide census was conducted in 1490, reported approximately 8,000 village-level jurisdictions throughout the country including the thirty-six urban wards that lay between the royal compound and the Red River at Dong Kinh, the only city in the country;^[9]^[10] with the total population was approximately 4.4 million people, the Red River delta had been the most densely inhabited region of Southeast Asia in the early-modern era.^[11]^[12]

The new government proved to be effective and represented a successful adaptation of the Chinese Confucian system of government outside of China. However, following the deaths of Thánh Tông and of his son and successor, Lê Hiến Tông (r. 1498–1504), this new model of government crashed not once but twice in the next three following centuries.^[1]

Legal reforms and a new national law

In 1483 Lê Thánh Tông created a new code for Đại Việt, called the Hong Duc Code, which is Vietnam's National Treasures and is kept in the National Library in form of woodblocks No A.314.

The new laws were

"based on Chinese law but included distinctly Vietnamese features, such as recognition of the higher position of women in Vietnamese society than in Chinese society. Under the new code, parental consent was not required for marriage, and daughters were granted equal inheritance rights with sons. U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies – Vietnam

Economic policy

During the reign of Thánh Tông, Vietnamese export porcelains from Hải Dương kilns were found as far as West Asia.^[13] Trowulan, capital of Majapahit, has yielded numerous Vietnamese ceramic products of the fifteenth century.^[13]

Education policy

Thánh Tông encouraged the spread of Confucian values throughout the kingdom by having temples of literature built in all the provinces. There, Confucius was venerated and classic works on Confucianism could be found. He also halted the building of any new Buddhist or Taoist temples and ordered that monks were not to be allowed to purchase any new land.^[14]

During his reign, Vietnamese Confucian scholarship had reached its golden era, with over 501 tiến sĩ (royal scholars) graduated,^[8] out of the total 2,896 tiến sĩ graduated from 1076 to 1911.^[10]

Foreign relations

Ming China

During the reign of Thánh Tông, two related events put the Ming tributary system to the test. The first was the final destruction of Champa in 1471, and the other, the invasion of Laos between 1479 and 1481. After destroying Champa in 1471, the Vietnamese informed the Ming court that the fall of Champa's ruling house had come about as "a result of civil war."^[15] In 1472, as Vietnamese pirates attacked Chinese and merchant ships in Hainan and the coast of Guangzhou, the Ming emperor called on Thánh Tông to end such activities. The court of Đại Việt denied its people would do such things.^[16]

Champa

In 1470, a Cham army numbered 100,000 under king Maha Sajan arrived and besieged the Vietnamese garrison at Huế. The local commander sent appeals to Hanoi for help.^[17] Champa was defeated and the balance of power between the Cham and the Vietnamese for more than 500 years came to an end. The Ming annals recorded that in 1485 that "Champa is a distant and dangerous place, and Annam is still employing troops there."^[18]

Laos and Burma

Back in 1448, the Vietnamese had annexed the land of Muang Phuan in what is today the Plain of Jars in northeastern Laos, and Thánh Tông made that territory a prefecture of Đại Việt in 1471.^[18] Began in 1478, Thánh Tông felt it was the time to take his revenge on King Chakkaphat of Laos, he collected his army along the Annamite border in preparation for an invasion.^[19] Around the same time a white elephant had been captured and brought to King Chakkaphat. The elephant being a potent symbol of kingship was common throughout Southeast Asia, and Thánh Tông requested the animal's hair to be brought as a gift to the Đại Việt court. The request was seen as an affront, and according to legend a box filled with dung was sent instead.^[19] Thánh Tông also realized that Laos was expanding its authority over Tai peoples who had previously acknowledged Vietnamese suzerainty and had regularly paid tribute to Đại Việt. Thus, the campaigns to reassert Dai Viet's authority over the Tai tribes led to the invasion of Laos.^[20]

In fall 1479, Thánh Tông led an army of 180,000 men marched westward, attacked Muang Phuan, Lan Xang and Nan.^[21] Luang Phabang was captured and the Laotian ruler Chakkaphat was killed. His forces pushed further to the upper Irrawaddy River, around Kengtung in modern-day Myanmar.^[21] In 1482 Momeik borrowed troops of Dai Viet to invade Hsenwi and Lan Na.^[21] By November 1484, his forces had withdrawn back to Dai Viet.^[18]^[22] According to the Ming Shilu, in 1488 Burmese Ava embassy in China complained about Dai Viet’s incursion into its territory. In the next year (1489) the Ming court sent envoys to admonish Dai Viet to stop.^[21]

Other regional powers and pirates

According to the Ming Shilu, Thánh Tông led ninety thousand troops to invade Lan Xang but was chased by the troops of the Malacca Sultanate, who killed thirty thousand Vietnamese soldiers.^[23] In 1485, envoys of Champa, Lan Xang, Melaka, Ayutthaya, and Java arrived Dai Viet.^[24] Also in 1475, pirates from Ryukyu Islands and Champa raided the port of Qui Nhơn.^[25]

As a poet

A group of 28 poets was formally recognized by the court (the Tao Dan) Lê Thánh Tông himself was a poet and some of his poem has survived. He wrote the following at the start of his campaign against the Champa:

One hundred thousand officers and men,
Start out on a distant journey.
Falling on the sails, the rain

Softens the sounds of the army.

Family

Father: Lê Thái Tông
Mother: Empress Quang Thuc Ngo Thi Ngoc Dao (光淑文皇后吳氏; 1421 - 1496)
Consort(s) and their Respective Issue(s):

Empress Huy Gia (Empress Truong Lac) Nguyễn Thị Hằng of Nguyen Clan (徽嘉皇后阮氏; 1441 - 1505)
1. Crown Prince Le Tranh, so Emperor Lê Hiến Tông
Empress Nhu Huy of Phung clan (柔徽皇后馮氏; 1444 - 1489)
1. Prince Le Tan, father of Emperor Lê Tương Dực
Imperial Consort Minh of Pham clan (明妃范氏; 1448 - 1498)
1. Prince Le Tung
2. Princess Loi Y Lê Oánh Ngọc (雷懿公主黎莹玉)
3. Princess Lan Minh Lê Lan Khuê (兰明公主黎兰圭; 1470 - 14??)
Imperial Consort Kinh of Nguyen clan (敬妃阮氏; 1444 - 1485)
1. Princess Minh Kinh Lê Thụy Hoa (明敬公主黎瑞华)
Consort Nguyen thi (貴妃阮氏)
1. Prince Le Thoan
Lady Nguyen (修容阮氏)
Lady Nguyen (才人阮氏; 1444 - 1479)
1. Prince Lê Tranh

Ancestry

Lê Đinh

Lê Khoáng (1350–1402)

Nguyễn Quách

Lê Lợi (1385–1433)

Trịnh Ngọc Thương

Lê Nguyên Long (1423–1442)

Phạm Thị Ngọc Trần (1386–1425)

Lê Hạo (1442-1497)

Ngô Kinh

Ngô Từ 1370–1453

Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao

Đinh Thị Ngọc Kế

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c Whitmore 2016, p. 200.
^ Taylor 2013, p. 205.
^ ^a ^b ^c Taylor 2013, p. 204.
^ Baldanza 2016, p. 84.
^ Taylor 2013, p. 213.
^ ^a ^b SarDesai 1988, p. 35-37.
^ Bridgman 1840, p. 210.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kiernan 2019, p. 205.
^ Li 2018, p. 169.
^ ^a ^b Taylor 2013, p. 206.
^ Kiernan 2019, p. 212.
^ Li 2018, p. 171.
^ ^a ^b Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 525.
^ Kiernan 2019, p. 208.
^ Wang 1998, p. 327-328.
^ Whitmore 2011, p. 109.
^ Sun 2006, p. 100.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kiernan 2019, p. 211.
^ ^a ^b Simms (2013), p. 51–52.
^ Wang 1998, p. 328.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sun 2006, p. 102.
^ Sun 2006, p. 103.
^ Sun 2006, p. 104.
^ Whitmore 2011, p. 110.
^ Whitmore 2011, p. 111.

Sources

The first part of this history is based on the doctoral thesis of John K. Whitmore "The Development of the Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam" (Cornell University, 1968). The thesis is mostly concerned with the structure and make-up of the Le government from 1427 to 1471.
The second part is based in part on the Library of Congress Country studies for Vietnam
Whitmore, John Kramer (2011), "Vân Đồn, the "Mạc Gap" and the End of Jiaozhi Ocean system: Trade and state of Đại Việt, Circa 1450-1550", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A.; Cooke, Nola (eds.), The Tongking Gulf Through History, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 101–116
Lary, Diana (2007). Diana Lary (ed.). The Chinese State at the Borders (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. ISBN 978-0774813334.
Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996). The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty. SUNY Presss. ISBN 0-791-42687-4.
Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6.
SarDesai, D. R. (1988). Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation. Long Beach Publications.
Taylor, K. W. (1999), "The early kingdoms", in Tarling, Nicholas (ed.), The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to c.1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Coedès, George (2015), The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia), Taylor & Francis
Maspero, Georges (2002). The Champa Kingdom. White Lotus Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-9-747-53499-3.
Li, Tana (2018). Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Cornell University Press.
Wang, Gungwu (1998), "Ming foreign relations: Southeast Asia", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John K. (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–332, ISBN 0-521-24333-5
Whitmore, John K. (1970). Vietnamese Adaptations of Chinese Government Structure in the Fifteeth Century. Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University.
Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press.
Purton, Peter (2010), A History of the Late Medieval Siege 1200–1500, The Boydell Press
Hall, Kenneth (1999), "Economic History of Early Southeast Asia", in Tarling, Nicholas (ed.), The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to c.1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of the Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0.
Yi, Insun (2006), "Lê Văn Hưu and Ngô Sĩ Liên: A Comparison of Their Perception of Vietnamese History", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.), Viet Nam: Borderless Histories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–71
Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.), Viet Nam: Borderless Histories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 72–120, ISBN 978-1-316-44504-4
Whitmore, John K. (2016), "The Emergence of the state of Vietnam", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 197–233
Loke, Alexander; Chen-Wishart, Mindy; Vogenauer, Stefan, eds. (2018). Formation and Third Party Beneficiaries. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-192-53564-1.
Taylor, K.W. (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
Buttinger, Joseph (1967). Vietnam: a Dragon Embattled: Vietnam at war. Praeger.
Woodside, Alexander (2009). Lost Modernities: China, Vietnam, Korea, and the Hazards of World History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-67404-534-3.
Simms, Sanda (2013). The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History. Taylor & Francis.
Hall, Kenneth R. (2011). A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-742-56762-7.
Bridgman, Elijah Coleman (1840). Chronology of Tonkinese Kings. Harvard University. p. 205–212. ISBN 978-1-377-64408-0.
Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-73554-4.
Wade, Geoff (2005), Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, retrieved 6 November 2012

Preceded by Lê Nghi Dân	Emperor of Đại Việt (ruled from 1460 to 1497) 1442–1497	Succeeded by Lê Hiến Tông

[FOOTNOTEWhitmore2016200-1] Whitmore 2016, p. 200.

[FOOTNOTETaylor2013205-2] Taylor 2013, p. 205.

[FOOTNOTETaylor2013204-3] Taylor 2013, p. 204.

[FOOTNOTEBaldanza201684-4] Baldanza 2016, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTETaylor2013213-5] Taylor 2013, p. 213.

[FOOTNOTESarDesai198835-37-6] SarDesai 1988, p. 35-37.

[FOOTNOTEBridgman1840210-7] Bridgman 1840, p. 210.

[FOOTNOTEKiernan2019205-8] Kiernan 2019, p. 205.

[FOOTNOTELi2018169-9] Li 2018, p. 169.

[FOOTNOTETaylor2013206-10] Taylor 2013, p. 206.

[FOOTNOTEKiernan2019212-11] Kiernan 2019, p. 212.

[FOOTNOTELi2018171-12] Li 2018, p. 171.

[FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016525-13] Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 525.

[FOOTNOTEKiernan2019208-14] Kiernan 2019, p. 208.

[FOOTNOTEWang1998327-328-15] Wang 1998, p. 327-328.

[FOOTNOTEWhitmore2011109-16] Whitmore 2011, p. 109.

[FOOTNOTESun2006100-17] Sun 2006, p. 100.

[FOOTNOTEKiernan2019211-18] Kiernan 2019, p. 211.

[FOOTNOTESimms201351–52-19] Simms (2013), p. 51–52.

[FOOTNOTEWang1998328-20] Wang 1998, p. 328.

[FOOTNOTESun2006102-21] Sun 2006, p. 102.

[FOOTNOTESun2006103-22] Sun 2006, p. 103.

[FOOTNOTESun2006104-23] Sun 2006, p. 104.

[FOOTNOTEWhitmore2011110-24] Whitmore 2011, p. 110.

[FOOTNOTEWhitmore2011111-25] Whitmore 2011, p. 111.

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@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 }}
 {{Lê dynasty monarchs}}
-'''Lê Thánh Tông''' ({{lang-vi-hantu|黎聖宗}}; 25 August 1442 – 3 March 1497), personal name '''Lê Hạo''', [[temple name]] '''Thánh Tông''', [[courtesy name]] '''Tư Thành''',  was the emperor of [[Đại Việt]] from 1460 to 1497, the fifth monarch of the [[Later Lê dynasty|House of Lê]] and is one of the greatest monarchs in Vietnamese history. He reigned the kingdom for 38 years; during his reign, he transformed Dai Viet from a Southeast Asian polity into a bureaucratic state with a strongly [[Confucianist]] character. His era was eulogized as the ''Prospered reign of Hồng Đức''. Most importantly, Lê Thánh Tông imposed a Confucian political order, an intricately layered hierarchy that survived until the French invasion 400 years later.
+'''Lê Thánh Tông''' ({{lang-vi-hantu|黎聖宗}}; 25 August 1442 – 3 March 1497), personal name '''Lê Hạo''', [[temple name]] '''Thánh Tông''', [[courtesy name]] '''Tư Thành''',  was the emperor of [[Đại Việt]] from 1460 to 1497, the fifth monarch of the [[Later Lê dynasty|House of Lê]] and is one of the greatest monarchs in Vietnamese history. His era was eulogized as the ''Prospered reign of Hồng Đức''.
 ==Early life==
-Lê Thánh Tông's birth name is '''Lê Hạo''' (黎灝), courtesy name '''Tư Thành''' (思誠), [[pseudonym]] '''Đạo Am chủ nhân''' (道庵主人),  [[rhymed name]] '''Tao Đàn nguyên súy''' (騷壇元帥), [[formal title]] '''Thiên Nam động chủ''' (天南洞主), was the fourth son of emperor [[Lê Thái Tông]] and his consort [[Ngô Thị Bính|Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao]]. He was born in the countryside where his mother had found refuge from homicidal intrigues in the palace. He was the fourth grandson of [[Lê Lợi]],{{sfn|Whitmore|2016|p=200}} the half-brother of [[Lê Nhân Tông]] and it is likely that his mother and consort [[Nguyễn Thị Anh]] (the mother of [[Lê Nhân Tông]]) were related (cousins or perhaps sisters). Lê Hạo's father and his brother reigned as minors under regencies dominated by men who had served as Lê Lợi's officers during the anti-Ming resistance.{{sfn|Taylor|1999|p=150}} When Hạo was three years old, he was brought to the royal palace and was educated just like his half brother, the ruling emperor [[Lê Nhân Tông]], and other brothers, [[Lê Khắc Xương]] and [[Lê Nghi Dân]] in [[Hanoi]].{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=205}} When his elder half brother, [[Lê Nghi Dân]], staged a coup and killed the emperor and the queen in late 1459, Prince Hạo was spared.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=204}} Nghi Dân proclaimed himself king. Nine months later, a second counter-coup against Lê Nghi Dân led by two military leaders [[Nguyễn Xí]] and [[Đinh Liệt]] successfully carried out, and Nghi Dân was killed in the royal palace.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=204}} The plotters asked Prince Hạo to become the new emperor and he accepted. Two days after Lê Nghi Dân’s death, Lê Hạo was proclaimed king.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=204}} Chronicle writers described him as unusually handsome, dignified, intelligent, courageous, resourceful, humane, and decisive. He was drawn to good and gentle people. Most importantly, he was diligent and untiring in his studies.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=205}} As time went on, he withdrew from contact with others and spent all his time with books. The luxury of spending the energy of his youth in study made him the most erudite man of his generation.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=205}}
+Lê Thánh Tông's birth name is '''Lê Hạo''' (黎灝), courtesy name '''Tư Thành''' (思誠), [[pseudonym]] '''Đạo Am chủ nhân''' (道庵主人),  [[rhymed name]] '''Tao Đàn nguyên súy''' (騷壇元帥), [[formal title]] '''Thiên Nam động chủ''' (天南洞主), was the fourth son of emperor [[Lê Thái Tông]] and his consort [[Ngô Thị Bính|Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao]]. He was the fourth grandson of [[Lê Lợi]],{{sfn|Whitmore|2016|p=200}} the half-brother of [[Lê Nhân Tông]] and it is likely that his mother and consort [[Nguyễn Thị Anh]] (the mother of [[Lê Nhân Tông]]) were related (cousins or perhaps sisters). When Hạo was three years old, he was brought to the royal palace and was educated just like his half brother, the ruling emperor [[Lê Nhân Tông]], and other brothers, [[Lê Khắc Xương]] and [[Lê Nghi Dân]] in [[Hanoi]].{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=205}} When his elder half brother, [[Lê Nghi Dân]], staged a coup and killed the emperor and the queen in late 1459, Prince Hạo was spared.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=204}} Nghi Dân proclaimed himself king. Nine months later, a second counter-coup against Lê Nghi Dân led by two military leaders [[Nguyễn Xí]] and [[Đinh Liệt]] successfully carried out, and Nghi Dân was killed in the royal palace.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=204}} The plotters asked Prince Hạo to become the new emperor and he accepted. Two days after Lê Nghi Dân’s death, Lê Hạo was proclaimed king.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=204}}
 The leaders of the counter-coup which removed and killed Nghi Dân were two of the last surviving friends and aides of [[Lê Lợi]] - [[Nguyễn Xí]] and [[Đinh Liệt]]. The pair had been out of power since the 1440s, but they still commanded respect due to their association with the dynasty's founder, [[Lê Lợi]]. The new emperor appointed these men to the highest positions in his new government: [[Nguyễn Xí]] became one of the king's councilors, and Đinh Liệt was gifted command over the royal army of Đại Việt.
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ==Reign==
 ===Bureaucratic reforms===
-After its defeat and the expulsion of its troops in 1427, the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] government exhibited little desire to become involved again, and generally left the Vietnamese alone for over a century, as the Ming now placed their southern neighbor outside the range of civilization. Vietnamese scholars increasingly participated in Dai Viet’s tribute embassies north to Peking and doubtless brought back a stronger sense of how the Ming bureaucratic system operated. He acknowledged the Ming system, transformed Dai Viet into a bureaucratic state with a strongly Confucian character, establishing the Nam-giao (Ch. Nan-chiao), a sacrifice to Heaven, as the new central state ritual.{{sfn|Whitmore|2016|p=200}} His reforms were designed to replace the [[Thanh Hoá]] oligarchy of Dai Viet's southern region with a corps of bureaucrats selected through the Confucian civil service examinations.{{sfn|Baldanza|2016|p=84}}
+His reforms were designed to replace the [[Thanh Hoá]] oligarchy of Dai Viet's southern region with a corps of bureaucrats selected through the Confucian civil service examinations.{{sfn|Baldanza|2016|p=84}}
-Following the Chinese model, Lê Thánh Tông divided the government into six ministries; they were Finance, Rites, Justice, Personnel, Army, and Public Works.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=213}} Nine grades of rank were set up for both the civil administration and the military. The Lê king for the first time consistently utilized the triennial examination system of the Ming dynasty to recruit scholars for appointment in the civil service.{{sfn|Whitmore|2016|p=200}} A Board of Censors was set up with royal authority to monitor governmental officials and reported exclusively to the emperor. However, governmental authority did not extend all the way to the village level.{{sfn|SarDesai|1988|p=35-37}} The villages were ruled by their own councils.{{sfn|SarDesai|1988|p=35-37}}
+Following the Chinese model, Lê Thánh Tông divided the government into six ministries; they were Finance, Rites, Justice, Personnel, Army, and Public Works.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=213}} Nine grades of rank were set up for both the civil administration and the military.{{sfn|Whitmore|2016|p=200}} A Board of Censors was set up with royal authority to monitor governmental officials and reported exclusively to the emperor. However, governmental authority did not extend all the way to the village level.{{sfn|SarDesai|1988|p=35-37}} The villages were ruled by their own councils.{{sfn|SarDesai|1988|p=35-37}}
-In 1469, all of Dai Viet was mapped and a full census was taken, listing all the villages in the kingdom. Around this time the country was divided into 13 dao (provinces).{{sfn|Bridgman|1840|p=210}} Each was administrated by a Governor, Judge, and the local army commander. Thánh Tông also ordered that a new census should be taken every six years.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=205}} Other public works that were undertaken included building and repair of granaries, using the army to rebuild and repair irrigation systems after floods, and sending out doctors to areas afflicted by outbreaks of disease. Even though the emperor, at 25, was relatively young, he had already restored Vietnam's stability, which was a marked contrast from the turbulent times marking the reigns of the two emperors before him. By 1471, the kingdom employed more than 5,300 officials (0.1 percent of the population), equally divided between the court and the provinces, with at least one supervising officer every three villages.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=205}} Officials in the top eight grades received annual cash [[salaries]] and allotments of land. Lower ranking officials received cash salaries only.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=214}} In 1477, Thánh Tông ordered an examination of the workload of all officials and a corresponding adjustment of their salaries up or down. In 1481, when available cash was insufficient to pay all the salaries, the king ordered to reduce the number of officials by weeding out the incompetent, corrupt, or unproductive.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=214}} A national-wide census was conducted in 1490, reported approximately 8,000 village-level jurisdictions throughout the country including the thirty-six urban wards that lay between the royal compound and the [[Hong River|Red River]] at [[Hanoi|Dong Kinh]], the only city in the country;{{sfn|Li|2018|p=169}}{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=206}} with the total population was approximately 4.4 million people, the [[Red River delta]] had been the most densely inhabited region of [[Southeast Asia]] in the early-modern era.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=212}}{{sfn|Li|2018|p=171}}
+In 1469, all of Dai Viet was mapped and a full census was taken, listing all the villages in the kingdom. Around this time the country was divided into 13 dao (provinces).{{sfn|Bridgman|1840|p=210}} Each was administrated by a Governor, Judge, and the local army commander. Thánh Tông also ordered that a new census should be taken every six years.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=205}} Other public works that were undertaken included building and repair of granaries, using the army to rebuild and repair irrigation systems after floods, and sending out doctors to areas afflicted by outbreaks of disease. Even though the emperor, at 25, was relatively young, he had already restored Vietnam's stability, which was a marked contrast from the turbulent times marking the reigns of the two emperors before him. By 1471, the kingdom employed more than 5,300 officials (0.1 percent of the population), equally divided between the court and the provinces, with at least one supervising officer every three villages.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=205}}
+A national-wide census was conducted in 1490, reported approximately 8,000 village-level jurisdictions throughout the country including the thirty-six urban wards that lay between the royal compound and the [[Hong River|Red River]] at [[Hanoi|Dong Kinh]], the only city in the country;{{sfn|Li|2018|p=169}}{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=206}} with the total population was approximately 4.4 million people, the [[Red River delta]] had been the most densely inhabited region of [[Southeast Asia]] in the early-modern era.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=212}}{{sfn|Li|2018|p=171}}
 The new government proved to be effective and represented a successful adaptation of the Chinese Confucian system of government outside of China. However, following the deaths of Thánh Tông and of his son and successor, [[Lê Hiến Tông]] (r. 1498–1504), this new model of government crashed not once but twice in the next three following centuries.{{sfn|Whitmore|2016|p=200}}
@@ Line 57: / Line 59: @@
 ===Legal reforms and a new national law===
 [[File:Vietnam, grande ciotola, xv sec.JPG|200px|thumb|right|A Chu Đậu [[Blue and white pottery|Blue and white patterns]] dish, was made during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông. [[Musée Guimet]], [[Paris]].]]
-In 1483 Lê Thánh Tông created a new code for Đại Việt, called the Hong Duc Code, which is [[National Treasure (Vietnam)|Vietnam's National Treasures]] and is kept in the National Library in form of woodblocks No A.314. It comprised 722 articles set out in six volumes and as was remained in force throughout Vietnam until late 18th century. The Hong Duc code was inspired by the [[Tang Code]] in China. However, it dealt with the same topic with slightly similar or totally different solutions. Among its 722 articles, 342 have no corresponding provisions in the Chinese Tang Code and [[Ming Code]]. It has 200 articles were influenced in varying decrees by the Tang Code, and 14 were directly  borrowed from the Ming Code.{{sfn|Loke|Chen-Wishart|Vogenauer|2018|p=450}}
+In 1483 Lê Thánh Tông created a new code for Đại Việt, called the Hong Duc Code, which is [[National Treasure (Vietnam)|Vietnam's National Treasures]] and is kept in the National Library in form of woodblocks No A.314.
-The Hong Duc Code contained civil and criminal laws, and rules of procedure. It was a product of mostly Vietnamese customary laws with little Chinese and no Western influence. The Hong Duc Code contains many features found in modern legal systems, which find no counterpart elsewhere in Asia, not even in the Chinese Tang Code. Among there are rectification of mistakes an the composition of debts; the institution of the guarantee; an institution akin to leasing; the acquisitions of land ''solo animus''; protecting against monetary devaluation; and a concept similar to force majeure. The notion of [[human rights]] also had been recorded by the code. In short the Hong Duc Code was protective of [[private ownership]] and private autonomy in ways which resonate with the Western legal tradition.{{sfn|Loke|Chen-Wishart|Vogenauer|2018|p=450}}
 The new laws were <blockquote> "based on Chinese law but included distinctly Vietnamese features, such as recognition of the higher position of women in Vietnamese society than in Chinese society. Under the new code, parental consent was not required for marriage, and daughters were granted equal inheritance rights with sons.  [http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/11.htm U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies – Vietnam]</blockquote>
-Thánh Tông was aware of and engaged with how village people lived, both in meeting their material needs through agriculture and as a society of human relationships.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=217}} His education had taught him that social morality was fundamentally defined by Confucian ethics. He gave public honor to people known for their chastity and filial piety. [[Abortion]] was prohibited. He issued an edict forbidding [[singer]]s and actors from ridiculing parents or officials.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=217}}
 ===Economic policy===
 [[File:Vietnam (Annam), 15th century - Ewer in the Shape of a Dragon - 1989.359 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|200px|thumb|left|Ewer in shape of a dragon made in Chu Đậu, Vietnam during the years of 1460-1497, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]]]
 [[File:An12 Le Thanh Tong Hong Duc 1ar (12105001446).jpg|200px|thumb|Coins issued by Emperor Lê Thánh Tông during his later reign from 1469 to 1497]]
-Thánh Tông took an unfavorable stance toward international trade, and instead internalized the Dai Viet economy in the name of achieving the "well-being" of his subjects, by emphasizing the need to develop a self-sustaining Dai Viet agricultural economy over promoting marketplace commerce.{{sfn|Hall|2011|p=247}} In the second year of his reign (1461), Thánh Tông sent out an order to his provincial officials to encourage [[agriculture]] and to ensure that their people had enough to eat and wear – "Do not cast aside the roots [agriculture] and pursue the insignificant [trade/commerce]" to ensure internal welfare and restrict outsiders from entering Dai Viet's provinces.{{sfn|Whitmore|2011|p=107}}{{sfn|Hall|2011|p=248}} No con men, wanderers, or loafers would be allowed, and those not working hard on their lands were to be officially reported. This was standard Chinese phraseology, but new to the Vietnamese court.{{sfn|Whitmore|2011|p=108}}
+During the reign of Thánh Tông, Vietnamese export porcelains from [[Hải Dương]] kilns were found as far as [[Middle East|West Asia]].{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=525}} [[Trowulan]], capital of [[Majapahit]], has yielded numerous Vietnamese ceramic products of the fifteenth century.{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=525}}
-Thánh Tông decreed that those convicted of crimes should be sent to remote parts of [[Quảng Bình Province]] in the south. Under his general
-economic development programme, there was again a ban on large landholdings. Southern settlement in the [[Nghệ An]] and [[Hà Tĩnh]] provinces was encouraged by the establishment of fortifications to protect newly developed paddy fields. Land was to be cleared—a decree forbade the waste of any land. Prisoners and criminals were sent to settle the new lands.{{sfn|Hall|1999|p=268}} Military officers in local posts were rewarded with plots of land that would not revert to the state at their death. Bureaus were organized in every province to supervise the digging of dikes and [[canal]]s. State representatives were also charged to provide information that would improve animal [[husbandry]] and the cultivation of [[mulberry]] trees. After two years of settlement, officials were to be sent to establish appropriate taxes, and to promote the new patriarchal family-focused Confucian moral code.{{sfn|Hall|1999|p=269}}
-During his reign, [[drought]] and hunger occurred in 1467, 1468, 1473, 1476, 1489 and 1492.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=218}} The year 1467 also a [[typhoon]] devastated coastal provinces of the [[Red River Delta]], breaking dikes, flooding fields with seawater, and killed many people.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=218}} The king halted all construction projects in the capital and sent the workers to help in the countryside. Soldiers were excused from drill and training exercises to assist with repairing the damage from the storm, including rebuilding the coastal dikes. The price of rice in [[Hanoi|Dong Kinh]] was excessively high, so rice was transported from [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] where it was more plentiful and cheaper.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=218}}
-During the reign of Thánh Tông, Vietnamese export porcelains from [[Hải Dương]] kilns were found as far as [[Middle East|West Asia]].{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=525}} [[Trowulan]], capital of [[Majapahit]], has yielded numerous Vietnamese ceramic products of the fifteenth century.{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=525}} Archaeological research in the [[Red River Delta]] shows that Hải Dương was the center of Vietnamese ceramic production during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The high-fired wares produced for export here were sent to Indonesia and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=526}} At the dawn of the sixteenth century, Vietnamese civilization was in a position to prosper due to the political and economic initiatives taken by Lê Thánh Tông.{{sfn|Hall|1999|p=269}} Unfortunately, after taking [[Champa]], the Vietnamese state leadership could not, like their Cham neighbours, turn to plundering raids as a regular source of state financing, due to the inconsistent of the developing Vietnamese bureaucratic administration that depended upon its land-based military and aristocratic elite to support a harmonious state system modeled on that of Ming China.{{sfn|Hall|1999|p=269}}
-===Social policy===
-During the reigns of the Lê kings in the fifteenth century, ''[[thành hoàng]]'' cults came to be placed in the [[đình]] in every villages where they were regulated as an aspect of local administration. Ritual observances associated with thanh hoang were conducted by men, in contrast with the prominent role of women and nuns at many Buddhist temples.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=217}} In 1470 Thánh Tông issued a edict against people shaving their heads unless they were legitimate Buddhist [[monk]]s or temple wardens suggests a suspicion of people seeking to [[impersonate]] temple dwellers to avoid field work. Despite this seeming inclination to curb the activities of monks and priests, in 1467, amidst an invasion of crop-destroying [[insect]]s, the king sent Daoist priests to exercise their occult powers against the calamity; he also ordered that sacrifices be made to "all the deities" to stop the infestation.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=217}}
 ===Education policy===
@@ Line 84: / Line 73: @@
 Thánh Tông encouraged the spread of Confucian values throughout the kingdom by having [[Temple of Confucius|temples of literature]] built in all the provinces. There, Confucius was venerated and classic works on Confucianism could be found. He also halted the building of any new [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhist]] or [[Taoism in Vietnam|Taoist]] temples and ordered that monks were not to be allowed to purchase any new land.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=208}}
+During his reign, Vietnamese Confucian scholarship had reached its golden era, with over 501 ''tiến sĩ'' (royal scholars) graduated,{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=205}} out of the total 2,896 ''tiến sĩ'' graduated from 1076 to 1911.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=206}}
-During his reign, Vietnamese Confucian scholarship had reached its golden era, with over 501 ''tiến sĩ'' (royal scholars) graduated,{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=205}} out of the total 2,896 ''tiến sĩ'' graduated from 1076 to 1911.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=206}} In 1463, nearly 4,400 men participated in the capital exam, and had an average of about 4,000 men graduated from the regional exams to participate in the capital exams every three years, and only about 1 percent of these graduated to take the capital exam.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=207}} The examination curriculum which was based on knowledge of [[Chinese classics]], was published for regional examination in 1463 had the ''[[Four Books]].'' In 1467 the ''[[Five Classics]]''  were published and teachers were assigned to teach them in the palace academy.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=208}} The 1472 exam included both the ''Four Books'' and the ''Five Classics'', giving particular emphasis to the ''[[Spring and Autumn Annals]]''. In 1473, there was an exam for teachers on the Four Books and the Five Classics. Subsequently, the 1475 exam contained a more elaborate scheme of questions about the ''Four Books'' and the ''Five Classics'' than there had been in 1472.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=208}} In 1484, steles were erected inscribed with the names of all capital examination graduates beginning with the exam of 1442.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=206}}
-===History chronicles===
 [[File:EOS 6341 raw.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Stele dated 1478 inscribes names of graduated scholars]]
-In 1460, Thánh Tông issued a royal edict ordering Confucian officials to compile an official national history. The edict called for the collection of all unofficial histories and historical materials held in private collections; these documents were to be brought to the palace, where they would be edited by Confucian officials into an official national history and stored in the Eastern Pavilion (Đông Các).{{sfn|Yi|2006|p=46}} The prominent Confucianist historian, [[Ngô Sĩ Liên]] (1401–1489) initially participated in the compilation of these documents, his father’s death forced him to leave his post temporarily. When he returned, the compilation had already been completed. Ngô Sĩ Liên compiled his own national history by editing [[Lê Văn Hưu]]’s 13th-century ''[[Đại Việt sử ký]]'', comparing Vietnamese royal historical records with unofficial histories and referencing Chinese documents, which was completed in 1479 known as ''[[Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư]].''{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=355}} The official national history stored in the Eastern Pavilion was lost; only the ''Toàn Thư'' is preserved.{{sfn|Yi|2006|p=46}}
-===Military===
-In a census of officialdom in 1471, there were around 2,700 officials with appointments at court; 70 percent of them were military. A similar number of officials were in the countryside; of these, only 30 percent were military. The land army and the navy were both headquartered at [[Hanoi|Dong Kinh]].{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=214}} The army was organized under five major commands, all stationed near the capital, in addition to which were the palace guard units. Provincial garrisons, border guards, and local militia kept watch in the countryside and on the frontiers. Thánh Tông met daily with his top military commanders, and after every public session of court he met privately with the commanders of the five armies along with the Six Ministers.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=214}}
-In 1466 the Vietnamese court reorganized its army along Ming lines to better utilize Ming handgun and artillery technology.{{sfn|Hall|2011|p=252}} In 1467, Thánh Tông ordered the manufacture of new types of weapons; the use of saltpeter for fireworks was prohibited. All these governmental actions imply that a greater amount of [[saltpeter]] was needed for military use than in the past. At the Ministry of Works, special units were in charge of saltpeter manufacturing.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=96}} In 1469 an edict was issued regarding the drill of the different military units, including those employing [[hand cannon]]s and [[crossbow]]s, and declared gunpowder weapons a state monopoly.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=95}}{{sfn|Hall|2011|p=248}} In 1479 a firearm [[arsenal]], where melee weapons, guns, [[gunpowder]], [[sulfur]], and so on were stored, was burned down when Thánh Tông was on his way to invade [[Lan Xang]].{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=95}} On January 11, 1493, a firearm arsenal was added to each arsenal.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=95}}
 ===Foreign relations===
 ====Ming China====
-During the reign of Thánh Tông, two related events put the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] [[tributary system]] to the test. The first was the final destruction of Champa in 1471, and the other, the invasion of Laos between 1479 and 1481. After destroying [[Champa]] in 1471, the Vietnamese informed the Ming court that the fall of Champa's ruling house had come about as "a result of civil war."{{sfn|Wang|1998|p=327-328}} Meanwhile, Thánh Tông sent missions to China which the court considered tribute missions; the Ming court enfeoffed the Vietnamese ruler as the king of Annam, while  Thánh Tông used a rhetoric which placed his court on equal footing with the Ming empire.{{sfn|Wang|1998|p=327-328}} In 1472, as Vietnamese pirates attacked Chinese and merchant ships in [[Hainan]] and the coast of [[Guangzhou]], the Ming emperor called on Thánh Tông to end such activities. The court of [[Đại Việt]] denied its people would do such things.{{sfn|Whitmore|2011|p=109}}
+During the reign of Thánh Tông, two related events put the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] [[tributary system]] to the test. The first was the final destruction of Champa in 1471, and the other, the invasion of Laos between 1479 and 1481. After destroying [[Champa]] in 1471, the Vietnamese informed the Ming court that the fall of Champa's ruling house had come about as "a result of civil war."{{sfn|Wang|1998|p=327-328}} In 1472, as Vietnamese pirates attacked Chinese and merchant ships in [[Hainan]] and the coast of [[Guangzhou]], the Ming emperor called on Thánh Tông to end such activities. The court of [[Đại Việt]] denied its people would do such things.{{sfn|Whitmore|2011|p=109}}
-In 1479, when Thánh Tông tried to enlist [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Sipsong Banna]], a Ming tributary state, to help invade [[Chiangmai]], Ming border officials warned Sipsong Banna not to become involved in this struggle. After the Laotians and Chiangmai drove off the Vietnamese army, the Ming court rewarded Chiengmai for its loyalty.{{sfn|Wang|1998|p=327-328}} In returns, Thánh Tông denied that Laos had been attacked; he insisted that he did not even know where Chiengmai was and suggested that Chinese officials had been misinformed. After the war, the Ming emperor was content to send Thánh Tông an admonitory letter reminding him, as the king of a cultured nation, of his Confucian obligations to remain loyal, to act righteously, to maintain harmonious relations with sister states who acknowledged the emperor as Son of Heaven, and to care for the lives of the people under his rule.{{sfn|Wang|1998|p=329}}  On June 30, 1482, Lan Na reported to the Ming that it had helped Lan Sang to repel the army of Dai Viet and had destroyed the edict of Dai Viet
 ====Champa====
 {{main|Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)}}
 [[Image:Map of Later Lê dynasty during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông (1460-1497).png|200px|left|thumb|The kingdom of [[Đại Việt]] during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông]]
+In 1470, a Cham army numbered 100,000 under king [[P'an-Lo T'ou-Ts'iuan|Maha Sajan]] arrived and besieged the Vietnamese garrison at Huế. The local commander sent appeals to [[Hanoi]] for help.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=100}} Champa was defeated and the balance of power between the Cham and the Vietnamese for more than 500 years came to an end. The Ming annals recorded that in 1485 that "Champa is a distant and dangerous place, and Annam is still employing troops there."{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=211}}
-After the expedition to [[Champa]] of 1446, Vietnamese efforts to hold the Cham king as a vassal quickly failed and relations between the two
-kingdoms deteriorated.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=220}} The border was at [[Hải Vân Pass]] between the modern cities of [[Huế]] and [[Da Nang]], and the Cham apparently remained strong. In 1470, a Cham army numbered 100,000 under king [[P'an-Lo T'ou-Ts'iuan|Maha Sajan]] arrived and besieged the Vietnamese garrison at Huế. The local commander sent appeals to [[Hanoi]] for help.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=100}} King Thánh Tông felt angry. Within weeks, soldiers were mobilized, rice was collected and transported south, and envoys hastened to inform Ming of what was planned. Three months later, during the [[Siberian High|winter season]], Thánh Tông published the detailed campaign orders to his generals and proclaiming in a long edict the reasons for the expedition.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=220}}
-On November 28, 1470, 100,000-strong Vietnamese naval expedition led by Đinh Liệt and Lê Niem set out to attack Champa, followed by another 150,000 Vietnamese supplies civilians on December 8. Fighting started on February 24, 1471, when five hundred Vietnamese warships and 30,000 troops were ordered to block the way of 5,000 Cham troops and elephants. Then one thousand warships and 70,000 troops followed under the leadership of Thánh Tông. The Vietnamese forces used [[cannon]]s and bombarded the city, blasting a breach in Vijaya's defenses prior to storming the city.{{sfn|Purton|2010|p=202}} On March 22 the Cham capital [[Vijaya (Champa)|Vijaya]] collapsed after a four-day siege. more than 30,000 Chams were captured, including King Tra Toan and his family members whom were deported to the north, and over 40,000 killed.{{sfn|Maspero|2002|p=117-118}}{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=100}} The balance of power between the Cham and the Vietnamese for more than 500 years came to an end. A Cham general fled and established himself as ruler at modern [[Phan Rang]], more than 250 kilometers further south. He and two others, a ruler in the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] (the region of [[Kon Tum]] and [[Pleiku]]) and a ruler on the coast immediately to the south of [[Bình Định Province|Bình Định]], in the modern provinces of [[Phú Yên Province|Phú Yên]] and [[Khánh Hòa Province|Khánh Hòa]], submitted to Thánh Tông as vassals.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=221}} The Ming annals recorded that in 1485 that "Champa is a distant and dangerous place, and Annam is still employing troops there."{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=211}}
 ====Laos and Burma====
@@ Line 114: / Line 90: @@
 Back in 1448, the Vietnamese had annexed the land of [[Muang Phuan]] in what is today the [[Plain of Jars]] in northeastern Laos, and Thánh Tông made that territory a prefecture of Đại Việt in 1471.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=211}} Began in 1478, Thánh Tông felt it was the time to take his revenge on [[Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo|King Chakkaphat]] of [[Lan Xang|Laos]], he collected his army along the Annamite border in preparation for an invasion.{{sfnp|Simms|2013|p=51–52}} Around the same time a [[White elephant (animal)|white elephant]] had been captured and brought to King Chakkaphat. The elephant being a potent symbol of kingship was common throughout Southeast Asia, and Thánh Tông requested the animal's hair to be brought as a gift to the Đại Việt court. The request was seen as an affront, and according to legend a box filled with dung was sent instead.{{sfnp|Simms|2013|p=51–52}} Thánh Tông also realized that Laos was expanding its authority over Tai peoples who had previously acknowledged Vietnamese suzerainty and had regularly paid tribute to Đại Việt. Thus, the campaigns to reassert Dai Viet's authority over the Tai tribes led to the invasion of Laos.{{sfn|Wang|1998|p=328}}
-In fall 1479, Thánh Tông led an army of 180,000 men marched westward, attacked Muang Phuan, [[Lan Xang]] and [[Nan Province|Nan]].{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=102}} [[Luang Phabang]] was captured and the Laotian ruler Chakkaphat was killed. Because one of Chakkaphat's son escaped to [[Chiangmai]], Thánh Tông tried to enlist [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Sipsong Banna]] (a Ming tributary state) to help invade Chiengmai, but the Ming border officials had warned Sipsong Banna not to become involved in this conflict.{{sfn|Wang|1998|p=328}} His forces pushed further to the upper [[Irrawaddy River]], around [[Kengtung]] in modern-day [[Myanmar]].{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=102}} In 1482 [[Momeik]] borrowed troops of Dai Viet to invade [[Theinni|Hsenwi]] and [[Lan Na]].{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=102}} By November 1484, his forces had withdrawn back to Dai Viet.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=211}}{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=103}} According to the ''[[Ming Shilu]]'', in 1488 Burmese [[Kingdom of Ava|Ava]] embassy in China complained about Dai Viet’s incursion into its territory. In the next year (1489) the Ming court sent envoys to admonish Dai Viet to stop.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=102}}
+In fall 1479, Thánh Tông led an army of 180,000 men marched westward, attacked Muang Phuan, [[Lan Xang]] and [[Nan Province|Nan]].{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=102}} [[Luang Phabang]] was captured and the Laotian ruler Chakkaphat was killed. His forces pushed further to the upper [[Irrawaddy River]], around [[Kengtung]] in modern-day [[Myanmar]].{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=102}} In 1482 [[Momeik]] borrowed troops of Dai Viet to invade [[Theinni|Hsenwi]] and [[Lan Na]].{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=102}} By November 1484, his forces had withdrawn back to Dai Viet.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=211}}{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=103}} According to the ''[[Ming Shilu]]'', in 1488 Burmese [[Kingdom of Ava|Ava]] embassy in China complained about Dai Viet’s incursion into its territory. In the next year (1489) the Ming court sent envoys to admonish Dai Viet to stop.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=102}}
 ====Other regional powers and pirates====
-According to the ''Ming Shilu'', Thánh Tông led ninety thousand troops to invade [[Lan Xang]] but was chased by the troops of the [[Malacca Sultanate]], who killed thirty thousand Vietnamese soldiers.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=104}} In 1481 envoys from Melaka complained to the Ming that in 1469 Dai Viet had plundered its envoys to the Ming court when they were forced by strong wind to the shore of Dai Viet.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=103}} In 1485, envoys of Champa, Lan Xang, Melaka, [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]], and [[Java]] arrived Dai Viet.{{sfn|Whitmore|2011|p=110}} Also in 1475, pirates from [[Ryukyu Islands]] and [[Champa]] raided the port of [[Qui Nhơn]].{{sfn|Whitmore|2011|p=111}}
+According to the ''Ming Shilu'', Thánh Tông led ninety thousand troops to invade [[Lan Xang]] but was chased by the troops of the [[Malacca Sultanate]], who killed thirty thousand Vietnamese soldiers.{{sfn|Sun|2006|p=104}} In 1485, envoys of Champa, Lan Xang, Melaka, [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]], and [[Java]] arrived Dai Viet.{{sfn|Whitmore|2011|p=110}} Also in 1475, pirates from [[Ryukyu Islands]] and [[Champa]] raided the port of [[Qui Nhơn]].{{sfn|Whitmore|2011|p=111}}
 ===As a poet===
@@ Line 127: / Line 103: @@
 Falling on the sails, the rain <br>
 Softens the sounds of the army.</blockquote>
-==Death==
-During his later years, Thánh Tông distributed gifts to those who accompanied him on his annual pilgrimages to [[Thanh Hoá]] and made a point of publicly honoring the descendants of men who had fought with his grandpa Lê Lợi. He had seemingly pacified his turbulent dynastic homeland. When Thánh Tông took to bed for the final time in late 1496, the queen was allowed to wait on him.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=222-223}} She was apparently angry toward him, for historians recorded that she hid poison in her sleeve and secretly applied it to his sores to increase the intensity of his illness. After proclaiming Crown Prince [[Lê Hiến Tông|Lê Tranh]] king and writing a final poem, Lê Hạo died in early 1497 at age 55. He was the father of fourteen sons and twenty daughters. Commonly called the Hong Duc King because the last twenty-six years of his reign were counted as the Hong Duc (“immense virtue”) reign period, he has been celebrated as the greatest king in Vietnamese history.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=222-223}}
 == Family ==

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