{"ID":105403,"post_author":"9412100","post_date":"2023-01-03 13:48:22","post_date_gmt":"0000-00-00 00:00:00","post_content":"","post_title":"LIMSjournal - Winter 2022","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"draft","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2023-01-03 13:48:22","post_modified_gmt":"2023-01-03 18:48:22","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/?post_type=ebook&p=105403","menu_order":0,"post_type":"ebook","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"","_ebook_metadata":{"enabled":"on","private":"0","guid":"EB930D02-0370-4EF4-86A1-CBB149BD694F","title":"LIMSjournal - Winter 2022","subtitle":"Volume 8, Issue 4","cover_theme":"nico_3","cover_image":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/rdp-ebook-builder\/pl\/cover.php?cover_style=nico_3&subtitle=Volume+8%2C+Issue+4&editor=Shawn+Douglas&title=LIMSjournal+-+Winter+2022&title_image=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.limsforum.com%2Fwww.limsforum.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FFig5_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png&publisher=LabLynx+Press","editor":"Shawn Douglas","publisher":"LabLynx Press","author_id":"26","image_url":"","items":{"3e884bbd41faf8c3c02ba3907f9428a2_type":"article","3e884bbd41faf8c3c02ba3907f9428a2_title":"Construction of control charts to help in the stability and reliability of results in an accredited water quality control laboratory (Silva et al. 2022)","3e884bbd41faf8c3c02ba3907f9428a2_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory","3e884bbd41faf8c3c02ba3907f9428a2_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:Construction of control charts to help in the stability and reliability of results in an accredited water quality control laboratoryFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nConstruction of control charts to help in the stability and reliability of results in an accredited water quality control laboratoryJournal\n \nSustainabilityAuthor(s)\n \nda Silva, Fl\u00e1via M.O.; Silv\u00e9rio, Karina S.; Castanheira, Maria I.; Raposo, Mariana; Imagin\u00e1rio, Maria J.; Sim\u00f5es, Isabel; Almeida, Maria A.Author affiliation(s)\n \nPolytechnic Institute of BejaPrimary contact\n \nEmail: flavia dot silva at ipbeja dot ptEditors\n \nKazak, J.K.; Sciavicco, G.; Kami\u0144ska, J.A.Year published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n14(22)Article #\n \n15392DOI\n \n10.3390\/su142215392ISSN\n \n2071-1050Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/22\/15392Download\n \nhttps:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/22\/15392\/pdf (PDF)\n\n\n\n\n \n This article contains rendered mathematical formulae. You may require the TeX All the Things plugin for Chrome or the Native MathML add-on and fonts for Firefox if they don't render properly for you. \n\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Materials and methods \n\n3.1 Description of the study \n3.2 Methods \n\n\n4 Results \n5 Discussion \n6 Conclusions \n7 Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \n8 Acknowledgments \n\n8.1 Author contributions \n8.2 Funding \n8.3 Conflicts of interest \n\n\n9 References \n10 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nOverall, laboratory water quality analysis must have stability in their results, especially in laboratories accredited by ISO\/IEC 17025. Accredited parameters should be strictly reliable. Using control charts to ascertain divergences between results is thus very useful. The present work applied a methodology of analysis of results through control charts to accurately monitor the results for a wastewater treatment plant. The parameters analyzed were pH, biological oxygen demand for five days (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total phosphorus (TP). The stability of the results was analyzed from the control charts and 30 analyses performed in the last 12 months. From the results, it was possible to observe whether the results were stable, according to the rehabilitation factor, which cannot exceed WN = 1.00, and the efficiency of removal of pollutants, which remained above 70% for all parameters. The method of determining the technological reliability and stability of the treatment station by use of control charts proves to be an efficient tool for detecting any instability in the results. As such, this method helps to monitor the results of such analyses more clearly and thus enables a rapid response to possible disturbances and maintains the quality of the analysis control, as well as determining the accreditation entities.\nKeywords: water quality, control charts, reliability, wastewater treatment\n\nIntroduction \nQuality management in accredited laboratories consists of a set of actions based on the international regulatory standard ISO\/IEC 17025. Maintaining quality across lab operations is seen as fundamental to maintaining the suitability of the lab's services and products. Organizations are increasingly looking for improvement in their processes and procedures (P&P) and have tools contributing to the achievement of their goals. Implementing and improving statistical controls, continuous improvement, training, and participation reduce a process\u2019s variability and consequently increases quality and productivity. Some tools even help to ensure quality control, including check sheets, histograms, and control charts.[1][2] As Samohyl[3] notes, mindfully implementing these and other tools further ensures quality by minimizing variations in the characteristics of products and procedures.\nA control chart\u2014and charting in general\u2014is of the main statistical tools used to control and monitor processes. Control charts signal the presence of accidental causes and special causes in a process.[4] According to Corr\u00eaa[5], every process has variation, and a natural or common cause is within the control limits. In contrast, so-called special causes need more attention because they indicate values outside the control limits and therefore need rapid correction. Using control charts to manage routine analyses allows easy detection of negative trends in analytical work, enabling quick corrective action, reducing out-of-specification (OOS) results, and consequently avoiding non-compliance.[6] They can be applied in several areas and are used worldwide. A study carried out by Razif[7] proves that the use of control charts contributed to faster detection of anomalies in a daily cycle of analysis and showed similarities in the characteristics of the water quality data of the Surabaya river in Indonesia between 2014 and 2015 for several parameters such as biological oxygen demand for five days (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS).\nIn an analogous study in Brazil using control charts in conjunction with other statistical tools, it was possible to identify a problem in the domestic sewage treatment plant. The treatment did not produce an effluent with characteristics that meet the specifications or release standards of the environmental legislation, indicating the need for restructuring and correction of the efficiency of the process.[8]\nThe international standard ISO 7870-1:2019 Control charts \u2014 Part 1: General guidelines addresses several objectives regarding control charts, including[9]\n\nindicating if the process is stable, comparing information from samples that represent the current state of the process against the control limits that reflect this variability;\nestimating the magnitude of the variability inherent to the process; and\naiming to determine if the variability of the process has remained stable or if there are oscillations.\nA 2022 study by \u015aliz and Bugajski[10] concluded that control charts could be an effective tool for assessing the operation of a sewage treatment plant, allowing the detection of any disturbances during the sewage treatment process in the tested facility and the rapid correction of those disturbances, ensuring the natural reservoir\u2019s water quality. The Shewhart-type control chart is the most used and has broad applicability. In building this model, a preliminary period of subsequent sample analysis is needed to determine the control limits.[11] After this analysis period, statistical treatment is applied to obtain the control charts.\nAccording to Zan et al.[12], control charts are used to monitor whether a process is controlled or not. They have long been used for quality monitoring of manufacturing processes. If only random causes affect the operation, the production process is considered to be natural or normal.[13] At this time, the control chart tends to fluctuate randomly in the symmetrical coordinate system. The traditional control chart easily detects the abnormity beyond the boundary. Still, it is challenging to identify the range of abnormity given that it usually requires human judgment and is easily affected by various factors.\nThe problem of water pollution in urban areas is highly relevant today due to progressive urbanization, aging of ecological infrastructure, and high population density.[10][14] The Member States of the European Union, in agreement with the Water Framework Directive (WFD), are obliged to use and protect their water resources rationally. These include the proper treatment of wastewater.\nThis study aims to apply a methodology of analysis of results through control charts, aiming at accurately monitoring the results for a wastewater treatment plant from a slaughterhouse in a specific region of Alentejo in Portugal. The parameters analyzed were pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, and total phosphorus (TP).\nAccording to Reilly et al.[15], slaughterhouse wastewater presents a biological risk to humans and other animals due to the presence of pathogens, pharmaceuticals, and toxic chemicals used for plant cleaning.[16] This harmful potential means that the disposal of slaughterhouse and dairy waste is often subject to local legislation which has been put in place to protect public health.[17] For example, COD in slaughterhouse wastewater often requires a 95% reduction, with similar levels of treatment being required for TP before final discharge into the environment.[16] Currently, the UK dairy processing and slaughterhouse industries use technologies such as chemical dosing, reverse osmosis, anaerobic digestion, dissolved air floatation, and membrane bioreactors to treat their wastewater. They have been obtaining good results.[18][19][20]\nThis study will show the construction of control charts helps guide analysts when there are results outside the control lines, making it possible to reassess the results faster if necessary. Going forward, this method will assist laboratories in managing the quality of the results of their water and wastewater analysis.\n\nMaterials and methods \nDescription of the study \nThe School of Agriculture of the Polytechnic Institute of Beja has a water quality control laboratory accredited to ISO\/IEC 17025, where water quality is analyzed. This laboratory is located in Beja, Portugal. The technological process of the wastewater treatment plant analyzed includes mechanical, biological, and chemical treatment of wastewater. The values of pollution indicators for sewage discharged into the municipality to the slaughterhouse may not exceed the following values: pH 19, BOD5 500.0 mg O2\u00b7L\u22121, COD 1500.0 mg O2\u00b7L\u22121, TSS 1000.0 mg\u00b7L\u22121, and TP 25 mg P\u00b7L\u22121. These values are accorded between the company and the municipality.\nThe objective was thus to create control charts for the pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, and TP parameters in analyzing a wastewater treatment plant from a slaughterhouse in Alentejo for 18 months (2021\u20132022).\n\nMethods \nThe methodology was made according to Figure 1. The laboratory receives the wastewater samples, analyzes them, and creates a database with the data. The work was applied from this step forward, where the data was analyzed, and the control charts were created.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1. Process method\n\n\n\nThe creation of the control charts is structured with an upper control line (UCL), a lower control line (LCL), the process means or target (CL), and the observed points. This statistical tool shows the evolution over time of a characteristic, allowing the identification of the purpose of variations and assisting in a continuous improvement of the process to produce itself according to the specifications, keeping the process under statistical control. Statistical control is ensured through the lines of the control limits that allow real-time analysis of the progress of the process. This represents the statistic related to the variable of interest in case one or more points exceed the control limits, indicating that the process has a problem.[21]\nFor pollution indicators in treated sewage, control charts were within the boundaries of the helplines, and the control lines and the center line were determined considering the tree-sigma rule for the normal distribution N (\u03bc, \u03c3), where \u03bc = average of the analyzed values, and \u03c3 = standard deviation of the analyzed variable.[10][22][23] Formulas were:\n\nLower control line (LCL): LCL = \u03bc \u2212 3\u03c3\nLower warning line (LWL): LWL = \u03bc \u2212 2\u03c3\nLower helpline (LHL): LHL = \u03bc \u2212 1\u03c3\nCenter line (CL): CL = \u03bc\nUpper helpline (UHL): UHL = \u03bc + 1\u03c3\nUpper warning line (UWL): UWL = \u03bc + 2\u03c3\nUpper control line (UCL): UCL = \u03bc + 3\u03c3\nTo analyze the technological reliability and stability of the wastewater treatment station in Alentejo, Portugal, with the use of control charts, some specifics were necessary. The coefficient of technical reliability was used, as with \u015aliz and Bugajski[10]:\n\n\n \n \n \n W\n N\n =\n \n \n \n x\n \n s\n r\n \n \n \n x\n \n d\n o\n p\n \n \n \n \n  \n [\n −\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle WN={\\frac {x_{sr}}{x_{dop}}}~\\lbrack -\\rbrack }\n \n \nwhere WN = plant reliability factor [\u2212], xsr = average value of the analyzed pollution index in treated sewage [mg\u00b7dm\u22123], and xdop = permissible value of the analyzed pollution index in treated sewage [mg\u00b7dm\u22123].\nThe effectiveness of wastewater treatment was calculated according to the following formula:\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n η\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n S\n \n s\n \n \n −\n \n S\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n S\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n ×\n 100\n %\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathsf {\\eta }}={\\frac {S_{s}-S_{0}}{S_{s}}}\\times 100\\%}\n \n \nwhere: \u019e = reduction of a particular pollutant index in treated sewage [%], Ss = value of the pollution index in raw sewage [mg\u00b7dm\u22123], and S0 = value of the pollution index in treated sewage [mg\u00b7dm\u22123].\nTo verify interruption or instability of the effluent treatment process from control charts, we can use the following parameters, as with Andraka[24]: eight consecutive points on one side of the central line, one point outside the control limits, two of the three points outside the \u00b12\u03c3 warning lines, and four of five consecutive points beyond the \u00b11\u03c3 extension lines.[10]\nControl charts have three fundamental objectives: reducing variability, monitoring, and estimating process quality parameters.[25] In constructing control charts, it is essential and valuable to distinguish the two phases of implementation and construction.\nIn phase 1, a set of process data is analyzed retrospectively to understand the variation of the process over time, evaluate the stability of the process, and model the performance of the process under control. This last step is usually carried out by estimating the parametric model in phase 2, in which the process has been previously estimated. Phase 1 thus corresponds to a retrospective check of the process where the experimental control limits are calculated, while phase 2 is concerned with monitoring the process itself.[26]\nPhase 2 begins after collecting a set of process data under stable conditions and is representative of the performance of the process under control. In phase 2, a control chart is used to monitor the process, comparing the sample statistics for each successive sample as extracted from the process with the control limits.[27]\n\nResults \nThe results show the control charts for the inlet and outlet effluents of an existing wastewater treatment plant in a slaughterhouse in Alentejo, Portugal.\nFigure 2 and Figure 3 show the inlet and outlet effluent behavior for the pH parameter. The control charts show the variation during the 30 days of treatment for wastewater.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 2. The control chart for pH inlet\n\n\n\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 3. The control chart for pH outlet\n\n\n\nIt can be seen that after treatment, the results are stabilized; this is the possible interpretation of the analysis definition of the control lines. Figure 4 shows the COD inlet results; compared to Figure 5, the COD outlet shows an improved system. For Figure 5, there is a first point close to the LWL, but it is not necessary to take control because the next point is far away from the LWL. Only two points cross the control lines, and this behavior does not jeopardize the treatment outcome.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. The control chart for COD inlet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 5. The control chart for COD outlet\n\n\n\nAnalyzing the results for Figure 6 and Figure 7, it is possible to see the same stability of the results at the outlet of the treated effluent, with only one point crossing the UCL control line. Due to all the results obtained having this same point outside the standard, it is believed that the treatment was ineffective on this day.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6. The control chart for BOD5 inlet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 7. The control chart for BOD5 outlet\n\n\n\nFor total phosphorus results, Figure 8 and Figure 9 show similar results. The resulting line remains stable and only crosses the UHL line once; the results stay close to the LC control line across all samples.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8. The control chart for TP inlet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 9. The control chart for TP outlet\n\n\n\nFor the TSS inlet chart (Figure 10 and Figure 11) one sample exceeds the UWL line, and when observing the TSS outlet chart, it can be noted that the post-treatment results are stable, except on three occasions. In this situation, it may alert the company to a possible problem in the treatment in that specific period.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 10. The control chart for TSS inlet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 11. The control chart for TSS outlet\n\n\n\nAll control charts obtained were analyzed, and most points were under statistical control in Figures 2\u201311. In accordance with Montgomery[27], only rule 1, the presence of special causes of variation, was evaluated, and there was only one particular cause. With the process under statistical control in phase 1, it passes to phase 2, which consists of monitoring the process.\nNote that the purpose of using the rules is to increase the sensitivity of control charts. However, care must be taken when using a set of rules, as an excessive number of false alarms may occur. The higher the number of rules to be used, the greater the number of false alarms.[27]\nTable 1 shows the technological reliability coefficient against the average efficiency of the analyzed pollutant removal in the sewage treatment plant. It can be seen that the efficiency of reduction from treatment is good enough to reach more than 70% in all parameters analyzed, with better results for the BOD5 indicator, reaching 89%.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1. Value of the technological reliability coefficient against the average efficiency of the analyzed pollutant removal in the sewage treatment plant in the Alentejo slaughterhouse.\n\n\nIndicator\n\nBOD5\n\nCOD\n\nTSS\n\nTP\n\n\nReliability coefficient WN\n\n0.37\n\n0.57\n\n0.45\n\n0.84\n\n\nReduction efficiency \u03b7 (%)\n\n89\n\n78\n\n76\n\n70\n\n\n\nThe BOD5 parameter showed the lowest rehabilitation coefficient (WN) of 0.37 and, consequently, the most excellent technological reliability, which indicates a highly satisfactory result for this parameter. For COD and TSS parameters, the rehabilitation coefficient showed results of 0.57 and 0.45, respectively, indicating values that can be considered reasonably good. In the case of TP, the indicated value is within the legislation in force. However, it is the highest value for the rehabilitation coefficient and consequently has the lowest treatment efficiency among the analyzed parameters since the indicators are inversely proportional. A study by Mly\u0144ski[28] used the indicator to prove the technological reliability of the treatment plant, where it obtained results below 1.00. However, this was slightly higher when compared to the results obtained in the present study.\n\nDiscussion \nAlthough there were some lower deviations in the LC, most of the results were stable after the treatment, which can be seen from the construction of the control charts.\nThe graphs demonstrate stability after water treatment, except for occasional events in a given period. These points that suffered oscillation may indicate a lower treatment efficiency because this anomaly is in the same period and with different parameters such as COD and BOD5. For the TSS input graph, one sample reaches the UWL line, while the TSS output graph shows that the post-treatment results are stable, except for three points that, in this situation,, may alert the company to a possible problem in the treatment in that specific period. Another potential cause of this difference in results may be related to the error in sample collection.\nIn sample 18, all parameters were altered beyond the control lines UCL, UWL, and UHL, except for the parameter pH. This behavior leads us to believe that the wastewater treatment plant had some technical problems that led to the inefficiency of treatment or stoppage of the process on this day. It is verified that this is the only sample we obtained this type of change. In the previous and subsequent samples, the results were satisfactory within the control lines, as expected. According to Nagendra and Rai[29], the chart series size, sample size, and sampling interval are the three main factors in detecting changes efficiently. Thus, for further investigation of the cause of this variation, a larger number of samples is required. In a similar study, Moore[30] suggests that in relation to the Shewhart chart of averages (x\u2212), the errors depend on the degree of non-normality and the sample size (or subgroup). These errors can be reduced by using a larger sample size.\nStudies related to wastewater treatment from slaughterhouses indicate the need for efficiency in treatment due to environmental risks and human health. When comparing the results obtained by Reilly et al.[15] in their studies for COD (75%) and BOD5 (85%), the results obtained in this study show a good removal efficiency, with values of 78% and 89%, respectively. These data assist in analyzing results compared to the values established in the decrees of laws in force for Portugal, such as Decree-Law No. 236\/98.[31] According to 236\/98[31], phosphorus in wastewater may have a concentration of 10 mg P\/L in the forms of orthophosphates, polyphosphates (P2O7), and organic phosphorus.[32] Wastewater treatment is carried out to avoid risks to public health, pollution of water resources, and the environment in general. It is essential to be able to control these results. The work performed by Luizi[33] created control charts similar to this work and obtained values of 95% for removal efficiency and 0.49 for the rehabilitation coefficient for TP. Luizi's values are better than those found in Table 1 for the TP, and a justification for these results is the origin of the residual water. Although there is a similarity in the construction of the control charts, we cannot, however, compare the results since they are wastewater from different sources.\nThese results demonstrate how control charts help with the analysis of data in the laboratory, thus establishing greater quality control. As such, when a result is outside the line control (LC) in the respective control chart, it can be more readily said that there was an error in the treatment process, facilitating the search for corrections.\n\nConclusions \nThis study\u2019s main objective was based on the application of statistical control of the process of analyzing wastewater from a food industry company, more specifically in the meat sector (a slaughterhouse). From the experimental point of view, it started by diagnosing OOS results via control charts that allow laboratorians to better identify the main problems and situations to be corrected and monitored.\nMost of the results of the studied parameters in question oscillated around the central line and did not show any crossing of the control lines or grouping of samples below or above the characteristic lines. As such, the control charts were effective for what was proposed, and variations could be observed in the analyzed period. These results confirmed that the treatment is largely stable according to the rehabilitation coefficient and treatment efficiency results.\nWith the help of control charts, it could also be observed that on the eighteenth day of collection, all parameters exceeded the UWL. This behavior was due to a possible isolated failure of treatment. This OOS result could be observed in all control charts but the pH charts, thus demonstrating how rapid detection of variations in small scales on control charts allows the lab to better act upon identifying potential causes of variability. Finally, the results of this work show it is possible to state that all points are under statistical control, and thus by extension these types of control charts can have routine value in the laboratory.\n\n Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \nBOD5: biological oxygen demand\nCL:\tcenter line\nCOD: chemical oxygen demand\nLCL: lower control line\nLHL: lower helpline\nLWL: lower warning line\nOOS: out of specification\nTP:\ttotal phosphorus\nTSS: total solid suspense\nUCL: upper control line\nUHL: upper helpline\nUWL: upper warning line\nWFD:\u2003Water Framework Directive\nAcknowledgments \nThanks to the Water Quality Control Laboratory of the Agrarian School of Beja Polytechnic Institute, Beja.\n\nAuthor contributions \nConceptualization, F.M.O.d.S. and K.S.S.; methodology, F.M.O.d.S. and M.A.A.; validation, F.M.O.d.S., K.S.S. and M.A.A.; formal analysis, M.I.C., M.R., I.S. and M.J.I.; investigation, F.M.O.d.S. and K.S.S.; data curation, M.I.C., M.R., I.S. and M.J.I.; writing\u2014original draft preparation, F.M.O.d.S.; writing\u2014review and editing, F.M.O.d.S. and K.S.S.; supervision M.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\n\nFunding \nThis research received no external funding.\n\nConflicts of interest \nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Costa, A.F.B.; Epprecht, E.K.; Carpinetti, L.C.R. (2010). Controle Estat\u00edstico da Qualidade (2nd ed.). Atlas.   \n \n\n\u2191 Perez, Val\u00e9ria Vasconcelos; Diacenco, Adriana Amaro; Paulista, Paulo Henrique (25 April 2017). \"AN\u00c1LISE DAS SETE FERRAMENTAS ESTAT\u00cdSTICAS DA QUALIDADE UTILIZADAS NOS SISTEMAS PRODUTIVOS\". Revista Univap 22 (40): 807. doi:10.18066\/revistaunivap.v22i40.1629. ISSN 2237-1753. http:\/\/revista.univap.br\/index.php\/revistaunivap\/article\/view\/1629 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Samohyl, R. (2009). Controle Estat\u00edstico de Qualidade (1st ed.). Elsevier. pp. 352. ISBN 9788535232202.   \n \n\n\u2191 Ramos, E.M.L.S. 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Journal of Civil Engineering, Planning, and Design 1 (1): 1\u20137. doi:10.31284\/j.jcepd.2022.v1i1.3047. http:\/\/ejurnal.itats.ac.id\/jcepd\/article\/view\/3047 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Orssatto, F\u00e1bio; Vilas Boas, Marcio A.; Nagamine, Ricardo; Uribe-Opazo, Miguel A. (1 August 2014). \"Shewhart's control charts and process capability ratio applied to a sewage treatment station\". Engenharia Agr\u00edcola 34 (4): 770\u2013779. doi:10.1590\/S0100-69162014000400016. ISSN 0100-6916. http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69162014000400016&lng=en&tlng=en .   \n \n\n\u2191 International Organization for Standardization (November 2019). \"ISO 7870-1:2019 Control charts \u2014 Part 1: General guidelines\". International Organization for Standardization. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/69639.html .   \n \n\n\u2191 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 \u015aliz, Paulina; Bugajski, Piotr (2022). \"Assessment of the stability and reliability of the water treatment plant in Nowy S\u0105cz using control cards\". Journal of Water and Land Development 52 (I\u2013III): 251\u20136. doi:10.24425\/JWLD.2022.140396. https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/dlibra\/publication\/140396\/edition\/122712\/content .   \n \n\n\u2191 Turuta, Tatiana Barbosa (5 March 2015) (in pt). Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de cartas de controle como ferramenta de melhoria frente \u00e0s dificuldades operacionais de laborat\u00f3rios acreditados na ABNT NBR ISO\/IEC 17025. S\u00e3o Carlos. doi:10.11606\/d.75.2015.tde-20052015-094414. http:\/\/www.teses.usp.br\/teses\/disponiveis\/75\/75135\/tde-20052015-094414\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Zan, Tao; Wang, Min; Fei, Ren Yuan (1 March 2010). \"Pattern Recognition for Control Charts Using AR Spectrum and Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network\". Advanced Materials Research 97-101: 3696\u20133702. doi:10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.97-101.3696. ISSN 1662-8985. https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.97-101.3696 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hadian, Hengameh; Rahimifard, Ali (1 April 2019). \"Multivariate statistical control chart and process capability indices for simultaneous monitoring of project duration and cost\" (in en). Computers & Industrial Engineering 130: 788\u2013797. doi:10.1016\/j.cie.2019.03.021. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360835219301573 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wagner, Iwona; Breil, Pascal (2013). \"The role of ecohydrology in creating more resilient cities\" (in en). Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 13 (2): 113\u2013134. doi:10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2013.06.002. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S164235931300030X .   \n \n\n\u2191 15.0 15.1 Reilly, Matthew; Cooley, Andrew P; Tito, Duarte; Tassou, Savvas A; Theodorou, Michael K (1 March 2019). \"Electrocoagulation treatment of dairy processing and slaughterhouse wastewaters\" (in en). Energy Procedia 161: 343\u2013351. doi:10.1016\/j.egypro.2019.02.106. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876610219311889 .   \n \n\n\u2191 16.0 16.1 Bustillo-Lecompte, Ciro; Mehrvar, Mehrab (3 May 2017), Farooq, Robina; Ahmad, Zaki, eds., \"Slaughterhouse Wastewater: Treatment, Management and Resource Recovery\" (in en), Physico-Chemical Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery (InTech), doi:10.5772\/65499, ISBN 978-953-51-3129-8, http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/physico-chemical-wastewater-treatment-and-resource-recovery\/slaughterhouse-wastewater-treatment-management-and-resource-recovery . Retrieved 2022-12-17   \n \n\n\u2191 Tirado, Lydia; G\u00f6kku\u015f, \u00d6m\u00fcr; Brillas, Enric; Sir\u00e9s, Ignasi (1 December 2018). \"Treatment of cheese whey wastewater by combined electrochemical processes\" (in en). Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 48 (12): 1307\u20131319. doi:10.1007\/s10800-018-1218-y. ISSN 0021-891X. http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10800-018-1218-y .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kolev Slavov, Aleksandar (2017). \"Dairy Wastewaters \u2013 General Characteristics and Treatment Possibilities \u2013 A Review\". Food Technology and Biotechnology 55 (1). doi:10.17113\/ftb.55.01.17.4520. PMC PMC5434364. PMID 28559730. http:\/\/www.ftb.com.hr\/images\/pdfarticles\/2017\/January-March\/ftb-55-014.pdf .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bazrafshan, Edris; Kord Mostafapour, Ferdos; Farzadkia, Mehdi; Ownagh, Kamal Aldin; Mahvi, Amir Hossein (29 June 2012). Marr, Andrew C.. ed. \"Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment by Combined Chemical Coagulation and Electrocoagulation Process\" (in en). PLoS ONE 7 (6): e40108. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0040108. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC PMC3387025. PMID 22768233. https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0040108 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \u015eengil, \u0130. Ayhan; \u00f6zacar, Mahmut (21 September 2006). \"Treatment of dairy wastewaters by electrocoagulation using mild steel electrodes\" (in en). Journal of Hazardous Materials 137 (2): 1197\u20131205. doi:10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.04.009. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389406003463 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Henning, E. (25 October 2012). \"Aperfei\u00e7oamento e desenvolvimento dos gr\u00e1ficos combinados Shewhart-Cusum binomiais\". Reposit\u00f3rio Institucional. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. https:\/\/repositorio.ufsc.br\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/94399 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Krzanowski, S.; Walega, A. (2006). \"Wykorzystanie teorii niezawodno\u015bci i statystycznej kontroli jako\u015bci do oceny eksploatacyjnej wiejskich oczyszczalni \u015bciek\u00f3w\". Infrastruktura i Ekologia Teren\u00f3w Wiejskich 3 (2): 17-37. http:\/\/agro.icm.edu.pl\/agro\/element\/bwmeta1.element.agro-66026b8c-e4a3-4de6-9abb-a997697bafba .   \n \n\n\u2191 Krzanowski, S.; Walega, A.; Pasmionka, I. (2008). \"Oczyszczanie \u015bciek\u00f3w z wybranych zak\u0142ad\u00f3w przemys\u0142u spo\u017cywczego\". Infrastruktura i Ekologia Teren\u00f3w Wiejskich 1: 1-89. http:\/\/agro.icm.edu.pl\/agro\/element\/bwmeta1.element.dl-catalog-7a420b2d-f3c4-4d86-879a-4e08a3330edb .   \n \n\n\u2191 \u015aliz, P. (2018). \"Wykorzystanie statystycznej kontroli jako\u015bci w ocenie dzia\u0142alno\u015bci Oczyszczalni \u015aciek\u00f3w \u201eKujawy\u201d w Krakowie\". Biuletyn Komitetu Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN (272): 382--391. http:\/\/yadda.icm.edu.pl\/baztech\/element\/bwmeta1.element.baztech-75025426-d102-490c-b9b8-ceb9e3e3ce7f .   \n \n\n\u2191 Batista, Luciana Teixeira; Franco, Jos\u00e9 Ricardo Queiroz; Fakury, Ricardo Hall; Porto, Marcelo Franco; Braga, Carmela Maria Polito (9 May 2022). \"Methodology for Determining Sustainable Water Consumption Indicators for Buildings\" (in en). Sustainability 14 (9): 5695. doi:10.3390\/su14095695. ISSN 2071-1050. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/9\/5695 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Woodall, William H.; Montgomery, Douglas C. (1 October 1999). \"Research Issues and Ideas in Statistical Process Control\" (in en). Journal of Quality Technology 31 (4): 376\u2013386. doi:10.1080\/00224065.1999.11979944. ISSN 0022-4065. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00224065.1999.11979944 .   \n \n\n\u2191 27.0 27.1 27.2 Montgomery, Douglas C. (2005). Introduction to statistical quality control (5th ed ed.). Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-65631-9.   \n \n\n\u2191 M\u0142y\u0144ski, Dariusz; Bugajski, Piotr; M\u0142y\u0144ska, Anna (26 April 2019). \"Application of the Mathematical Simulation Methods for the Assessment of the Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation Work Reliability\" (in en). Water 11 (5): 873. doi:10.3390\/w11050873. ISSN 2073-4441. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/5\/873 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Nagendra, Y.; Rai, G. (1 September 1971). \"Optimum Sample Size and Sampling Interval for Controlling the Mean of Non-Normal Variables\" (in en). Journal of the American Statistical Association 66 (335): 637\u2013640. doi:10.1080\/01621459.1971.10482323. ISSN 0162-1459. http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01621459.1971.10482323 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Moore, Peter G. (1 November 1957). \"Normality in Quality Control Charts\". Applied Statistics 6 (3): 171. doi:10.2307\/2985602. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/2985602?origin=crossref .   \n \n\n\u2191 31.0 31.1 Minist\u00e9rio do Ambiente (1 August 1998). \"Decreto-Lei n.\u00ba 236\/98, de 1 de agosto\". Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica n.\u00ba 176\/1998, S\u00e9rie I-A de 1998-08-01. Rep\u00fablica Portugesa. pp. 3676 - 3722. https:\/\/dre.pt\/dre\/detalhe\/decreto-lei\/236-1998-430457 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Em\u00eddio, V.J.G. (2012). \"A problem\u00e1tica do f\u00f3sforo nas \u00e1guas para consumo humano e \u00e1guas residuais e solu\u00e7\u00f5es para o seu tratamento\". Sapientia. Universidade do Algarve. https:\/\/sapientia.ualg.pt\/handle\/10400.1\/3154 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Luizi, R.P.S.L. (March 2012). \"Opera\u00e7\u00e3o de Sistemas de Tratamento de \u00c1guas Residuais por Lamas Activadas com Arejamento Prolongado\" (PDF). Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa. https:\/\/fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt\/downloadFile\/395144087536\/TeseP .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Grammar was tweaked significantly to improve readability. The PMCID and DOI were also added when they were missing from the original reference. No citation was made with ISO 7870-1:2019; a citation was added for this version.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory<\/a>\nCategories: LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2022)LIMSwiki journal articles (all)LIMSwiki journal articles on environmental informaticsLIMSwiki journal articles on quality managementNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageEncyclopedic articlesRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationPopular publications\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 17 December 2022, at 22:27.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 122 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","3e884bbd41faf8c3c02ba3907f9428a2_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-206 ns-subject page-Journal_Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory rootpage-Journal_Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:Construction of control charts to help in the stability and reliability of results in an accredited water quality control laboratory<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Overall, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratory<\/a> water <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_(business)\" title=\"Quality (business)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c4ac43430d1c3a3a15d1255257aaea37\">quality<\/a> analysis must have stability in their results, especially in laboratories accredited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/ISO\/IEC_17025\" title=\"ISO\/IEC 17025\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0a89cebb34370dd860cce86881cbf29c\">ISO\/IEC 17025<\/a>. Accredited parameters should be strictly reliable. Using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Control_chart\" title=\"Control chart\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"76ef12d39e6f75b8863a25a3aaeafded\">control charts<\/a> to ascertain divergences between results is thus very useful. The present work applied a methodology of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_analysis\" title=\"Data analysis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"545c95e40ca67c9e63cd0a16042a5bd1\">analysis of results<\/a> through control charts to accurately monitor the results for a wastewater treatment plant. The parameters analyzed were pH, biological oxygen demand for five days (BOD<sub>5<\/sub>), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total phosphorus (TP). The stability of the results was analyzed from the control charts and 30 analyses performed in the last 12 months. From the results, it was possible to observe whether the results were stable, according to the rehabilitation factor, which cannot exceed WN = 1.00, and the efficiency of removal of pollutants, which remained above 70% for all parameters. The method of determining the technological reliability and stability of the treatment station by use of control charts proves to be an efficient tool for detecting any instability in the results. As such, this method helps to monitor the results of such analyses more clearly and thus enables a rapid response to possible disturbances and maintains the quality of the analysis control, as well as determining the accreditation entities.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: water quality, control charts, reliability, wastewater treatment\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_(business)\" title=\"Quality (business)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c4ac43430d1c3a3a15d1255257aaea37\">Quality<\/a> management in accredited <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratories<\/a> consists of a set of actions based on the international regulatory standard <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/ISO\/IEC_17025\" title=\"ISO\/IEC 17025\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0a89cebb34370dd860cce86881cbf29c\">ISO\/IEC 17025<\/a>. Maintaining quality across lab operations is seen as fundamental to maintaining the suitability of the lab's services and products. Organizations are increasingly looking for improvement in their processes and procedures (P&P) and have tools contributing to the achievement of their goals. Implementing and improving <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Statistical_process_control\" title=\"Statistical process control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7395fffe54fe98d3e04bd0f93f2f3a95\">statistical controls<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Continual_improvement_process\" title=\"Continual improvement process\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fd7b54be3f6cdd0e8ed84d501486d668\">continuous improvement<\/a>, training, and participation reduce a process\u2019s variability and consequently increases quality and productivity. Some tools even help to ensure <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1e0e0c2eb3e45aff02f5d61799821f0f\">quality control<\/a>, including check sheets, histograms, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Control_chart\" title=\"Control chart\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"76ef12d39e6f75b8863a25a3aaeafded\">control charts<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> As Samohyl<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> notes, mindfully implementing these and other tools further ensures quality by minimizing variations in the characteristics of products and procedures.\n<\/p><p>A control chart\u2014and charting in general\u2014is of the main statistical tools used to control and monitor processes. Control charts signal the presence of accidental causes and special causes in a process.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> According to Corr\u00eaa<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>, every process has variation, and a natural or common cause is within the control limits. In contrast, so-called special causes need more attention because they indicate values outside the control limits and therefore need rapid correction. Using control charts to manage routine analyses allows easy detection of negative trends in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_analysis\" title=\"Data analysis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"545c95e40ca67c9e63cd0a16042a5bd1\">analytical work<\/a>, enabling quick corrective action, reducing out-of-specification (OOS) results, and consequently avoiding <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Regulatory_compliance\" title=\"Regulatory compliance\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7dbc9be278a8efda25a4b592ee6ef0ca\">non-compliance<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> They can be applied in several areas and are used worldwide. A study carried out by Razif<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> proves that the use of control charts contributed to faster detection of anomalies in a daily cycle of analysis and showed similarities in the characteristics of the water quality data of the Surabaya river in Indonesia between 2014 and 2015 for several parameters such as biological oxygen demand for five days (BOD<sub>5<\/sub>), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS).\n<\/p><p>In an analogous study in Brazil using control charts in conjunction with other statistical tools, it was possible to identify a problem in the domestic sewage treatment plant. The treatment did not produce an effluent with characteristics that meet the specifications or release standards of the environmental legislation, indicating the need for restructuring and correction of the efficiency of the process.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The international standard ISO 7870-1:2019 <i>Control charts \u2014 Part 1: General guidelines<\/i> addresses several objectives regarding control charts, including<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>indicating if the process is stable, comparing information from samples that represent the current state of the process against the control limits that reflect this variability;<\/li>\n<li>estimating the magnitude of the variability inherent to the process; and<\/li>\n<li>aiming to determine if the variability of the process has remained stable or if there are oscillations.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>A 2022 study by \u015aliz and Bugajski<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> concluded that control charts could be an effective tool for assessing the operation of a sewage treatment plant, allowing the detection of any disturbances during the sewage treatment process in the tested facility and the rapid correction of those disturbances, ensuring the natural reservoir\u2019s water quality. The Shewhart-type control chart is the most used and has broad applicability. In building this model, a preliminary period of subsequent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Sample_(material)\" title=\"Sample (material)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7f8cd41a077a88d02370c02a3ba3d9d6\">sample<\/a> analysis is needed to determine the control limits.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> After this analysis period, statistical treatment is applied to obtain the control charts.\n<\/p><p>According to Zan <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><i>,<\/i> control charts are used to monitor whether a process is controlled or not. They have long been used for quality monitoring of manufacturing processes. If only random causes affect the operation, the production process is considered to be natural or normal.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> At this time, the control chart tends to fluctuate randomly in the symmetrical coordinate system. The traditional control chart easily detects the abnormity beyond the boundary. Still, it is challenging to identify the range of abnormity given that it usually requires human judgment and is easily affected by various factors.\n<\/p><p>The problem of water pollution in urban areas is highly relevant today due to progressive urbanization, aging of ecological infrastructure, and high population density.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> The Member States of the European Union, in agreement with the Water Framework Directive (WFD), are obliged to use and protect their water resources rationally. These include the proper treatment of wastewater.\n<\/p><p>This study aims to apply a methodology of analysis of results through control charts, aiming at accurately monitoring the results for a wastewater treatment plant from a slaughterhouse in a specific region of Alentejo in Portugal. The parameters analyzed were pH, BOD<sub>5<\/sub>, COD, TSS, and total phosphorus (TP).\n<\/p><p>According to Reilly <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>, slaughterhouse wastewater presents a biological risk to humans and other animals due to the presence of pathogens, pharmaceuticals, and toxic chemicals used for plant cleaning.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> This harmful potential means that the disposal of slaughterhouse and dairy waste is often subject to local legislation which has been put in place to protect <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Public_health\" title=\"Public health\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"81092e25c0bd359cedd1b9f9dc350c86\">public health<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> For example, COD in slaughterhouse wastewater often requires a 95% reduction, with similar levels of treatment being required for TP before final discharge into the environment.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> Currently, the UK dairy processing and slaughterhouse industries use technologies such as chemical dosing, reverse osmosis, anaerobic digestion, dissolved air floatation, and membrane bioreactors to treat their wastewater. They have been obtaining good results.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>This study will show the construction of control charts helps guide analysts when there are results outside the control lines, making it possible to reassess the results faster if necessary. Going forward, this method will assist laboratories in managing the quality of the results of their water and wastewater analysis.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Materials_and_methods\">Materials and methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Description_of_the_study\">Description of the study<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The School of Agriculture of the Polytechnic Institute of Beja has a water quality control laboratory accredited to ISO\/IEC 17025, where water quality is analyzed. This laboratory is located in Beja, Portugal. The technological process of the wastewater treatment plant analyzed includes mechanical, biological, and chemical treatment of wastewater. The values of pollution indicators for sewage discharged into the municipality to the slaughterhouse may not exceed the following values: pH 19, BOD<sub>5<\/sub> 500.0 mg O<sub>2<\/sub>\u00b7L<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, COD 1500.0 mg O<sub>2<\/sub>\u00b7L<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, TSS 1000.0 mg\u00b7L<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, and TP 25 mg P\u00b7L<sup>\u22121<\/sup>. These values are accorded between the company and the municipality.\n<\/p><p>The objective was thus to create control charts for the pH, BOD<sub>5<\/sub>, COD, TSS, and TP parameters in analyzing a wastewater treatment plant from a slaughterhouse in Alentejo for 18 months (2021\u20132022).\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Methods\">Methods<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The methodology was made according to Figure 1. The laboratory receives the wastewater samples, analyzes them, and creates a database with the data. The work was applied from this step forward, where the data was analyzed, and the control charts were created.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig1_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"9a892b04fa71f93e725368ed677526cd\"><img alt=\"Fig1 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/d\/db\/Fig1_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 1.<\/b> Process method<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The creation of the control charts is structured with an upper control line (UCL), a lower control line (LCL), the process means or target (CL), and the observed points. This statistical tool shows the evolution over time of a characteristic, allowing the identification of the purpose of variations and assisting in a continuous improvement of the process to produce itself according to the specifications, keeping the process under statistical control. Statistical control is ensured through the lines of the control limits that allow real-time analysis of the progress of the process. This represents the statistic related to the variable of interest in case one or more points exceed the control limits, indicating that the process has a problem.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>For pollution indicators in treated sewage, control charts were within the boundaries of the helplines, and the control lines and the center line were determined considering the tree-sigma rule for the normal distribution N (<i>\u03bc<\/i>, <i>\u03c3<\/i>), where <i>\u03bc<\/i> = average of the analyzed values, and <i>\u03c3<\/i> = standard deviation of the analyzed variable.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> Formulas were:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Lower control line (<i>LCL<\/i>): <i>LCL<\/i> = <i>\u03bc<\/i> \u2212 <i>3\u03c3<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Lower warning line (<i>LWL<\/i>): <i>LWL<\/i> = <i>\u03bc<\/i> \u2212 <i>2\u03c3<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Lower helpline (<i>LHL<\/i>): <i>LHL<\/i> = <i>\u03bc<\/i> \u2212 <i>1\u03c3<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Center line (<i>CL<\/i>): <i>CL<\/i> = <i>\u03bc<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Upper helpline (<i>UHL<\/i>): <i>UHL<\/i> = <i>\u03bc<\/i> + <i>1\u03c3<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Upper warning line (<i>UWL<\/i>): <i>UWL<\/i> = <i>\u03bc<\/i> + <i>2\u03c3<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Upper control line (<i>UCL<\/i>): <i>UCL<\/i> = <i>\u03bc<\/i> + <i>3\u03c3<\/i><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>To analyze the technological reliability and stability of the wastewater treatment station in Alentejo, Portugal, with the use of control charts, some specifics were necessary. The coefficient of technical reliability was used, as with \u015aliz and Bugajski<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span><img src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/734485388fd5c866a853498124bd42abfa862acf\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:16.162ex; height:5.343ex;\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle WN={\\frac {x_{sr}}{x_{dop}}}~\\lbrack -\\rbrack }\"\/><\/span><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p>where <i>WN<\/i> = plant reliability factor [\u2212], <i>x<sub>sr<\/sub><\/i> = average value of the analyzed pollution index in treated sewage [mg\u00b7dm<sup>\u22123<\/sup>], and <i>x<sub>dop<\/sub><\/i> = permissible value of the analyzed pollution index in treated sewage [mg\u00b7dm<sup>\u22123<\/sup>].\n<\/p><p>The effectiveness of wastewater treatment was calculated according to the following formula:\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span><img src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/9cba9c5e238835d2edf177768ece1fecff3da97f\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:21.115ex; height:5.843ex;\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle {\\mathsf {\\eta }}={\\frac {S_{s}-S_{0}}{S_{s}}}\\times 100\\%}\"\/><\/span><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p>where: \u019e = reduction of a particular pollutant index in treated sewage [%], <i>S<sub>s<\/sub><\/i> = value of the pollution index in raw sewage [mg\u00b7dm<sup>\u22123<\/sup>], and <i>S<\/i><sub>0<\/sub> = value of the pollution index in treated sewage [mg\u00b7dm<sup>\u22123<\/sup>].\n<\/p><p>To verify interruption or instability of the effluent treatment process from control charts, we can use the following parameters, as with Andraka<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>: eight consecutive points on one side of the central line, one point outside the control limits, two of the three points outside the \u00b12\u03c3 warning lines, and four of five consecutive points beyond the \u00b11\u03c3 extension lines.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_10-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Control charts have three fundamental objectives: reducing variability, monitoring, and estimating process quality parameters.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> In constructing control charts, it is essential and valuable to distinguish the two phases of implementation and construction.\n<\/p><p>In phase 1, a set of process data is analyzed retrospectively to understand the variation of the process over time, evaluate the stability of the process, and model the performance of the process under control. This last step is usually carried out by estimating the parametric model in phase 2, in which the process has been previously estimated. Phase 1 thus corresponds to a retrospective check of the process where the experimental control limits are calculated, while phase 2 is concerned with monitoring the process itself.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Phase 2 begins after collecting a set of process data under stable conditions and is representative of the performance of the process under control. In phase 2, a control chart is used to monitor the process, comparing the sample statistics for each successive sample as extracted from the process with the control limits.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Results\">Results<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The results show the control charts for the inlet and outlet effluents of an existing wastewater treatment plant in a slaughterhouse in Alentejo, Portugal.\n<\/p><p>Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the inlet and outlet effluent behavior for the pH parameter. The control charts show the variation during the 30 days of treatment for wastewater.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig2_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"0cff1b57812381fd85b272b68a914880\"><img alt=\"Fig2 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/74\/Fig2_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 2.<\/b> The control chart for pH inlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig3_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"2e6e48ceafa52f486b9999f68ce78487\"><img alt=\"Fig3 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/9\/9e\/Fig3_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 3.<\/b> The control chart for pH outlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>It can be seen that after treatment, the results are stabilized; this is the possible interpretation of the analysis definition of the control lines. Figure 4 shows the COD inlet results; compared to Figure 5, the COD outlet shows an improved system. For Figure 5, there is a first point close to the LWL, but it is not necessary to take control because the next point is far away from the LWL. Only two points cross the control lines, and this behavior does not jeopardize the treatment outcome.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig4_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"3c1d7fb8a325bdbf2261e2e12ed0adee\"><img alt=\"Fig4 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/44\/Fig4_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 4.<\/b> The control chart for COD inlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig5_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"fbd4a14a4522f93db551b73632a18d97\"><img alt=\"Fig5 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/a\/a9\/Fig5_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 5.<\/b> The control chart for COD outlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Analyzing the results for Figure 6 and Figure 7, it is possible to see the same stability of the results at the outlet of the treated effluent, with only one point crossing the UCL control line. Due to all the results obtained having this same point outside the standard, it is believed that the treatment was ineffective on this day.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig6_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"f9da6f89887a2b9a7f7721bd849cabe9\"><img alt=\"Fig6 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/5\/51\/Fig6_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 6.<\/b> The control chart for BOD<sub>5<\/sub> inlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig7_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"9929fbf3a9c56938f41fb2fe4a85aca2\"><img alt=\"Fig7 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/d\/da\/Fig7_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 7.<\/b> The control chart for BOD<sub>5<\/sub> outlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>For total phosphorus results, Figure 8 and Figure 9 show similar results. The resulting line remains stable and only crosses the UHL line once; the results stay close to the LC control line across all samples.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig8_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"1e2aedf9ecd9aca2e23dd0a0bd0dbc8e\"><img alt=\"Fig8 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/6\/63\/Fig8_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 8.<\/b> The control chart for TP inlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig9_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"b252b6c4fa086020a6b9e4cbde0538b7\"><img alt=\"Fig9 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/b1\/Fig9_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 9.<\/b> The control chart for TP outlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>For the TSS inlet chart (Figure 10 and Figure 11) one sample exceeds the UWL line, and when observing the TSS outlet chart, it can be noted that the post-treatment results are stable, except on three occasions. In this situation, it may alert the company to a possible problem in the treatment in that specific period.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig10_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"8656330ebe8dfcf75004ec5d0a36e0e8\"><img alt=\"Fig10 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/44\/Fig10_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 10.<\/b> The control chart for TSS inlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig11_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"c3833e367dfb31ded2802c86cb3216a4\"><img alt=\"Fig11 daSilva Sustain22 14-22.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/5\/5f\/Fig11_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 11.<\/b> The control chart for TSS outlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>All control charts obtained were analyzed, and most points were under statistical control in Figures 2\u201311. In accordance with Montgomery<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>, only rule 1, the presence of special causes of variation, was evaluated, and there was only one particular cause. With the process under statistical control in phase 1, it passes to phase 2, which consists of monitoring the process.\n<\/p><p>Note that the purpose of using the rules is to increase the sensitivity of control charts. However, care must be taken when using a set of rules, as an excessive number of false alarms may occur. The higher the number of rules to be used, the greater the number of false alarms.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_27-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Table 1 shows the technological reliability coefficient against the average efficiency of the analyzed pollutant removal in the sewage treatment plant. It can be seen that the efficiency of reduction from treatment is good enough to reach more than 70% in all parameters analyzed, with better results for the BOD<sub>5<\/sub> indicator, reaching 89%.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Value of the technological reliability coefficient against the average efficiency of the analyzed pollutant removal in the sewage treatment plant in the Alentejo slaughterhouse.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Indicator\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">BOD<sub>5<\/sub>\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">COD\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">TSS\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">TP\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reliability coefficient <i>WN<\/i>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.37\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.84\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reduction efficiency \u03b7 (%)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">89\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">78\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">76\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">70\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The BOD<sub>5<\/sub> parameter showed the lowest rehabilitation coefficient (<i>WN<\/i>) of 0.37 and, consequently, the most excellent technological reliability, which indicates a highly satisfactory result for this parameter. For COD and TSS parameters, the rehabilitation coefficient showed results of 0.57 and 0.45, respectively, indicating values that can be considered reasonably good. In the case of TP, the indicated value is within the legislation in force. However, it is the highest value for the rehabilitation coefficient and consequently has the lowest treatment efficiency among the analyzed parameters since the indicators are inversely proportional. A study by Mly\u0144ski<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> used the indicator to prove the technological reliability of the treatment plant, where it obtained results below 1.00. However, this was slightly higher when compared to the results obtained in the present study.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Discussion\">Discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Although there were some lower deviations in the LC, most of the results were stable after the treatment, which can be seen from the construction of the control charts.\n<\/p><p>The graphs demonstrate stability after water treatment, except for occasional events in a given period. These points that suffered oscillation may indicate a lower treatment efficiency because this anomaly is in the same period and with different parameters such as COD and BOD<sub>5<\/sub>. For the TSS input graph, one sample reaches the UWL line, while the TSS output graph shows that the post-treatment results are stable, except for three points that, in this situation,, may alert the company to a possible problem in the treatment in that specific period. Another potential cause of this difference in results may be related to the error in sample collection.\n<\/p><p>In sample 18, all parameters were altered beyond the control lines UCL, UWL, and UHL, except for the parameter pH. This behavior leads us to believe that the wastewater treatment plant had some technical problems that led to the inefficiency of treatment or stoppage of the process on this day. It is verified that this is the only sample we obtained this type of change. In the previous and subsequent samples, the results were satisfactory within the control lines, as expected. According to Nagendra and Rai<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>, the chart series size, sample size, and sampling interval are the three main factors in detecting changes efficiently. Thus, for further investigation of the cause of this variation, a larger number of samples is required. In a similar study, Moore<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> suggests that in relation to the Shewhart chart of averages (x<sup>\u2212<\/sup>), the errors depend on the degree of non-normality and the sample size (or subgroup). These errors can be reduced by using a larger sample size.\n<\/p><p>Studies related to wastewater treatment from slaughterhouses indicate the need for efficiency in treatment due to environmental risks and human health. When comparing the results obtained by Reilly <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> in their studies for COD (75%) and BOD<sub>5<\/sub> (85%), the results obtained in this study show a good removal efficiency, with values of 78% and 89%, respectively. These data assist in analyzing results compared to the values established in the decrees of laws in force for Portugal, such as Decree-Law No. 236\/98.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> According to 236\/98<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>, phosphorus in wastewater may have a concentration of 10 mg P\/L in the forms of orthophosphates, polyphosphates (P<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub>), and organic phosphorus.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> Wastewater treatment is carried out to avoid risks to public health, pollution of water resources, and the environment in general. It is essential to be able to control these results. The work performed by Luizi<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup> created control charts similar to this work and obtained values of 95% for removal efficiency and 0.49 for the rehabilitation coefficient for TP. Luizi's values are better than those found in Table 1 for the TP, and a justification for these results is the origin of the residual water. Although there is a similarity in the construction of the control charts, we cannot, however, compare the results since they are wastewater from different sources.\n<\/p><p>These results demonstrate how control charts help with the analysis of data in the laboratory, thus establishing greater quality control. As such, when a result is outside the line control (LC) in the respective control chart, it can be more readily said that there was an error in the treatment process, facilitating the search for corrections.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conclusions\">Conclusions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This study\u2019s main objective was based on the application of statistical control of the process of analyzing wastewater from a food industry company, more specifically in the meat sector (a slaughterhouse). From the experimental point of view, it started by diagnosing OOS results via control charts that allow laboratorians to better identify the main problems and situations to be corrected and monitored.\n<\/p><p>Most of the results of the studied parameters in question oscillated around the central line and did not show any crossing of the control lines or grouping of samples below or above the characteristic lines. As such, the control charts were effective for what was proposed, and variations could be observed in the analyzed period. These results confirmed that the treatment is largely stable according to the rehabilitation coefficient and treatment efficiency results.\n<\/p><p>With the help of control charts, it could also be observed that on the eighteenth day of collection, all parameters exceeded the UWL. This behavior was due to a possible isolated failure of treatment. This OOS result could be observed in all control charts but the pH charts, thus demonstrating how rapid detection of variations in small scales on control charts allows the lab to better act upon identifying potential causes of variability. Finally, the results of this work show it is possible to state that all points are under statistical control, and thus by extension these types of control charts can have routine value in the laboratory.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Abbreviations,_acronyms,_and_initialisms\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abbreviations.2C_acronyms.2C_and_initialisms\">Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><b>BOD<sub>5<\/sub><\/b>: biological oxygen demand<\/li>\n<li><b>CL<\/b>:\tcenter line<\/li>\n<li><b>COD<\/b>: chemical oxygen demand<\/li>\n<li><b>LCL<\/b>: lower control line<\/li>\n<li><b>LHL<\/b>: lower helpline<\/li>\n<li><b>LWL<\/b>: lower warning line<\/li>\n<li><b>OOS<\/b>: out of specification<\/li>\n<li><b>TP<\/b>:\ttotal phosphorus<\/li>\n<li><b>TSS<\/b>: total solid suspense<\/li>\n<li><b>UCL<\/b>: upper control line<\/li>\n<li><b>UHL<\/b>: upper helpline<\/li>\n<li><b>UWL<\/b>: upper warning line<\/li>\n<li><b>WFD<\/b>:\u2003Water Framework Directive<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgments\">Acknowledgments<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Thanks to the Water Quality Control Laboratory of the Agrarian School of Beja Polytechnic Institute, Beja.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Author_contributions\">Author contributions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Conceptualization, F.M.O.d.S. and K.S.S.; methodology, F.M.O.d.S. and M.A.A.; validation, F.M.O.d.S., K.S.S. and M.A.A.; formal analysis, M.I.C., M.R., I.S. and M.J.I.; investigation, F.M.O.d.S. and K.S.S.; data curation, M.I.C., M.R., I.S. and M.J.I.; writing\u2014original draft preparation, F.M.O.d.S.; writing\u2014review and editing, F.M.O.d.S. and K.S.S.; supervision M.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Funding\">Funding<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This research received no external funding.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conflicts_of_interest\">Conflicts of interest<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Costa, A.F.B.; Epprecht, E.K.; Carpinetti, L.C.R. (2010). <i>Controle Estat\u00edstico da Qualidade<\/i> (2nd ed.). Atlas.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controle+Estat%C3%ADstico+da+Qualidade&rft.aulast=Costa%2C+A.F.B.%3B+Epprecht%2C+E.K.%3B+Carpinetti%2C+L.C.R.&rft.au=Costa%2C+A.F.B.%3B+Epprecht%2C+E.K.%3B+Carpinetti%2C+L.C.R.&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Atlas&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Perez, Val\u00e9ria Vasconcelos; Diacenco, Adriana Amaro; Paulista, Paulo Henrique (25 April 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/revista.univap.br\/index.php\/revistaunivap\/article\/view\/1629\" target=\"_blank\">\"AN\u00c1LISE DAS SETE FERRAMENTAS ESTAT\u00cdSTICAS DA QUALIDADE UTILIZADAS NOS SISTEMAS PRODUTIVOS\"<\/a>. <i>Revista Univap<\/i> <b>22<\/b> (40): 807. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18066%2Frevistaunivap.v22i40.1629\" target=\"_blank\">10.18066\/revistaunivap.v22i40.1629<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2237-1753\" target=\"_blank\">2237-1753<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/revista.univap.br\/index.php\/revistaunivap\/article\/view\/1629\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/revista.univap.br\/index.php\/revistaunivap\/article\/view\/1629<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AN%C3%81LISE+DAS+SETE+FERRAMENTAS+ESTAT%C3%8DSTICAS+DA+QUALIDADE+UTILIZADAS+NOS+SISTEMAS+PRODUTIVOS&rft.jtitle=Revista+Univap&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Val%C3%A9ria+Vasconcelos&rft.au=Perez%2C%26%2332%3BVal%C3%A9ria+Vasconcelos&rft.au=Diacenco%2C%26%2332%3BAdriana+Amaro&rft.au=Paulista%2C%26%2332%3BPaulo+Henrique&rft.date=25+April+2017&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=807&rft_id=info:doi\/10.18066%2Frevistaunivap.v22i40.1629&rft.issn=2237-1753&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevista.univap.br%2Findex.php%2Frevistaunivap%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1629&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Samohyl, R. 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Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.ufsc.br\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/85301\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/repositorio.ufsc.br\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/85301<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aperfei%C3%A7oamento+e+desenvolvimento+de+ferramentas+do+controle+estat%C3%ADstico+da+qualidade%3A+utilizando+quartis+para+estimar+o+desvio+padr%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Reposit%C3%B3rio+Institucional&rft.aulast=Ramos%2C+E.M.L.S.&rft.au=Ramos%2C+E.M.L.S.&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Universidade+Federal+de+Santa+Catarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ufsc.br%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F85301&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Corr\u00eaa, H.L. 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Atlas. pp. 690. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9788522442126.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Opera%C3%A7%C3%B5es%3A+Manufatura+e+Servi%C3%A7os%3A+Uma+Abordagem+Estrat%C3%A9tica&rft.aulast=Corr%C3%AAa%2C+H.L.&rft.au=Corr%C3%AAa%2C+H.L.&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B690&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Atlas&rft.isbn=9788522442126&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Simonet, B.M. (1 June 2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165993605000919\" target=\"_blank\">\"Quality control in qualitative analysis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry<\/i> <b>24<\/b> (6): 525\u2013531. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.trac.2005.03.011\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.trac.2005.03.011<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165993605000919\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165993605000919<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quality+control+in+qualitative+analysis&rft.jtitle=TrAC+Trends+in+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Simonet&rft.aufirst=B.M.&rft.au=Simonet%2C%26%2332%3BB.M.&rft.date=1+June+2005&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=525%E2%80%93531&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.trac.2005.03.011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0165993605000919&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Razif, M. (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/ejurnal.itats.ac.id\/jcepd\/article\/view\/3047\" target=\"_blank\">\"BOD, COD, and TSS Predictions from DO measurement results for the Surabaya River, Indonesia\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Civil Engineering, Planning, and Design<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (1): 1\u20137. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.31284%2Fj.jcepd.2022.v1i1.3047\" target=\"_blank\">10.31284\/j.jcepd.2022.v1i1.3047<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/ejurnal.itats.ac.id\/jcepd\/article\/view\/3047\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ejurnal.itats.ac.id\/jcepd\/article\/view\/3047<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BOD%2C+COD%2C+and+TSS+Predictions+from+DO+measurement+results+for+the+Surabaya+River%2C+Indonesia&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Civil+Engineering%2C+Planning%2C+and+Design&rft.aulast=Razif%2C+M.&rft.au=Razif%2C+M.&rft.date=2022&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:doi\/10.31284%2Fj.jcepd.2022.v1i1.3047&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejurnal.itats.ac.id%2Fjcepd%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3047&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Orssatto, F\u00e1bio; Vilas Boas, Marcio A.; Nagamine, Ricardo; Uribe-Opazo, Miguel A. (1 August 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69162014000400016&lng=en&tlng=en\" target=\"_blank\">\"Shewhart's control charts and process capability ratio applied to a sewage treatment station\"<\/a>. <i>Engenharia Agr\u00edcola<\/i> <b>34<\/b> (4): 770\u2013779. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1590%2FS0100-69162014000400016\" target=\"_blank\">10.1590\/S0100-69162014000400016<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0100-6916\" target=\"_blank\">0100-6916<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69162014000400016&lng=en&tlng=en\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69162014000400016&lng=en&tlng=en<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shewhart%27s+control+charts+and+process+capability+ratio+applied+to+a+sewage+treatment+station&rft.jtitle=Engenharia+Agr%C3%ADcola&rft.aulast=Orssatto&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A1bio&rft.au=Orssatto%2C%26%2332%3BF%C3%A1bio&rft.au=Vilas+Boas%2C%26%2332%3BMarcio+A.&rft.au=Nagamine%2C%26%2332%3BRicardo&rft.au=Uribe-Opazo%2C%26%2332%3BMiguel+A.&rft.date=1+August+2014&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=770%E2%80%93779&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1590%2FS0100-69162014000400016&rft.issn=0100-6916&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0100-69162014000400016%26lng%3Den%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">International Organization for Standardization (November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/69639.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"ISO 7870-1:2019 Control charts \u2014 Part 1: General guidelines\"<\/a>. International Organization for Standardization<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/69639.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/69639.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ISO+7870-1%3A2019+Control+charts+%E2%80%94+Part+1%3A+General+guidelines&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.au=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=November+2019&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F69639.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_10-2\">10.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_10-3\">10.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_10-4\">10.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">\u015aliz, Paulina; Bugajski, Piotr (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/dlibra\/publication\/140396\/edition\/122712\/content\" target=\"_blank\">\"Assessment of the stability and reliability of the water treatment plant in Nowy S\u0105cz using control cards\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Water and Land Development<\/i> <b>52<\/b> (I\u2013III): 251\u20136. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.24425%2FJWLD.2022.140396\" target=\"_blank\">10.24425\/JWLD.2022.140396<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/dlibra\/publication\/140396\/edition\/122712\/content\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/dlibra\/publication\/140396\/edition\/122712\/content<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+the+stability+and+reliability+of+the+water+treatment+plant+in+Nowy+S%C4%85cz+using+control+cards&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Water+and+Land+Development&rft.aulast=%C5%9Aliz&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft.au=%C5%9Aliz%2C%26%2332%3BPaulina&rft.au=Bugajski%2C%26%2332%3BPiotr&rft.date=2022&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=I%E2%80%93III&rft.pages=251%E2%80%936&rft_id=info:doi\/10.24425%2FJWLD.2022.140396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.pan.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fpublication%2F140396%2Fedition%2F122712%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Turuta, Tatiana Barbosa (5 March 2015) (in pt). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.teses.usp.br\/teses\/disponiveis\/75\/75135\/tde-20052015-094414\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de cartas de controle como ferramenta de melhoria frente \u00e0s dificuldades operacionais de laborat\u00f3rios acreditados na ABNT NBR ISO\/IEC 17025<\/i><\/a>. S\u00e3o Carlos. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.11606%2Fd.75.2015.tde-20052015-094414\" target=\"_blank\">10.11606\/d.75.2015.tde-20052015-094414<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.teses.usp.br\/teses\/disponiveis\/75\/75135\/tde-20052015-094414\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.teses.usp.br\/teses\/disponiveis\/75\/75135\/tde-20052015-094414\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+cartas+de+controle+como+ferramenta+de+melhoria+frente+%C3%A0s+dificuldades+operacionais+de+laborat%C3%B3rios+acreditados+na+ABNT+NBR+ISO%2FIEC+17025&rft.aulast=Turuta&rft.aufirst=Tatiana+Barbosa&rft.au=Turuta%2C%26%2332%3BTatiana+Barbosa&rft.date=5+March+2015&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Carlos&rft_id=info:doi\/10.11606%2Fd.75.2015.tde-20052015-094414&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teses.usp.br%2Fteses%2Fdisponiveis%2F75%2F75135%2Ftde-20052015-094414%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zan, Tao; Wang, Min; Fei, Ren Yuan (1 March 2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.97-101.3696\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pattern Recognition for Control Charts Using AR Spectrum and Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network\"<\/a>. <i>Advanced Materials Research<\/i> <b>97-101<\/b>: 3696\u20133702. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.97-101.3696\" target=\"_blank\">10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.97-101.3696<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1662-8985\" target=\"_blank\">1662-8985<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.97-101.3696\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.97-101.3696<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pattern+Recognition+for+Control+Charts+Using+AR+Spectrum+and+Fuzzy+ARTMAP+Neural+Network&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials+Research&rft.aulast=Zan&rft.aufirst=Tao&rft.au=Zan%2C%26%2332%3BTao&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BMin&rft.au=Fei%2C%26%2332%3BRen+Yuan&rft.date=1+March+2010&rft.volume=97-101&rft.pages=3696%E2%80%933702&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.97-101.3696&rft.issn=1662-8985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.97-101.3696&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hadian, Hengameh; Rahimifard, Ali (1 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360835219301573\" target=\"_blank\">\"Multivariate statistical control chart and process capability indices for simultaneous monitoring of project duration and cost\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Computers & Industrial Engineering<\/i> <b>130<\/b>: 788\u2013797. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cie.2019.03.021\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.cie.2019.03.021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360835219301573\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360835219301573<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multivariate+statistical+control+chart+and+process+capability+indices+for+simultaneous+monitoring+of+project+duration+and+cost&rft.jtitle=Computers+%26+Industrial+Engineering&rft.aulast=Hadian&rft.aufirst=Hengameh&rft.au=Hadian%2C%26%2332%3BHengameh&rft.au=Rahimifard%2C%26%2332%3BAli&rft.date=1+April+2019&rft.volume=130&rft.pages=788%E2%80%93797&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.cie.2019.03.021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0360835219301573&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wagner, Iwona; Breil, Pascal (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S164235931300030X\" target=\"_blank\">\"The role of ecohydrology in creating more resilient cities\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology<\/i> <b>13<\/b> (2): 113\u2013134. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ecohyd.2013.06.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2013.06.002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S164235931300030X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S164235931300030X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+role+of+ecohydrology+in+creating+more+resilient+cities&rft.jtitle=Ecohydrology+%26+Hydrobiology&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Iwona&rft.au=Wagner%2C%26%2332%3BIwona&rft.au=Breil%2C%26%2332%3BPascal&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113%E2%80%93134&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ecohyd.2013.06.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS164235931300030X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_15-0\">15.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_15-1\">15.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Reilly, Matthew; Cooley, Andrew P; Tito, Duarte; Tassou, Savvas A; Theodorou, Michael K (1 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876610219311889\" target=\"_blank\">\"Electrocoagulation treatment of dairy processing and slaughterhouse wastewaters\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Energy Procedia<\/i> <b>161<\/b>: 343\u2013351. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.egypro.2019.02.106\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.egypro.2019.02.106<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876610219311889\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876610219311889<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electrocoagulation+treatment+of+dairy+processing+and+slaughterhouse+wastewaters&rft.jtitle=Energy+Procedia&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Reilly%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew&rft.au=Cooley%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+P&rft.au=Tito%2C%26%2332%3BDuarte&rft.au=Tassou%2C%26%2332%3BSavvas+A&rft.au=Theodorou%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+K&rft.date=1+March+2019&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=343%E2%80%93351&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.egypro.2019.02.106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1876610219311889&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_16-0\">16.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_16-1\">16.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFBustillo-LecompteMehrvar2017\">Bustillo-Lecompte, Ciro; Mehrvar, Mehrab (3 May 2017), Farooq, Robina; Ahmad, Zaki, eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/physico-chemical-wastewater-treatment-and-resource-recovery\/slaughterhouse-wastewater-treatment-management-and-resource-recovery\" target=\"_blank\">\"Slaughterhouse Wastewater: Treatment, Management and Resource Recovery\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Physico-Chemical Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery<\/i> (InTech), <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5772%2F65499\" target=\"_blank\">10.5772\/65499<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-953-51-3129-8<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/physico-chemical-wastewater-treatment-and-resource-recovery\/slaughterhouse-wastewater-treatment-management-and-resource-recovery\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/physico-chemical-wastewater-treatment-and-resource-recovery\/slaughterhouse-wastewater-treatment-management-and-resource-recovery<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-12-17<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slaughterhouse+Wastewater%3A+Treatment%2C+Management+and+Resource+Recovery&rft.jtitle=Physico-Chemical+Wastewater+Treatment+and+Resource+Recovery&rft.aulast=Bustillo-Lecompte&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rft.au=Bustillo-Lecompte%2C%26%2332%3BCiro&rft.au=Mehrvar%2C%26%2332%3BMehrab&rft.date=3+May+2017&rft.pub=InTech&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5772%2F65499&rft.isbn=978-953-51-3129-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fbooks%2Fphysico-chemical-wastewater-treatment-and-resource-recovery%2Fslaughterhouse-wastewater-treatment-management-and-resource-recovery&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tirado, Lydia; G\u00f6kku\u015f, \u00d6m\u00fcr; Brillas, Enric; Sir\u00e9s, Ignasi (1 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10800-018-1218-y\" target=\"_blank\">\"Treatment of cheese whey wastewater by combined electrochemical processes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Applied Electrochemistry<\/i> <b>48<\/b> (12): 1307\u20131319. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10800-018-1218-y\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10800-018-1218-y<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0021-891X\" target=\"_blank\">0021-891X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10800-018-1218-y\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10800-018-1218-y<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+cheese+whey+wastewater+by+combined+electrochemical+processes&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Electrochemistry&rft.aulast=Tirado&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft.au=Tirado%2C%26%2332%3BLydia&rft.au=G%C3%B6kku%C5%9F%2C%26%2332%3B%C3%96m%C3%BCr&rft.au=Brillas%2C%26%2332%3BEnric&rft.au=Sir%C3%A9s%2C%26%2332%3BIgnasi&rft.date=1+December+2018&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1307%E2%80%931319&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10800-018-1218-y&rft.issn=0021-891X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10800-018-1218-y&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kolev Slavov, Aleksandar (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ftb.com.hr\/images\/pdfarticles\/2017\/January-March\/ftb-55-014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Dairy Wastewaters \u2013 General Characteristics and Treatment Possibilities \u2013 A Review\"<\/a>. <i>Food Technology and Biotechnology<\/i> <b>55<\/b> (1). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17113%2Fftb.55.01.17.4520\" target=\"_blank\">10.17113\/ftb.55.01.17.4520<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5434364\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5434364<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28559730\" target=\"_blank\">28559730<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ftb.com.hr\/images\/pdfarticles\/2017\/January-March\/ftb-55-014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.ftb.com.hr\/images\/pdfarticles\/2017\/January-March\/ftb-55-014.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dairy+Wastewaters+%E2%80%93+General+Characteristics+and+Treatment+Possibilities+%E2%80%93+A+Review&rft.jtitle=Food+Technology+and+Biotechnology&rft.aulast=Kolev+Slavov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft.au=Kolev+Slavov%2C%26%2332%3BAleksandar&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi\/10.17113%2Fftb.55.01.17.4520&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5434364&rft_id=info:pmid\/28559730&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftb.com.hr%2Fimages%2Fpdfarticles%2F2017%2FJanuary-March%2Fftb-55-014.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bazrafshan, Edris; Kord Mostafapour, Ferdos; Farzadkia, Mehdi; Ownagh, Kamal Aldin; Mahvi, Amir Hossein (29 June 2012). Marr, Andrew C.. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0040108\" target=\"_blank\">\"Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment by Combined Chemical Coagulation and Electrocoagulation Process\"<\/a> (in en). <i>PLoS ONE<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (6): e40108. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0040108\" target=\"_blank\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0040108<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1932-6203\" target=\"_blank\">1932-6203<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3387025\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC3387025<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22768233\" target=\"_blank\">22768233<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0040108\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0040108<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slaughterhouse+Wastewater+Treatment+by+Combined+Chemical+Coagulation+and+Electrocoagulation+Process&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.aulast=Bazrafshan&rft.aufirst=Edris&rft.au=Bazrafshan%2C%26%2332%3BEdris&rft.au=Kord+Mostafapour%2C%26%2332%3BFerdos&rft.au=Farzadkia%2C%26%2332%3BMehdi&rft.au=Ownagh%2C%26%2332%3BKamal+Aldin&rft.au=Mahvi%2C%26%2332%3BAmir+Hossein&rft.date=29+June+2012&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e40108&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0040108&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC3387025&rft_id=info:pmid\/22768233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0040108&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">\u015eengil, \u0130. Ayhan; \u00f6zacar, Mahmut (21 September 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389406003463\" target=\"_blank\">\"Treatment of dairy wastewaters by electrocoagulation using mild steel electrodes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials<\/i> <b>137<\/b> (2): 1197\u20131205. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2006.04.009\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.04.009<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389406003463\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389406003463<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+dairy+wastewaters+by+electrocoagulation+using+mild+steel+electrodes&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.aulast=%C5%9Eengil&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0.+Ayhan&rft.au=%C5%9Eengil%2C%26%2332%3B%C4%B0.+Ayhan&rft.au=%C3%B6zacar%2C%26%2332%3BMahmut&rft.date=21+September+2006&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1197%E2%80%931205&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2006.04.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0304389406003463&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Henning, E. 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Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.ufsc.br\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/94399\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/repositorio.ufsc.br\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/94399<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aperfei%C3%A7oamento+e+desenvolvimento+dos+gr%C3%A1ficos+combinados+Shewhart-Cusum+binomiais&rft.atitle=Reposit%C3%B3rio+Institucional&rft.aulast=Henning%2C+E.&rft.au=Henning%2C+E.&rft.date=25+October+2012&rft.pub=Universidade+Federal+de+Santa+Catarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ufsc.br%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F94399&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Krzanowski, S.; Walega, A. (2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/agro.icm.edu.pl\/agro\/element\/bwmeta1.element.agro-66026b8c-e4a3-4de6-9abb-a997697bafba\" target=\"_blank\">\"Wykorzystanie teorii niezawodno\u015bci i statystycznej kontroli jako\u015bci do oceny eksploatacyjnej wiejskich oczyszczalni \u015bciek\u00f3w\"<\/a>. <i>Infrastruktura i Ekologia Teren\u00f3w Wiejskich<\/i> <b>3<\/b> (2): 17-37<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/agro.icm.edu.pl\/agro\/element\/bwmeta1.element.agro-66026b8c-e4a3-4de6-9abb-a997697bafba\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/agro.icm.edu.pl\/agro\/element\/bwmeta1.element.agro-66026b8c-e4a3-4de6-9abb-a997697bafba<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wykorzystanie+teorii+niezawodno%C5%9Bci+i+statystycznej+kontroli+jako%C5%9Bci+do+oceny+eksploatacyjnej+wiejskich+oczyszczalni+%C5%9Bciek%C3%B3w&rft.jtitle=Infrastruktura+i+Ekologia+Teren%C3%B3w+Wiejskich&rft.aulast=Krzanowski%2C+S.%3B+Walega%2C+A.&rft.au=Krzanowski%2C+S.%3B+Walega%2C+A.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=17-37&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagro.icm.edu.pl%2Fagro%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.agro-66026b8c-e4a3-4de6-9abb-a997697bafba&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Krzanowski, S.; Walega, A.; Pasmionka, I. (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/agro.icm.edu.pl\/agro\/element\/bwmeta1.element.dl-catalog-7a420b2d-f3c4-4d86-879a-4e08a3330edb\" target=\"_blank\">\"Oczyszczanie \u015bciek\u00f3w z wybranych zak\u0142ad\u00f3w przemys\u0142u spo\u017cywczego\"<\/a>. <i>Infrastruktura i Ekologia Teren\u00f3w Wiejskich<\/i> <b>1<\/b>: 1-89<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/agro.icm.edu.pl\/agro\/element\/bwmeta1.element.dl-catalog-7a420b2d-f3c4-4d86-879a-4e08a3330edb\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/agro.icm.edu.pl\/agro\/element\/bwmeta1.element.dl-catalog-7a420b2d-f3c4-4d86-879a-4e08a3330edb<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oczyszczanie+%C5%9Bciek%C3%B3w+z+wybranych+zak%C5%82ad%C3%B3w+przemys%C5%82u+spo%C5%BCywczego&rft.jtitle=Infrastruktura+i+Ekologia+Teren%C3%B3w+Wiejskich&rft.aulast=Krzanowski%2C+S.%3B+Walega%2C+A.%3B+Pasmionka%2C+I.&rft.au=Krzanowski%2C+S.%3B+Walega%2C+A.%3B+Pasmionka%2C+I.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagro.icm.edu.pl%2Fagro%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.dl-catalog-7a420b2d-f3c4-4d86-879a-4e08a3330edb&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">\u015aliz, P. (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/yadda.icm.edu.pl\/baztech\/element\/bwmeta1.element.baztech-75025426-d102-490c-b9b8-ceb9e3e3ce7f\" target=\"_blank\">\"Wykorzystanie statystycznej kontroli jako\u015bci w ocenie dzia\u0142alno\u015bci Oczyszczalni \u015aciek\u00f3w \u201eKujawy\u201d w Krakowie\"<\/a>. <i>Biuletyn Komitetu Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN<\/i> (272): 382--391<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/yadda.icm.edu.pl\/baztech\/element\/bwmeta1.element.baztech-75025426-d102-490c-b9b8-ceb9e3e3ce7f\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/yadda.icm.edu.pl\/baztech\/element\/bwmeta1.element.baztech-75025426-d102-490c-b9b8-ceb9e3e3ce7f<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wykorzystanie+statystycznej+kontroli+jako%C5%9Bci+w+ocenie+dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9Bci+Oczyszczalni+%C5%9Aciek%C3%B3w+%E2%80%9EKujawy%E2%80%9D+w+Krakowie&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Komitetu+Przestrzennego+Zagospodarowania+Kraju+PAN&rft.aulast=%C5%9Aliz%2C+P.&rft.au=%C5%9Aliz%2C+P.&rft.date=2018&rft.issue=272&rft.pages=382--391&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyadda.icm.edu.pl%2Fbaztech%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.baztech-75025426-d102-490c-b9b8-ceb9e3e3ce7f&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Batista, Luciana Teixeira; Franco, Jos\u00e9 Ricardo Queiroz; Fakury, Ricardo Hall; Porto, Marcelo Franco; Braga, Carmela Maria Polito (9 May 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/9\/5695\" target=\"_blank\">\"Methodology for Determining Sustainable Water Consumption Indicators for Buildings\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>14<\/b> (9): 5695. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu14095695\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su14095695<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/9\/5695\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/9\/5695<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Methodology+for+Determining+Sustainable+Water+Consumption+Indicators+for+Buildings&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Batista&rft.aufirst=Luciana+Teixeira&rft.au=Batista%2C%26%2332%3BLuciana+Teixeira&rft.au=Franco%2C%26%2332%3BJos%C3%A9+Ricardo+Queiroz&rft.au=Fakury%2C%26%2332%3BRicardo+Hall&rft.au=Porto%2C%26%2332%3BMarcelo+Franco&rft.au=Braga%2C%26%2332%3BCarmela+Maria+Polito&rft.date=9+May+2022&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=5695&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu14095695&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F14%2F9%2F5695&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Woodall, William H.; Montgomery, Douglas C. (1 October 1999). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00224065.1999.11979944\" target=\"_blank\">\"Research Issues and Ideas in Statistical Process Control\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Quality Technology<\/i> <b>31<\/b> (4): 376\u2013386. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F00224065.1999.11979944\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/00224065.1999.11979944<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0022-4065\" target=\"_blank\">0022-4065<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00224065.1999.11979944\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00224065.1999.11979944<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Research+Issues+and+Ideas+in+Statistical+Process+Control&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quality+Technology&rft.aulast=Woodall&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Woodall%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+H.&rft.au=Montgomery%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+C.&rft.date=1+October+1999&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=376%E2%80%93386&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F00224065.1999.11979944&rft.issn=0022-4065&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00224065.1999.11979944&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_27-0\">27.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_27-1\">27.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_27-2\">27.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Montgomery, Douglas C. (2005). <i>Introduction to statistical quality control<\/i> (5th ed ed.). Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-0-471-65631-9.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+statistical+quality+control&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft.au=Montgomery%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+C.&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=5th+ed&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.isbn=978-0-471-65631-9&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">M\u0142y\u0144ski, Dariusz; Bugajski, Piotr; M\u0142y\u0144ska, Anna (26 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/5\/873\" target=\"_blank\">\"Application of the Mathematical Simulation Methods for the Assessment of the Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation Work Reliability\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Water<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (5): 873. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fw11050873\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/w11050873<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2073-4441\" target=\"_blank\">2073-4441<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/5\/873\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/5\/873<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Application+of+the+Mathematical+Simulation+Methods+for+the+Assessment+of+the+Wastewater+Treatment+Plant+Operation+Work+Reliability&rft.jtitle=Water&rft.aulast=M%C5%82y%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft.au=M%C5%82y%C5%84ski%2C%26%2332%3BDariusz&rft.au=Bugajski%2C%26%2332%3BPiotr&rft.au=M%C5%82y%C5%84ska%2C%26%2332%3BAnna&rft.date=26+April+2019&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=873&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fw11050873&rft.issn=2073-4441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2073-4441%2F11%2F5%2F873&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Nagendra, Y.; Rai, G. (1 September 1971). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01621459.1971.10482323\" target=\"_blank\">\"Optimum Sample Size and Sampling Interval for Controlling the Mean of Non-Normal Variables\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association<\/i> <b>66<\/b> (335): 637\u2013640. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F01621459.1971.10482323\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/01621459.1971.10482323<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0162-1459\" target=\"_blank\">0162-1459<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01621459.1971.10482323\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01621459.1971.10482323<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Optimum+Sample+Size+and+Sampling+Interval+for+Controlling+the+Mean+of+Non-Normal+Variables&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Statistical+Association&rft.aulast=Nagendra&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Nagendra%2C%26%2332%3BY.&rft.au=Rai%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.date=1+September+1971&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=335&rft.pages=637%E2%80%93640&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F01621459.1971.10482323&rft.issn=0162-1459&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01621459.1971.10482323&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Moore, Peter G. (1 November 1957). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/2985602?origin=crossref\" target=\"_blank\">\"Normality in Quality Control Charts\"<\/a>. <i>Applied Statistics<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (3): 171. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2307%2F2985602\" target=\"_blank\">10.2307\/2985602<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/2985602?origin=crossref\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/2985602?origin=crossref<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Normality+in+Quality+Control+Charts&rft.jtitle=Applied+Statistics&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft.au=Moore%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+G.&rft.date=1+November+1957&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2307%2F2985602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2307%2F2985602%3Forigin%3Dcrossref&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_31-0\">31.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_31-1\">31.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Minist\u00e9rio do Ambiente (1 August 1998). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dre.pt\/dre\/detalhe\/decreto-lei\/236-1998-430457\" target=\"_blank\">\"Decreto-Lei n.\u00ba 236\/98, de 1 de agosto\"<\/a>. <i>Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica n.\u00ba 176\/1998, S\u00e9rie I-A de 1998-08-01<\/i>. Rep\u00fablica Portugesa. pp. 3676 - 3722<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dre.pt\/dre\/detalhe\/decreto-lei\/236-1998-430457\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dre.pt\/dre\/detalhe\/decreto-lei\/236-1998-430457<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Decreto-Lei+n.%C2%BA+236%2F98%2C+de+1+de+agosto&rft.atitle=Di%C3%A1rio+da+Rep%C3%BAblica+n.%C2%BA+176%2F1998%2C+S%C3%A9rie+I-A+de+1998-08-01&rft.aulast=Minist%C3%A9rio+do+Ambiente&rft.au=Minist%C3%A9rio+do+Ambiente&rft.date=1+August+1998&rft.pages=pp.+3676+-+3722&rft.pub=Rep%C3%BAblica+Portugesa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdre.pt%2Fdre%2Fdetalhe%2Fdecreto-lei%2F236-1998-430457&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Em\u00eddio, V.J.G. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sapientia.ualg.pt\/handle\/10400.1\/3154\" target=\"_blank\">\"A problem\u00e1tica do f\u00f3sforo nas \u00e1guas para consumo humano e \u00e1guas residuais e solu\u00e7\u00f5es para o seu tratamento\"<\/a>. <i>Sapientia<\/i>. Universidade do Algarve<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sapientia.ualg.pt\/handle\/10400.1\/3154\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sapientia.ualg.pt\/handle\/10400.1\/3154<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+problem%C3%A1tica+do+f%C3%B3sforo+nas+%C3%A1guas+para+consumo+humano+e+%C3%A1guas+residuais+e+solu%C3%A7%C3%B5es+para+o+seu+tratamento&rft.atitle=Sapientia&rft.aulast=Em%C3%ADdio%2C+V.J.G.&rft.au=Em%C3%ADdio%2C+V.J.G.&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=Universidade+do+Algarve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsapientia.ualg.pt%2Fhandle%2F10400.1%2F3154&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Luizi, R.P.S.L. (March 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt\/downloadFile\/395144087536\/TeseP\" target=\"_blank\">\"Opera\u00e7\u00e3o de Sistemas de Tratamento de \u00c1guas Residuais por Lamas Activadas com Arejamento Prolongado\"<\/a> (PDF). Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt\/downloadFile\/395144087536\/TeseP\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt\/downloadFile\/395144087536\/TeseP<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Sistemas+de+Tratamento+de+%C3%81guas+Residuais+por+Lamas+Activadas+com+Arejamento+Prolongado&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Luizi%2C+R.P.S.L.&rft.au=Luizi%2C+R.P.S.L.&rft.date=March+2012&rft.pub=Universidade+T%C3%A9cnica+de+Lisboa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt%2FdownloadFile%2F395144087536%2FTeseP&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Grammar was tweaked significantly to improve readability. The PMCID and DOI were also added when they were missing from the original reference. No citation was made with ISO 7870-1:2019; a citation was added for this version.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103173902\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.520 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.800 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 29890\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 243082\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 79778\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 19\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 69290\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 350.836 1 -total\n 82.93% 290.962 1 Template:Reflist\n 64.99% 228.007 33 Template:Citation\/core\n 45.31% 158.981 22 Template:Cite_journal\n 10.55% 37.010 6 Template:Cite_web\n 10.48% 36.780 26 Template:Date\n 9.26% 32.501 1 Template:Citation\n 8.63% 30.292 1 Template:Infobox_journal_article\n 8.54% 29.946 4 Template:Cite_book\n 8.01% 28.100 1 Template:Infobox\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13863-0!canonical!math=5 and timestamp 20230103173901 and revision id 50572. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Construction_of_control_charts_to_help_in_the_stability_and_reliability_of_results_in_an_accredited_water_quality_control_laboratory<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","3e884bbd41faf8c3c02ba3907f9428a2_images":["https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/d\/db\/Fig1_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/74\/Fig2_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/9\/9e\/Fig3_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/44\/Fig4_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/a\/a9\/Fig5_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/5\/51\/Fig6_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/d\/da\/Fig7_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/6\/63\/Fig8_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/b1\/Fig9_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/44\/Fig10_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/5\/5f\/Fig11_daSilva_Sustain22_14-22.png"],"3e884bbd41faf8c3c02ba3907f9428a2_timestamp":1672771710,"238c2212d70981a8dd9946cad79719cd_type":"article","238c2212d70981a8dd9946cad79719cd_title":"Application of informatics in cancer research and clinical practice: Opportunities and challenges (Hong et al. 2022)","238c2212d70981a8dd9946cad79719cd_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges","238c2212d70981a8dd9946cad79719cd_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:Application of informatics in cancer research and clinical practice: Opportunities and challengesFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nApplication of informatics in cancer research and clinical practice: Opportunities and challengesJournal\n \nCancer InnovationAuthor(s)\n \nHong, Na; Sun, Gang; Zuo, Xiuran; Chen, Meng; Liu, Li; Jiani, Wang; Feng, Xiaobin; Shi, Wenzhao; Gong, Mengchun; Ma, PengchengAuthor affiliation(s)\n \nDigital Health China Technologies Co., Xinjiang Cancer Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Southern Medical University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua UniversityPrimary contact\n \nEmail: gmc at nrdrs dot orgYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n1(1)Page(s)\n \n80\u201391DOI\n \n10.1002\/cai2.9ISSN\n \n2770-9183Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cai2.9Download\n \nhttps:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdfdirect\/10.1002\/cai2.9 (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Informatics-supported applications of cancer research and clinical practices \n\n3.1 Databases and data standards for oncology \n\n3.1.1 Cancer databases and scientific programs \n3.1.2 Cancer classification, terminology, and ontology \n\n\n3.2 AI-supported image processing and radiotherapy \n\n3.2.1 AI imaging and diagnostics \n3.2.2 AI-supported radiotherapy \n\n\n3.3 Cancer multi-omics research \n\n3.3.1 Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics in cancer research \n3.3.2 Integrated multi-omics analysis for precision oncology \n3.3.3 Biomarker identification for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis \n\n\n\n\n4 Challenges \n\n4.1 Data heterogeneity \n4.2 Lack of good governance and annotated data \n4.3 Varying maturity of different informatics approaches in clinical application \n4.4 Model generalizability, results interpretation, and external validation \n4.5 Cost challenge \n4.6 Compliance challenge \n\n\n5 Opportunities and future perspectives \n6 Conclusion \n7 Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \n8 Acknowledgements \n\n8.1 Author contributions \n8.2 Conflict of interest \n\n\n9 References \n10 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nCancer informatics has significantly progressed in the big data era. We summarize the application of informatics approaches to the cancer domain from both the informatics perspective (e.g., data management and data science) and the clinical perspective (e.g., cancer screening, risk assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis). We discuss various informatics methods and tools that are widely applied in cancer research and practices, such as cancer databases, data standards, terminologies, high-throughput omics data mining, machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence imaging, and intelligent radiation. We also address the informatics challenges within the cancer field that pursue better treatment decisions and patient outcomes, and focus on how informatics can provide opportunities for cancer research and practices. Finally, we conclude that the interdisciplinary nature of cancer informatics and collaborations are major drivers for future research and applications in clinical practices. It is hoped that this review is instrumental for cancer researchers and clinicians with its informatics-specific insights.\nKeywords: artificial intelligence application, cancer informatics, machine learning\n\nIntroduction \nAdvances in information science and technology have brought significant benefits to cancer research and care, including larger study cohorts, more complete follow-up, more effective clinician teams, lower costs, increased patient life expectancy, and improved quality of life. Despite all cancer-related aspects, such as diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment being significantly improved, this disease area remains one of the most significant challenges in medical science due to disease heterogeneity and the need to identify underlying biomarkers that are potentially linked to specific cancer types.\nCancer informatics is a branch of medical informatics that applies information science, computer science, data science, and information technologies to the field of oncology. This is an area that deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in cancer. Applied cancer informatics transforms clinical data into meaningful and useful information to improve processes and outcomes in patient-focused and evidence-based cancer care.[1] The fundamental goals of cancer informatics are: (1) to organize data in a way that is comprehensible and meaningful to clinicians, researchers, and patients; (2) to use data to advance cancer care and treatment; and (3) to yield new insights through data analysis.[2]\nThe multidisciplinary field of cancer informatics includes oncology, pathology, radiology, computational biology, physical chemistry, computer science, information systems, information management, biostatistics, clinical informatics, bioinformatics, imaging informatics, machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), data mining, data compliance, and many other disciplines. The integration and intersection of these individual disciplines bridge the gap between these individual cancer-related fields and promote cancer research and clinical practice.\nFrom the point of view of informatics, methods and tools enhance the classification, accessibility, and applications of oncology data, thereby transforming cancer treatment into better outcomes. For example, with the development of clinical and imaging oncology databases, radiomics and AI have flourished, providing clinicians with a technological foundation for the early detection and treatment of cancer. In clinical practice, radiologists are under tremendous pressure as the number of cancer patients increases quickly. Studies in AI radiotherapy aim to make radiotherapy easier and faster and turn this labor-intensive procedure into a technology-intensive task. Another example is the multi-omics analysis of precision oncology. Multi-omics analyses can effectively overcome the limitations of single omics by integrating the analysis of a large amount of biological data at the molecular level in different dimensions, such as the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and microbiome. Moreover, it provides multi-level analyses and interpretations of complex life phenomena with many influencing factors, such as processes and diseases. With the popularization of next-generation high-throughput technologies and the accumulation of large amounts of multi-omics data, integration and fusion analysis for precise diagnosis and treatment of cancer has become an emerging trend.\nTo summarize the current progress in informatics methods and tools to enhance cancer research and improve cancer clinical practices, we reviewed the most common recent scenarios of informatics-supported applications. A graphic abstract summarizing the field of cancer informatics is depicted in Figure 1.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1. A summary of the main points of cancer informatics. AI = artificial intelligence.\n\n\n\nInformatics-supported applications of cancer research and clinical practices \nInformatics-based publications are available from the National Library of Medicine database (PubMed) and officially released web resources, which include cancer databases, cancer knowledge organization systems, cancer omics, and precision medicine, as well as AI-supported cancer imaging and radiotherapy. In this review, retrieved articles were manually screened according to a criterion containing the following items: aim of the study, methods, results, and clinical scenarios.\n\nDatabases and data standards for oncology \nHealthcare data stored in various electronic systems follow different formats, whether structured or unstructured data. The information contained in medical records contains critical elements that support cancer therapies. Storing, extracting, and encoding such information plays an important role in cancer treatment and research. Population-based cancer registry databases can record information on incidence, mortality, and treatment outcomes, generating annual statistics as a result.[3] In contrast, hospital-based cancer databases provide more clinical information than population-based cancer registries, such as patient information, clinicopathological information, genomic data, disease staging, treatment, follow-up, lab test results, and medical records, which supports clinical research and improves the care of cancer patients.[3][4] Furthermore, a consistent system of coding needs to be ensured to integrate the collected data from different sources that could be encoded in various terminological standards.[5] In addition, ontology\u2014as an integration of knowledge, annotation, and concepts\u2014plays an important role in cancer treatment and research.\n\nCancer databases and scientific programs \nThe database built by the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program in 1973, and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) of the United States in 1995, is used to construct the US Cancer Statistics (USCS)[6][7], while data from the National Central Cancer Registry of China is used to produce cancer statistics in China.[8][9] The National Cancer Database (NCDB) of the United States is one of the largest cancer clinical registry databases, with over 34 million data sets of commonly diagnosed solid tumors added since 1989, and it has an increasing number of published studies.[10][11] Moreover, thousands of new genomes have been sequenced over the past few years.[12] The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was initiated in 2006 and has characterized more than 20,000 primary cancers at the molecular level, covering 33 cancer types to date. This database consists of genomic, expression, methylation, copy number variation, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data amounting to more than 2.5 petabytes in volume.[13][14] The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) supports genomic studies in more than 50 cancer types involving more than 25,000 cancer genomes at the genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic levels.[15]\n\n Cancer classification, terminology, and ontology \nCancer classification is the prime issue during patient treatment. The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) published by the World Health Organization (WHO) is widely implemented for tumor disease classification. ICD-O uses a multi-axial coding system to classify the anatomical site and the histology of a tumor. The first, second, and third editions of ICD-O were published in 1976, 1991, and 2000, respectively.[16][17][18] Furthermore, the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) uses concepts, descriptions, and relationships to build terminology systems that can map and link to other standards.[19][20] It is used to encode cancer pathological checklists that aim to provide interoperable and portable diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive elements.[21][22] The NCI has published a comprehensive logic-based terminology, the National Cancer Institute Thesaurus (NCIt), covering cancer-related components such as clinical findings, drugs, treatments, anatomy, genes, proteins, and molecular information.[23] Adverse events (AEs), a critical element in cancer clinical trials and research, are recorded in dictionaries such as the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) and the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) developed by the NCI and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), respectively.[24][25] HemOnc.org\u2014which contains information on drugs and regimens regarding their mechanism, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, common usage, and synonyms\u2014is published and maintained to meet the growing number of chemotherapeutic regimens by combining various definitions, such as RxNorm, SNOMED CT, and the NCIt.[19][26][27]\nCancer Care Treatment Outcome Ontology (CCTOO) describes treatment or trial endpoints for patients with solid tumors in four domains, 13 subgroups, and two concept hierarchical structures, with a total of 1,133 terms.[28] Alternatively, TNM-Ontology (TNM-O) consists of four parts: a representation of the primary tumor (T), a representation of regional lymph nodes (N), a representation of distant metastases (M), and the anatomical location of the tumor. It sets different T, N, and M code descriptors for tumors at different anatomical locations. TNM-O was implemented in a colorectal cancer database and achieved a 100% concordance rate after validation by experienced pathologists.[29] The Radiation Oncology Ontology (ROO) was published using Semantic Web technologies, forming a hierarchical structure containing 1,183 classes and 211 properties between classes[30], while the Radiation Oncology Structures (ROS) ontology was developed using a taxonomic hierarchy consisting of 417 classes, each with a number of subclasses, 81% of which can be mapped to the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).[31] Cancer Cell Ontology (CCL) was published to represent cancer cell types via immune phenotypes in the field of hematological malignancies, with a total number of 6,900 classes (over 300 new classes added).[32] Prostate Cancer Ontology (PCO) represents integrated information from multiple prostate databases using a nine-level hierarchical structure, with 412 concepts[33] and local terminologies, such as the Cervical Cancer Common Terminology[34], which are used for supporting semantic interoperability and utilization of local clinical data.\n\nAI-supported image processing and radiotherapy \nMedical imaging is a useful and important modality for cancer detection, progression monitoring, and prognosis prediction. Radiomics and radiotherapy are the two most focused medical research and application areas advanced by AI. Radiomics refers to converting images into structured, mineable data.[35] Most AI-supported image applications focus on early screening and diagnosis using ML methods based on predefined features extracted from medical images.[36] Radiation therapy is a pivotal cancer treatment that has significantly progressed over the last decade due to numerous technological breakthroughs. Traditional radiation therapy workflows identify areas that would benefit from AI, including imaging, treatment planning, quality assurance, and outcome prediction. Many recent studies have shown that the adoption of radiomics and ML has paved the way for improved management of radiation therapy patients.\n\nAI imaging and diagnostics \nAI has contributed to medical imaging by improving the quality of images and computer-aided image interpretation and radiomics in most oncology-related diagnoses, and the application of AI is crucial in radiology for various modalities with improved quality, such as X-rays, ultrasounds, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and digital pathology. To analyze these quantitative data, data images, predictive models, diagnosis, prognosis, and longitudinal monitoring based on a parsimonious set of informative imaging features are yielded. Images are analyzed with highly specialized algorithms with increased speed and accuracy. \nAccording to a number of papers published in recent years, the most common cancer locations are the breast, kidney, brain, lung, prostate, cervix, and liver. The main AI algorithms are convolutional neural networks (CNNs), neural networks (NNs), support vector machines (SVMs), deep neural networks (DNNs), and ensemble learning techniques.[37] A recent study outlined the development and validation of an automated detection system for chest radiography with algorithms based on deep learning.[38] This automated system is designed to diagnose common thoracic diseases, including lung malignancies. The results of this study showed that AI-integrated systems have superior image recognition and analysis capabilities compared with human observers. For example, mammography is the first line of imaging screening for breast cancer. For younger women with dense breast tissue, ultrasound is the preferred option, and a previous study demonstrated the influence of AI in breast imaging.[39] The authors compared the interpretation of mammography with and without the assistance of AI. Unsurprisingly, radiologists with AI assistance were able to analyze mammography images quicker and more accurately, which is vital for the rapid detection of cancers, and further research directions for AI in medical imaging will focus on improving speed and reducing costs.[40][41] Previous studies have also reported AI tools developed by Google that can search for morphologically similar features[41], regardless of annotation status. For example, LYmph Node Assistant (LYNA) is a Google-developed deep learning algorithm that can successfully detect metastatic breast cancer on slides with up to 99% accuracy.\n\nAI-supported radiotherapy \nIn radiotherapy, images from different patients, times, or modalities often need to be registered to synthesize their corresponding information in a joint coordinate. The registration of images is relatively simple. However, how to achieve the registration of images and pathology (biomarkers) obtained or analyzed by different modalities is a current problem. At present, the prediction of biomarkers according to images does not achieve accurate point-to-point matching. A study was conducted to set up the conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN), which uses synthetic computed tomography (sCT) images from low field MR images in the pelvis and abdomen, and compares the differences in dose-volume histograms between sCT and original CT.[42] Deep learning has been used to improve the quality and efficiency of deformable image registration (DIR).[43] Given the unavoidable nonrigid anatomical motion by the patient between image acquisitions, DIR needs to establish a voxel-to-voxel correspondence between two medical images that reflects these two different anatomical instances.[44][45] In addition, treatment planning benefits from AI and information technologies. An array of research with dose prediction or validation has been published in recent years. Multiple dose levels, radiation-sensitive critical structures near target organs, and tumors in the abdomen, head, and neck were the most researched areas among recent achievements.[46] To enable accurate MRI-based dose calculations, Matteo et al. generated sCT from T1-weighted MRI using three 2D conditional cGANs.[47] Furthermore, new devices, such as electronic portal imaging devices (EPID)[48] and kV cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images[49], have reconstructed the 3D dose distribution in radiotherapy treatment. AI also supports radiotherapy outcome prediction, a dual-input channel hybrid deep learning model that efficiently integrates an entire set of dosimetric parameters for radiation treatment planning, which was developed to enhance the prediction of Grade 4 radiotherapy-induced lymphopenia.[50]\n\nCancer multi-omics research \nUnlike evidence-based medicine, studies on precision oncology should be data-driven, and omics data are among the most critical. Omics is a type of biotechnology that analyzes the structure and function of the overall composition of a given biological function at different levels. With the development of high-throughput technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques such as liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS), it is possible to facilitate the investigation of the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Compared with single-level omics, multi-omic approaches can reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying different phenotypic manifestations of cancer from multiple dimensions. Thus, multi-omics has been proposed as the key to precision oncology in clinical practice. Together, these omics data can help to reveal the complex molecular mechanisms in different diseases.[51] Multi-omics can generate more information, and how to achieve multi-omics registration deserves further research.\n\n Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics in cancer research \nScientists have identified several mutated cancer genes through DNA sequencing techniques, such as PIK3CA, EGFR, and HER2.[52][53][54] In recent years, the application of NGS for DNA sequencing, coupled with analytical methods, has enabled unprecedented speed and precision in decoding human genomes.[55] In addition, NGS techniques have dramatically reduced the cost of sequencing. Massively parallel sequencing allows further insights into cancer disease from various aspects, including diagnosis, classification, therapeutics, and risk prediction.[56] In addition to differences in gene expression, a study has suggested that DNA methylation, a reversible DNA modification, can be used as an indicator of cancer status.[57] The identification of DNA modifications\u2014including methylation, acetylation, histone modification, and nucleosome remodeling\u2014is defined as epigenomics. These modifications are critical in regulating the biological processes fundamental to cancer genesis.[58] Several factors such as genetic and environmental factors can affect DNA modifications, which might be long-lasting or even heritable.[59][60][61] Hence, epigenomics data has great potential in the interpretation of genetic variants in cancer. Compared with DNA, RNA molecules change temporally according to cellular, environmental, extracellular, and developmental stimulation. The application of NGS has also facilitated transcriptomics studies because we can identify both the presence and abundance of RNA transcripts in a genome-wide manner via RNA-sequencing.[62] Studies on transcriptomics have revealed characteristic gene expression signatures in various cancer types that can help in clinical decisions, including diagnosis, treatment choices, and disease management. Furthermore, several clinical trial findings have been applied to predict the prognosis of different cancers, such as breast and lung cancer.[63][64] Gene expression sequencing has also been extended to single cells, which enriches the data of cancer cells and helps us to understand cancer heterogeneity.[65][66]\nIn cancer research, proteomics data has contributed to the development of biomarkers in cancer identification, as well as classification, prediction of drug sensitivity, and identification of proteins that may mediate drug resistance in different cancer types.[67][68][69] The development of LC-MS\/MS techniques has provided a platform for proteomic analysis, for example, supporting proteomic alterations in various cancer tissues. The application of LC-MS\/MS can be extended to small molecules, which allows us to study metabolomics data. Compared with the omics mentioned above, metabolomics is a new field, and most studies of cancer metabolomics have focused on the identification of biomarkers in plasma or serum samples, such as unsaturated free fatty acids in colorectal cancer and citrate changes in prostate cancer.[70][71] Furthermore, microbiomics data give us brand new insights into cancer research and provide further information on the underlying molecular mechanisms in cancer genesis and development. It is suggested that the dysbiosis of symbiotic microbiota is related to several types of cancer.[72] In addition to cancer triggering or promotion, the microbiome can also be used in cancer therapies, including therapeutic targets and microbiota transplantation.[72][73]\n\nIntegrated multi-omics analysis for precision oncology \nThe integration and analysis of high-throughput omics data are complex but critical. Data-driven methods include deep learning, network-based methods, clustering, features extraction, transformation, and factorization, which connect the data and clinical and molecular features of cancer.[74] Furthermore, multi-omics studies on cancer cover many goals, including biomarker discovery, subgroup identification, molecular pathway analysis, and drug repurposing\/discovery. Table 1 summarizes some multi-omics studies conducted on cancer in recent years. These findings have contributed to precision oncology in clinical decision-making and mechanism studies.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1. Examples of multi-omics studies in cancer\n\n\nArticle\n\nObjective\n\nCohort\/database\n\nOmics data\n\n\nGenomics\n\nEpigemomics\n\nTrascriptomics\n\nProteomics\n\nMetabolomics\n\n\nChaudhary et al.[75]\n\nSurvival prediction\n\nTCGA\u2009+\u2009multiple center\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZhang et al.[76]\n\nAnalysis of tumor heterogeneity\n\nSingle center\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\nSeal et al.[77]\n\nEstimating gene expression\n\nTCGA\n\n\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOuyang et al.[78]\n\nBiomarker identification and subtyping\n\nTCGA\u2009+\u2009GEO\n\n\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHuang et al.[79]\n\nEstablishing a model for survival prediction\n\nTCGA\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\n\n\n\n\nL\u00f6ffler et al.[80]\n\nValidation of therapeutic target\n\nSingle center\n\n\u2611\n\n\n\n\u2611\n\n\u2611\n\n\n\n\nShen et al.[81]\n\nAnalysis of molecular pathways in HCC cell\n\nHepG2 cell line\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2611\n\n\n\n\u2611\n\n\n\n Biomarker identification for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis \nMolecular biomarkers identified from omics data are often used for cancer prevention and diagnostics by detecting early disease. Cancer surveillance can be improved by identifying clinically relevant biomarkers for the early prevention of disease and to predict prognosis for effective treatment, such as carcinoembryonic antigen to monitor the recurrence of colorectal cancer[82][83] and mutations in estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) to predict prognosis and treatment outcomes in breast cancer.[84] Furthermore, shallow sequencing has recently been applied to the whole genome for diagnostics in breast cancer[85], lung cancer[86], and neuroblastoma.[87]\n\nChallenges \nDriven by electronic and smart technologies, patient data are being generated at an increasingly rapid rate. However, regardless of the benefits of informatics, there are still many barriers to implementing AI in healthcare.\n\nData heterogeneity \nThe heterogeneity of cancer data is the primary difficulty in effectively integrating, searching, and extracting information, while the realization of its interoperability is a prerequisite for the implementation of personalized and precise treatment. Therefore, the inability to exchange information between cancer diagnosis and treatment systems becomes a limitation in pursuing data-driven clinical practice. Developing a global system to formalize and harmonize each individual data model, classification, thesaurus, vocabulary, terminology, and ontology from different systems is the main challenge.\n\nLack of good governance and annotated data \nThe limitations of most existing applications are the lack of quality control, data standardization, and sufficient samples. Most radiomics studies use images obtained from a wide range of scanning devices (e.g., CT, MRI, and PET) produced by different manufacturers. The absence of standardized protocols leads to significant variability in data acquisition and reconstruction parameters. Hence, numerous technical problems must be considered, and approved methodologies are needed to distinguish signal from noise in medical images[36], which requires the standardization of image preprocessing, tissue segmentation, feature calculation, and statistical methodologies.\n\nVarying maturity of different informatics approaches in clinical application \nThe major challenge of informatics applications in cancer is the varying maturity of the different approaches. Genomics has been used for diagnosis, while other omics approaches such as epigenomics and proteomics are less used in clinical practice.[88] The time it takes to run the samples and the equipment requirements for omics data analysis techniques are variable. The technical maturity ranks from high to low as follows: RNA, epigenomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics. Furthermore, although data-driven analysis in cancer research is rapidly on the rise, most studies have focused on common cancer types, and there is still a lack of investigation of rare or challenging tumor types.[89] Imaging analysis technologies and tools are more mature than clinical data modeling and omics data analysis.\n\n Model generalizability, results interpretation, and external validation \nThe generalizability of machine learning models is challenging. Different image acquisition equipment, different contrast agents, and different image acquisition parameters of the same equipment may have a large impact on the results. Furthermore, another challenge lies in the interpretation of data-driven results. Current AI predictions are more of a black box, and their interpretability and application are questioned by clinicians and require attention. This also brings challenges to the promotion of devices such as intelligent diagnosis. The data generated is only useful when it is clinically relevant and correctly interpreted. Thus, prospective clinical trials are urgently needed. All prospective studies with external validation are needed to translate these results from bench to bedside. However, both the scarcity of external data and the non-uniform method of external validation make this challenging.[90][91] Furthermore, to implement AI-based systems for routine clinical practice, the intended users require training and understanding of the system.[92]\n\nCost challenge \nThe implementation of informatics, AI, and data engineering approaches such as big data storage, curation, annotation, AI model training, and deployment requires enormous infrastructure, strong computing power, large storage capacity, massive multidisciplinary specifics, and time to integrate and interpret patient data. Informatics-supported application systems can be expensive because of their dependence on specialized computational requirements for fast data processing and rich medical knowledge for supporting medical applications appropriately. It is expected that advanced informatics methods and tools will reduce the cost, increase the speed of high-throughput data analysis, provide data services in a cost- and time-effective manner, and become widely accessible for cancer research and clinical applications.\n\nCompliance challenge \nInformatics systems process a huge amount of patient data, which could trigger the laws and regulations of data security for personal data protection, for example, the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) and Data Security Law (DSL) of China. How to protect patients' data and process sensitive data efficiently for the purposes of research as well as for clinical application is a challenge for medical institutions. Thus, a systematic approach for the purpose of compliance may apply to informatics practice.\n\nOpportunities and future perspectives \nCancer burden is a global phenomenon. The reduction of mortality rates requires early diagnosis and effective therapeutic interventions. However, metastatic and recurrent cancers develop drug resistance. Thus, it is imperative to detect novel biomarkers that induce drug resistance and to identify therapeutic targets to improve treatment effects. Informatics methods and tools can be applied to several clinical applications, which are important for risk prediction, early detection of disease, diagnosis by sequencing and medical imaging, accurate prognosis, biomarker detection, and identification of therapeutic targets for novel drug discovery.\nAs a hierarchical structure with standardized concepts, data standards such as vocabularies, terminologies, and ontologies can promote tumor data integration in many aspects. As an easier and faster way to integrate and encode different data systems, vocabulary sharing and ontology matching can promote data communication between scientists and enable rapid information dissemination, thus facilitating the long-term evaluation of tumor treatment and research. A shared vocabulary standardizes the definition of data elements, which can make both humans and computers readable and accurately transmit information between systems and humans. Meanwhile, the semantic relationship between the data elements in an encoded system can also support the derivation of conclusions. Furthermore, ontology matching would entail establishing the relationships that exist between the terms of different ontologies. Therefore, it is beneficial to develop automatic mapping algorithms and ensure semantic consistency.\nIn addition, the application of high-throughput multi-omics data and mass spectrometry enable cancer researchers to perform large-scale studies to analyze the cellular\/disease progression of various dimensions, from genome to proteome and metabolome. Furthermore, advanced methods and powerful computational tools will help to identify the links between the phenotypes and omics data. Multi-omics data platforms provide an opportunity to better understand cellular pathways in disease processes. Genomic analysis in cancer research has made significant progress in recent decades, and further studies will focus on RNA, protein, and metabolite changes and the role of the microbiome in disease. This systematic research on multi-level data can promote the development of prediction models and practical strategies for personalized cancer therapy.[62]\nAI techniques, particularly ML, have been extensively applied to process large-scale and heterogeneous cancer data. These techniques have achieved good results in data mining and analysis by providing powerful algorithms. Therefore, future studies on cancer will be based on AI techniques to process not only structured clinical data but also other unstructured clinical data, such as electronic medical records (EMRs), imaging, and omics data. AI has made a significant impact and will continue to revolutionize healthcare and precision oncology. Considering the interdisciplinary nature of cancer informatics, the collaboration of multiple disciplines is a major driver for future research and applications.\n\nConclusion \nIn conclusion, clinical oncology and research are reaping the benefits of informatics. Using informatics methods and tools, a large amount of diverse and dynamic data plays an important role in cancer research and clinical practices in the workflow of data collection, modeling, interoperability, integration, analysis, and utilization. With the further development of convenient and intelligent tools, informatics will enable earlier cancer detection, more precise cancer treatment, and better outcomes.\n\n Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \nAE: adverse event\nAI: artificial intelligence\nCBCT: cone-beam computed tomography\nCCTOO: The Cancer Care Treatment Outcome Ontology\nCDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\ncGAN: conditional Generative Adversarial Network\nCNN: convolutional neural network\nCT: computed tomography\nCTCAE: Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events\nDSL: Data Security Law\nDIR: deformable image registration\nDNN: deep neural network\nEMR: electronic medical record\nEPID: electronic portal imaging device\nESR1: estrogen receptor 1\nICD-O: International Classification of Diseases for Oncology\nICGC: International Cancer Genome Consortium\nICH: International Conference on Harmonization\nLYNA: LYmph Node Assistant\nMedDRA: Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities\nML: machine learning\nMRI: magnetic resonance imaging\nMS: mass spectrometry\nNCCR: National Central Cancer Registry\nNCDB: National Cancer Database\nNCI: National Cancer Institute\nNCIt: National Cancer Institute Thesaurus\nNGS: next-generation sequencing\nNN: neural network\nNPCR: National Program of Cancer Registries\nPIPL: Personal Information Protection Law\nPCO: Prostate Cancer Ontology\nPET: positron-emission tomography\nROO: Radiation Oncology Ontology\nROS: Radiation Oncology Structures\nsCT: synthetic computed tomography\nSEER: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results\nSNOMED CT: Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms\nSVM: support vector machine\nTCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas\nTNM-O: TNM-Ontology\nUMLS: Unified Medical Language System\nUSCS: US Cancer Statistics\nWHO: World Health Organization\nAcknowledgements \nWe thank Chao Liu, Ge Wu, Xiaoyu Wu, Yuanshi Jiao, and Yunchuan Qiao for their literature collection and review support. \n\nAuthor contributions \nNa Hong: conceptualization (equal); formal analysis (equal); investigation (equal); writing \u2013 original draft (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal). \nGang Sun: conceptualization (equal); formal analysis (equal); methodology (equal); writing \u2013 original draft (equal). \nXiuran Zuo: investigation (equal); methodology (equal); resources (equal); writing \u2013 original draft (equal). \nMeng Chen: methodology (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal). \nLi Liu: methodology (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal). \nJiani Wang: investigation (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal). \nXiaobin Feng: methodology (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal).\nWenzhao Shi: funding acquisition (equal); supervision (equal). \nMengchun Gong: conceptualization (equal); funding acquisition (equal); project administration (equal). \nPengcheng Ma: conceptualization (equal); funding acquisition (equal); writing \u2013 original draft (equal).\n\nConflict of interest \nProfessor Meng Chen and Mengchun Gong are members of Cancer Innovation Editorial Board. 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ISSN 1479-6694. https:\/\/www.futuremedicine.com\/doi\/10.2217\/fon-2021-0659 .   \n \n\n\u2191 HEPAVAC Consortium; L\u00f6ffler, Markus W.; Mohr, Christopher; Bichmann, Leon; Freudenmann, Lena Katharina; Walzer, Mathias; Schroeder, Christopher M.; Trautwein, Nico et al. (1 December 2019). \"Multi-omics discovery of exome-derived neoantigens in hepatocellular carcinoma\" (in en). Genome Medicine 11 (1): 28. doi:10.1186\/s13073-019-0636-8. ISSN 1756-994X. PMC PMC6492406. PMID 31039795. https:\/\/genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13073-019-0636-8 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Shen, Minqian; Xu, Mengyang; Zhong, Fanyi; Crist, McKenzie C.; Prior, Anjali B.; Yang, Kundi; Allaire, Danielle M.; Choueiry, Fouad et al. (20 February 2021). \"A Multi-Omics Study Revealing the Metabolic Effects of Estrogen in Liver Cancer Cells HepG2\" (in en). Cells 10 (2): 455. doi:10.3390\/cells10020455. ISSN 2073-4409. PMC PMC7924215. 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PMID 31665002. https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1426-2 .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original citation 19 concerning SNOMED CT had a dead URL; a suitable replacement was used for this version.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges<\/a>\nCategories: LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2022)LIMSwiki journal articles (all)LIMSwiki journal articles on cancer informaticsNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageEncyclopedic articlesRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationPopular publications\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 6 December 2022, at 19:18.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 101 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","238c2212d70981a8dd9946cad79719cd_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-206 ns-subject page-Journal_Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice_Opportunities_and_challenges rootpage-Journal_Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice_Opportunities_and_challenges skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:Application of informatics in cancer research and clinical practice: Opportunities and challenges<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cancer_informatics\" title=\"Cancer informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b665bf61e7903152714531827699ad0d\">Cancer informatics<\/a> has significantly progressed in the big data era. We summarize the application of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Informatics_(academic_field)\" title=\"Informatics (academic field)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0391318826a5d9f9a1a1bcc88394739f\">informatics<\/a> approaches to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cancer\" title=\"Cancer\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fcd6751ee9aef5d96b8448c082d5e582\">cancer<\/a> domain from both the informatics perspective (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_management\" title=\"Information management\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f8672d270c0750a858ed940158ca0a73\">data management<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_science\" title=\"Information science\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a12cc8f9ac7d44a9fe314ee1778d0024\">data science<\/a>) and the clinical perspective (e.g., cancer screening, risk assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis). We discuss various informatics methods and tools that are widely applied in cancer research and practices, such as cancer databases, data standards, terminologies, high-throughput <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Omics\" title=\"Omics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b6963d63adc17b2baa9d15b91b347d9a\">omics<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_mining\" title=\"Data mining\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"be09d3680fe1608addedf6f62692ee47\">data mining<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Machine_learning\" title=\"Machine learning\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"79aab39cfa124c958cd1dbcab3dde122\">machine learning<\/a> algorithms, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Artificial_intelligence\" title=\"Artificial intelligence\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0c45a597361ca47e1cd8112af676276e\">artificial intelligence<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Imaging\" class=\"mw-disambig wiki-link\" title=\"Imaging\" data-key=\"c99dd47b045eb67ecc822556afcbda57\">imaging<\/a>, and intelligent radiation. We also address the informatics challenges within the cancer field that pursue better treatment decisions and patient outcomes, and focus on how informatics can provide opportunities for cancer research and practices. Finally, we conclude that the interdisciplinary nature of cancer informatics and collaborations are major drivers for future research and applications in clinical practices. It is hoped that this review is instrumental for cancer researchers and clinicians with its informatics-specific insights.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: artificial intelligence application, cancer informatics, machine learning\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Advances in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_science\" title=\"Information science\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a12cc8f9ac7d44a9fe314ee1778d0024\">information science<\/a> and technology have brought significant benefits to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cancer\" title=\"Cancer\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fcd6751ee9aef5d96b8448c082d5e582\">cancer<\/a> research and care, including larger study cohorts, more complete follow-up, more effective clinician teams, lower costs, increased patient life expectancy, and improved quality of life. Despite all cancer-related aspects, such as diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment being significantly improved, this disease area remains one of the most significant challenges in medical science due to disease heterogeneity and the need to identify underlying <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Biomarker\" title=\"Biomarker\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4e8962d383f9679c7e1791c56d6f6d16\">biomarkers<\/a> that are potentially linked to specific cancer types.\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cancer_informatics\" title=\"Cancer informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b665bf61e7903152714531827699ad0d\">Cancer informatics<\/a> is a branch of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Medical_informatics\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Medical informatics\" data-key=\"f89ecb3b26617b8c6e09bc5e050cfd5d\">medical informatics<\/a> that applies information science, computer science, data science, and information technologies to the field of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Oncology\" title=\"Oncology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6c962c118dffc629e1bae0d5f95e68e2\">oncology<\/a>. This is an area that deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information\" title=\"Information\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6300a14d9c2776dcca0999b5ed940e7d\">information<\/a> in cancer. Applied cancer informatics transforms clinical data into meaningful and useful information to improve processes and outcomes in patient-focused and evidence-based cancer care.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> The fundamental goals of cancer informatics are: (1) to organize data in a way that is comprehensible and meaningful to clinicians, researchers, and patients; (2) to use data to advance cancer care and treatment; and (3) to yield new insights through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_analysis\" title=\"Data analysis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"545c95e40ca67c9e63cd0a16042a5bd1\">data analysis<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The multidisciplinary field of cancer informatics includes oncology, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pathology\" title=\"Pathology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5d8e2230b55d8760dcb729fc7dcd3dc1\">pathology<\/a>, radiology, computational biology, physical <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Chemistry\" title=\"Chemistry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"792a1b261a4ecc7803e3f7f1de2dbda1\">chemistry<\/a>, computer science, information systems, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_management\" title=\"Information management\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f8672d270c0750a858ed940158ca0a73\">information management<\/a>, biostatistics, clinical informatics, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Bioinformatics\" title=\"Bioinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8f506695fdbb26e3f314da308f8c053b\">bioinformatics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Imaging_informatics\" title=\"Imaging informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fc0ae6a154d8896767defefdb6d14d0e\">imaging informatics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Machine_learning\" title=\"Machine learning\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"79aab39cfa124c958cd1dbcab3dde122\">machine learning<\/a> (ML), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Artificial_intelligence\" title=\"Artificial intelligence\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0c45a597361ca47e1cd8112af676276e\">artificial intelligence<\/a> (AI), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_mining\" title=\"Data mining\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"be09d3680fe1608addedf6f62692ee47\">data mining<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Regulatory_compliance\" title=\"Regulatory compliance\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7dbc9be278a8efda25a4b592ee6ef0ca\">data compliance<\/a>, and many other disciplines. The integration and intersection of these individual disciplines bridge the gap between these individual cancer-related fields and promote cancer research and clinical practice.\n<\/p><p>From the point of view of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Informatics_(academic_field)\" title=\"Informatics (academic field)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0391318826a5d9f9a1a1bcc88394739f\">informatics<\/a>, methods and tools enhance the classification, accessibility, and applications of oncology data, thereby transforming cancer treatment into better outcomes. For example, with the development of clinical and imaging oncology <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Database\" title=\"Database\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ac630f0b5e30cbe7fed1422999c2baad\">databases<\/a>, radiomics and AI have flourished, providing clinicians with a technological foundation for the early detection and treatment of cancer. In clinical practice, radiologists are under tremendous pressure as the number of cancer patients increases quickly. Studies in AI radiotherapy aim to make radiotherapy easier and faster and turn this labor-intensive procedure into a technology-intensive task. Another example is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Omics\" title=\"Omics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b6963d63adc17b2baa9d15b91b347d9a\">multi-omics<\/a> analysis of precision oncology. Multi-omics analyses can effectively overcome the limitations of single omics by integrating the analysis of a large amount of biological data at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Molecular_diagnostics\" title=\"Molecular diagnostics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8fc14cae7a6fbac9a53fae1394fae7ee\">molecular<\/a> level in different dimensions, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Genomics\" title=\"Genomics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"96a82dabf51cf9510dd00c5a03396c44\">genome<\/a>, epigenome, transcriptome, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Proteomics\" title=\"Proteomics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ac19f0aedfd86ae1fa91c52fad65ab21\">proteome<\/a>, metabolome, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Microbiology\" title=\"Microbiology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"920bf32dc9c9cf492c58c4c5484df41f\">microbiome<\/a>. Moreover, it provides multi-level analyses and interpretations of complex life phenomena with many influencing factors, such as processes and diseases. With the popularization of next-generation high-throughput technologies and the accumulation of large amounts of multi-omics data, integration and fusion analysis for precise diagnosis and treatment of cancer has become an emerging trend.\n<\/p><p>To summarize the current progress in informatics methods and tools to enhance cancer research and improve cancer clinical practices, we reviewed the most common recent scenarios of informatics-supported applications. A graphic abstract summarizing the field of cancer informatics is depicted in Figure 1.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig1_Hong_CancerInnov22_1-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"8d6e66707292093dfc97cf9f03e46dbd\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Hong CancerInnov22 1-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/e\/e6\/Fig1_Hong_CancerInnov22_1-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 1.<\/b> A summary of the main points of cancer informatics. AI = artificial intelligence.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Informatics-supported_applications_of_cancer_research_and_clinical_practices\">Informatics-supported applications of cancer research and clinical practices<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Informatics-based publications are available from the National Library of Medicine database (PubMed) and officially released web resources, which include cancer databases, cancer knowledge organization systems, cancer omics, and precision medicine, as well as AI-supported cancer imaging and radiotherapy. In this review, retrieved articles were manually screened according to a criterion containing the following items: aim of the study, methods, results, and clinical scenarios.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Databases_and_data_standards_for_oncology\">Databases and data standards for oncology<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Healthcare data stored in various electronic systems follow different formats, whether structured or unstructured data. The information contained in medical records contains critical elements that support cancer therapies. Storing, extracting, and encoding such information plays an important role in cancer treatment and research. Population-based cancer registry databases can record information on incidence, mortality, and treatment outcomes, generating annual statistics as a result.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> In contrast, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Hospital\" title=\"Hospital\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b8f070c66d8123fe91063594befebdff\">hospital<\/a>-based cancer databases provide more clinical information than population-based cancer registries, such as patient information, clinicopathological information, genomic data, disease staging, treatment, follow-up, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">lab<\/a> test results, and medical records, which supports clinical research and improves the care of cancer patients.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, a consistent system of coding needs to be ensured to integrate the collected data from different sources that could be encoded in various terminological standards.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, \u2014as an integration of knowledge, annotation, and concepts\u2014plays an important role in cancer treatment and research.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cancer_databases_and_scientific_programs\">Cancer databases and scientific programs<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The database built by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/National_Cancer_Institute\" title=\"National Cancer Institute\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"281916a9fbd28f1e14ba3a07ff64abc8\">National Cancer Institute<\/a>'s (NCI's) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program in 1973, and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) of the United States in 1995, is used to construct the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/uscs\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">US Cancer Statistics<\/a> (USCS)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>, while data from the National Central Cancer Registry of China is used to produce cancer statistics in China.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> The National Cancer Database (NCDB) of the United States is one of the largest cancer clinical registry databases, with over 34 million data sets of commonly diagnosed solid tumors added since 1989, and it has an increasing number of published studies.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> Moreover, thousands of new genomes have been sequenced over the past few years.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was initiated in 2006 and has characterized more than 20,000 primary cancers at the molecular level, covering 33 cancer types to date. This database consists of genomic, expression, methylation, copy number variation, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data amounting to more than 2.5 petabytes in volume.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) supports genomic studies in more than 50 cancer types involving more than 25,000 cancer genomes at the genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic levels.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Cancer_classification,_terminology,_and_ontology\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cancer_classification.2C_terminology.2C_and_ontology\">Cancer classification, terminology, and ontology<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Cancer classification is the prime issue during patient treatment. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/International_Classification_of_Diseases_for_Oncology\" title=\"International Classification of Diseases for Oncology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"05b5a89b53bacc0b97d85bb20dcbd3d2\">International Classification of Diseases for Oncology<\/a> (ICD-O) published by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/World_Health_Organization\" title=\"World Health Organization\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2a49f1470638d5f579e3f6419e239b03\">World Health Organization<\/a> (WHO) is widely implemented for tumor disease classification. ICD-O uses a multi-axial coding system to classify the anatomical site and the histology of a tumor. The first, second, and third editions of ICD-O were published in 1976, 1991, and 2000, respectively.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/SNOMED_CT\" title=\"SNOMED CT\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a04000c818ae954bf52cfea5efdf020d\">SNOMED CT<\/a>) uses concepts, descriptions, and relationships to build terminology systems that can map and link to other standards.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> It is used to encode cancer pathological checklists that aim to provide interoperable and portable diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive elements.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> The NCI has published a comprehensive logic-based terminology, the National Cancer Institute Thesaurus (NCIt), covering cancer-related components such as clinical findings, drugs, treatments, anatomy, genes, proteins, and molecular information.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> Adverse events (AEs), a critical element in cancer clinical trials and research, are recorded in dictionaries such as the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) and the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) developed by the NCI and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), respectively.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> HemOnc.org\u2014which contains information on drugs and regimens regarding their mechanism, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, common usage, and synonyms\u2014is published and maintained to meet the growing number of chemotherapeutic regimens by combining various definitions, such as RxNorm, SNOMED CT, and the NCIt.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Cancer Care Treatment Outcome Ontology (CCTOO) describes treatment or trial endpoints for patients with solid tumors in four domains, 13 subgroups, and two concept hierarchical structures, with a total of 1,133 terms.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> Alternatively, TNM-Ontology (TNM-O) consists of four parts: a representation of the primary tumor (T), a representation of regional lymph nodes (N), a representation of distant metastases (M), and the anatomical location of the tumor. It sets different T, N, and M code descriptors for tumors at different anatomical locations. TNM-O was implemented in a colorectal cancer database and achieved a 100% concordance rate after validation by experienced pathologists.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> The Radiation Oncology Ontology (ROO) was published using Semantic Web technologies, forming a hierarchical structure containing 1,183 classes and 211 properties between classes<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>, while the Radiation Oncology Structures (ROS) ontology was developed using a taxonomic hierarchy consisting of 417 classes, each with a number of subclasses, 81% of which can be mapped to the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> Cancer Cell Ontology (CCL) was published to represent cancer cell types via immune phenotypes in the field of hematological malignancies, with a total number of 6,900 classes (over 300 new classes added).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> Prostate Cancer Ontology (PCO) represents integrated information from multiple prostate databases using a nine-level hierarchical structure, with 412 concepts<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup> and local terminologies, such as the Cervical Cancer Common Terminology<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>, which are used for supporting semantic interoperability and utilization of local clinical data.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"AI-supported_image_processing_and_radiotherapy\">AI-supported image processing and radiotherapy<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Medical_imaging\" title=\"Medical imaging\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"dddd7e2b5706415d7af0375386e6eafa\">Medical imaging<\/a> is a useful and important modality for cancer detection, progression monitoring, and prognosis prediction. Radiomics and radiotherapy are the two most focused medical research and application areas advanced by AI. Radiomics refers to converting images into structured, mineable data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> Most AI-supported image applications focus on early screening and diagnosis using ML methods based on predefined features extracted from medical images.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup> Radiation therapy is a pivotal cancer treatment that has significantly progressed over the last decade due to numerous technological breakthroughs. Traditional radiation therapy workflows identify areas that would benefit from AI, including imaging, treatment planning, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_assurance\" title=\"Quality assurance\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2ede4490f0ea707b14456f44439c0984\">quality assurance<\/a>, and outcome prediction. Many recent studies have shown that the adoption of radiomics and ML has paved the way for improved management of radiation therapy patients.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"AI_imaging_and_diagnostics\">AI imaging and diagnostics<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>AI has contributed to medical imaging by improving the quality of images and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Computer-aided_diagnosis\" title=\"Computer-aided diagnosis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5e5811f15ee713ec42e4b411e652d88f\">computer-aided image interpretation<\/a> and radiomics in most oncology-related diagnoses, and the application of AI is crucial in radiology for various modalities with improved quality, such as X-rays, ultrasounds, computed tomography, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Magnetic_resonance_imaging\" title=\"Magnetic resonance imaging\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ecf92fce38dc6c6fbe9e6feac471ffd2\">magnetic resonance imaging<\/a> (MRI), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Positron_emission_tomography\" title=\"Positron emission tomography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"31f40a8404a38e80f387ac8714351c47\">positron emission tomography<\/a> (PET), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Digital_pathology\" title=\"Digital pathology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d028733eb07372f6516e9a711a44e641\">digital pathology<\/a>. To analyze these quantitative data, data images, predictive models, diagnosis, prognosis, and longitudinal monitoring based on a parsimonious set of informative imaging features are yielded. Images are analyzed with highly specialized algorithms with increased speed and accuracy. \n<\/p><p>According to a number of papers published in recent years, the most common cancer locations are the breast, kidney, brain, lung, prostate, cervix, and liver. The main AI algorithms are convolutional neural networks (CNNs), neural networks (NNs), support vector machines (SVMs), deep neural networks (DNNs), and ensemble learning techniques.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> A recent study outlined the development and validation of an automated detection system for chest radiography with algorithms based on deep learning.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> This automated system is designed to diagnose common thoracic diseases, including lung malignancies. The results of this study showed that AI-integrated systems have superior image recognition and analysis capabilities compared with human observers. For example, mammography is the first line of imaging screening for breast cancer. For younger women with dense breast tissue, ultrasound is the preferred option, and a previous study demonstrated the influence of AI in breast imaging.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> The authors compared the interpretation of mammography with and without the assistance of AI. Unsurprisingly, radiologists with AI assistance were able to analyze mammography images quicker and more accurately, which is vital for the rapid detection of cancers, and further research directions for AI in medical imaging will focus on improving speed and reducing costs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup> Previous studies have also reported AI tools developed by Google that can search for morphologically similar features<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_41-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>, regardless of annotation status. For example, LYmph Node Assistant (LYNA) is a Google-developed deep learning algorithm that can successfully detect metastatic breast cancer on slides with up to 99% accuracy.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"AI-supported_radiotherapy\">AI-supported radiotherapy<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>In radiotherapy, images from different patients, times, or modalities often need to be registered to synthesize their corresponding information in a joint coordinate. The registration of images is relatively simple. However, how to achieve the registration of images and pathology (biomarkers) obtained or analyzed by different modalities is a current problem. At present, the prediction of biomarkers according to images does not achieve accurate point-to-point matching. A study was conducted to set up the conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN), which uses synthetic computed tomography (sCT) images from low field MR images in the pelvis and abdomen, and compares the differences in dose-volume histograms between sCT and original CT.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup> Deep learning has been used to improve the quality and efficiency of deformable image registration (DIR).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup> Given the unavoidable nonrigid anatomical motion by the patient between image acquisitions, DIR needs to establish a voxel-to-voxel correspondence between two medical images that reflects these two different anatomical instances.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, treatment planning benefits from AI and information technologies. An array of research with dose prediction or validation has been published in recent years. Multiple dose levels, radiation-sensitive critical structures near target organs, and tumors in the abdomen, head, and neck were the most researched areas among recent achievements.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-46\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup> To enable accurate MRI-based dose calculations, Matteo et al. generated sCT from T1-weighted MRI using three 2D conditional cGANs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, new devices, such as electronic portal imaging devices (EPID)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup> and kV cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup>, have reconstructed the 3D dose distribution in radiotherapy treatment. AI also supports radiotherapy outcome prediction, a dual-input channel hybrid deep learning model that efficiently integrates an entire set of dosimetric parameters for radiation treatment planning, which was developed to enhance the prediction of Grade 4 radiotherapy-induced lymphopenia.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cancer_multi-omics_research\">Cancer multi-omics research<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Unlike evidence-based medicine, studies on precision oncology should be data-driven, and omics data are among the most critical. Omics is a type of biotechnology that analyzes the structure and function of the overall composition of a given biological function at different levels. With the development of high-throughput technologies, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Next-generation_sequencing\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Next-generation sequencing\" data-key=\"c9d965c11eed1543f2a7e5f1abed4bb7\">next-generation sequencing<\/a> (NGS) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fb548eafe2596c35d7ea741849aa83d4\">mass spectrometry<\/a> (MS)-based techniques such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Liquid_chromatography\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Liquid chromatography\" data-key=\"5870f6be5f3d680ae98b648eaff8283b\">liquid chromatography<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Tandem_mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Tandem mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"55f167a11d8b5037392ba845986bf6bf\">tandem mass spectrometry<\/a> (LC-MS\/MS), it is possible to facilitate the investigation of the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Compared with single-level omics, multi-omic approaches can reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying different phenotypic manifestations of cancer from multiple dimensions. Thus, multi-omics has been proposed as the key to precision oncology in clinical practice. Together, these omics data can help to reveal the complex molecular mechanisms in different diseases.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup> Multi-omics can generate more information, and how to achieve multi-omics registration deserves further research.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Genomics,_proteomics,_metabolomics,_and_microbiomics_in_cancer_research\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Genomics.2C_proteomics.2C_metabolomics.2C_and_microbiomics_in_cancer_research\">Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics in cancer research<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Scientists have identified several mutated cancer genes through DNA sequencing techniques, such as <i>PIK3CA<\/i>, <i>EGFR<\/i>, and <i>HER2<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-54\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup> In recent years, the application of NGS for DNA sequencing, coupled with analytical methods, has enabled unprecedented speed and precision in decoding human genomes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, NGS techniques have dramatically reduced the cost of sequencing. Massively parallel sequencing allows further insights into cancer disease from various aspects, including diagnosis, classification, therapeutics, and risk prediction.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup> In addition to differences in gene expression, a study has suggested that DNA methylation, a reversible DNA modification, can be used as an indicator of cancer status.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup> The identification of DNA modifications\u2014including methylation, acetylation, histone modification, and nucleosome remodeling\u2014is defined as epigenomics. These modifications are critical in regulating the biological processes fundamental to cancer genesis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup> Several factors such as genetic and environmental factors can affect DNA modifications, which might be long-lasting or even heritable.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup> Hence, epigenomics data has great potential in the interpretation of genetic variants in cancer. Compared with DNA, RNA molecules change temporally according to cellular, environmental, extracellular, and developmental stimulation. The application of NGS has also facilitated transcriptomics studies because we can identify both the presence and abundance of RNA transcripts in a genome-wide manner via RNA-sequencing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup> Studies on transcriptomics have revealed characteristic gene expression signatures in various cancer types that can help in clinical decisions, including diagnosis, treatment choices, and disease management. Furthermore, several clinical trial findings have been applied to predict the prognosis of different cancers, such as breast and lung cancer.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup> Gene expression sequencing has also been extended to single cells, which enriches the data of cancer cells and helps us to understand cancer heterogeneity.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-65\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-66\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In cancer research, proteomics data has contributed to the development of biomarkers in cancer identification, as well as classification, prediction of drug sensitivity, and identification of proteins that may mediate drug resistance in different cancer types.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-68\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-69\">[69]<\/a><\/sup> The development of LC-MS\/MS techniques has provided a platform for proteomic analysis, for example, supporting proteomic alterations in various cancer tissues. The application of LC-MS\/MS can be extended to small molecules, which allows us to study metabolomics data. Compared with the omics mentioned above, metabolomics is a new field, and most studies of cancer metabolomics have focused on the identification of biomarkers in plasma or serum samples, such as unsaturated free fatty acids in colorectal cancer and citrate changes in prostate cancer.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-70\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, microbiomics data give us brand new insights into cancer research and provide further information on the underlying molecular mechanisms in cancer genesis and development. It is suggested that the dysbiosis of symbiotic microbiota is related to several types of cancer.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_72-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup> In addition to cancer triggering or promotion, the microbiome can also be used in cancer therapies, including therapeutic targets and microbiota transplantation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_72-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-73\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Integrated_multi-omics_analysis_for_precision_oncology\">Integrated multi-omics analysis for precision oncology<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The integration and analysis of high-throughput omics data are complex but critical. Data-driven methods include deep learning, network-based methods, clustering, features extraction, transformation, and factorization, which connect the data and clinical and molecular features of cancer.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, multi-omics studies on cancer cover many goals, including biomarker discovery, subgroup identification, molecular pathway analysis, and drug repurposing\/discovery. Table 1 summarizes some multi-omics studies conducted on cancer in recent years. These findings have contributed to precision oncology in clinical decision-making and mechanism studies.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Examples of multi-omics studies in cancer\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Article\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Objective\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Cohort\/database\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Omics data\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Genomics\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Epigemomics\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Trascriptomics\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Proteomics\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Metabolomics\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Chaudhary <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-75\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Survival prediction\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">TCGA\u2009+\u2009multiple center\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Zhang <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-76\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Analysis of tumor heterogeneity\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Single center\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Seal <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-77\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Estimating gene expression\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">TCGA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Ouyang <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Biomarker identification and subtyping\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">TCGA\u2009+\u2009GEO\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Huang <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Establishing a model for survival prediction\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">TCGA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">L\u00f6ffler <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-80\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Validation of therapeutic target\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Single center\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Shen <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Analysis of molecular pathways in HCC cell\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">HepG2 cell line\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2611\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h4><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Biomarker_identification_for_cancer_prevention,_diagnosis,_and_prognosis\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Biomarker_identification_for_cancer_prevention.2C_diagnosis.2C_and_prognosis\">Biomarker identification for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Molecular biomarkers identified from omics data are often used for cancer prevention and diagnostics by detecting early disease. Cancer surveillance can be improved by identifying clinically relevant biomarkers for the early prevention of disease and to predict prognosis for effective treatment, such as carcinoembryonic antigen to monitor the recurrence of colorectal cancer<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-82\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-83\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-83\">[83]<\/a><\/sup> and mutations in estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) to predict prognosis and treatment outcomes in breast cancer.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-84\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, shallow sequencing has recently been applied to the whole genome for diagnostics in breast cancer<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-85\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup>, lung cancer<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup>, and neuroblastoma.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Challenges\">Challenges<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Driven by electronic and smart technologies, patient data are being generated at an increasingly rapid rate. However, regardless of the benefits of informatics, there are still many barriers to implementing AI in healthcare.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Data_heterogeneity\">Data heterogeneity<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The heterogeneity of cancer data is the primary difficulty in effectively integrating, searching, and extracting information, while the realization of its interoperability is a prerequisite for the implementation of personalized and precise treatment. Therefore, the inability to exchange information between cancer diagnosis and treatment systems becomes a limitation in pursuing data-driven clinical practice. Developing a global system to formalize and harmonize each individual data model, classification, thesaurus, vocabulary, terminology, and ontology from different systems is the main challenge.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Lack_of_good_governance_and_annotated_data\">Lack of good governance and annotated data<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The limitations of most existing applications are the lack of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1e0e0c2eb3e45aff02f5d61799821f0f\">quality control<\/a>, data standardization, and sufficient <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Sample_(material)\" title=\"Sample (material)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7f8cd41a077a88d02370c02a3ba3d9d6\">samples<\/a>. Most radiomics studies use images obtained from a wide range of scanning devices (e.g., CT, MRI, and PET) produced by different manufacturers. The absence of standardized protocols leads to significant variability in data acquisition and reconstruction parameters. Hence, numerous technical problems must be considered, and approved methodologies are needed to distinguish signal from noise in medical images<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_36-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>, which requires the standardization of image preprocessing, tissue segmentation, feature calculation, and statistical methodologies.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Varying_maturity_of_different_informatics_approaches_in_clinical_application\">Varying maturity of different informatics approaches in clinical application<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The major challenge of informatics applications in cancer is the varying maturity of the different approaches. Genomics has been used for diagnosis, while other omics approaches such as epigenomics and proteomics are less used in clinical practice.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">[88]<\/a><\/sup> The time it takes to run the samples and the equipment requirements for omics <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_analysis\" title=\"Data analysis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"545c95e40ca67c9e63cd0a16042a5bd1\">data analysis<\/a> techniques are variable. The technical maturity ranks from high to low as follows: RNA, epigenomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics. Furthermore, although data-driven analysis in cancer research is rapidly on the rise, most studies have focused on common cancer types, and there is still a lack of investigation of rare or challenging tumor types.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-89\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup> Imaging analysis technologies and tools are more mature than clinical data modeling and omics data analysis.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Model_generalizability,_results_interpretation,_and_external_validation\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Model_generalizability.2C_results_interpretation.2C_and_external_validation\">Model generalizability, results interpretation, and external validation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The generalizability of machine learning models is challenging. Different image acquisition equipment, different contrast agents, and different image acquisition parameters of the same equipment may have a large impact on the results. Furthermore, another challenge lies in the interpretation of data-driven results. Current AI predictions are more of a black box, and their interpretability and application are questioned by clinicians and require attention. This also brings challenges to the promotion of devices such as intelligent diagnosis. The data generated is only useful when it is clinically relevant and correctly interpreted. Thus, prospective clinical trials are urgently needed. All prospective studies with external validation are needed to translate these results from bench to bedside. However, both the scarcity of external data and the non-uniform method of external validation make this challenging.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-90\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-90\">[90]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-91\">[91]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, to implement AI-based systems for routine clinical practice, the intended users require training and understanding of the system.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-92\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-92\">[92]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cost_challenge\">Cost challenge<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The implementation of informatics, AI, and data engineering approaches such as big data storage, curation, annotation, AI model training, and deployment requires enormous infrastructure, strong computing power, large storage capacity, massive multidisciplinary specifics, and time to integrate and interpret patient data. Informatics-supported application systems can be expensive because of their dependence on specialized computational requirements for fast data processing and rich medical knowledge for supporting medical applications appropriately. It is expected that advanced informatics methods and tools will reduce the cost, increase the speed of high-throughput data analysis, provide data services in a cost- and time-effective manner, and become widely accessible for cancer research and clinical applications.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Compliance_challenge\">Compliance challenge<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Informatics systems process a huge amount of patient data, which could trigger the laws and regulations of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_security\" title=\"Information security\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9eff362d944224ff1d4ffe3a149d7cff\">data security<\/a> for personal data protection, for example, the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) and Data Security Law (DSL) of China. How to protect patients' data and process sensitive data efficiently for the purposes of research as well as for clinical application is a challenge for medical institutions. Thus, a systematic approach for the purpose of compliance may apply to informatics practice.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Opportunities_and_future_perspectives\">Opportunities and future perspectives<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Cancer burden is a global phenomenon. The reduction of mortality rates requires early diagnosis and effective therapeutic interventions. However, metastatic and recurrent cancers develop drug resistance. Thus, it is imperative to detect novel biomarkers that induce drug resistance and to identify therapeutic targets to improve treatment effects. Informatics methods and tools can be applied to several clinical applications, which are important for risk prediction, early detection of disease, diagnosis by sequencing and medical imaging, accurate prognosis, biomarker detection, and identification of therapeutic targets for novel drug discovery.\n<\/p><p>As a hierarchical structure with standardized concepts, data standards such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Controlled_vocabulary\" title=\"Controlled vocabulary\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3df5d6c2e7def6be27a87de6fee0b844\">vocabularies<\/a>, terminologies, and ontologies can promote tumor data integration in many aspects. As an easier and faster way to integrate and encode different data systems, vocabulary sharing and ontology matching can promote data communication between scientists and enable rapid information dissemination, thus facilitating the long-term evaluation of tumor treatment and research. A shared vocabulary standardizes the definition of data elements, which can make both humans and computers readable and accurately transmit information between systems and humans. Meanwhile, the semantic relationship between the data elements in an encoded system can also support the derivation of conclusions. Furthermore, ontology matching would entail establishing the relationships that exist between the terms of different ontologies. Therefore, it is beneficial to develop automatic mapping algorithms and ensure semantic consistency.\n<\/p><p>In addition, the application of high-throughput multi-omics data and mass spectrometry enable cancer researchers to perform large-scale studies to analyze the cellular\/disease progression of various dimensions, from genome to proteome and metabolome. Furthermore, advanced methods and powerful computational tools will help to identify the links between the phenotypes and omics data. Multi-omics data platforms provide an opportunity to better understand cellular pathways in disease processes. Genomic analysis in cancer research has made significant progress in recent decades, and further studies will focus on RNA, protein, and metabolite changes and the role of the microbiome in disease. This systematic research on multi-level data can promote the development of prediction models and practical strategies for personalized cancer therapy.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_62-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>AI techniques, particularly ML, have been extensively applied to process large-scale and heterogeneous cancer data. These techniques have achieved good results in data mining and analysis by providing powerful algorithms. Therefore, future studies on cancer will be based on AI techniques to process not only structured clinical data but also other unstructured clinical data, such as electronic medical records (EMRs), imaging, and omics data. AI has made a significant impact and will continue to revolutionize healthcare and precision oncology. Considering the interdisciplinary nature of cancer informatics, the collaboration of multiple disciplines is a major driver for future research and applications.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In conclusion, clinical oncology and research are reaping the benefits of informatics. Using informatics methods and tools, a large amount of diverse and dynamic data plays an important role in cancer research and clinical practices in the workflow of data collection, modeling, interoperability, integration, analysis, and utilization. With the further development of convenient and intelligent tools, informatics will enable earlier cancer detection, more precise cancer treatment, and better outcomes.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Abbreviations,_acronyms,_and_initialisms\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abbreviations.2C_acronyms.2C_and_initialisms\">Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><b>AE<\/b>: adverse event<\/li>\n<li><b>AI<\/b>: artificial intelligence<\/li>\n<li><b>CBCT<\/b>: cone-beam computed tomography<\/li>\n<li><b>CCTOO<\/b>: The Cancer Care Treatment Outcome Ontology<\/li>\n<li><b>CDC<\/b>: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/li>\n<li><b>cGAN<\/b>: conditional Generative Adversarial Network<\/li>\n<li><b>CNN<\/b>: convolutional neural network<\/li>\n<li><b>CT<\/b>: computed tomography<\/li>\n<li><b>CTCAE<\/b>: Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events<\/li>\n<li><b>DSL<\/b>: Data Security Law<\/li>\n<li><b>DIR<\/b>: deformable image registration<\/li>\n<li><b>DNN<\/b>: deep neural network<\/li>\n<li><b>EMR<\/b>: electronic medical record<\/li>\n<li><b>EPID<\/b>: electronic portal imaging device<\/li>\n<li><b>ESR1<\/b>: estrogen receptor 1<\/li>\n<li><b>ICD-O<\/b>: International Classification of Diseases for Oncology<\/li>\n<li><b>ICGC<\/b>: International Cancer Genome Consortium<\/li>\n<li><b>ICH<\/b>: International Conference on Harmonization<\/li>\n<li><b>LYNA<\/b>: LYmph Node Assistant<\/li>\n<li><b>MedDRA<\/b>: Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities<\/li>\n<li><b>ML<\/b>: machine learning<\/li>\n<li><b>MRI<\/b>: magnetic resonance imaging<\/li>\n<li><b>MS<\/b>: mass spectrometry<\/li>\n<li><b>NCCR<\/b>: National Central Cancer Registry<\/li>\n<li><b>NCDB<\/b>: National Cancer Database<\/li>\n<li><b>NCI<\/b>: National Cancer Institute<\/li>\n<li><b>NCIt<\/b>: National Cancer Institute Thesaurus<\/li>\n<li><b>NGS<\/b>: next-generation sequencing<\/li>\n<li><b>NN<\/b>: neural network<\/li>\n<li><b>NPCR<\/b>: National Program of Cancer Registries<\/li>\n<li><b>PIPL<\/b>: Personal Information Protection Law<\/li>\n<li><b>PCO<\/b>: Prostate Cancer Ontology<\/li>\n<li><b>PET<\/b>: positron-emission tomography<\/li>\n<li><b>ROO<\/b>: Radiation Oncology Ontology<\/li>\n<li><b>ROS<\/b>: Radiation Oncology Structures<\/li>\n<li><b>sCT<\/b>: synthetic computed tomography<\/li>\n<li><b>SEER<\/b>: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results<\/li>\n<li><b>SNOMED CT<\/b>: Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms<\/li>\n<li><b>SVM<\/b>: support vector machine<\/li>\n<li><b>TCGA<\/b>: The Cancer Genome Atlas<\/li>\n<li><b>TNM-O<\/b>: TNM-Ontology<\/li>\n<li><b>UMLS<\/b>: Unified Medical Language System<\/li>\n<li><b>USCS<\/b>: US Cancer Statistics<\/li>\n<li><b>WHO<\/b>: World Health Organization<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We thank Chao Liu, Ge Wu, Xiaoyu Wu, Yuanshi Jiao, and Yunchuan Qiao for their literature collection and review support. \n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Author_contributions\">Author contributions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Na Hong: conceptualization (equal); formal analysis (equal); investigation (equal); writing \u2013 original draft (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal). \nGang Sun: conceptualization (equal); formal analysis (equal); methodology (equal); writing \u2013 original draft (equal). \nXiuran Zuo: investigation (equal); methodology (equal); resources (equal); writing \u2013 original draft (equal). \nMeng Chen: methodology (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal). \nLi Liu: methodology (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal). \nJiani Wang: investigation (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal). \nXiaobin Feng: methodology (equal); writing \u2013 review and editing (equal).\nWenzhao Shi: funding acquisition (equal); supervision (equal). \nMengchun Gong: conceptualization (equal); funding acquisition (equal); project administration (equal). \nPengcheng Ma: conceptualization (equal); funding acquisition (equal); writing \u2013 original draft (equal).\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conflict_of_interest\">Conflict of interest<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Professor Meng Chen and Mengchun Gong are members of Cancer Innovation Editorial Board. To minimize bias, they were excluded from all editorial decision-making related to the acceptance of this article for publication. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">National Cancer Registrars Association. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncra-usa.org\/Education\/Informatics\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cancer Informatics\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncra-usa.org\/Education\/Informatics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncra-usa.org\/Education\/Informatics<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cancer+Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Cancer+Registrars+Association&rft.au=National+Cancer+Registrars+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncra-usa.org%2FEducation%2FInformatics&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Warner, Jeremy L.; 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Miller, Kimberly D.; Fuchs, Hannah E.; Jemal, Ahmedin (1 January 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.3322\/caac.21708\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cancer statistics, 2022\"<\/a> (in en). <i>CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians<\/i> <b>72<\/b> (1): 7\u201333. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3322%2Fcaac.21708\" target=\"_blank\">10.3322\/caac.21708<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0007-9235\" target=\"_blank\">0007-9235<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.3322\/caac.21708\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.3322\/caac.21708<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cancer+statistics%2C+2022&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+L.&rft.au=Siegel%2C%26%2332%3BRebecca+L.&rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BKimberly+D.&rft.au=Fuchs%2C%26%2332%3BHannah+E.&rft.au=Jemal%2C%26%2332%3BAhmedin&rft.date=1+January+2022&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7%E2%80%9333&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3322%2Fcaac.21708&rft.issn=0007-9235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.3322%2Fcaac.21708&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Islami, Farhad; Ward, Elizabeth M; Sung, Hyuna; Cronin, Kathleen A; Tangka, Florence K L; Sherman, Recinda L; Zhao, Jingxuan; Anderson, Robert N <i>et al.<\/i> (29 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/article\/113\/12\/1648\/6312532\" target=\"_blank\">\"Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Part 1: National Cancer Statistics\"<\/a> (in en). <i>JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute<\/i> <b>113<\/b> (12): 1648\u20131669. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjab131\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/jnci\/djab131<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0027-8874\" target=\"_blank\">0027-8874<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8634503\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8634503<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34240195\" target=\"_blank\">34240195<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/article\/113\/12\/1648\/6312532\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/article\/113\/12\/1648\/6312532<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+to+the+Nation+on+the+Status+of+Cancer%2C+Part+1%3A+National+Cancer+Statistics&rft.jtitle=JNCI%3A+Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.aulast=Islami&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft.au=Islami%2C%26%2332%3BFarhad&rft.au=Ward%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth+M&rft.au=Sung%2C%26%2332%3BHyuna&rft.au=Cronin%2C%26%2332%3BKathleen+A&rft.au=Tangka%2C%26%2332%3BFlorence+K+L&rft.au=Sherman%2C%26%2332%3BRecinda+L&rft.au=Zhao%2C%26%2332%3BJingxuan&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+N&rft.au=Henley%2C%26%2332%3BS+Jane&rft.date=29+November+2021&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1648%E2%80%931669&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjab131&rft.issn=0027-8874&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8634503&rft_id=info:pmid\/34240195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjnci%2Farticle%2F113%2F12%2F1648%2F6312532&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Chen, Wanqing; Zheng, Rongshou; Baade, Peter D.; Zhang, Siwei; Zeng, Hongmei; Bray, Freddie; Jemal, Ahmedin; Yu, Xue Qin <i>et al.<\/i> (1 March 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.3322\/caac.21338\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cancer statistics in China, 2015: Cancer Statistics in China, 2015\"<\/a> (in en). <i>CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians<\/i> <b>66<\/b> (2): 115\u2013132. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3322%2Fcaac.21338\" target=\"_blank\">10.3322\/caac.21338<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.3322\/caac.21338\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.3322\/caac.21338<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cancer+statistics+in+China%2C+2015%3A+Cancer+Statistics+in+China%2C+2015&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Wanqing&rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BWanqing&rft.au=Zheng%2C%26%2332%3BRongshou&rft.au=Baade%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+D.&rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BSiwei&rft.au=Zeng%2C%26%2332%3BHongmei&rft.au=Bray%2C%26%2332%3BFreddie&rft.au=Jemal%2C%26%2332%3BAhmedin&rft.au=Yu%2C%26%2332%3BXue+Qin&rft.au=He%2C%26%2332%3BJie&rft.date=1+March+2016&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115%E2%80%93132&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3322%2Fcaac.21338&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.3322%2Fcaac.21338&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wei, Wenqiang; 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(1 July 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.0894\" target=\"_blank\">\"Looking Beyond the Numbers: Highlighting the Challenges of Population-Based Studies in Cancer Research\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Clinical Oncology<\/i> <b>34<\/b> (19): 2317\u20132318. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1200%2FJCO.2015.66.0894\" target=\"_blank\">10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.0894<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0732-183X\" target=\"_blank\">0732-183X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.0894\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.0894<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Looking+Beyond+the+Numbers%3A+Highlighting+the+Challenges+of+Population-Based+Studies+in+Cancer+Research&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Blanchard%2C%26%2332%3BPierre&rft.au=Garden%2C%26%2332%3BAdam+S.&rft.date=1+July+2016&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=2317%E2%80%932318&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1200%2FJCO.2015.66.0894&rft.issn=0732-183X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascopubs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2015.66.0894&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Telenti, Amalio; Pierce, Levi C. T.; Biggs, William H.; di Iulio, Julia; Wong, Emily H. M.; Fabani, Martin M.; Kirkness, Ewen F.; Moustafa, Ahmed <i>et al.<\/i> (18 October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1613365113\" target=\"_blank\">\"Deep sequencing of 10,000 human genomes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/i> <b>113<\/b> (42): 11901\u201311906. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1613365113\" target=\"_blank\">10.1073\/pnas.1613365113<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0027-8424\" target=\"_blank\">0027-8424<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5081584\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5081584<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27702888\" target=\"_blank\">27702888<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1613365113\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1613365113<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deep+sequencing+of+10%2C000+human+genomes&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Telenti&rft.aufirst=Amalio&rft.au=Telenti%2C%26%2332%3BAmalio&rft.au=Pierce%2C%26%2332%3BLevi+C.+T.&rft.au=Biggs%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+H.&rft.au=di+Iulio%2C%26%2332%3BJulia&rft.au=Wong%2C%26%2332%3BEmily+H.+M.&rft.au=Fabani%2C%26%2332%3BMartin+M.&rft.au=Kirkness%2C%26%2332%3BEwen+F.&rft.au=Moustafa%2C%26%2332%3BAhmed&rft.au=Shah%2C%26%2332%3BNaisha&rft.date=18+October+2016&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=11901%E2%80%9311906&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1613365113&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5081584&rft_id=info:pmid\/27702888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpnas.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1613365113&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFWangJensenZenklusen2016\">Wang, Zhining; Jensen, Mark A.; Zenklusen, Jean Claude (2016), Math\u00e9, Ewy; Davis, Sean, eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-3578-9_6\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Practical Guide to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Statistical Genomics<\/i> (New York, NY: Springer New York) <b>1418<\/b>: 111\u2013141, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3578-9_6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-1-4939-3578-9_6<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-4939-3576-5<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-3578-9_6\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-3578-9_6<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-12-06<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Practical+Guide+to+The+Cancer+Genome+Atlas+%28TCGA%29&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Genomics&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Zhining&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BZhining&rft.au=Jensen%2C%26%2332%3BMark+A.&rft.au=Zenklusen%2C%26%2332%3BJean+Claude&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=1418&rft.pages=111%E2%80%93141&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3578-9_6&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-3576-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3578-9_6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">National Cancer Institute. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-nci\/organization\/ccg\/research\/structural-genomics\/tcga\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Cancer Genome Atlas Program\"<\/a>. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-nci\/organization\/ccg\/research\/structural-genomics\/tcga\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-nci\/organization\/ccg\/research\/structural-genomics\/tcga<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Cancer+Genome+Atlas+Program&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.au=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fabout-nci%2Forganization%2Fccg%2Fresearch%2Fstructural-genomics%2Ftcga&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">The International Cancer Genome Consortium (15 April 2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature08987\" target=\"_blank\">\"International network of cancer genome projects\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature<\/i> <b>464<\/b> (7291): 993\u2013998. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature08987\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/nature08987<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-0836\" target=\"_blank\">0028-0836<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2902243\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC2902243<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20393554\" target=\"_blank\">20393554<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature08987\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature08987<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+network+of+cancer+genome+projects&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=The+International+Cancer+Genome+Consortium&rft.au=The+International+Cancer+Genome+Consortium&rft.date=15+April+2010&rft.volume=464&rft.issue=7291&rft.pages=993%E2%80%93998&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fnature08987&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC2902243&rft_id=info:pmid\/20393554&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature08987&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Percy, Constance L.; Van Holten, Valerie; Muir, C. S., eds. (1990). <i>International classification of diseases for oncology =: ICD-O<\/i> (2nd ed ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-92-4-154414-6.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+classification+of+diseases+for+oncology+%3D%3A+ICD-O&rft.date=1990&rft.edition=2nd+ed&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154414-6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Fritz, April G., ed. (2013). <i>International classification of diseases for oncology: ICD-O<\/i> (Third edition, First revision ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-92-4-154849-6.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+classification+of+diseases+for+oncology%3A+ICD-O&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=Third+edition%2C+First+revision&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154849-6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Fritz, April G., ed. (2000). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/ocm45716980\" target=\"_blank\"><i>International classification of diseases for oncology: ICD-O<\/i><\/a> (3rd ed ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-92-4-154534-1. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_Computer_Library_Center\" data-key=\"b53206e2204c7e657858a88b56c8ac4a\">OCLC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/ocm45716980\" target=\"_blank\">ocm45716980<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/ocm45716980\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/ocm45716980<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+classification+of+diseases+for+oncology%3A+ICD-O&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=3rd+ed&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154534-1&rft_id=info:oclcnum\/ocm45716980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fmediawiki%2Foclc%2Focm45716980&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_19-0\">19.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_19-1\">19.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">SNOMED International. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.snomed.org\/snomed-ct\/why-snomed-ct\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Value of SNOMED CT\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.snomed.org\/snomed-ct\/why-snomed-ct\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.snomed.org\/snomed-ct\/why-snomed-ct<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Value+of+SNOMED+CT&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=SNOMED+International&rft.au=SNOMED+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snomed.org%2Fsnomed-ct%2Fwhy-snomed-ct&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Nikiema, Jean No\u00ebl; Jouhet, Vianney; Mougin, Fleur (1 October 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S153204641730196X\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integrating cancer diagnosis terminologies based on logical definitions of SNOMED CT concepts\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Biomedical Informatics<\/i> <b>74<\/b>: 46\u201358. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jbi.2017.08.013\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.08.013<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S153204641730196X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S153204641730196X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integrating+cancer+diagnosis+terminologies+based+on+logical+definitions+of+SNOMED+CT+concepts&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biomedical+Informatics&rft.aulast=Nikiema&rft.aufirst=Jean+No%C3%ABl&rft.au=Nikiema%2C%26%2332%3BJean+No%C3%ABl&rft.au=Jouhet%2C%26%2332%3BVianney&rft.au=Mougin%2C%26%2332%3BFleur&rft.date=1+October+2017&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=46%E2%80%9358&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jbi.2017.08.013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS153204641730196X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Van Berkum, Monique M. (2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14728542\" target=\"_blank\">\"SNOMED CT encoded Cancer Protocols\"<\/a>. <i>AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium<\/i> <b>2003<\/b>: 1039. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1942-597X\" target=\"_blank\">1942-597X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/1480015\/\" target=\"_blank\">1480015<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14728542\" target=\"_blank\">14728542<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14728542\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14728542<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SNOMED+CT+encoded+Cancer+Protocols&rft.jtitle=AMIA+...+Annual+Symposium+proceedings.+AMIA+Symposium&rft.aulast=Van+Berkum&rft.aufirst=Monique+M.&rft.au=Van+Berkum%2C%26%2332%3BMonique+M.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=2003&rft.pages=1039&rft.issn=1942-597X&rft_id=info:pmc\/1480015&rft_id=info:pmid\/14728542&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F14728542&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Torous, Vanda F.; Allan, Robert W.; Balani, Jyoti; Baskovich, Brett; Birdsong, George G.; Dellers, Elizabeth; Dryden, Mignon; Edgerton, Mary E. <i>et al.<\/i> (1 April 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/aplm\/article\/145\/4\/392\/448764\/Exploring-the-College-of-American-Pathologists\" target=\"_blank\">\"Exploring the College of American Pathologists Electronic Cancer Checklists: What They Are and What They Can Do for You\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine<\/i> <b>145<\/b> (4): 392\u2013398. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5858%2Farpa.2020-0239-ED\" target=\"_blank\">10.5858\/arpa.2020-0239-ED<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1543-2165\" target=\"_blank\">1543-2165<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/aplm\/article\/145\/4\/392\/448764\/Exploring-the-College-of-American-Pathologists\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/aplm\/article\/145\/4\/392\/448764\/Exploring-the-College-of-American-Pathologists<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+College+of+American+Pathologists+Electronic+Cancer+Checklists%3A+What+They+Are+and+What+They+Can+Do+for+You&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Pathology+%26+Laboratory+Medicine&rft.aulast=Torous&rft.aufirst=Vanda+F.&rft.au=Torous%2C%26%2332%3BVanda+F.&rft.au=Allan%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+W.&rft.au=Balani%2C%26%2332%3BJyoti&rft.au=Baskovich%2C%26%2332%3BBrett&rft.au=Birdsong%2C%26%2332%3BGeorge+G.&rft.au=Dellers%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth&rft.au=Dryden%2C%26%2332%3BMignon&rft.au=Edgerton%2C%26%2332%3BMary+E.&rft.au=Giannico%2C%26%2332%3BGiovanna+A.&rft.date=1+April+2021&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=392%E2%80%93398&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5858%2Farpa.2020-0239-ED&rft.issn=1543-2165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeridian.allenpress.com%2Faplm%2Farticle%2F145%2F4%2F392%2F448764%2FExploring-the-College-of-American-Pathologists&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Sioutos, Nicholas; Coronado, Sherri de; Haber, Margaret W.; Hartel, Frank W.; Shaiu, Wen-Ling; Wright, Lawrence W. (1 February 2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1532046406000311\" target=\"_blank\">\"NCI Thesaurus: A semantic model integrating cancer-related clinical and molecular information\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Biomedical Informatics<\/i> <b>40<\/b> (1): 30\u201343. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jbi.2006.02.013\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jbi.2006.02.013<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1532046406000311\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1532046406000311<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NCI+Thesaurus%3A+A+semantic+model+integrating+cancer-related+clinical+and+molecular+information&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biomedical+Informatics&rft.aulast=Sioutos&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Sioutos%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&rft.au=Coronado%2C%26%2332%3BSherri+de&rft.au=Haber%2C%26%2332%3BMargaret+W.&rft.au=Hartel%2C%26%2332%3BFrank+W.&rft.au=Shaiu%2C%26%2332%3BWen-Ling&rft.au=Wright%2C%26%2332%3BLawrence+W.&rft.date=1+February+2007&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30%E2%80%9343&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jbi.2006.02.013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1532046406000311&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">National Cancer Institute (2006). <i>CTEP: NCI Guidance on CTC Terminology Applications<\/i>. National Cancer Institute.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CTEP%3A+NCI+Guidance+on+CTC+Terminology+Applications&rft.aulast=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.au=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=National+Cancer+Institute&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/admin.meddra.org\/sites\/default\/files\/guidance\/file\/smq_intguide_21_0_english.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Introductory Guide for Standardised MedDRA Queries (SMQs) Version 21.0.\"<\/a> (PDF). International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. March 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/admin.meddra.org\/sites\/default\/files\/guidance\/file\/smq_intguide_21_0_english.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/admin.meddra.org\/sites\/default\/files\/guidance\/file\/smq_intguide_21_0_english.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Introductory+Guide+for+Standardised+MedDRA+Queries+%28SMQs%29+Version+21.0.&rft.atitle=&rft.date=March+2018&rft.pub=International+Council+for+Harmonisation+of+Technical+Requirements+for+Pharmaceuticals+for+Human+Use&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadmin.meddra.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fguidance%2Ffile%2Fsmq_intguide_21_0_english.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Warner, Jeremy L.; Cowan, Andrew J.; Hall, Aric C.; Yang, Peter C. (1 May 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JOP.2014.001511\" target=\"_blank\">\"HemOnc.org: A Collaborative Online Knowledge Platform for Oncology Professionals\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Oncology Practice<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (3): e336\u2013e350. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1200%2FJOP.2014.001511\" target=\"_blank\">10.1200\/JOP.2014.001511<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1554-7477\" target=\"_blank\">1554-7477<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5706141\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5706141<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25736385\" target=\"_blank\">25736385<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JOP.2014.001511\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JOP.2014.001511<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HemOnc.org%3A+A+Collaborative+Online+Knowledge+Platform+for+Oncology+Professionals&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Oncology+Practice&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+L.&rft.au=Warner%2C%26%2332%3BJeremy+L.&rft.au=Cowan%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+J.&rft.au=Hall%2C%26%2332%3BAric+C.&rft.au=Yang%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+C.&rft.date=1+May+2015&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e336%E2%80%93e350&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1200%2FJOP.2014.001511&rft.issn=1554-7477&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5706141&rft_id=info:pmid\/25736385&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascopubs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1200%2FJOP.2014.001511&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/research\/umls\/rxnorm\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"RxNorm\"<\/a>. <i>Unified Medical Language System<\/i>. National Library of Medicine. 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/research\/umls\/rxnorm\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/research\/umls\/rxnorm\/index.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=RxNorm&rft.atitle=Unified+Medical+Language+System&rft.date=2022&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fresearch%2Fumls%2Frxnorm%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Lin, Frank P.; Groza, Tudor; Kocbek, Simon; Antezana, Erick; Epstein, Richard J. (1 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/CCI.18.00026\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cancer Care Treatment Outcome Ontology: A Novel Computable Ontology for Profiling Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Solid Tumors\"<\/a> (in en). <i>JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics<\/i> (2): 1\u201314. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1200%2FCCI.18.00026\" target=\"_blank\">10.1200\/CCI.18.00026<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2473-4276\" target=\"_blank\">2473-4276<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/CCI.18.00026\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/CCI.18.00026<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cancer+Care+Treatment+Outcome+Ontology%3A+A+Novel+Computable+Ontology+for+Profiling+Treatment+Outcomes+in+Patients+With+Solid+Tumors&rft.jtitle=JCO+Clinical+Cancer+Informatics&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Frank+P.&rft.au=Lin%2C%26%2332%3BFrank+P.&rft.au=Groza%2C%26%2332%3BTudor&rft.au=Kocbek%2C%26%2332%3BSimon&rft.au=Antezana%2C%26%2332%3BErick&rft.au=Epstein%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&rft.date=1+December+2018&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9314&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1200%2FCCI.18.00026&rft.issn=2473-4276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascopubs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1200%2FCCI.18.00026&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Boeker, Martin; Fran\u00e7a, F\u00e1bio; Bronsert, Peter; Schulz, Stefan (1 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13326-016-0106-9\" target=\"_blank\">\"TNM-O: ontology support for staging of malignant tumours\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Biomedical Semantics<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (1): 64. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13326-016-0106-9\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s13326-016-0106-9<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2041-1480\" target=\"_blank\">2041-1480<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5109740\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5109740<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27842575\" target=\"_blank\">27842575<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13326-016-0106-9\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13326-016-0106-9<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TNM-O%3A+ontology+support+for+staging+of+malignant+tumours&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biomedical+Semantics&rft.aulast=Boeker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Boeker%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7a%2C%26%2332%3BF%C3%A1bio&rft.au=Bronsert%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.au=Schulz%2C%26%2332%3BStefan&rft.date=1+December+2016&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs13326-016-0106-9&rft.issn=2041-1480&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5109740&rft_id=info:pmid\/27842575&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs13326-016-0106-9&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Traverso, Alberto; van Soest, Johan; Wee, Leonard; Dekker, Andre (1 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.12879\" target=\"_blank\">\"The radiation oncology ontology (ROO): Publishing linked data in radiation oncology using semantic web and ontology techniques\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Medical Physics<\/i> <b>45<\/b> (10): e854\u2013e862. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fmp.12879\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/mp.12879<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.12879\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.12879<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+radiation+oncology+ontology+%28ROO%29%3A+Publishing+linked+data+in+radiation+oncology+using+semantic+web+and+ontology+techniques&rft.jtitle=Medical+Physics&rft.aulast=Traverso&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Traverso%2C%26%2332%3BAlberto&rft.au=van+Soest%2C%26%2332%3BJohan&rft.au=Wee%2C%26%2332%3BLeonard&rft.au=Dekker%2C%26%2332%3BAndre&rft.date=1+October+2018&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e854%E2%80%93e862&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fmp.12879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fmp.12879&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bibault, Jean-Emmanuel; Zapletal, Eric; Rance, Bastien; Giraud, Philippe; Burgun, Anita (19 January 2018). Amendola, Roberto. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0191263\" target=\"_blank\">\"Labeling for Big Data in radiation oncology: The Radiation Oncology Structures ontology\"<\/a> (in en). <i>PLOS ONE<\/i> <b>13<\/b> (1): e0191263. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0191263\" target=\"_blank\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0191263<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1932-6203\" target=\"_blank\">1932-6203<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5774757\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5774757<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29351341\" target=\"_blank\">29351341<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0191263\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0191263<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Labeling+for+Big+Data+in+radiation+oncology%3A+The+Radiation+Oncology+Structures+ontology&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.aulast=Bibault&rft.aufirst=Jean-Emmanuel&rft.au=Bibault%2C%26%2332%3BJean-Emmanuel&rft.au=Zapletal%2C%26%2332%3BEric&rft.au=Rance%2C%26%2332%3BBastien&rft.au=Giraud%2C%26%2332%3BPhilippe&rft.au=Burgun%2C%26%2332%3BAnita&rft.date=19+January+2018&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0191263&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0191263&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5774757&rft_id=info:pmid\/29351341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0191263&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Serra, Lucas M.; Duncan, William D.; Diehl, Alexander D. (1 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12859-019-2722-8\" target=\"_blank\">\"An ontology for representing hematologic malignancies: the cancer cell ontology\"<\/a> (in en). <i>BMC Bioinformatics<\/i> <b>20<\/b> (S5): 181. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs12859-019-2722-8\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s12859-019-2722-8<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1471-2105\" target=\"_blank\">1471-2105<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6509834\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6509834<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31272372\" target=\"_blank\">31272372<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12859-019-2722-8\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12859-019-2722-8<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+ontology+for+representing+hematologic+malignancies%3A+the+cancer+cell+ontology&rft.jtitle=BMC+Bioinformatics&rft.aulast=Serra&rft.aufirst=Lucas+M.&rft.au=Serra%2C%26%2332%3BLucas+M.&rft.au=Duncan%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+D.&rft.au=Diehl%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander+D.&rft.date=1+April+2019&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=S5&rft.pages=181&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs12859-019-2722-8&rft.issn=1471-2105&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6509834&rft_id=info:pmid\/31272372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs12859-019-2722-8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Min, Hua; Manion, Frank J.; Goralczyk, Elizabeth; Wong, Yu-Ning; Ross, Eric; Beck, J. Robert (1 December 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1532046409000793\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integration of prostate cancer clinical data using an ontology\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Biomedical Informatics<\/i> <b>42<\/b> (6): 1035\u20131045. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jbi.2009.05.007\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jbi.2009.05.007<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2784120\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC2784120<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19497389\" target=\"_blank\">19497389<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1532046409000793\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1532046409000793<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integration+of+prostate+cancer+clinical+data+using+an+ontology&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biomedical+Informatics&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Hua&rft.au=Min%2C%26%2332%3BHua&rft.au=Manion%2C%26%2332%3BFrank+J.&rft.au=Goralczyk%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth&rft.au=Wong%2C%26%2332%3BYu-Ning&rft.au=Ross%2C%26%2332%3BEric&rft.au=Beck%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+Robert&rft.date=1+December+2009&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1035%E2%80%931045&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jbi.2009.05.007&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC2784120&rft_id=info:pmid\/19497389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1532046409000793&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hong, Na; Chang, Fengxiang; Ou, Zhengjie; Wang, Yishang; Yang, Yating; Guo, Qiang; Ma, Jianhui; Zhao, Dan (1 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-021-01672-x\" target=\"_blank\">\"Construction of the cervical cancer common terminology for promoting semantic interoperability and utilization of Chinese clinical data\"<\/a> (in en). <i>BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (S9): 309. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs12911-021-01672-x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s12911-021-01672-x<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1472-6947\" target=\"_blank\">1472-6947<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8596900\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8596900<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34789237\" target=\"_blank\">34789237<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-021-01672-x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-021-01672-x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Construction+of+the+cervical+cancer+common+terminology+for+promoting+semantic+interoperability+and+utilization+of+Chinese+clinical+data&rft.jtitle=BMC+Medical+Informatics+and+Decision+Making&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Na&rft.au=Hong%2C%26%2332%3BNa&rft.au=Chang%2C%26%2332%3BFengxiang&rft.au=Ou%2C%26%2332%3BZhengjie&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BYishang&rft.au=Yang%2C%26%2332%3BYating&rft.au=Guo%2C%26%2332%3BQiang&rft.au=Ma%2C%26%2332%3BJianhui&rft.au=Zhao%2C%26%2332%3BDan&rft.date=1+November+2021&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=S9&rft.pages=309&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs12911-021-01672-x&rft.issn=1472-6947&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8596900&rft_id=info:pmid\/34789237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs12911-021-01672-x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gillies, Robert J.; Kinahan, Paul E.; Hricak, Hedvig (1 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/pubs.rsna.org\/doi\/10.1148\/radiol.2015151169\" target=\"_blank\">\"Radiomics: Images Are More than Pictures, They Are Data\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Radiology<\/i> <b>278<\/b> (2): 563\u2013577. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1148%2Fradiol.2015151169\" target=\"_blank\">10.1148\/radiol.2015151169<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0033-8419\" target=\"_blank\">0033-8419<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4734157\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4734157<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26579733\" target=\"_blank\">26579733<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/pubs.rsna.org\/doi\/10.1148\/radiol.2015151169\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/pubs.rsna.org\/doi\/10.1148\/radiol.2015151169<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radiomics%3A+Images+Are+More+than+Pictures%2C+They+Are+Data&rft.jtitle=Radiology&rft.aulast=Gillies&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Gillies%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+J.&rft.au=Kinahan%2C%26%2332%3BPaul+E.&rft.au=Hricak%2C%26%2332%3BHedvig&rft.date=1+February+2016&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=563%E2%80%93577&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1148%2Fradiol.2015151169&rft.issn=0033-8419&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4734157&rft_id=info:pmid\/26579733&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsna.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1148%2Fradiol.2015151169&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_36-0\">36.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_36-1\">36.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Reuz\u00e9, Sylvain; Schernberg, Antoine; Orlhac, Fanny; Sun, Roger; Chargari, Cyrus; Dercle, Laurent; Deutsch, Eric; Buvat, Ir\u00e8ne <i>et al.<\/i> (1 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360301618308150\" target=\"_blank\">\"Radiomics in Nuclear Medicine Applied to Radiation Therapy: Methods, Pitfalls, and Challenges\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics<\/i> <b>102<\/b> (4): 1117\u20131142. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijrobp.2018.05.022\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.05.022<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360301618308150\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360301618308150<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radiomics+in+Nuclear+Medicine+Applied+to+Radiation+Therapy%3A+Methods%2C+Pitfalls%2C+and+Challenges&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Oncology%2ABiology%2APhysics&rft.aulast=Reuz%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rft.au=Reuz%C3%A9%2C%26%2332%3BSylvain&rft.au=Schernberg%2C%26%2332%3BAntoine&rft.au=Orlhac%2C%26%2332%3BFanny&rft.au=Sun%2C%26%2332%3BRoger&rft.au=Chargari%2C%26%2332%3BCyrus&rft.au=Dercle%2C%26%2332%3BLaurent&rft.au=Deutsch%2C%26%2332%3BEric&rft.au=Buvat%2C%26%2332%3BIr%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Robert%2C%26%2332%3BCharlotte&rft.date=1+November+2018&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1117%E2%80%931142&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ijrobp.2018.05.022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0360301618308150&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kumar, Yogesh; Gupta, Surbhi; Singla, Ruchi; Hu, Yu-Chen (1 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11831-021-09648-w\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Cancer Prediction and Diagnosis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering<\/i> <b>29<\/b> (4): 2043\u20132070. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs11831-021-09648-w\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s11831-021-09648-w<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1134-3060\" target=\"_blank\">1134-3060<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8475374\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8475374<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34602811\" target=\"_blank\">34602811<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11831-021-09648-w\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11831-021-09648-w<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Systematic+Review+of+Artificial+Intelligence+Techniques+in+Cancer+Prediction+and+Diagnosis&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Computational+Methods+in+Engineering&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Yogesh&rft.au=Kumar%2C%26%2332%3BYogesh&rft.au=Gupta%2C%26%2332%3BSurbhi&rft.au=Singla%2C%26%2332%3BRuchi&rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BYu-Chen&rft.date=1+June+2022&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2043%E2%80%932070&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs11831-021-09648-w&rft.issn=1134-3060&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8475374&rft_id=info:pmid\/34602811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11831-021-09648-w&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hwang, Eui Jin; Park, Sunggyun; Jin, Kwang-Nam; Kim, Jung Im; Choi, So Young; Lee, Jong Hyuk; Goo, Jin Mo; Aum, Jaehong <i>et al.<\/i> (22 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?doi=10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.1095\" target=\"_blank\">\"Development and Validation of a Deep Learning\u2013Based Automated Detection Algorithm for Major Thoracic Diseases on Chest Radiographs\"<\/a> (in en). <i>JAMA Network Open<\/i> <b>2<\/b> (3): e191095. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2019.1095\" target=\"_blank\">10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.1095<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2574-3805\" target=\"_blank\">2574-3805<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6583308\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6583308<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30901052\" target=\"_blank\">30901052<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?doi=10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.1095\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?doi=10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.1095<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+and+Validation+of+a+Deep+Learning%E2%80%93Based+Automated+Detection+Algorithm+for+Major+Thoracic+Diseases+on+Chest+Radiographs&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Network+Open&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=Eui+Jin&rft.au=Hwang%2C%26%2332%3BEui+Jin&rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BSunggyun&rft.au=Jin%2C%26%2332%3BKwang-Nam&rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BJung+Im&rft.au=Choi%2C%26%2332%3BSo+Young&rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BJong+Hyuk&rft.au=Goo%2C%26%2332%3BJin+Mo&rft.au=Aum%2C%26%2332%3BJaehong&rft.au=Yim%2C%26%2332%3BJae-Joon&rft.date=22+March+2019&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e191095&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2019.1095&rft.issn=2574-3805&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6583308&rft_id=info:pmid\/30901052&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fdoi%3D10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2019.1095&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rodr\u00edguez-Ruiz, Alejandro; Krupinski, Elizabeth; Mordang, Jan-Jurre; Schilling, Kathy; Heywang-K\u00f6brunner, Sylvia H.; Sechopoulos, Ioannis; Mann, Ritse M. (1 February 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/pubs.rsna.org\/doi\/10.1148\/radiol.2018181371\" target=\"_blank\">\"Detection of Breast Cancer with Mammography: Effect of an Artificial Intelligence Support System\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Radiology<\/i> <b>290<\/b> (2): 305\u2013314. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1148%2Fradiol.2018181371\" target=\"_blank\">10.1148\/radiol.2018181371<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0033-8419\" target=\"_blank\">0033-8419<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/pubs.rsna.org\/doi\/10.1148\/radiol.2018181371\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/pubs.rsna.org\/doi\/10.1148\/radiol.2018181371<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detection+of+Breast+Cancer+with+Mammography%3A+Effect+of+an+Artificial+Intelligence+Support+System&rft.jtitle=Radiology&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Ruiz%2C%26%2332%3BAlejandro&rft.au=Krupinski%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth&rft.au=Mordang%2C%26%2332%3BJan-Jurre&rft.au=Schilling%2C%26%2332%3BKathy&rft.au=Heywang-K%C3%B6brunner%2C%26%2332%3BSylvia+H.&rft.au=Sechopoulos%2C%26%2332%3BIoannis&rft.au=Mann%2C%26%2332%3BRitse+M.&rft.date=1+February+2019&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305%E2%80%93314&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1148%2Fradiol.2018181371&rft.issn=0033-8419&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsna.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1148%2Fradiol.2018181371&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Lewis, Sarah J; Gandomkar, Ziba; Brennan, Patrick C (1 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmrs.369\" target=\"_blank\">\"Artificial Intelligence in medical imaging practice: looking to the future\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences<\/i> <b>66<\/b> (4): 292\u2013295. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fjmrs.369\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/jmrs.369<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2051-3895\" target=\"_blank\">2051-3895<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6920680\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6920680<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31709775\" target=\"_blank\">31709775<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmrs.369\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmrs.369<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+in+medical+imaging+practice%3A+looking+to+the+future&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Radiation+Sciences&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sarah+J&rft.au=Lewis%2C%26%2332%3BSarah+J&rft.au=Gandomkar%2C%26%2332%3BZiba&rft.au=Brennan%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick+C&rft.date=1+December+2019&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=292%E2%80%93295&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fjmrs.369&rft.issn=2051-3895&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6920680&rft_id=info:pmid\/31709775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmrs.369&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_41-0\">41.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_41-1\">41.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gore, John C. (1 May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0730725X19307556\" target=\"_blank\">\"Artificial intelligence in medical imaging\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Magnetic Resonance Imaging<\/i> <b>68<\/b>: A1\u2013A4. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.mri.2019.12.006\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.mri.2019.12.006<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0730725X19307556\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0730725X19307556<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Artificial+intelligence+in+medical+imaging&rft.jtitle=Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Gore%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+C.&rft.date=1+May+2020&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=A1%E2%80%93A4&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.mri.2019.12.006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0730725X19307556&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cusumano, Davide; Lenkowicz, Jacopo; Votta, Claudio; Boldrini, Luca; Placidi, Lorenzo; Catucci, Francesco; Dinapoli, Nicola; Antonelli, Marco Valerio <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167814020308549\" target=\"_blank\">\"A deep learning approach to generate synthetic CT in low field MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy for abdominal and pelvic cases\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Radiotherapy and Oncology<\/i> <b>153<\/b>: 205\u2013212. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.radonc.2020.10.018\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.10.018<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167814020308549\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167814020308549<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+deep+learning+approach+to+generate+synthetic+CT+in+low+field+MR-guided+adaptive+radiotherapy+for+abdominal+and+pelvic+cases&rft.jtitle=Radiotherapy+and+Oncology&rft.aulast=Cusumano&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft.au=Cusumano%2C%26%2332%3BDavide&rft.au=Lenkowicz%2C%26%2332%3BJacopo&rft.au=Votta%2C%26%2332%3BClaudio&rft.au=Boldrini%2C%26%2332%3BLuca&rft.au=Placidi%2C%26%2332%3BLorenzo&rft.au=Catucci%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesco&rft.au=Dinapoli%2C%26%2332%3BNicola&rft.au=Antonelli%2C%26%2332%3BMarco+Valerio&rft.au=Romano%2C%26%2332%3BAngela&rft.date=1+December+2020&rft.volume=153&rft.pages=205%E2%80%93212&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.radonc.2020.10.018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0167814020308549&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-43\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Balakrishnan, Guha; Zhao, Amy; Sabuncu, Mert R.; Guttag, John; Dalca, Adrian V. (1 August 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8633930\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"VoxelMorph: A Learning Framework for Deformable Medical Image Registration\"<\/a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging<\/i> <b>38<\/b> (8): 1788\u20131800. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FTMI.2019.2897538\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/TMI.2019.2897538<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0278-0062\" target=\"_blank\">0278-0062<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8633930\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8633930\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=VoxelMorph%3A+A+Learning+Framework+for+Deformable+Medical+Image+Registration&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Medical+Imaging&rft.aulast=Balakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Guha&rft.au=Balakrishnan%2C%26%2332%3BGuha&rft.au=Zhao%2C%26%2332%3BAmy&rft.au=Sabuncu%2C%26%2332%3BMert+R.&rft.au=Guttag%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.au=Dalca%2C%26%2332%3BAdrian+V.&rft.date=1+August+2019&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1788%E2%80%931800&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FTMI.2019.2897538&rft.issn=0278-0062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8633930%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFHanHoogemanLevendagHibbard2008\">Han, Xiao; Hoogeman, Mischa S.; Levendag, Peter C.; Hibbard, Lyndon S.; Teguh, David N.; Voet, Peter; Cowen, Andrew C.; Wolf, Theresa K. 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Bentvelzen, Laura G.; Savenije, Mark H.F.; Guerreiro, Filipa; Seravalli, Enrica; Janssens, Geert O.; van den Berg, Cornelis A.T.; Philippens, Marielle E.P. (1 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167814020308045\" target=\"_blank\">\"Deep learning-based synthetic CT generation for paediatric brain MR-only photon and proton radiotherapy\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Radiotherapy and Oncology<\/i> <b>153<\/b>: 197\u2013204. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.radonc.2020.09.029\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.09.029<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167814020308045\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167814020308045<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deep+learning-based+synthetic+CT+generation+for+paediatric+brain+MR-only+photon+and+proton+radiotherapy&rft.jtitle=Radiotherapy+and+Oncology&rft.aulast=Maspero&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Maspero%2C%26%2332%3BMatteo&rft.au=Bentvelzen%2C%26%2332%3BLaura+G.&rft.au=Savenije%2C%26%2332%3BMark+H.F.&rft.au=Guerreiro%2C%26%2332%3BFilipa&rft.au=Seravalli%2C%26%2332%3BEnrica&rft.au=Janssens%2C%26%2332%3BGeert+O.&rft.au=van+den+Berg%2C%26%2332%3BCornelis+A.T.&rft.au=Philippens%2C%26%2332%3BMarielle+E.P.&rft.date=1+December+2020&rft.volume=153&rft.pages=197%E2%80%93204&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.radonc.2020.09.029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0167814020308045&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jia, Mengyu; Wu, Yan; Yang, Yong; Wang, Lei; Chuang, Cynthia; Han, Bin; Xing, Lei (1 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.15218\" target=\"_blank\">\"Deep learning\u2010enabled EPID\u2010based 3D dosimetry for dose verification of step\u2010and\u2010shoot radiotherapy\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Medical Physics<\/i> <b>48<\/b> (11): 6810\u20136819. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fmp.15218\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/mp.15218<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0094-2405\" target=\"_blank\">0094-2405<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.15218\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.15218<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deep+learning%E2%80%90enabled+EPID%E2%80%90based+3D+dosimetry+for+dose+verification+of+step%E2%80%90and%E2%80%90shoot+radiotherapy&rft.jtitle=Medical+Physics&rft.aulast=Jia&rft.aufirst=Mengyu&rft.au=Jia%2C%26%2332%3BMengyu&rft.au=Wu%2C%26%2332%3BYan&rft.au=Yang%2C%26%2332%3BYong&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BLei&rft.au=Chuang%2C%26%2332%3BCynthia&rft.au=Han%2C%26%2332%3BBin&rft.au=Xing%2C%26%2332%3BLei&rft.date=1+November+2021&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=6810%E2%80%936819&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fmp.15218&rft.issn=0094-2405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fmp.15218&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Barateau, Ana\u00efs; De Crevoisier, Renaud; Largent, Axel; Mylona, Eugenia; Perichon, Nicolas; Castelli, Jo\u00ebl; Chajon, Enrique; Acosta, Oscar <i>et al.<\/i> (1 October 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.14387\" target=\"_blank\">\"Comparison of CBCT\u2010based dose calculation methods in head and neck cancer radiotherapy: from Hounsfield unit to density calibration curve to deep learning\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Medical Physics<\/i> <b>47<\/b> (10): 4683\u20134693. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fmp.14387\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/mp.14387<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0094-2405\" target=\"_blank\">0094-2405<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.14387\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.14387<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+CBCT%E2%80%90based+dose+calculation+methods+in+head+and+neck+cancer+radiotherapy%3A+from+Hounsfield+unit+to+density+calibration+curve+to+deep+learning&rft.jtitle=Medical+Physics&rft.aulast=Barateau&rft.aufirst=Ana%C3%AFs&rft.au=Barateau%2C%26%2332%3BAna%C3%AFs&rft.au=De+Crevoisier%2C%26%2332%3BRenaud&rft.au=Largent%2C%26%2332%3BAxel&rft.au=Mylona%2C%26%2332%3BEugenia&rft.au=Perichon%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.au=Castelli%2C%26%2332%3BJo%C3%ABl&rft.au=Chajon%2C%26%2332%3BEnrique&rft.au=Acosta%2C%26%2332%3BOscar&rft.au=Simon%2C%26%2332%3BAntoine&rft.date=1+October+2020&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4683%E2%80%934693&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fmp.14387&rft.issn=0094-2405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fmp.14387&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zhu, Cong; Lin, Steven H; Jiang, Xiaoqian; Xiang, Yang; Belal, Zayne; Jun, Goo; Mohan, Radhe (4 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab63b6\" target=\"_blank\">\"A novel deep learning model using dosimetric and clinical information for grade 4 radiotherapy-induced lymphopenia prediction\"<\/a>. <i>Physics in Medicine & Biology<\/i> <b>65<\/b> (3): 035014. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1088%2F1361-6560%2Fab63b6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab63b6<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1361-6560\" target=\"_blank\">1361-6560<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7501732\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7501732<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31851954\" target=\"_blank\">31851954<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab63b6\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab63b6<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+novel+deep+learning+model+using+dosimetric+and+clinical+information+for+grade+4+radiotherapy-induced+lymphopenia+prediction&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Medicine+%26+Biology&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Cong&rft.au=Zhu%2C%26%2332%3BCong&rft.au=Lin%2C%26%2332%3BSteven+H&rft.au=Jiang%2C%26%2332%3BXiaoqian&rft.au=Xiang%2C%26%2332%3BYang&rft.au=Belal%2C%26%2332%3BZayne&rft.au=Jun%2C%26%2332%3BGoo&rft.au=Mohan%2C%26%2332%3BRadhe&rft.date=4+February+2020&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=035014&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1088%2F1361-6560%2Fab63b6&rft.issn=1361-6560&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7501732&rft_id=info:pmid\/31851954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F1361-6560%2Fab63b6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hasin, Yehudit; 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Verdin, Eric (1 October 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12752\" target=\"_blank\">\"The nexus of chromatin regulation and intermediary metabolism\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature<\/i> <b>502<\/b> (7472): 489\u2013498. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature12752\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/nature12752<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-0836\" target=\"_blank\">0028-0836<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12752\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12752<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+nexus+of+chromatin+regulation+and+intermediary+metabolism&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Gut&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Gut%2C%26%2332%3BPhilipp&rft.au=Verdin%2C%26%2332%3BEric&rft.date=1+October+2013&rft.volume=502&rft.issue=7472&rft.pages=489%E2%80%93498&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fnature12752&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature12752&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Liu, Liang; 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Ismail; Ahmed, Musaddeque; Shekhar, Hossain Uddin (3 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/9836256\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Onco-Multi-OMICS Approach: A New Frontier in Cancer Research\"<\/a> (in en). <i>BioMed Research International<\/i> <b>2018<\/b>: 1\u201314. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1155%2F2018%2F9836256\" target=\"_blank\">10.1155\/2018\/9836256<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2314-6133\" target=\"_blank\">2314-6133<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6192166\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6192166<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30402498\" target=\"_blank\">30402498<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/9836256\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/9836256\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Onco-Multi-OMICS+Approach%3A+A+New+Frontier+in+Cancer+Research&rft.jtitle=BioMed+Research+International&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Sajib&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C%26%2332%3BSajib&rft.au=Hosen%2C%26%2332%3BMd.+Ismail&rft.au=Ahmed%2C%26%2332%3BMusaddeque&rft.au=Shekhar%2C%26%2332%3BHossain+Uddin&rft.date=3+October+2018&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9314&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1155%2F2018%2F9836256&rft.issn=2314-6133&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6192166&rft_id=info:pmid\/30402498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fbmri%2F2018%2F9836256%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-63\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Prat, Aleix; Ellis, Matthew J.; Perou, Charles M. 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Edlund, Karolina; Lohr, Miriam; Hellwig, Birte; Holmberg, Lars; Lambe, Mats; Berglund, Anders; Ekman, Simon <i>et al.<\/i> (1 January 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/19\/1\/194\/77776\/Biomarker-Discovery-in-Non-Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer\" target=\"_blank\">\"Biomarker Discovery in Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer: Integrating Gene Expression Profiling, Meta-analysis, and Tissue Microarray Validation\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Clinical Cancer Research<\/i> <b>19<\/b> (1): 194\u2013204. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-12-1139\" target=\"_blank\">10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-1139<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1078-0432\" target=\"_blank\">1078-0432<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/19\/1\/194\/77776\/Biomarker-Discovery-in-Non-Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/19\/1\/194\/77776\/Biomarker-Discovery-in-Non-Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biomarker+Discovery+in+Non%E2%80%93Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer%3A+Integrating+Gene+Expression+Profiling%2C+Meta-analysis%2C+and+Tissue+Microarray+Validation&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Cancer+Research&rft.aulast=Botling&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Botling%2C%26%2332%3BJohan&rft.au=Edlund%2C%26%2332%3BKarolina&rft.au=Lohr%2C%26%2332%3BMiriam&rft.au=Hellwig%2C%26%2332%3BBirte&rft.au=Holmberg%2C%26%2332%3BLars&rft.au=Lambe%2C%26%2332%3BMats&rft.au=Berglund%2C%26%2332%3BAnders&rft.au=Ekman%2C%26%2332%3BSimon&rft.au=Bergqvist%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.date=1+January+2013&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=194%E2%80%93204&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-12-1139&rft.issn=1078-0432&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faacrjournals.org%2Fclincancerres%2Farticle%2F19%2F1%2F194%2F77776%2FBiomarker-Discovery-in-Non-Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-65\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Song, Qianqian; Hawkins, Gregory A.; Wudel, Leonard; Chou, Ping\u2010Chieh; Forbes, Elizabeth; Pullikuth, Ashok K.; Liu, Liang; Jin, Guangxu <i>et al.<\/i> (1 June 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cam4.2113\" target=\"_blank\">\"Dissecting intratumoral myeloid cell plasticity by single cell RNA\u2010seq\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Cancer Medicine<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (6): 3072\u20133085. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fcam4.2113\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/cam4.2113<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2045-7634\" target=\"_blank\">2045-7634<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6558497\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6558497<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31033233\" target=\"_blank\">31033233<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cam4.2113\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cam4.2113<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dissecting+intratumoral+myeloid+cell+plasticity+by+single+cell+RNA%E2%80%90seq&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Medicine&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Qianqian&rft.au=Song%2C%26%2332%3BQianqian&rft.au=Hawkins%2C%26%2332%3BGregory+A.&rft.au=Wudel%2C%26%2332%3BLeonard&rft.au=Chou%2C%26%2332%3BPing%E2%80%90Chieh&rft.au=Forbes%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth&rft.au=Pullikuth%2C%26%2332%3BAshok+K.&rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BLiang&rft.au=Jin%2C%26%2332%3BGuangxu&rft.au=Craddock%2C%26%2332%3BLou&rft.date=1+June+2019&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3072%E2%80%933085&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fcam4.2113&rft.issn=2045-7634&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6558497&rft_id=info:pmid\/31033233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcam4.2113&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-66\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Suv\u00e0, Mario L.; 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Horala, Agnieszka; Matysiak, Jan; Hajduk, Joanna; Nowak-Markwitz, Ewa; Kokot, Zenon (31 July 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/8\/2240\" target=\"_blank\">\"Understanding Ovarian Cancer: iTRAQ-Based Proteomics for Biomarker Discovery\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences<\/i> <b>19<\/b> (8): 2240. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fijms19082240\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/ijms19082240<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1422-0067\" target=\"_blank\">1422-0067<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6121953\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6121953<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30065196\" target=\"_blank\">30065196<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/8\/2240\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/8\/2240<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Understanding+Ovarian+Cancer%3A+iTRAQ-Based+Proteomics+for+Biomarker+Discovery&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.aulast=Swiatly&rft.aufirst=Agata&rft.au=Swiatly%2C%26%2332%3BAgata&rft.au=Horala%2C%26%2332%3BAgnieszka&rft.au=Matysiak%2C%26%2332%3BJan&rft.au=Hajduk%2C%26%2332%3BJoanna&rft.au=Nowak-Markwitz%2C%26%2332%3BEwa&rft.au=Kokot%2C%26%2332%3BZenon&rft.date=31+July+2018&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2240&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fijms19082240&rft.issn=1422-0067&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6121953&rft_id=info:pmid\/30065196&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1422-0067%2F19%2F8%2F2240&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-68\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Yanovich, Gali; Agmon, Hadar; Harel, Michal; Sonnenblick, Amir; Peretz, Tamar; Geiger, Tamar (15 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/cancerres\/article\/78\/20\/6001\/631739\/Clinical-Proteomics-of-Breast-Cancer-Reveals-a\" target=\"_blank\">\"Clinical Proteomics of Breast Cancer Reveals a Novel Layer of Breast Cancer Classification\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Cancer Research<\/i> <b>78<\/b> (20): 6001\u20136010. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-18-1079\" target=\"_blank\">10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-1079<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0008-5472\" target=\"_blank\">0008-5472<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6193543\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6193543<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30154156\" target=\"_blank\">30154156<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/cancerres\/article\/78\/20\/6001\/631739\/Clinical-Proteomics-of-Breast-Cancer-Reveals-a\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/cancerres\/article\/78\/20\/6001\/631739\/Clinical-Proteomics-of-Breast-Cancer-Reveals-a<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clinical+Proteomics+of+Breast+Cancer+Reveals+a+Novel+Layer+of+Breast+Cancer+Classification&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&rft.aulast=Yanovich&rft.aufirst=Gali&rft.au=Yanovich%2C%26%2332%3BGali&rft.au=Agmon%2C%26%2332%3BHadar&rft.au=Harel%2C%26%2332%3BMichal&rft.au=Sonnenblick%2C%26%2332%3BAmir&rft.au=Peretz%2C%26%2332%3BTamar&rft.au=Geiger%2C%26%2332%3BTamar&rft.date=15+October+2018&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=6001%E2%80%936010&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-18-1079&rft.issn=0008-5472&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6193543&rft_id=info:pmid\/30154156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faacrjournals.org%2Fcancerres%2Farticle%2F78%2F20%2F6001%2F631739%2FClinical-Proteomics-of-Breast-Cancer-Reveals-a&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-69\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ali, Mehreen; Khan, Suleiman A; Wennerberg, Krister; Aittokallio, Tero (15 April 2018). Berger, Bonnie. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article\/34\/8\/1353\/4665420\" target=\"_blank\">\"Global proteomics profiling improves drug sensitivity prediction: results from a multi-omics, pan-cancer modeling approach\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Bioinformatics<\/i> <b>34<\/b> (8): 1353\u20131362. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtx766\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx766<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1367-4803\" target=\"_blank\">1367-4803<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5905617\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5905617<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29186355\" target=\"_blank\">29186355<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article\/34\/8\/1353\/4665420\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article\/34\/8\/1353\/4665420<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+proteomics+profiling+improves+drug+sensitivity+prediction%3A+results+from+a+multi-omics%2C+pan-cancer+modeling+approach&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mehreen&rft.au=Ali%2C%26%2332%3BMehreen&rft.au=Khan%2C%26%2332%3BSuleiman+A&rft.au=Wennerberg%2C%26%2332%3BKrister&rft.au=Aittokallio%2C%26%2332%3BTero&rft.date=15+April+2018&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1353%E2%80%931362&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtx766&rft.issn=1367-4803&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5905617&rft_id=info:pmid\/29186355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbioinformatics%2Farticle%2F34%2F8%2F1353%2F4665420&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-70\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zhang, Yaping; He, Chengyan; Qiu, Ling; Wang, Yanmin; Qin, Xuzhen; Liu, Yujie; Li, Zhili (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jcancer.org\/v07p0477.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Serum Unsaturated Free Fatty Acids: A Potential Biomarker Panel for Early-Stage Detection of Colorectal Cancer\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cancer<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (4): 477\u2013483. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.7150%2Fjca.13870\" target=\"_blank\">10.7150\/jca.13870<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1837-9664\" target=\"_blank\">1837-9664<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4749369\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4749369<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26918062\" target=\"_blank\">26918062<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jcancer.org\/v07p0477.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.jcancer.org\/v07p0477.htm<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Serum+Unsaturated+Free+Fatty+Acids%3A+A+Potential+Biomarker+Panel+for+Early-Stage+Detection+of+Colorectal+Cancer&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cancer&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yaping&rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BYaping&rft.au=He%2C%26%2332%3BChengyan&rft.au=Qiu%2C%26%2332%3BLing&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BYanmin&rft.au=Qin%2C%26%2332%3BXuzhen&rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BYujie&rft.au=Li%2C%26%2332%3BZhili&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477%E2%80%93483&rft_id=info:doi\/10.7150%2Fjca.13870&rft.issn=1837-9664&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4749369&rft_id=info:pmid\/26918062&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcancer.org%2Fv07p0477.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-71\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Giske\u00f8deg\u00e5rd, Guro F.; Bertilsson, Helena; Seln\u00e6s, Kirsten M.; Wright, Alan J.; Bathen, Tone F.; Viset, Trond; Halgunset, Jostein; Angelsen, Anders <i>et al.<\/i> (23 April 2013). Monleon, Daniel. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0062375\" target=\"_blank\">\"Spermine and Citrate as Metabolic Biomarkers for Assessing Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness\"<\/a> (in en). <i>PLoS ONE<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (4): e62375. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062375\" target=\"_blank\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0062375<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1932-6203\" target=\"_blank\">1932-6203<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3633894\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC3633894<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23626811\" target=\"_blank\">23626811<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0062375\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0062375<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spermine+and+Citrate+as+Metabolic+Biomarkers+for+Assessing+Prostate+Cancer+Aggressiveness&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.aulast=Giske%C3%B8deg%C3%A5rd&rft.aufirst=Guro+F.&rft.au=Giske%C3%B8deg%C3%A5rd%2C%26%2332%3BGuro+F.&rft.au=Bertilsson%2C%26%2332%3BHelena&rft.au=Seln%C3%A6s%2C%26%2332%3BKirsten+M.&rft.au=Wright%2C%26%2332%3BAlan+J.&rft.au=Bathen%2C%26%2332%3BTone+F.&rft.au=Viset%2C%26%2332%3BTrond&rft.au=Halgunset%2C%26%2332%3BJostein&rft.au=Angelsen%2C%26%2332%3BAnders&rft.au=Gribbestad%2C%26%2332%3BIngrid+S.&rft.date=23+April+2013&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e62375&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062375&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC3633894&rft_id=info:pmid\/23626811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062375&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_72-0\">72.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_72-1\">72.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rajagopala, Seesandra V.; Vashee, Sanjay; Oldfield, Lauren M.; Suzuki, Yo; Venter, J. Craig; Telenti, Amalio; Nelson, Karen E. (1 April 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/cancerpreventionresearch\/article\/10\/4\/226\/46620\/The-Human-Microbiome-and-CancerThe-Human\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Human Microbiome and Cancer\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Cancer Prevention Research<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (4): 226\u2013234. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1158%2F1940-6207.CAPR-16-0249\" target=\"_blank\">10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0249<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1940-6207\" target=\"_blank\">1940-6207<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/cancerpreventionresearch\/article\/10\/4\/226\/46620\/The-Human-Microbiome-and-CancerThe-Human\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/cancerpreventionresearch\/article\/10\/4\/226\/46620\/The-Human-Microbiome-and-CancerThe-Human<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Human+Microbiome+and+Cancer&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Prevention+Research&rft.aulast=Rajagopala&rft.aufirst=Seesandra+V.&rft.au=Rajagopala%2C%26%2332%3BSeesandra+V.&rft.au=Vashee%2C%26%2332%3BSanjay&rft.au=Oldfield%2C%26%2332%3BLauren+M.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C%26%2332%3BYo&rft.au=Venter%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+Craig&rft.au=Telenti%2C%26%2332%3BAmalio&rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BKaren+E.&rft.date=1+April+2017&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=226%E2%80%93234&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1158%2F1940-6207.CAPR-16-0249&rft.issn=1940-6207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faacrjournals.org%2Fcancerpreventionresearch%2Farticle%2F10%2F4%2F226%2F46620%2FThe-Human-Microbiome-and-CancerThe-Human&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-73\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Helmink, Beth A.; Khan, M. A. Wadud; Hermann, Amanda; Gopalakrishnan, Vancheswaran; Wargo, Jennifer A. (1 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-019-0377-7\" target=\"_blank\">\"The microbiome, cancer, and cancer therapy\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature Medicine<\/i> <b>25<\/b> (3): 377\u2013388. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41591-019-0377-7\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41591-019-0377-7<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1078-8956\" target=\"_blank\">1078-8956<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-019-0377-7\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-019-0377-7<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+microbiome%2C+cancer%2C+and+cancer+therapy&rft.jtitle=Nature+Medicine&rft.aulast=Helmink&rft.aufirst=Beth+A.&rft.au=Helmink%2C%26%2332%3BBeth+A.&rft.au=Khan%2C%26%2332%3BM.+A.+Wadud&rft.au=Hermann%2C%26%2332%3BAmanda&rft.au=Gopalakrishnan%2C%26%2332%3BVancheswaran&rft.au=Wargo%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer+A.&rft.date=1+March+2019&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377%E2%80%93388&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41591-019-0377-7&rft.issn=1078-8956&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41591-019-0377-7&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-74\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Nicora, Giovanna; Vitali, Francesca; Dagliati, Arianna; Geifman, Nophar; Bellazzi, Riccardo (30 June 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.01030\/full\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integrated Multi-Omics Analyses in Oncology: A Review of Machine Learning Methods and Tools\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Oncology<\/i> <b>10<\/b>: 1030. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffonc.2020.01030\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fonc.2020.01030<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2234-943X\" target=\"_blank\">2234-943X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7338582\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7338582<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32695678\" target=\"_blank\">32695678<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.01030\/full\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.01030\/full<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integrated+Multi-Omics+Analyses+in+Oncology%3A+A+Review+of+Machine+Learning+Methods+and+Tools&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Oncology&rft.aulast=Nicora&rft.aufirst=Giovanna&rft.au=Nicora%2C%26%2332%3BGiovanna&rft.au=Vitali%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesca&rft.au=Dagliati%2C%26%2332%3BArianna&rft.au=Geifman%2C%26%2332%3BNophar&rft.au=Bellazzi%2C%26%2332%3BRiccardo&rft.date=30+June+2020&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=1030&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffonc.2020.01030&rft.issn=2234-943X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7338582&rft_id=info:pmid\/32695678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticle%2F10.3389%2Ffonc.2020.01030%2Ffull&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-75\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Chaudhary, Kumardeep; Poirion, Olivier B.; Lu, Liangqun; Garmire, Lana X. (15 March 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/24\/6\/1248\/475\/Deep-Learning-Based-Multi-Omics-Integration\" target=\"_blank\">\"Deep Learning\u2013Based Multi-Omics Integration Robustly Predicts Survival in Liver Cancer\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Clinical Cancer Research<\/i> <b>24<\/b> (6): 1248\u20131259. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-17-0853\" target=\"_blank\">10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0853<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1078-0432\" target=\"_blank\">1078-0432<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6050171\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6050171<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28982688\" target=\"_blank\">28982688<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/24\/6\/1248\/475\/Deep-Learning-Based-Multi-Omics-Integration\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/24\/6\/1248\/475\/Deep-Learning-Based-Multi-Omics-Integration<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deep+Learning%E2%80%93Based+Multi-Omics+Integration+Robustly+Predicts+Survival+in+Liver+Cancer&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Cancer+Research&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=Kumardeep&rft.au=Chaudhary%2C%26%2332%3BKumardeep&rft.au=Poirion%2C%26%2332%3BOlivier+B.&rft.au=Lu%2C%26%2332%3BLiangqun&rft.au=Garmire%2C%26%2332%3BLana+X.&rft.date=15+March+2018&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1248%E2%80%931259&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-17-0853&rft.issn=1078-0432&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6050171&rft_id=info:pmid\/28982688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faacrjournals.org%2Fclincancerres%2Farticle%2F24%2F6%2F1248%2F475%2FDeep-Learning-Based-Multi-Omics-Integration&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-76\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zhang, Qi; Lou, Yu; Yang, Jiaqi; Wang, Junli; Feng, Jie; Zhao, Yali; Wang, Lin; Huang, Xing <i>et al.<\/i> (1 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318912\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integrated multiomic analysis reveals comprehensive tumour heterogeneity and novel immunophenotypic classification in hepatocellular carcinomas\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Gut<\/i> <b>68<\/b> (11): 2019\u20132031. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2019-318912\" target=\"_blank\">10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318912<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0017-5749\" target=\"_blank\">0017-5749<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6839802\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6839802<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31227589\" target=\"_blank\">31227589<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318912\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318912<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integrated+multiomic+analysis+reveals+comprehensive+tumour+heterogeneity+and+novel+immunophenotypic+classification+in+hepatocellular+carcinomas&rft.jtitle=Gut&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Qi&rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BQi&rft.au=Lou%2C%26%2332%3BYu&rft.au=Yang%2C%26%2332%3BJiaqi&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BJunli&rft.au=Feng%2C%26%2332%3BJie&rft.au=Zhao%2C%26%2332%3BYali&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BLin&rft.au=Huang%2C%26%2332%3BXing&rft.au=Fu%2C%26%2332%3BQihan&rft.date=1+November+2019&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2019%E2%80%932031&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2019-318912&rft.issn=0017-5749&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6839802&rft_id=info:pmid\/31227589&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgut.bmj.com%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2019-318912&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-77\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Seal, Dibyendu Bikash; Das, Vivek; Goswami, Saptarsi; De, Rajat K. (1 July 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0888754319309449\" target=\"_blank\">\"Estimating gene expression from DNA methylation and copy number variation: A deep learning regression model for multi-omics integration\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Genomics<\/i> <b>112<\/b> (4): 2833\u20132841. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2020.03.021\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ygeno.2020.03.021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0888754319309449\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0888754319309449<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Estimating+gene+expression+from+DNA+methylation+and+copy+number+variation%3A+A+deep+learning+regression+model+for+multi-omics+integration&rft.jtitle=Genomics&rft.aulast=Seal&rft.aufirst=Dibyendu+Bikash&rft.au=Seal%2C%26%2332%3BDibyendu+Bikash&rft.au=Das%2C%26%2332%3BVivek&rft.au=Goswami%2C%26%2332%3BSaptarsi&rft.au=De%2C%26%2332%3BRajat+K.&rft.date=1+July+2020&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2833%E2%80%932841&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2020.03.021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0888754319309449&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-78\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ouyang, Xiao; Fan, Qingju; Ling, Guang; Shi, Yu; Hu, Fuyan (6 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/9\/1051\" target=\"_blank\">\"Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers and Subtypes of Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Multi-Omics Data Analysis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Genes<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (9): 1051. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fgenes11091051\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/genes11091051<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2073-4425\" target=\"_blank\">2073-4425<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7566011\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7566011<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32899915\" target=\"_blank\">32899915<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/9\/1051\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/11\/9\/1051<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Diagnostic+Biomarkers+and+Subtypes+of+Liver+Hepatocellular+Carcinoma+by+Multi-Omics+Data+Analysis&rft.jtitle=Genes&rft.aulast=Ouyang&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft.au=Ouyang%2C%26%2332%3BXiao&rft.au=Fan%2C%26%2332%3BQingju&rft.au=Ling%2C%26%2332%3BGuang&rft.au=Shi%2C%26%2332%3BYu&rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BFuyan&rft.date=6+September+2020&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1051&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fgenes11091051&rft.issn=2073-4425&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7566011&rft_id=info:pmid\/32899915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2073-4425%2F11%2F9%2F1051&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-79\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Huang, Guojun; Wang, Cheng; Fu, Xi (1 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.futuremedicine.com\/doi\/10.2217\/fon-2021-0659\" target=\"_blank\">\"Bidirectional deep neural networks to integrate RNA and DNA data for predicting outcome for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Future Oncology<\/i> <b>17<\/b> (33): 4481\u20134495. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2217%2Ffon-2021-0659\" target=\"_blank\">10.2217\/fon-2021-0659<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1479-6694\" target=\"_blank\">1479-6694<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.futuremedicine.com\/doi\/10.2217\/fon-2021-0659\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.futuremedicine.com\/doi\/10.2217\/fon-2021-0659<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bidirectional+deep+neural+networks+to+integrate+RNA+and+DNA+data+for+predicting+outcome+for+patients+with+hepatocellular+carcinoma&rft.jtitle=Future+Oncology&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Guojun&rft.au=Huang%2C%26%2332%3BGuojun&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BCheng&rft.au=Fu%2C%26%2332%3BXi&rft.date=1+November+2021&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=4481%E2%80%934495&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2217%2Ffon-2021-0659&rft.issn=1479-6694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futuremedicine.com%2Fdoi%2F10.2217%2Ffon-2021-0659&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-80\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">HEPAVAC Consortium; L\u00f6ffler, Markus W.; Mohr, Christopher; Bichmann, Leon; Freudenmann, Lena Katharina; Walzer, Mathias; Schroeder, Christopher M.; Trautwein, Nico <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13073-019-0636-8\" target=\"_blank\">\"Multi-omics discovery of exome-derived neoantigens in hepatocellular carcinoma\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Genome Medicine<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (1): 28. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13073-019-0636-8\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s13073-019-0636-8<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1756-994X\" target=\"_blank\">1756-994X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6492406\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6492406<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31039795\" target=\"_blank\">31039795<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13073-019-0636-8\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13073-019-0636-8<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multi-omics+discovery+of+exome-derived+neoantigens+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma&rft.jtitle=Genome+Medicine&rft.aulast=HEPAVAC+Consortium&rft.au=HEPAVAC+Consortium&rft.au=L%C3%B6ffler%2C%26%2332%3BMarkus+W.&rft.au=Mohr%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher&rft.au=Bichmann%2C%26%2332%3BLeon&rft.au=Freudenmann%2C%26%2332%3BLena+Katharina&rft.au=Walzer%2C%26%2332%3BMathias&rft.au=Schroeder%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher+M.&rft.au=Trautwein%2C%26%2332%3BNico&rft.au=Hilke%2C%26%2332%3BFranz+J.&rft.date=1+December+2019&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs13073-019-0636-8&rft.issn=1756-994X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6492406&rft_id=info:pmid\/31039795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenomemedicine.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs13073-019-0636-8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-81\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Shen, Minqian; Xu, Mengyang; Zhong, Fanyi; Crist, McKenzie C.; Prior, Anjali B.; Yang, Kundi; Allaire, Danielle M.; Choueiry, Fouad <i>et al.<\/i> (20 February 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/2\/455\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Multi-Omics Study Revealing the Metabolic Effects of Estrogen in Liver Cancer Cells HepG2\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Cells<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (2): 455. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fcells10020455\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/cells10020455<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2073-4409\" target=\"_blank\">2073-4409<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7924215\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7924215<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33672651\" target=\"_blank\">33672651<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/2\/455\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/2\/455<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Multi-Omics+Study+Revealing+the+Metabolic+Effects+of+Estrogen+in+Liver+Cancer+Cells+HepG2&rft.jtitle=Cells&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Minqian&rft.au=Shen%2C%26%2332%3BMinqian&rft.au=Xu%2C%26%2332%3BMengyang&rft.au=Zhong%2C%26%2332%3BFanyi&rft.au=Crist%2C%26%2332%3BMcKenzie+C.&rft.au=Prior%2C%26%2332%3BAnjali+B.&rft.au=Yang%2C%26%2332%3BKundi&rft.au=Allaire%2C%26%2332%3BDanielle+M.&rft.au=Choueiry%2C%26%2332%3BFouad&rft.au=Zhu%2C%26%2332%3BJiangjiang&rft.date=20+February+2021&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=455&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fcells10020455&rft.issn=2073-4409&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7924215&rft_id=info:pmid\/33672651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2073-4409%2F10%2F2%2F455&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-82\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Locker, Gershon Y.; Hamilton, Stanley; Harris, Jules; Jessup, John M.; Kemeny, Nancy; Macdonald, John S.; Somerfield, Mark R.; Hayes, Daniel F. <i>et al.<\/i> (20 November 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JCO.2006.08.2644\" target=\"_blank\">\"ASCO 2006 Update of Recommendations for the Use of Tumor Markers in Gastrointestinal Cancer\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Clinical Oncology<\/i> <b>24<\/b> (33): 5313\u20135327. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1200%2FJCO.2006.08.2644\" target=\"_blank\">10.1200\/JCO.2006.08.2644<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0732-183X\" target=\"_blank\">0732-183X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JCO.2006.08.2644\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JCO.2006.08.2644<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ASCO+2006+Update+of+Recommendations+for+the+Use+of+Tumor+Markers+in+Gastrointestinal+Cancer&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.aulast=Locker&rft.aufirst=Gershon+Y.&rft.au=Locker%2C%26%2332%3BGershon+Y.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C%26%2332%3BStanley&rft.au=Harris%2C%26%2332%3BJules&rft.au=Jessup%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+M.&rft.au=Kemeny%2C%26%2332%3BNancy&rft.au=Macdonald%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+S.&rft.au=Somerfield%2C%26%2332%3BMark+R.&rft.au=Hayes%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel+F.&rft.au=Bast%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+C.&rft.date=20+November+2006&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=5313%E2%80%935327&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1200%2FJCO.2006.08.2644&rft.issn=0732-183X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascopubs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2006.08.2644&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-83\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Henry, N. Lynn; Hayes, Daniel F. (1 April 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1016\/j.molonc.2012.01.010\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cancer biomarkers\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Molecular Oncology<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (2): 140\u2013146. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.molonc.2012.01.010\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.molonc.2012.01.010<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5528374\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5528374<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22356776\" target=\"_blank\">22356776<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1016\/j.molonc.2012.01.010\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1016\/j.molonc.2012.01.010<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cancer+biomarkers&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Oncology&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=N.+Lynn&rft.au=Henry%2C%26%2332%3BN.+Lynn&rft.au=Hayes%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel+F.&rft.date=1+April+2012&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=140%E2%80%93146&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.molonc.2012.01.010&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5528374&rft_id=info:pmid\/22356776&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1016%2Fj.molonc.2012.01.010&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-84\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Nicolini, Andrea; Ferrari, Paola; Duffy, Michael J. (1 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1044579X17300524\" target=\"_blank\">\"Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in breast cancer: Past, present and future\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Seminars in Cancer Biology<\/i> <b>52<\/b>: 56\u201373. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.semcancer.2017.08.010\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.08.010<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1044579X17300524\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1044579X17300524<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prognostic+and+predictive+biomarkers+in+breast+cancer%3A+Past%2C+present+and+future&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Cancer+Biology&rft.aulast=Nicolini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Nicolini%2C%26%2332%3BAndrea&rft.au=Ferrari%2C%26%2332%3BPaola&rft.au=Duffy%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+J.&rft.date=1+October+2018&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=56%E2%80%9373&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.semcancer.2017.08.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1044579X17300524&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-85\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Chin, Suet-Feung; Santonja, Angela; Grzelak, Marta; Ahn, Soomin; Sammut, Stephen-John; Clifford, Harry; Rueda, Oscar M.; Pugh, Michelle <i>et al.<\/i> (1 June 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014480017306470\" target=\"_blank\">\"Shallow whole genome sequencing for robust copy number profiling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancers\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Experimental and Molecular Pathology<\/i> <b>104<\/b> (3): 161\u2013169. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.yexmp.2018.03.006\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.yexmp.2018.03.006<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5993858\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5993858<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29608913\" target=\"_blank\">29608913<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014480017306470\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014480017306470<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shallow+whole+genome+sequencing+for+robust+copy+number+profiling+of+formalin-fixed+paraffin-embedded+breast+cancers&rft.jtitle=Experimental+and+Molecular+Pathology&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Suet-Feung&rft.au=Chin%2C%26%2332%3BSuet-Feung&rft.au=Santonja%2C%26%2332%3BAngela&rft.au=Grzelak%2C%26%2332%3BMarta&rft.au=Ahn%2C%26%2332%3BSoomin&rft.au=Sammut%2C%26%2332%3BStephen-John&rft.au=Clifford%2C%26%2332%3BHarry&rft.au=Rueda%2C%26%2332%3BOscar+M.&rft.au=Pugh%2C%26%2332%3BMichelle&rft.au=Goldgraben%2C%26%2332%3BMae+A.&rft.date=1+June+2018&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161%E2%80%93169&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.yexmp.2018.03.006&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5993858&rft_id=info:pmid\/29608913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0014480017306470&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-86\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Raman, Lennart; Van der Linden, Mala\u00efka; Van der Eecken, Kim; Vermaelen, Karim; Demedts, Ingel; Surmont, Veerle; Himpe, Ulrike; Dedeurwaerdere, Franceska <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13073-020-00735-4\" target=\"_blank\">\"Shallow whole-genome sequencing of plasma cell-free DNA accurately differentiates small from non-small cell lung carcinoma\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Genome Medicine<\/i> <b>12<\/b> (1): 35. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13073-020-00735-4\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s13073-020-00735-4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1756-994X\" target=\"_blank\">1756-994X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7175544\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7175544<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32317009\" target=\"_blank\">32317009<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13073-020-00735-4\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13073-020-00735-4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shallow+whole-genome+sequencing+of+plasma+cell-free+DNA+accurately+differentiates+small+from+non-small+cell+lung+carcinoma&rft.jtitle=Genome+Medicine&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=Lennart&rft.au=Raman%2C%26%2332%3BLennart&rft.au=Van+der+Linden%2C%26%2332%3BMala%C3%AFka&rft.au=Van+der+Eecken%2C%26%2332%3BKim&rft.au=Vermaelen%2C%26%2332%3BKarim&rft.au=Demedts%2C%26%2332%3BIngel&rft.au=Surmont%2C%26%2332%3BVeerle&rft.au=Himpe%2C%26%2332%3BUlrike&rft.au=Dedeurwaerdere%2C%26%2332%3BFranceska&rft.au=Ferdinande%2C%26%2332%3BLiesbeth&rft.date=1+December+2020&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs13073-020-00735-4&rft.issn=1756-994X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7175544&rft_id=info:pmid\/32317009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenomemedicine.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs13073-020-00735-4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-87\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Van Roy, Nadine; Van Der Linden, Mala\u00efka; Menten, Bj\u00f6rn; Dheedene, Annelies; Vandeputte, Charlotte; Van Dorpe, Jo; Laureys, Genevi\u00e8ve; Renard, Marleen <i>et al.<\/i> (15 October 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/23\/20\/6305\/80151\/Shallow-Whole-Genome-Sequencing-on-Circulating\" target=\"_blank\">\"Shallow Whole Genome Sequencing on Circulating Cell-Free DNA Allows Reliable Noninvasive Copy-Number Profiling in Neuroblastoma Patients\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Clinical Cancer Research<\/i> <b>23<\/b> (20): 6305\u20136314. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-17-0675\" target=\"_blank\">10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0675<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1078-0432\" target=\"_blank\">1078-0432<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/23\/20\/6305\/80151\/Shallow-Whole-Genome-Sequencing-on-Circulating\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/23\/20\/6305\/80151\/Shallow-Whole-Genome-Sequencing-on-Circulating<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shallow+Whole+Genome+Sequencing+on+Circulating+Cell-Free+DNA+Allows+Reliable+Noninvasive+Copy-Number+Profiling+in+Neuroblastoma+Patients&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Cancer+Research&rft.aulast=Van+Roy&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft.au=Van+Roy%2C%26%2332%3BNadine&rft.au=Van+Der+Linden%2C%26%2332%3BMala%C3%AFka&rft.au=Menten%2C%26%2332%3BBj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Dheedene%2C%26%2332%3BAnnelies&rft.au=Vandeputte%2C%26%2332%3BCharlotte&rft.au=Van+Dorpe%2C%26%2332%3BJo&rft.au=Laureys%2C%26%2332%3BGenevi%C3%A8ve&rft.au=Renard%2C%26%2332%3BMarleen&rft.au=Sante%2C%26%2332%3BTom&rft.date=15+October+2017&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=6305%E2%80%936314&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-17-0675&rft.issn=1078-0432&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faacrjournals.org%2Fclincancerres%2Farticle%2F23%2F20%2F6305%2F80151%2FShallow-Whole-Genome-Sequencing-on-Circulating&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-88\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wang, Qi; Peng, Wei-Xian; Wang, Lu; Ye, Li (1 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.futuremedicine.com\/doi\/10.2217\/pme-2018-0085\" target=\"_blank\">\"Toward multiomics-based next-generation diagnostics for precision medicine\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Personalized Medicine<\/i> <b>16<\/b> (2): 157\u2013170. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2217%2Fpme-2018-0085\" target=\"_blank\">10.2217\/pme-2018-0085<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1741-0541\" target=\"_blank\">1741-0541<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.futuremedicine.com\/doi\/10.2217\/pme-2018-0085\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.futuremedicine.com\/doi\/10.2217\/pme-2018-0085<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toward+multiomics-based+next-generation+diagnostics+for+precision+medicine&rft.jtitle=Personalized+Medicine&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Qi&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BQi&rft.au=Peng%2C%26%2332%3BWei-Xian&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BLu&rft.au=Ye%2C%26%2332%3BLi&rft.date=1+March+2019&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157%E2%80%93170&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2217%2Fpme-2018-0085&rft.issn=1741-0541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futuremedicine.com%2Fdoi%2F10.2217%2Fpme-2018-0085&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-89\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Menyh\u00e1rt, Ot\u00edlia; Gy\u0151rffy, Bal\u00e1zs (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2001037021000131\" target=\"_blank\">\"Multi-omics approaches in cancer research with applications in tumor subtyping, prognosis, and diagnosis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal<\/i> <b>19<\/b>: 949\u2013960. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.csbj.2021.01.009\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.01.009<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7868685\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7868685<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33613862\" target=\"_blank\">33613862<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2001037021000131\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2001037021000131<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multi-omics+approaches+in+cancer+research+with+applications+in+tumor+subtyping%2C+prognosis%2C+and+diagnosis&rft.jtitle=Computational+and+Structural+Biotechnology+Journal&rft.aulast=Menyh%C3%A1rt&rft.aufirst=Ot%C3%ADlia&rft.au=Menyh%C3%A1rt%2C%26%2332%3BOt%C3%ADlia&rft.au=Gy%C5%91rffy%2C%26%2332%3BBal%C3%A1zs&rft.date=2021&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=949%E2%80%93960&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.csbj.2021.01.009&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7868685&rft_id=info:pmid\/33613862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2001037021000131&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-90\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Asagi, Akinori; Ohta, Koji; Nasu, Junichirou; Tanada, Minoru; Nadano, Seijin; Nishimura, Rieko; Teramoto, Norihiro; Yamamoto, Kazuhide <i>et al.<\/i> (1 January 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006676-201301000-00003\" target=\"_blank\">\"Utility of Contrast-Enhanced FDG-PET\/CT in the Clinical Management of Pancreatic Cancer: Impact on Diagnosis, Staging, Evaluation of Treatment Response, and Detection of Recurrence\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Pancreas<\/i> <b>42<\/b> (1): 11\u201319. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097%2FMPA.0b013e3182550d77\" target=\"_blank\">10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3182550d77<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0885-3177\" target=\"_blank\">0885-3177<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006676-201301000-00003\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006676-201301000-00003<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Utility+of+Contrast-Enhanced+FDG-PET%2FCT+in+the+Clinical+Management+of+Pancreatic+Cancer%3A+Impact+on+Diagnosis%2C+Staging%2C+Evaluation+of+Treatment+Response%2C+and+Detection+of+Recurrence&rft.jtitle=Pancreas&rft.aulast=Asagi&rft.aufirst=Akinori&rft.au=Asagi%2C%26%2332%3BAkinori&rft.au=Ohta%2C%26%2332%3BKoji&rft.au=Nasu%2C%26%2332%3BJunichirou&rft.au=Tanada%2C%26%2332%3BMinoru&rft.au=Nadano%2C%26%2332%3BSeijin&rft.au=Nishimura%2C%26%2332%3BRieko&rft.au=Teramoto%2C%26%2332%3BNorihiro&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C%26%2332%3BKazuhide&rft.au=Inoue%2C%26%2332%3BTakeshi&rft.date=1+January+2013&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11%E2%80%9319&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1097%2FMPA.0b013e3182550d77&rft.issn=0885-3177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00006676-201301000-00003&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-91\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Echle, Amelie; Rindtorff, Niklas Timon; Brinker, Titus Josef; Luedde, Tom; Pearson, Alexander Thomas; Kather, Jakob Nikolas (16 February 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41416-020-01122-x\" target=\"_blank\">\"Deep learning in cancer pathology: a new generation of clinical biomarkers\"<\/a> (in en). <i>British Journal of Cancer<\/i> <b>124<\/b> (4): 686\u2013696. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41416-020-01122-x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41416-020-01122-x<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0007-0920\" target=\"_blank\">0007-0920<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7884739\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7884739<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33204028\" target=\"_blank\">33204028<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41416-020-01122-x\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41416-020-01122-x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deep+learning+in+cancer+pathology%3A+a+new+generation+of+clinical+biomarkers&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.aulast=Echle&rft.aufirst=Amelie&rft.au=Echle%2C%26%2332%3BAmelie&rft.au=Rindtorff%2C%26%2332%3BNiklas+Timon&rft.au=Brinker%2C%26%2332%3BTitus+Josef&rft.au=Luedde%2C%26%2332%3BTom&rft.au=Pearson%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander+Thomas&rft.au=Kather%2C%26%2332%3BJakob+Nikolas&rft.date=16+February+2021&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=686%E2%80%93696&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41416-020-01122-x&rft.issn=0007-0920&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7884739&rft_id=info:pmid\/33204028&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41416-020-01122-x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-92\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kelly, Christopher J.; Karthikesalingam, Alan; Suleyman, Mustafa; Corrado, Greg; King, Dominic (1 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1426-2\" target=\"_blank\">\"Key challenges for delivering clinical impact with artificial intelligence\"<\/a> (in en). <i>BMC Medicine<\/i> <b>17<\/b> (1): 195. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs12916-019-1426-2\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s12916-019-1426-2<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1741-7015\" target=\"_blank\">1741-7015<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6821018\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6821018<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31665002\" target=\"_blank\">31665002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1426-2\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1426-2<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Key+challenges+for+delivering+clinical+impact+with+artificial+intelligence&rft.jtitle=BMC+Medicine&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Kelly%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher+J.&rft.au=Karthikesalingam%2C%26%2332%3BAlan&rft.au=Suleyman%2C%26%2332%3BMustafa&rft.au=Corrado%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&rft.au=King%2C%26%2332%3BDominic&rft.date=1+December+2019&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs12916-019-1426-2&rft.issn=1741-7015&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6821018&rft_id=info:pmid\/31665002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs12916-019-1426-2&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original citation 19 concerning SNOMED CT had a dead URL; a suitable replacement was used for this version.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103160208\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 1.000 second\nReal time usage: 1.105 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 98076\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 914319\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 258989\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 245049\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 940.769 1 -total\n 94.16% 885.785 1 Template:Reflist\n 75.74% 712.518 92 Template:Citation\/core\n 69.98% 658.336 80 Template:Cite_journal\n 13.50% 126.972 87 Template:Date\n 9.21% 86.650 224 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 5.56% 52.311 6 Template:Cite_web\n 3.03% 28.531 448 Template:Hide_in_print\n 2.74% 25.764 2 Template:Citation\n 2.60% 24.448 4 Template:Cite_book\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13848-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103160207 and revision id 50437. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Application_of_informatics_in_cancer_research_and_clinical_practice:_Opportunities_and_challenges<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","238c2212d70981a8dd9946cad79719cd_images":["https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/e\/e6\/Fig1_Hong_CancerInnov22_1-1.png"],"238c2212d70981a8dd9946cad79719cd_timestamp":1672771710,"9b2d8f7dcb72e09d283e0697621362d7_type":"article","9b2d8f7dcb72e09d283e0697621362d7_title":"Can a byte improve our bite? An analysis of digital twins in the food industry (Henrichs et al. 2022)","9b2d8f7dcb72e09d283e0697621362d7_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry","9b2d8f7dcb72e09d283e0697621362d7_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:Can a byte improve our bite? An analysis of digital twins in the food industryFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nCan a byte improve our bite? An analysis of digital twins in the food industryJournal\n \nSensorsAuthor(s)\n \nHenrichs, Elia; Noack, Tanja; Piedrahita, Ana Mar\u00eda Pinzon; Salem, Mar\u00eda Alejandra; Stolz, Johnathan; Krupitzer, ChristianAuthor affiliation(s)\n \nUniversity of HohenheimPrimary contact\n \nchristian dot krupitzer at uni-hohenheim dot deEditors\n \nTiwari, AshutoshYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n22(1)Article #\n \n115DOI\n \n10.3390\/s22010115ISSN\n \n1424-8220Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/115\/htmDownload\n \nhttps:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/115\/pdf (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Background \n\n3.1 The food supply chain \n3.2 Industry 4.0 and related concepts \n3.3 A definition of \"digital twin\" \n\n\n4 Methodology \n\n4.1 Definition of research questions \n4.2 Selection method \n4.3 Analysis method \n4.4 Selected studies \n\n\n5 Results \n\n5.1 Classification of digital twins \n5.2 Applications of digital twins in the food supply chain \n5.3 Types and categories of digital twins in the food supply chain \n5.4 Key elements for digital twin implementation \n\n\n6 Discussion \n\n6.1 Potentials of digital twins in the food industry \n\n6.1.1 Improved use of sensor data \n6.1.2 Combination with intelligent packaging \n6.1.3 Combination with AI and ML \n6.1.4 Optimizing production planning \n6.1.5 Support for predictive maintenance \n6.1.6 Support for product development \n6.1.7 Improving collaboration \n6.1.8 Enhance food safety \n\n\n6.2 Challenges in implementing digital twins in the food industry \n\n6.2.1 Complexity of food \n6.2.2 Absence of physicochemical models \n6.2.3 Complexity \n6.2.4 Missing technological infrastructure \n6.2.5 Missing organizational readiness \n6.2.6 Missing knowledge of employees \n6.2.7 Distribution of the FSC \n\n\n6.3 Threats to validity \n\n\n7 Related work \n8 Conclusion \n\n8.1 Classification \n8.2 Identified challenges \n8.3 Identified future work \n\n\n9 Appendix A \n10 Acknowledgements \n\n10.1 Author contributions \n10.2 Funding \n10.3 Data availability \n10.4 Conflict of interest \n\n\n11 References \n12 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nThe food industry faces many challenges, including the need to feed a growing population, manage food loss and waste, and improve inefficient production systems. To cope with those challenges, digital twins\u2014digital representations of physical entities created by integrating real-time and real-world data\u2014seem to be a promising approach. This paper aims to provide an overview of digital twin applications in the food industry and analyze their challenges and potentials. First, a literature review is executed to examine digital twin applications in the food supply chain. The applications found are classified according to a taxonomy, and key elements to implement digital twins are identified. Further, the challenges and potentials of digital twin applications in the food industry are discussed. This survey reveals that application of digital twins mainly target the production (i.e., agriculture) or food processing stages. Nearly all applications are used for monitoring and many for prediction. However, relatively few focus on the integration of digital twins in systems for developing autonomous control or providing recommendations to humans. The main challenges of implementing digital twins are combining multidisciplinary knowledge and providing enough data. Nevertheless, digital twins provide huge potentials, e.g., in determining food quality, ensuring traceability, or designing personalized foods.\nKeywords: digital twins, food industry, food supply chain, cyber\u2013physical systems, sensors, internet of things, survey\n\nIntroduction \nWith the evolution and digitalization towards Industry 4.0, the concept of creating digital copies of physical systems received entry to the industry.[1] In particular, the food industry is of special interest because it requires highly efficient use of available resources.[2] Over time, food production systems have evolved alongside technological innovations, allowing for increased production, greater product variety, more resilient food stocks, and increased international trade. Yet, despite these advances, food systems around the world continue to face unprecedented challenges that pose significant threats to current food systems, such as climate change, pressure to feed a growing global population, and persistent global food waste. In addition, there are growing societal demands for greater food provenance, traceability, and sustainability within the food system.[3]\nA key element of Industry 4.0 is the digital twin, a virtual model of a product, process, or system created with data collected by sensors that enables simulations or real-time analyses of that product, process, or system.[1][4] The use of digital twins seems beneficial in food processing for various reasons. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the vulnerability of food supply resilience.[5] To ensure the consistency of a food supply, production processes must allow high flexibility and adaptation.[6] Furthermore, product quality is influenced by different quality levels of input materials. Especially in the case of seasonal fluctuations impacting raw material quality, the ability to adjustment parameters in the production process is essential. Introduction processes of new products could be simplified by a digital twin of already existing physical processes. The digital twin is able to learn the correct process parameters for production and is used as the knowledge base within a self-adaptive software system.[7] However, a digital twin of food production has additional specific requirements compared to digital twins of the production of material goods.[8] Due to the variability of raw materials, these cannot be based only on the processing steps but must also take into account the chemical, physical, and (micro)biological properties of the food. However, when functioning as intended, the technology can be applied to create a detailed digital model of the supply chain that integrates real-time and real-world data to respond to unexpected events and uncertainty within the supply chain.\nThis work aims to provide an overview of digital twin applications in the food industry and analyze their challenges and potentials. We first present a taxonomy to differentiate underlying technologies and better understand the intended use of each digital twin. Second, a survey is executed to examine digital twin applications in the food supply chain (FSC). We target the FSC as it provides a link between all the key activities and processes involved in bringing a specific food product to market.[9] To meet these unprecedented challenges, FSCs and corresponding actors are turning to modern technology for assistance.[10] We classify the found applications of digital twins according to our taxonomy. Third, we investigate the key elements to implement digital twins in the FSC. Fourth, since the concept of digital twins is still young, we discuss the potentials of applying them in the food sector. Finally, we discuss the challenges of applying digital twins in the food industry. \nIn summary, this paper contributes to the body of research by providing the following scopes:\n\nClassification of digital twins in the food sector,\nOverview of the application of digital twins in the food industry,\nDefinition of the key elements for implementing a digital twin,\nAnalysis of the potential of digital twins in the food industry, and\nDescription of challenges of applying digital twins in the food industry.\nThe remainder of the paper is structured as follows. The next section explains several fundamentals related to the FSC and the digitalization of the food industry, and it provides a definition of digital twins. Then, the methodological approach for the literature review is presented. The subsequent section evaluates the literature review results and summarizes the key elements for implementing digital twins. Then we discuss the potentials and challenges of digital twins and their implementation in the food supply chain, and then we discriminate this work against other publications in the field. We conclude this paper with a summary of our results.\n\nBackground \nThe food supply chain \nA supply chain (SC) is a network of actors structured around activities and processes that aim to satisfy given consumer demand by bringing products or services to market.[11] This network includes feedback and circular economy aspects, e.g., for sustainability reasons such as with the recycling of materials.[12] The actors within the SC are linked through upstream or downstream processes and activities that produce value in the form of finished products or services.[11] In the same sense, a FSC encompasses all activities involved in the creation and transformation of raw materials into food products, as well as their retail and consumption.[10] However, FSCs do differ significantly from other SCs due to the complexity of producing, transporting, and managing food products.[13]\nWhile it is important to consider not only the primary flow but also the tangential and secondary flows that are contained within the FSC\u2014as these are opportunities to reduce food loss and waste through reuse and recycling[12]\u2014we focus on a simplified, linear, and straight-forward structure of the FSC. This is sufficient for this survey since the focus is on single activities of the FSC that are present identically in the simplified FSC as well as in a circular view. Figure 1 provides an overview of the FSC and the main actors, to which the digital twin applications will be assigned. Commonly, the FSC begins with production (which usually involves an agricultural farm) and continues with supply, processing, distribution, and retail, finally ending with consumption.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1. A simplified structure of the food supply chain (based on the work of Kamilaris et al.[10]), including the actors used to classify the digital twin applications within the scope of this work. The structure does not show any circular flows or side chains of by-, side-, or co-products, which would result in a value network rather than a straight-forward chain.\n\n\n\nWorth mentioning is that the stages could be thereby divided into several processing or transportation sub-entities. For instance, Shoji et al.[14] investigate the cold chain of fruits and vegetables from a (farm to) packhouse to distribution to the retailer. The authors divide the transportation steps between the supply from packhouse to distribution center and from distribution center to the retailer. In our understanding, the packhouse would be part of the processing stage, and both the transportation and the distribution would be summarized as distribution.\nIt is crucial for SCs to be designed with consideration for uncertainty and risk, as mitigation measures and solutions must be developed to prevent disruptions to the SC.[9] Those disruptions impact the SC\u2019s regular flow and affect the other actors directly.[15] In particular, the most frequent FSC disruptions are human error, communication misunderstandings, organizational process errors, and quality problems with goods received.[16] Consequently, disruptions may result in negative effects to the final product[9] regarding sustainability, safety, and quality.[13]\nAdditionally, several challenges in the FSC occur during different stages. This includes[17]:\n\nProduction estimation and optimization in the production stage, including crop management and security, as well as livestock control;\nProduction planning in the processing stage, regarding the post-harvest loss, as well as demand prediction;\nDistribution management concerning route planning, prediction of SC risks and disruptions, and shelf life prediction; and\nConsumption, which represents consumer behavior, their dietary behavior, food loss and waste, and the prediction of daily demand.\nIndustry 4.0 and related concepts \nThe concept of Industry 4.0 is associated with the fourth industrial revolution. It combines technologies such as cyber\u2013physical systems (CPSs), internet of things (IoT), and cloud computing. While the term \"Industry 4.0\" is primarily used in Europe, a similar concept\u2014the industrial internet of things (IIoT)\u2014mainly used in the US describes advances in big data, cloud computing, and networking of machinery and systems in the industrial sector.[18] Based on CPSs and IoT, manufacturing processes including logistics (i.e., SC management), services, and maintenance are efficiently synchronized within in Industry 4.0.[19] Hence, Industry 4.0 does not focus on a single process or technology but integrates all processes, resulting in a highly flexible and integrated, optimized manufacturing process. The complete implementation of Industry 4.0 or IIoT culminates in the smart factory, an integrated production process that is entirely self-organizing by the connected machines and intelligent software without any human interaction.[20]\nFurther, modern FSCs increasingly make use of integrated information and communication technology (ICT) systems to assist with mitigating against uncertainty and risk, process optimization, and numerous other applications.[11] In addition, ICT systems are of particular interest for traceability and decision-making functions within the FSC.[21] Traceability is important to identify quality and safety concerns and to ensure food provenance to the consumer and authorities.[13] As described by Zhong et al.[9], traceability systems in FSCs vary greatly depending on region, government regulations, and digitalization of the FSC. ICT systems as digital twins are able to assist with decision-making, collaboration, scheduling and planning, logistics management, and warehouse management within the FSC.[22]\n\n A definition of \"digital twin\" \nThe concept of digital twins first came up during NASA\u2019s Apollo 13 mission in 1970, as the ground team used simulators to provide solutions to the spacecraft crew for landing them safely.[23] The term \u201cdigital twin\u201d was first used and defined in 2003.[24] This concept contains a physical object and a virtual object, connecting data and information from both. NASA formalized the description of digital twins in 2012 and forecasted its potential in the aerospace sector.[25] Here, the digital twin is defined as a multi-physics and multi-scale simulation of a vehicle or system, which uses the best physical models, sensor data, and history, resulting in a mirror of the physical counterpart. The discovery that digital twins might be used in a variety of industries other than aerospace accelerated its development[26]; in particular, it is an important concept for Industry 4.0 and IIoT.\nFor purposes of this work, we follow the definition of a digital twin provided by the CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering[27]:\n\nA digital twin is a digital representation of an active unique product (real device, object, machine, service, or intangible asset) or unique product-service system (a system consisting of a product and a related service) that comprises its selected characteristics, properties, conditions, and behaviors by means of models, information, and data within a single or even across multiple life cycle phases.\nAs such, a digital twin virtually represents its real-world counterpart, containing all its essential properties.[8] It is based on real-world comprehensive data measurements, which form the digital profile of the physical object or process. Consequently, a digital twin is connected to the real-world object or system through a continuously updated data flow.[28] Further, the digital twin is able to simulate the relevant processes and kinetics accurately.[8] In this sense, a digital twin may be seen as an ever-evolving digital profile of the past, current, and even future behavior of a process or a physical object and allow the prediction of uncertainty in the process steps.[28]\nDefraeye et al.[8] define three common principles to a digital twin. Firstly, it must contain all the necessary components and material properties of what it is representing. Secondly, it can reliably and accurately simulate all relevant processes through the product life cycle. Finally, the digital twin should be connected with its real-world counterpart, as this differs a digital twin from simpler models. Communication is preferred to be realized in real-time, but the data could also flow offline.\nThese principles are in accordance with Jones et al.[29], who define twinning as the synchronization of the states of the physical and virtual entities. Additionally, the virtual model consists of high fidelity. Bottani et al.[30] expand upon this, explaining that a digital twin is more than the representation of the physical counterpart, since the goal of a digital twin is to replicate all behaviors and relationships of a system and its environment.\nFurther, five technological components enable digital twins[28]: sensors, integration capabilities, real-world aggregated data, analytical techniques, and actuators. Those technologies are required to aggregate the different available data sources (mainly related to the product and the process) into one comprehensible model of the digital twin, as well as support the prediction or analysis with a digital twin. Figure 2 presents the diversity of potential data resources for a food-based digital twin.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 2. A food-based digital twin basic framework, within the context of dairy processing.\n\n\n\nA concept closely related to digital twins are CPSs.[31][32] While a digital twin is a digital copy of a product or physical system with the intention of performing real-time optimization, a CPS merges computational and physical processes to seamlessly support humans with intelligence when using machines.[33] CPSs often include digital twins as a base for their decision-making processes.[34][35][36]\n\nMethodology \nThe methodology for the survey integrates methods from the guidelines of Webster and Watson[37] for a structured literature review, and Petersen et al.[38] for systematic mapping studies. The research is based on the steps shown in Figure 3. In the beginning, we framed our aim in the form of research questions. We defined exclusion and inclusion criteria and performed keyword-based searches for filtering the articles based on their titles and abstracts. The search method was adapted from Webster and Watson[37] to cover a wide range of publications with regards to regions, fields, and publishers. After identifying the set of possible relevant publications, a relevance analysis based on a full paper screening was performed. Subsequently, descriptions and properties of the digital twin applications, as well as bibliography data, have been extracted and classified as proposed by Petersen et al.[38] In the following, we describe these steps in detail.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 3. Overview of the methodology for the classification in this survey. Publications found through a keyword-based search were first selected based on the title and abstract. Afterward, the publications were analyzed, and relevant publications were categorized in a previously defined taxonomy.\n\n\n\nDefinition of research questions \nThe primary aim of this work is (i) to provide an overview of digital twins applied in the food sector regarding their intended use and (ii) to identify future research areas. According to this goal, we derived our research questions. First, we searched for taxonomies (RQ1) that enable classifying the digital twin concepts that we found according to their application purpose. As we are primarily interested in which area of the food industry (i.e., stages of the FSC) digital twins are applied, we decided to assign the applications found to the stages of the FSC as presented in Figure 1 (RQ2). To better understand the application\u2019s reason for use, we classified the applications found according to our taxonomy (see RQ1) to answer the research question of how a digital twin can support the activities in the FSC (RQ3). Further, we analyzed the different types of digital twins that we identified for providing an overview of the different key elements of a digital twin in the FSC (RQ4). Aiming to show the applicability and the benefits of implementing digital twins in different stages of the FSC, we conducted the final research questions. At first, we discussed the potential of digital twins to improve the food industry (RQ5). Then, we discussed the challenges of implementing digital twins in the food sector (RQ6). These considerations led to the following research questions:\n\nRQ1 \u2014 How can digital twins be classified?\nRQ2 \u2014 In which areas of the food industry are digital twins applied?\nRQ3 \u2014 Which types of digital twins are applied in the food industry?\nRQ4 \u2014 What are the key elements in implementing a digital twin?\nRQ5 \u2014 What is the potential of digital twins in the food industry?\nRQ6 \u2014 What are the challenges in applying digital twins in the food industry?\nSelection method \nTo find digital twin applications in the FSC (answering RQ2 and RQ3), we conducted a literature review and included publications available between May and the end of September 2021. We searched the following databases: Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Academic Search Complete by EBSCO Publishing. We created two groups of keywords. The first group concerned digital twins, including the keywords \u201cdigital twin,\u201d \u201cdigital twin application,\u201d and \u201ccyber\u2013physical systems,\u201d while the second group provided the relation to the food sector, i.e., consisted of the keywords \u201cfood,\u201d \u201cfood supply chain,\u201d \u201cfood production,\u201d \u201cfood industry,\u201d and \u201cfood sector.\u201d The search was performed by combining each of the keywords of both groups.\nWhile we see agricultural plants or farms as part of the FSC (production stage), we did not search directly for \u201cdigital twin\u201d AND (\u201cagriculture\u201d OR \u201cagrifood\u201d) since our main focus is on food quality as it relates to food processing. Therefore, the food processing and the transportation stages (supply and distribution), as well as the retail stage, are from special interest rather than the primary food production since the food quality parameters are ultimately adjusted during processing. After the processing stage, all actions, e.g., cooling, serve to maintain and guarantee food quality until consumption. Still, we did not discard works related to the agriculture sector when found with our set of keywords.\nAdditionally, we added publications to our list\u2014which we did not find directly but rather were referred to by other publications and possibly relevant\u2014for this research (backward search). In the literature search process, we also identified applicable literature reviews.[29][39][40][41] However, as we wanted to avoid the misinterpretation or incorrect reproduction of information, we rather included the original publications or sources of such reviews. This ensured that we did not include different points of view for the same application.\nFurthermore, we performed a free web search with Google and DuckDuckGo to find examples for digital twins related to the FSC applied in the industry. While this search provided many results, we only included a few of them[42][43][44][45][46][47], as the found information was often not precise enough to analyze in the detail required for a classification within our taxonomy.\n\nAnalysis method \nThe authors selected the publications based on the title and abstract. Additionally, the entire paper was searched to overcome the disadvantages of a keyword-based search. Each publication was reviewed, and applications found were classified according to the taxonomy by one of the authors by screening the complete paper. Afterward, each publication, as well as the classification, was reviewed by another of the authors. If an application was classified differently, a third author also reviewed the classification, and the classification was discussed by all authors.\nThe focus of this work is on digital twin applications related to foods, food products, and their quality. Therefore, the publications needed to contain a specified description of a digital twin application and terms related to \u201cfood\u201d (see Section 3.2). Further, we included publications with regards to food products or their quality, meaning we included digital twins of field monitoring applications, animal monitoring applications, and processing machines as well, which we found through the search. We investigated applications that were already realized and implemented, as well as concepts for digital twins if the provided description was sufficient enough for the analysis.\nA few publications found were located in the periphery of foods, food products, and their quality. For instance, Linz et al.[48] and Tsolakis et al.[49] describe digital twin applications of agricultural machines and robots, whereas the digital twins are used for route planning. Furthermore, Jo et al.[50][51] propose a digital twin for a pigsty to control energy demand while adjusting the ventilation and temperature. Other publications provided too little information about the digital twin, although they were strongly related to our research.[31][52] Since we were not able to classify them, we did not include those in our evaluation.\nFor some works, we found subsequent publications extending the originally presented digital twin. We added such follow-up publications as dedicated digital twin applications, as they develop within the projects, or the available information concerning the applications differed in the papers. Further, the originally published digital twin might be sufficient for some applications. In particular, those publications were from Skobelev et al.[36][53][54], concerning (wheat) plants; from Defraeye et al.[8][55], Shoji et al.[14], and Tagliavini et al.[56], regarding fruits; and from Bottani et al.[30] and Vignali and Bottani[57], relating to a pasteurizer.\n\nSelected studies \nIn total, we studied 84 publications, from which we included 38 publications after the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The publication range spanned works from 2007 to 2022. Worth mentioning is that the publication from Shoji et al.[14] is assigned to 2022 since this is an online-first available publication. Figure 4 reveals that the number of publications increased during the last years. In 2019, we observed a peak of 24 publications (12 included). In the years 2020 and 2021, the number of publications is slightly decreasing, counting 22 (nine included) and 13 publications (eight included), respectively. A reason for this decrease could be the COVID-19 pandemic and the inclusion of publications available until the end of September 2021.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. Overview of included (in blue) and excluded (in gray) publications per year. In total, we included 38 of 84 identified publications regarding the analysis of digital twin applications in the food industry.\n\n\n\nFrom the selected publications, the major proportion was originally published at conferences and journals, 47.4% and 34.2%, respectively (see Figure 5). Further, we included non peer-reviewed publications (18.4%) from press releases (two publications), books, white papers, websites, reports, and project announcements (all one publication each). The inclusion of non-scientific publication types is appropriate for several reasons. First, digital twins are still a rather young research topic, particularly in the food sector. In addition, the research is highly driven by the industry since the implementation of digital twins is strongly practice-oriented. However, non-scientific publications often do not provide sufficient details for a classification; hence, this number of included works is limited.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 5. Share of the publication type of 38 included publications.\n\n\n\nResults \nThis section answers the research questions on how to classify digital twins (RQ1), in which areas of the food industry digital twins can be found (RQ2), what types of digital twins are applied (RQ3), and which key elements are required to implement digital twins (RQ4). First, we examine different classification schemes and derived the best fitting taxonomy for our research by combining different existing classification schemes. Second, we analyze in which activities of the FSC digital twins are applied. We then investigate which types of digital twins are applied in the FSC based on our results of RQ1. The classification of all applications included in this section can be found in Appendix A (see Table A1). We close out this section by summarizing the key elements for the implementation of digital twins.\n\nClassification of digital twins \nSince digital twins have no unique and standardized taxonomy, this section provides an overview of different classification approaches and classifies their relevance for our work. This answers the first research question RQ1 \u2014 How can digital twins be classified?\nThe classification approaches differ among the various authors\u2019 focus on digital twins. Kritzinger et al.[58] differentiate the terms \"digital model,\" \"digital shadow,\" and \"digital twin\" based on the data flow between the physical and digital object. A digital model is defined by a manual data flow between both objects, where the data flows automatically from the physical to the digital object and manually from the digital to the physical object in a digital shadow. The data flow in a digital twin is automated between both objects, which may serve as the controller of the physical object.\nQi et al.[59] classify digital twins depending on the application level. The so-called unit-level describes the lowest layer and contains single units of the processing procedure, e.g., equipment or a machine. The system-level consists of several unit-level digital twins and can be understood as a production unit (e.g., a production line), while the system-of-system-level is the highest layer and able to capture complex systems (e.g., the shop-floor management system).\nPylianidis et al.[39] differentiate among various service categories, meaning the use case of a digital twin. These categories are real-time monitoring, energy consumption analysis, system failure analysis and prediction, optimization\/update, behavior analysis\/user operation guide, technology integration, and virtual maintenance. They further distinguish the technology readiness level (TRL) among the levels concept, prototype, and deployed. Jones et al.[29] classify digital twins according to the product\u2019s life-cycle phases, namely imagination, definition, realization, support\/usage, and retirement\/disposal.\nHowever, we use a combination of the following two schemes as taxonomy since we are interested in the techniques behind the digital twins and the intended use of the digital twins. According to Defraeye et al.[8], a digital twin can be statistical, data-driven (i.e., intelligent), or physics-based (i.e., mechanistic). The first type is based on statistics, where an analytical model is solved with an ordinary differential equation or a simpler analytical equation. The intelligent digital twin is a data-driven model that relies on artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, e.g., machine learning (ML), for model development, calibration, verification, and validation. Mechanistic digital twins are based on physics; hence, they are also called physics-based digital twins. These models concern all relevant physical, biochemical, microbiological, and physiological processes using multi-physics modeling and simulation. Several authors Verboven et al.[4] and Onwude et al.[60] mention that only a mechanistic digital twin is able to mimic the behavior of the real-world counterpart realistically and comprehensively. Therefore, a mechanistic digital twin is preferable for predictions. Worth mentioning is that intelligent digital twins also consider statistical methods. Further, the model parameters used in mechanistic digital twins can be quantified, verified, and validated with statistical and ML methods.\nDefraeye et al.[8] presented the types in a triangular structure, placing the twin types \"statistical,\" \"intelligent,\" and \"mechanistic\" in the corners. As such, the type of a digital twin could be assigned to corners as well as edges, or in-between. However, we decided to classify the digital twin applications according to their prevailing type, i.e., \"there are not any mixed types.\"\nThe second classification scheme is similar to that of Jones et al.[29] since it represents the product\u2019s life-cycle phases. Following the approach by Verdouw et al.[61], digital twins can be used to characterize and simulate the states and behavior of their real-life twins, which do not exist at a specific point in time. Further, digital twins may be used to monitor the current state of items, prescribe desired states, forecast future states, and automatically react to conditions of their real-world counterparts and, therefore, control systems without human interaction. Finally, digital twins are also able to outlast real-world objects, and they can be used to recollect their historical conditions. Worth mentioning is that these categories can coexist within the same digital twin application. Table 1 provides a detailed description of the different categories we used to classify the digital twin applications within the context of this work.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1. Digital twin taxonomy (based on work by Defraeye et al.[8] and Verdouw et al.[61]).\n\n\nType\n\nDescription\n\nCitation\n\n\nStatistical\n\nSolving a simple analytical equation or an ordinary differential equation (ODE) for calculations with the generated data\n\n[8]\n\n\nIntelligent\n\nUse of AI techniques, e.g., ML, for model development, calibration, verification, and validation\n\n\nMechanistic\n\nPerformance of multi-physics modeling and simulation to capture the relevant physical, biochemical, microbiological, and physiological processes\n\n\nImaginary\n\nSimulates objects that do not physically exist in the real world at the given time\n\n[61]\n\n\nMonitoring\n\nMonitors the current state and behavior of a real-life, physically existing counterpart\n\n\nPredictive\n\nProjects future states and behavior of a physical object based on real-time data\n\n\nPrescriptive\n\nAre able to intelligently recommend corrective and preventive actions while using the results of monitoring and predictions\n\n\nAutonomous\n\nControl autonomously the behavior of the real-world counterparts without human intervention\n\n\nRecollection\n\nMaintains the complete history of physical objects, which no longer exist in real life\n\n\n\nIt is notable that the definition of a digital model[58] corresponds to the definition of an imaginary digital twin.[61] Additionally, the categories of Pylianidis et al.[39] and Verdouw et al.[61] are similar, but since Pylianidis et al. focus on more technical approaches, the approach by Verdouw et al. is used in this work.\n\nApplications of digital twins in the food supply chain \nIn our prior discussion of selected studies in our methodology, we observed that the number of publications increased in recent years. Accordingly, the number of digital twin applications has increased as well. This section answers the second research question RQ2 \u2014 In which areas of the food industry are digital twins applied?\nFigure 6 provides an overview of the absolute frequency of applications per stage in the FSC. The major proportion of digital twin applications could be found in the production stage, often referred to as agricultural applications (54.90%). Many applications focus on the growth of plants[36][42][53][54][61][62][63][64] or monitoring the condition of animals.[23][61][64][65][66] Further, entire production systems as greenhouses or fields are twinned.[34][43][44][61][62][67][68][69][70][71] Several applications could be described as supportive, e.g., to monitor and control pests.[35][65]\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6. Results of the literature review\u2013Absolute frequency of digital twin applications assigned to stages in the food supply chain. As there are applications[47][56] assigned to several stages, the total number of counts is 53, although 51 applications were found in 38 publications.\n\n\n\nThe second most frequently assigned stage is the processing stage (31.37%). In this stage, the digital twins mainly concern processing machines, e.g., pasteurizer[30][57] or packaging machines[45][72], or entire processing systems.[6][45][73][74][75][76] A few use cases focus on the optimal product composition or quality.[45][46][77]\nApplications during transportation\u2014in particular, the stages of supply and distribution (7.84% and 5.88%, respectively)\u2014determine the quality of fruits and vegetables, with a focus on measuring the temperature.[8][14][47][55][56][78] Only one application could be assigned to the retail stage (1.96%), where it is used to determine the quality of fruits and vegetables, as well as the remaining shelf-life.[47] Furthermore, one application is assigned to the consumption stage (1.96%). This application aims to twin a consumer in order to design food products, which are personalized to adapt foods in case of genetic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus.[79]\nIt should be noted that two applications were assigned to multiple stages. While the digital twin of a mango fruit to determine the quality during transportation was assigned to supply and distribution stages[56], the digital twin concept for the determination of the quality of fruits and vegetables was assigned to the distribution and retail stages.[47]\n\nTypes and categories of digital twins in the food supply chain \nIn addition to the stages in the FSC, where a digital twin is applied, the applications\u2019 intentions of use are of special interest. Earlier, for question one, we specified a taxonomy regarding both the digital twin techniques and the intended use. It is necessary to note that in the case of the taxonomy regarding the intended use, the applications could be classified into several categories. Regarding the digital twin technique, applications could only be assigned to one type. In contrast to the previous question, applications were not counted twice if they were assigned to multiple stages of the FSC. Hence, this section answers the third research question RQ3 \u2014 Which types of digital twins are applied in the food industry?\nFigure 7 shows the classification of the digital twin applications regarding their different types. Most of the digital twin applications are classified as intelligent or data-driven (39.22%). These applications are used for monitoring and controlling plant growth environments, in particular greenhouses or fields[34][42][68][71]; the twinning of plants during growing itself[35][65]; the detection of pests and actions to tackle them[65]; the monitoring of animals[23]; or the determination of shocks and the adaptation of process parameters during potato harvesting.[61][78][80] In addition, applications concern the monitoring of cattle with regards to their health, dairy productivity, or growth (weight gain for meat production)[61][65][66] and the control of food processing parameters.[75] The applications use clustering methods to determine the states and conditions of animals and plants and to classify pests, and further ML techniques to improve the system continuously.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 7. Results of the literature review, in regards to the share and absolute frequency of digital twin types found in 38 publications.\n\n\n\nAlmost the same proportion of applications are used for simulation, based on mechanistic or physics-based models (31.37%). Many use cases regard either the plant and animal growth in the production stage[36][53][61][62][64][69] or the monitoring of food processing, e.g., from a pasteurizer, an ice cream machine, pudding production, malting, or the packaging design concerning special product properties.[30][45][57][73][74][76] More digital twins focus on fruit and vegetable quality during supply by measuring the surface temperature and calculating the pulp temperature based on that.[14][56] All the applications mentioned in this category could be described well with known models.\nFurther, some applications are based on statistics (13.73%). In this category, many use cases focus on the control of food processing.[6][45][46][72] Other applications regard the design and personalization of food[77][79], or the twinning of a wheat plant.[54] All digital twins are based on statistical methods using means and standard deviations for conclusions and predictions.\nIt should be noted that there are some applications (15.69% in total), which are not classified to any type[45][65][67] or the classification was not possible due to a lack of information.[43][44][45]\nFigure 8 shows the categorization results of the digital twin applications with regards to their intended use. We observed that nearly all applications (94.12%) are used for monitoring their real-life counterparts. Only three use cases have not been classified in this category; those target applications for the design of new food products and food packaging[45] and the weight gain of cattle for the meat and livestock value chain.[66] We conclude that this observation makes sense since monitoring the physical objects is often the base for further predictions or decision-making. However, only 32 applications (62.75%) are working with real-time data.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8. Results of the literature review, in regards to the absolute frequency of digital twin categories found in 38 publications. It should be noted that the total number of counts is not equal to the number of applications since they are not restricted to one category.\n\n\n\nAdditionally, many applications are used for predictions (72.55%). Use cases, which are not predicting, are mainly used for real-time monitoring and decision-making. These cases concern the detection of pests and the control of plant growth environments based on current growing conditions, e.g., the temperature or humidity[34][44][63][67][68], the monitoring of animals[23][65], the control of food processing[74], and the design of products.[45]\nThe predictions could be used to suggest corrective or preventive actions (39.22%). Since most of the applications found are assigned to the production stage, many prescriptive digital twin applications belong to applications only able to assist in agricultural plants to enhance the quality during growth and harvest processes.[42][43][61][62][64][69][70][78][80] Another prescriptive digital twin is applied in a pudding production system to assist in production planning.[73] Further use cases only recommend actions rather than fully automatizing the system.[75] Examples are the personalized design of foods regarding genetically caused diseases[79] or the design of food packaging.[45]\nA minor amount of digital twins (15.96%) are integrated into systems working autonomously. The applications automatically control greenhouses by adjusting parameters like temperature or light[34][42][44] or processing plants by controlling, among others, the workflow or specified processing parameters as temperature.[45][75]\nSome digital twins found were used for forecasting and simulating objects that were presently non-existent (23.53%). This category includes applications for the design of food products and raw materials[53][77] as well as food packaging and production plants[45][67]; applications to predict shelf-life and the food quality[47][56][66]; and applications to control the process flow.[6][72][74][75] The application of imaginary digital twins enables the avoidance of expensive mistakes[75] and detailed planning.[67]\nRecollective digital twins, that maintain the complete history of physical objects (even if those do not longer exist), can be found in all stages of the FSC (31.37%). Some applications use the stored information for learning and improving the system.[34][53][54][61][62][63][68][78][80] Other applications were implemented to better document the processes and quality parameters of the physical objects.[6][30][47][57][74][76][79] It should be noted that due to a lack of information, many applications could not be classified in this category.[23][42][43][44][45][46][56][65][66][67][69][70][71][73][75]\n\nKey elements for digital twin implementation \nIn the previous sections, we describe our observations that the implementation of digital twins varies in the different stages of the FSC, as well as the intention of use within a specified stage. The major proportion of digital twins are applied in the (primary) production and the processing stage. Especially in the distribution, retail, and consumption stages only a few applications have been found. In addition, different types of digital twins have been found. To investigate how to improve the food quality in the FSC using digital twins, necessary components to apply digital twins need to be identified. Hence, this section answers the research question RQ4 \u2014 What are the key elements in implementing a digital twin?\nFirst of all, there must be a motivation to implement a digital twin. Some digital twins are motivated by production and market reasons, e.g., to cope with a higher demand for more flexibility in the production to adapt to new market demands, such as clients requesting more products that meet unique nutritional standards and packaging sizes.[6] Moreover, the constant increase in business competition challenges companies to look beyond cost reductions and improve quality and productivity.[81] In particular, food processing industries are battling with low-profit margins while being challenged to reduce time-to-market and develop new, flexible processes for a wide range of goods.[6] Another motivation arises out of the demand for more transparency to stakeholders, trust, and ownership of the processes.[4] Finally, some drivers are employee-related, such as offering training based on virtual reality applications that benefit from the data of the models in digital twins[81] and improving employee safety by detecting potential workplace hazards with digital twins.[30][81]\nSecond, the underlying technical infrastructure must be able to support a digital twin.[82] The definition of such a digital model is only possible if a sufficient amount of data is available. Even taking into consideration that a digital twin is able to generate some data of the physical entities (products and processes) through ML, AI, or simulation, the collection of data from the process through sensors is still a critical requirement. Another requirement is related to the communication infrastructure: if real-time analysis is demanded, the infrastructure must support fast exchange of data.[23] Real-time analysis requires a sufficient processing capacity; hence, if real-time analysis is targeted in a project with digital twins, this processing capacity must be available.[4] Thus, a detailed analysis of the available data sources, communication infrastructure, and processing capacity when starting the implementation of a digital twin is required to determine how a digital twin can be enabled.\nThird, a digital twin for food production has additional specific requirements compared to digital twins of the production of material goods. Due to the variability of raw materials, these cannot be based only on the processing steps, but must also take into account the chemical, physical or (micro)biological properties of the food.[8] Consequently, either (i) sensors must be available to capture those changes or (ii) simulations based on scientific models of food aging must support information about those intermediate states of the food. Accordingly, the typical, retrospective analysis of machine and process data must be combined with short-term (detection of potential problems), and medium-term data analysis approaches (simulation of product changes) to improve decision making in food production and tracking of the current state of production at any time with digital twins.\nEvery digital twin implementation starts with a process design in which all processes and interaction points are mapped that a digital twin will be modeling.[28] Improvements with regard to cost, time, or asset efficiency are augmented in this design process.\nHowever, up to now, there is no consensus regarding a generic method in the realization of digital twins that can describe its implementation and the data acquisition from the physical to the virtual object.[26] Given this lack of consensus, Tao et al.[83] proposed a digital twin model based on five dimensions (see Figure 9):\n\nPhysical entity: The physical world is the basis. The physical entity can be a device or product, a system, a process, or even an organization.[84] It carries out actions following physical regulations and deals with environmental uncertainty.\nVirtual entity: The digital model is generated to replicate the physical geometries, properties, behaviors, and rules of the physical entity. Therefore, multiple models can be considered.[85]\nService platform: Decision-support analyses support the monitoring and optimization of the physical entity with simulations, verification, diagnosis, and prognosis, as well as prognostic.[81][84] Further, the virtual entity must be served with data, knowledge, and algorithms, and the platform itself needs to be served, e.g., with customized software development and model building.\nData model: The data is stored in the data model.[81] Since the digital twin considers multi-temporal scale, multi-dimension, multi-source, and heterogeneous data[84], the data model includes and merges data from the physical entity, the virtual entity, services, and knowledge.[85]\nInformation connections: All dimensions need to be connected to ensure communication and update the information immediately.[81] This enables advanced simulation, operation, and analysis.[84]\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 9. The five-dimensional digital twin concept (adapted from the work of Steindl et al.[85]). Digital twins consist of a physical as well as a virtual entity, which are supported by several services. Data are fused and stored centralized. These four dimensions must be connected with each other, creating the fifth dimension.\n\n\n\nBarni et al.[86] describe four best practices for the implementation of a digital twin. First, the entire product value chain should be included to ensure data exchange and consistency. Second, the virtual models should be kept dynamic through the development of well-documented methods for model generation and modification. Third, it should be ensured that data from several sources are included to measure the different variables and all essential properties of the physical product and the system (process, actuators, inputs, outputs, and environment).[4] The exact combination of relevant data is often unknown a priori when the first model is developed; accordingly, the design of the digital twin must offer modularity and scalability.[86] Fourth, long access life cycles should be ensured in order to address a long-term convergence within the physical and the virtual world. The approach by Werner et al.[73] reinforces this through a knowledge-acquiring digital twin.\nThus, the accessibility and continuous flow of near real-time data are important.[23] The data generation can be achieved with sensors[8] and the use of IIoT technology.[87] In addition, data processing and data evaluation or interpretation are of high relevance[23], leading to the requirement of sufficient computational performance to handle big data volumes.[4] As such, data transfer technologies are required to provide high-speed data gathering from huge amounts of remote sensor data and transfer it in real-time within a network, e.g., Bluetooth, LoRaWAN, or 5G.[8]\nThe core of a digital twin is based on modeling.[87] Therefore, physics modeling (geometrical, mechanical, material, hydrodynamic, and discrete event models), semantic modeling (ML models, deep learning, data mining expert system, and ontology modeling), and model integration (flexible modeling, standard interface, black-box, gray-box, and multi-physics modeling) are used. AI and ML techniques support data analysis and data fusion, enabling efficient processing and interpretation of a large amount of data.[81][88] Further, those techniques can continuously improve the performance of the system.[23] A key element in this regard is a human-machine interface, where users can easily interact with and understand the digital twin\u2019s information.[23] This is particularly important if the digital twin recommends corrective and preventive actions.\nIn conclusion, the implementation of digital twins requires multidisciplinary knowledge[31], especially from food science. For instance, this includes microbiological, physical, chemical, and engineering disciplines, as well as knowledge for efficient process management. Further, ICT is required. Commonly, ICT today is used in the FSC to connect the various stakeholders in the different stages through data exchange. In the future, the support of automated data collection with IoT technology and efficient data analysis, mainly using ML, will have increased importance.\n\nDiscussion \nThe survey results revealed large differences in the use of digital twins depending on the stages of the FSC. First, the major proportion of digital twins are applied in production and processing. Further, nearly all applications are used for monitoring, and many applications predict future states of their physical objects. However, only a few digital twins recommend actions or control systems fully autonomously, i.e., refer to prescriptive or autonomous digital twins, respectively. In addition, key elements to implement digital twins were investigated. To better understand the reasons, we primarily discuss the potentials of digital twins in the food industry, as well as the challenges in implementing digital twins. We close this discussion with threats to validity.\n\nPotentials of digital twins in the food industry \nAs shown in the previous sections, we identified in our literature review several potential ways to optimize the FSC with digital twins. From there, we have to address the fifth research question RQ5 \u2014 What is the potential of digital twins in the food industry?\nIn general, digital twins enable data accessibility and advanced analytics in real-time to assist in more informed, efficient, and faster decision-making.[89] Sensor data are fed into a digital twin that runs food process models (i) for providing relevant product process information and operation outputs in real-time for process control, troubleshooting, and supply chain management, as well as (ii) to optimize processes for uniformity, performance, and sustainability, or to develop new designs.[4][90] Furthermore, this results in better risk assessment and mitigation strategies based on \"what if\" analyses and simulations.[89]\n\nImproved use of sensor data \nCurrent approaches in Industry 4.0 focus on the intelligent collection of data with IoT technology and its analysis with ML algorithms.[91] This includes a variety of data sources, including raw material data, machine data, and customer data. Digital twins enable deeper insights due to the use of multi-sensor networks (sensor fusion), where different sensors measure several parameters from different locations.[52][60] As stated before, sensors are required to provide data (e.g., environmental, process, machine, etc.) for the digital twins. With the development of smart sensors, monitoring the states during processes gets easier and faster.[4] Further, sensors become cheaper, need less power, and transfer the data wirelessly, which enables their use in more applications, even in mobile settings.\n\nCombination with intelligent packaging \nIntelligent packaging can directly share the quality and current condition of a food product on the packaging during the distribution, retail, and consumption stages.[92] Intelligent packaging consists of intelligent materials or objects, which are defined by their behavior of monitoring \u201cthe condition of packaged food or the environment surrounding the food.\u201d[93] Sensors are integrated into the packaging[92] to monitor, e.g., the temperature, the pH value, the humidity, the pressure on the food, or vibrations during transportation.[94] Further, gas sensors can measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) or hydrosulfuric acid (H2S) to allow concluding the current condition of the food.[92] An example of how to produce near zero-cost gas sensors is given by Barandun et al.[95] Biosensors are able to detect pathogens or toxins in bacteria-contaminated foods.[96]\n\nCombination with AI and ML \nLikewise, integrating nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other spectroscopy methods, as well as imaging techniques[4] in conjunction with AI and, especially, ML, enables machine or computer vision. Such algorithms can analyze the food and are able to determine its composition, condition, and quality issues as spoilage, contaminants, or defects.[97][98] Furthermore, by placing virtual sensors on the digital twin model, sensor data from locations that would usually not be accessible to sensors can be generated.[8] Virtual sensor data are software-based outputs of fused data from physical sensors.[99] The application of physical sensors is limited by noise, interference, or unfeasibility due to spatial conditions[99] or locations that are difficult to access.[8] Virtual sensors provide data measurements of parameters or locations, which are physically not measurable.[99] This application enables the detailed prediction of food losses and the remaining shelf life of the food products.[60]\n\nOptimizing production planning \nFurther, production planning can be optimized with ML in this context.[100] The industry demands the possibility to adapt to current market demands as unique nutritional standards and packaging sizes and, therefore, require a higher production flexibility.[6] This means not only being able to produce a wide range of products, but also counting with the capacity to reschedule the production dynamically.[81] The analysis and prediction of SC disruptions can be used to assist this[5][101], although the mentioned references focus on more economic aspects of these disruptions. Proactive adaptation improves system performance, as it forecasts adaptation concerns (e.g., through identification of patterns in historical data) and reacts either by preparing an adaptation or adapting.[102] Autonomous systems can respond to changes in the state during ongoing operation, while digital twins can integrate a variety of data like environment data, operational data, and process data.[26][103] This also includes supplying different stakeholders in the FSC with actionable real-time data, such as the remaining shelf life for each shipment (based on the product\u2019s physical, biochemical, microbiological, or physiological states), on which logistics decisions and marketing strategies can be adjusted.[8][89]\n\nSupport for predictive maintenance \nAnother use case is predictive maintenance of machines.[104] Digital twins are able to show the evolution of the process in each element of a production or processing machine without the need to halt the process or open the system to examine its state physically.[30] Faults in the system can be spotted significantly earlier thanks to intelligent data analysis[89], leading to more efficient approaches for predictive maintenance, which is made before faults or failures occur.[105] This can be considered in production planning and decrease downtime. Further, virtual reality and augmented reality can be based on digital twins and support training and maintenance or repair of machines.[90][106]\n\nSupport for product development \nDigital twins are also useful during product and process design, where actual monitored sensor data allow to check for conformance of the product specifications with the design intent and customer requirements.[8][107][108] Additionally, tests on prototypes can be replaced by simulations on the digital twin, which results in a reduction of costs, time, and resources.[77][105][109] Regarding the complete product life cycle, digital twins also respect the disposal of the packaging and food remains and, therefore, consider sustainability aspects.[105] Aiming to achieve a sustainable FSC, digital twins can optimize the environmental impact as a consequence of the growth of production systems.[110]\n\nImproving collaboration \nDigital twins facilitate the collaboration of cross-functional teams.[89] They can be used to clarify specifications with suppliers and optimize designs. If the company develops a new digital twin with every product, each model will comprise data on the precise components and materials used in the product, configuration options specified by end consumers, as well as process conditions experienced during production.[111] Moreover, digital twins are able to assist in terms of personalized nutrition by adjusting product recipes in response to changes in consumer preferences; designing products with a specific chemical composition, nutritional value, and functional orientation; and developing functional, specialized products tailored to the needs of small groups of people that will assist in lowering the risks of disease in those who already have it, as well as satisfy the demands of those who want to tailor their diet to their specific needs.[77][79]\n\nEnhance food safety \nFurthermore, digital twins can enhance food safety by improving product traceability[112] through the possibility to identify problems in real time and to record this by storing shipment condition data.[8] Worth mentioning is the approach by Botta et al.[112], combining a blockchain-based verifier with the digital twin application to validate and secure the data. Another framework combining the blockchain technology with digital twins is proposed by Sahal et al.[113] The aim of this framework is secure data sharing and exchange during collaboration of several digital twins, e.g., in logistics tasks and risk prediction. Further, digital twins could assist regulatory organizations with providing useful data to avoid delays in import and export, or assist companies during the application of the hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) concept to suggest control points and remedial actions.[8]\n\nChallenges in implementing digital twins in the food industry \nThe implementation of a digital twin consists mainly of the following key elements: a real-life object or process, which should be twinned; a virtual model of the real-life counterpart, including all its essential properties; and a linkage between both.[8][30][85] Further, technical components are required to sense the physical entity and adjust the virtual entity accordingly or to store and process data. The extent of applications differs in the stages of the FSC, although digital twins provide potentials in the food industry, as discussed in the previous subsection. Hence, this section addresses our final research question, RQ6 \u2014 What are the challenges in applying digital twins in the food industry?\nOne of the major challenges of implementing digital twins is the lack of a general method, which describes how to gather the information from the physical to the virtual object.[4][26][90] Koulouris et al.[6] state that the specific characteristics of the food sector and high-value product industries, such as specialized equipment, component complexity, and high-quality standards, are responsible for the delay in the adoption of process simulation for design and modeling. Thus, the individual projects for implementing a digital twin lead to higher investment costs due to the diversity of approaches and, therefore, are particularly challenging in smaller companies and poorer countries.[4][26][114] In the following subsections, we describe additional specific challenges.\n\nComplexity of food \nThe complexity and variability of raw materials and their properties used to create food products, and the limited shelf life not only of food raw materials but also the products made of it, are limiting the application.[4][6] Further, plants, processes, and knowledge are continuously changing environments, forcing the related digital twins to improve permanently.[73] Moreover, the lack of \u201cmulti-spatial\/time scale models\u201d from the current modeling technologies limits the representation of behaviors, features, and rules at the diverse levels and granularities of the spatial scale and the characterization of the dynamic process of physical entities from different time scales.[84]\n\nAbsence of physicochemical models \nThe absence of good physicochemical data is another major impediment to the use of modeling and simulation tools.[6] For instance, food processing faces a wide range of foods with complex, hard-to-calculate or predict properties, such as molecular weight, pH, or water activity, and not so well understood thermodynamics. Furthermore, the kinetics of biological and chemical processes need to be understood and made calculable as physics-based models.[4] This effect is intensified by production mixes, technology variability, and the unpredictability of the physical solution[86], resulting in complex integration of different modeling methods.[4] However, process models can already be incorporated to estimate the energy and material requirements and expected process yield during food processing.[6]\n\nComplexity \nDepending on the complex integration of different methods in the digital twin application, the maturity of prescriptive analytic techniques might become a risk due to unreliability, thus a barrier to implementing a digital twin.[81] Further, the complexity of the digital transformation in the FSC requires step-by-step implementation, which takes several years until a productive state is achieved. Here, on the one hand, data security and validation need to be considered.[31] On the other hand, realizing autonomous systems need to pay attention to legislation, in particular hygienic requirements, as well as traceability of the system\u2019s decision.\n\nMissing technological infrastructure \nAnother challenge is that only by advancing sensor, communication, and data processing technologies can real-time interaction between actual and virtual twins be achieved.[86] The systems themselves have to enable the implementation of digital twins, i.e., their properties must be known or observable, and they have to provide high-quality data.[82] In particular, production and processing machines need to be upgradeable, which may lead to higher investment costs.[115] Further, there are studies on remote food monitoring during distribution, retail, and consumption.[116][117] However, technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near-field communication (NFC), which would support the collection and transfer of data[97][98][117][118], are not widely applied for this purpose yet.[119]\n\nMissing organizational readiness \nFurther, there might be obstacles with regard to the culture in the food industry. Firstly, the human acceptance of novel and advanced technologies challenges the application of digital twins[109], especially as the competencies of the employees in ICT might be heterogeneous. For example, the survey Nutrition 4.0-Status Quo, Opportunities, and Challenges by Germany\u2019s digital association Bitkom and the Federation of German Food and Drink Industries (BVE) showed that 88% of the more than 300 surveyed companies in the food industry consider a lack of ICT competencies of their employees as a critical issue.[120] Secondly, the food production and processing industry is partially highly automated; however, in general, the industry is rather conservative with introducing new technology that automatically controls processes.[31] Lastly, the risk of lower attention to the real-world system and the dependency on the recommendations by digital twins need to be considered.[52] This might be a reason for the small amount of prescriptive and autonomous digital twins.\n\nMissing knowledge of employees \nThe required expertise of knowledge becomes a real challenge for project teams.[114] In order to address the requirements resulting from the key elements, multidisciplinary knowledge is required.[84] This includes expert, plant, machine, and product knowledge.[31] Additionally, the ICT infrastructure, as well as their establishing and organization, play important roles.[31][81]\n\nDistribution of the FSC \nThe size of the system, which should be twinned, is an additional challenge.[81] Since FSCs are often distributed across several entities, numerous legal regulations must be considered.[31] Furthermore, the entire environment must be taken into account with respect to the complete implementation of all required connections within the digital twin. These connections (including explicit and invisible ones), internal logic interactions, and external relationships given in the physical world are difficult to be reproduced virtually.[84] Thus, the implementation and improvement of a digital twin is a long process to achieve high effectiveness of the digital twin. However, because the intricacy of the interactions and processes makes it difficult to capture various characteristics of real-world supply chains, their models created are often simplified.[121]\n\nThreats to validity \nWe used a well-structured approach for the literature review to provide a structured analysis. Each identified paper was read and classified by at least two authors of this work; unclear classifications were discussed by all authors. This significantly helps to reduce human bias in the process. However, some threats to validity still exist.\nFirst, the choice of keywords might be restricted. While this survey revealed many use cases in the production stage, often referred to as agriculture or agricultural application, we did not explicitly search with keywords concerning digital twins in agriculture. This may lead to a lower outcome of search results and a lack of relevant publications and applications. However, it is common practice to narrow the scope for being able to handle a topic\u2019s complexity, and we clearly describe the used keywords in our results.\nIn addition, we used \u201ccyber\u2013physical systems\u201d as a keyword since those systems often integrate digital twins. This search revealed publications which did not explicitly mention the term \u201cdigital twins.\u201d As the term itself is still relatively young, some publications might have been describing digital twins in a CPS without using the term. Moreover, it was not always possible to differentiate between simpler digital models\/representations and digital twins. As a result, relevant applications may not have been taken into account.\nFurther, our free web search using a search engine (rather than a scientific database) provided many results, including scientific publications, press releases, offered product ranges, project announcements, explanation videos, and more. Despite the great efforts we have made for this survey, we were not able to analyze all search results in detail and to the fullest extent. Therefore, some applications may have been omitted. However, our analysis also showed that non-scientific publications from industry often missed the required depth of detail to analyze and classify those publications thoroughly; hence, we assume that the additional contribution would be limited.\nEach publication was initially analyzed by one of the authors of this work. We followed a well-defined approach. Still, as humans are involved, the presence of subjective bias cannot be entirely excluded. To limit this risk, we double-checked each analysis by means of at least a second reviewer for each paper. In case of deviations, we discussed those publications with all authors.\nIn particular, some applications were not possible to classify clearly to the stages of the FSC, defined in our methodology. This is caused by different definitions of the FSC and FSC structure, or by the unspecified description of the referred stages in other publications. Others might argue that our FSC structure is not appropriate or not flexible enough for this classification, e.g., in the case of fresh fruit SCs. However, this paper aims to provide an overview of digital twin applications in the FSC. Therefore, a clear structure of the FSC is required, and the structure in this paper merged the most frequently used stages.\n\nRelated work \nThis work investigates the use of digital twins in the food industry, represented by the FSC, and studies the challenges and potentials of digital twins in the FSC. In this section, we provide an overview of related publications from the area of digital twins.\nWhile the concept of digital twins and their technical capabilities are still in their infancy, literature reviews on digital twins exist. However, some reviews are not focused on foods, the food industry, or at least parts of the FSC, and this was taken into account in this work. Jones et al.[29] characterized digital twins in general by determining the key terminology of digital twins. Therefore, they examined intentions of use and applied technologies. Finally, the authors identified research gaps to apply digital twins, concluding a review limited to more unified domains would be better. Concerning digital twins in SCs and logistics, Abideen et al.[122] conducted a literature review on ML-integrating digital twins. The authors further proposed a framework for this. However, their focus was on digital twins used to improve logistics, not considering the food sector at all or the food\u2019s quality in detail. The work of Klerkx et al.[109] investigated digitalization in agriculture from a social-science perspective. In that sense, they reviewed several related technologies, e.g., IoT, blockchain, and digital twins, among others, with regards to social aspects as the farmer\u2019s identity and skills; ethics with regards to power supply and consumption and data privacy; and economics.\nOther works focus on a specific stage of SCs. Pylianidis et al.[39] surveyed the implementation of digital twin use cases in agriculture in particular, and over all disciplines in general. Similar to our work, they classified the applications with regards to the discipline and the service category, according to the stage of the FSC and the digital twin type, respectively. They further considered the TRL, i.e., differentiate concepts, prototypes, and deployed digital twins. Additionally, Verdouw et al.[61] provided a scheme, which is used in our work. However, they focused only on agricultural applications as animal monitoring and crop management, which we included as well. Kritzinger et al.[58] differentiated the integration level concerning the data flow between the physical and virtual entity and concluded that the terms \"digital model,\" \"digital shadow,\" and \"digital twin\" are used interchangeably. The authors further regarded the type according to the TRL. They revealed that digital twins in manufacturing are most often present, but the work did not focus on food processing.\nA more all-encompassing view on the agri-food SC is presented in the work of Tebaldi et al.[40], including the SC stages of supply, processing, and distribution (according to our taxonomy described in the methodology). For the sake of completeness, we included the applications mentioned there in our work. Further, the works of Ivanov et al.[101] and Burgos and Ivanov[5] took entire SCs into account concerning the analysis of disruption risks. Ivanov et al.[101] proposed a digital twin framework to analyze these risks, to predict resilience, and to optimize the SC in order to avoid critical disruptions. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on FSCs is analyzed using a digital twin by Burgos and Ivanov.[5]\nHowever, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, there is no publication that discusses and reviews the application of digital twins in the whole FSC. Further, the derived research challenges to improve the integration of digital twins into the FSC, which acts as a kind of research agenda for the community, are unique in literature.\n\nConclusion \nThis work investigated the challenges and potentials of applying digital twins in the food industry. Therefore, we conducted a literature review concerning 51 digital twin applications and assigned them to previously defined stages of the FSC. The survey revealed that the major proportion of use cases is implemented in the production stage, often referred to as \"agriculture,\" and the processing stage (28 and 16 applications, respectively). In addition, only a few use cases are deployed in the supply, processing, retail, and consumption stage (nine applications in total).\n\nClassification \nFurther, we classified the applications regarding their underlying model and the intention of use. Most of the digital twins are based on intelligent or mechanistic models (20 and 16 applications, respectively). A minor amount use statistical models (seven applications). Nearly all of the examined digital twins are used for monitoring the physical counterpart (48 applications). Additionally, 37 applications calculate predictions. However, only a minor amount of digital twins recommend actions or assist in autonomous system control (20 and eight applications, respectively). Few applications refer to imaginary digital twins (12 applications). A few more use cases maintain the history (16 applications), but uncertainty due to a lack of information they must be considered in this category.\n\nIdentified challenges \nThe main challenges of integrating digital twins within FSCs stem from the difficulty of collecting high-quality physiochemical data and integrating digital twins into existing supply chain structures.[6] High-quality physicochemical data is required for the use of digital twin modeling and simulation tools. However, it is challenging to collect and process this type of data due to food processes having inadequately described properties and having variables that are difficult to calculate or predict, among other factors. Effective data models that can accommodate this variability are required; however, there are currently no commercial data models available that can integrate different modelling methods on different scales.[86] Further, the lack of multidisciplinary knowledge challenges the application.[31] In order to tackle this, new research perspectives, such as food informatics[123], need to be deployed.\n\nIdentified future work \nIn order to assist data accessibility, novel and cheaper sensors are being developed, enabling them to be integrated into food packaging.[92] In conjunction with other related technologies like blockchain, this provides more possibilities to monitor the food\u2019s condition during the later stages.[124] This leads to a transformation of the FSC with digital twins that potentially offer greater transparency, improved traceability, reduced disruption risk, and optimized processing. In addition, digital twins allow to sense and monitor parameters and states at difficult-to-access or even inaccessible locations, e.g., in pulp or machines, by providing the ability to place virtual sensors. Finally, through the creation of digital human clones, food production can become more individual and personalized with regards to human health.[77][79]\n\nAppendix A \nThe survey in this work was based on a systematic mapping. Therefore, applications were classified according to the proposed taxonomy. Table A1 provides a complete overview of the applications found in the literature and included in this work. Few publications contained several applications. Therefore the use cases can be distinguished through this table. Further, it reveals in greater detail the FSC stage, the applications assigned to, and how we classified the applications.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable A1 Overview of the applications found in the literature and included into this work and their classification according to the discussed taxonomy. Please note: \"\u2018X\" marks true and \"n.a.\" that the information was not available. The following abbreviations are used in the table header: Ref. = Reference; rt = real-time; stat = statistical; int = intelligent; mec = mechanistic; ima = imaginary; mon = monitoring; pred = predictive; pres = prescriptive; auto = autonomous; and rec = recollective. The superscripts used in the table are as such: 1 https:\/\/www.cainthus.com\/ accessed on 23 December 2021; 2 https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/arable\/within-field-management-zoning accessed on 23 December 2021; 3 https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/dairy\/happy-cow accessed on 23 December 2021; 4 https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/vegetables\/chain-integrated-greenhouse-production accessed on 23 December 2021; 5 https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-casecatalogue\/vegetables\/added-value-weeding-data accessed on 23 December 2021; 6 https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/meat\/pig-farmmanagement accessed on 23 December 2021; 7 https:\/\/www.connecterra.io\/ accessed on 23 December 2021; 8 http:\/\/www.openpd.eu\/ accessed on 23 December 2021; 9 https:\/\/www.insylo.com\/ accessed on 23 December 2021; 10 https:\/\/www.beezon.gr\/el\/ accessed on 23 December 2021.\n\n\n\nAcknowledgements \nWe thank Nur Yekta Kanilmaz for her technical support.\n\nAuthor contributions \nConceptualization, E.H. and T.N.; methodology, E.H. and T.N.; formal analysis, E.H., T.N., A.M.P.P., M.A.S. and J.S.; writing\u2014original draft preparation, E.H., T.N., A.M.P.P., M.A.S. and J.S.; writing\u2014review and editing, E.H., T.N. and C.K.; visualization, E.H. and A.M.P.P.; supervision, C.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\n\nFunding \nThis research received no external funding.\n\nData availability \nThere is no supplementary data. Detailed information concerning the classifications are provided in Appendix A.\n\nConflict of interest \nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 Schroeder, Greyce N.; Steinmetz, Charles; Rodrigues, Ricardo Nagel; Henriques, Renato Ventura Bayan; Rettberg, Achim; Pereira, Carlos Eduardo (1 April 2021). \"A Methodology for Digital Twin Modeling and Deployment for Industry 4.0\". Proceedings of the IEEE 109 (4): 556\u2013567. doi:10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3032444. ISSN 1558-2256. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9247401\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017). \"The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges\" (PDF). 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ISSN 1836-0939. http:\/\/www.publish.csiro.au\/?paper=AN18522 .   \n \n\n\u2191 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Skobelev, P O; Mayorov, I V; Simonova, E V; Goryanin, O I; Zhilyaev, A A; Tabachinskiy, A S; Yalovenko, V V (1 December 2020). \"Development of models and methods for creating a digital twin of plant within the cyber-physical system for precision farming management\". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1703 (1): 012022. doi:10.1088\/1742-6596\/1703\/1\/012022. ISSN 1742-6588. https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1703\/1\/012022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Skobelev, Petr; Laryukhin, Vladimir; Simonova, Elena; Goryanin, Oleg; Yalovenko, Vladimir; Yalovenko, Olga (1 September 2020). \"Multi-agent approach for developing a digital twin of wheat\". 2020 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP) (Bologna, Italy: IEEE): 268\u2013273. doi:10.1109\/SMARTCOMP50058.2020.00062. 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Food and Bioproducts Processing 117: 310\u2013320. doi:10.1016\/j.fbp.2019.07.013. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960308519302998 .   \n \n\n\u2191 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 Vignali, Giuseppe; Bottani, Eleonora (1 September 2020). \"A tube-in-tube food pasteurizer modelling for a digital twin application\". Proceedings of the International Food Operations and Processing Simulation Workshop (CAL-TEK srl): 30\u201336. doi:10.46354\/i3m.2020.foodops.005. ISBN 978-88-85741-54-6. https:\/\/www.cal-tek.eu\/proceedings\/i3m\/2020\/foodops\/005\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 58.0 58.1 58.2 Kritzinger, Werner; Karner, Matthias; Traar, Georg; Henjes, Jan; Sihn, Wilfried (2018). \"Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification\" (in en). IFAC-PapersOnLine 51 (11): 1016\u20131022. doi:10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405896318316021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Qi, Qinglin; Tao, Fei; Zuo, Ying; Zhao, Dongming (2018). \"Digital Twin Service towards Smart Manufacturing\" (in en). Procedia CIRP 72: 237\u2013242. doi:10.1016\/j.procir.2018.03.103. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827118302580 .   \n \n\n\u2191 60.0 60.1 60.2 Onwude, Daniel I.; Chen, Guangnan; Eke-emezie, Nnanna; Kabutey, Abraham; Khaled, Alfadhl Yahya; Sturm, Barbara (9 November 2020). \"Recent Advances in Reducing Food Losses in the Supply Chain of Fresh Agricultural Produce\" (in en). Processes 8 (11): 1431. doi:10.3390\/pr8111431. ISSN 2227-9717. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/8\/11\/1431 .   \n \n\n\u2191 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 61.11 61.12 61.13 Verdouw, Cor; Tekinerdogan, Bedir; Beulens, Adrie; Wolfert, Sjaak (1 April 2021). \"Digital twins in smart farming\" (in en). Agricultural Systems 189: 103046. doi:10.1016\/j.agsy.2020.103046. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0308521X20309070 .   \n \n\n\u2191 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 Jans-Singh, Melanie; Leeming, Kathryn; Choudhary, Ruchi; Girolami, Mark (2020). \"Digital twin of an urban-integrated hydroponic farm\" (in en). Data-Centric Engineering 1: e20. doi:10.1017\/dce.2020.21. ISSN 2632-6736. https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2632673620000210\/type\/journal_article .   \n \n\n\u2191 63.0 63.1 63.2 Rad, Ciprian-Radu; Hancu, Olimpiu; Takacs, Ioana-Alexandra; Olteanu, Gheorghe (2015). \"Smart Monitoring of Potato Crop: A Cyber-Physical System Architecture Model in the Field of Precision Agriculture\" (in en). Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6: 73\u201379. doi:10.1016\/j.aaspro.2015.08.041. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2210784315001746 .   \n \n\n\u2191 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Ahmed, Ayyaz; Zulfiqar, Shahid; Ghandar, Adam; Chen, Yang; Hanai, Masatoshi; Theodoropoulos, Georgios (2019), Tan, Gary; Lehmann, Axel; Teo, Yong Meng et al.., eds., \"Digital Twin Technology for Aquaponics: Towards Optimizing Food Production with Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems\" (in en), Methods and Applications for Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems (Singapore: Springer Singapore) 1094: 3\u201314, doi:10.1007\/978-981-15-1078-6_1, ISBN 978-981-15-1077-9, http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-15-1078-6_1 . Retrieved 2022-11-22   \n \n\n\u2191 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6 65.7 Verdouw, C N; Kruize, J W (16 October 2017). Digital Twins In Farm Management: Illustrations From The Fiware Accelerators Smartagrifood And Fractals. doi:10.5281\/ZENODO.893662. https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/893662 .   \n \n\n\u2191 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 Keates, O. (2019). \"The Design and Validation of a Process Data Analytics Methodology for Improving Meat and Livestock Value Chains\". Proceedings of the Dissertation Award, Doctoral Consortium, and Demonstration Track at BPM 2019: 114\u201318. ISSN 1613-0073. https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2420\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 67.5 Monteiro, Jose; Barata, Joao; Veloso, Marco; Veloso, Luis; Nunes, Joao (1 September 2018). \"Towards Sustainable Digital Twins for Vertical Farming\". 2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM) (Berlin, Germany: IEEE): 234\u2013239. doi:10.1109\/ICDIM.2018.8847169. 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ISSN 1573-5214. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1016\/j.njas.2019.100315 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ghita, Mezzour; Siham, Benhadou; Hicham, Medromi; Griguer, Hafid (2021), Joshi, Amit; Nagar, Atulya K.; Mar\u00edn-Ravent\u00f3s, Gabriela, eds., \"Digital Twins Based LCA and ISO 20140 for Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems\" (in en), Sustainable Intelligent Systems (Singapore: Springer Singapore): 101\u2013145, doi:10.1007\/978-981-33-4901-8_8, ISBN 978-981-334-900-1, http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-33-4901-8_8 . Retrieved 2022-11-22   \n \n\n\u2191 Dohrmann, K.; Gesing, B.; Ward, J.. \"Digital Twins in Logistics: A DHL perspective on the impact of digital twins on the logistics industry\" (PDF). DHL Customer Solutions & Innovation. https:\/\/www.dhl.com\/content\/dam\/dhl\/global\/core\/documents\/pdf\/glo-core-digital-twins-in-logistics.pdf . 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Procedia CIRP 96: 157\u2013162. doi:10.1016\/j.procir.2021.01.069. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827121000949 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Strube, Martin; Runde, Stefan; Figalist, Helmut; Fay, Alexander (1 September 2011). \"Risk minimization in modernization projects of plant automation — A knowledge-based approach by means of semantic web technologies\". ETFA2011 (Toulouse, France: IEEE): 1\u20138. doi:10.1109\/ETFA.2011.6058987. ISBN 978-1-4577-0017-0. http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6058987\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Shih, Chih-Wen; Wang, Chih-Hsuan (1 March 2016). \"Integrating wireless sensor networks with statistical quality control to develop a cold chain system in food industries\" (in en). Computer Standards & Interfaces 45: 62\u201378. doi:10.1016\/j.csi.2015.12.004. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920548915001452 .   \n \n\n\u2191 117.0 117.1 Machiels, Jarne; Appeltans, Raf; Bauer, Dieter Klaus; Segers, Elien; Henckens, Zander; Van Rompaey, Wouter; Adons, Dimitri; Peeters, Roos et al. (23 September 2021). \"Screen Printed Antennas on Fiber-Based Substrates for Sustainable HF RFID Assisted E-Fulfilment Smart Packaging\" (in en). Materials 14 (19): 5500. doi:10.3390\/ma14195500. ISSN 1996-1944. PMC PMC8509514. PMID 34639912. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/19\/5500 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cui, Lei; Zhang, Zonghua; Gao, Nan; Meng, Zhaozong; Li, Zhen (17 September 2019). \"Radio Frequency Identification and Sensing Techniques and Their Applications\u2014A Review of the State-of-the-Art\" (in en). Sensors 19 (18): 4012. doi:10.3390\/s19184012. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC PMC6766906. PMID 31533321. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/4012 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Mulloni, Viviana; Donelli, Massimo (10 April 2020). \"Chipless RFID Sensors for the Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities\" (in en). Sensors 20 (7): 2135. doi:10.3390\/s20072135. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC PMC7181130. PMID 32290109. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2135 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rohleder, B.; Minhoff, C. (26 March 2019). \"Ern\u00e4hrung 4.0 \u2013 Status Quo, Chancen und Herausforderungen\" (PDF). bitkom. https:\/\/www.bitkom.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-03\/Bitkom-Charts%20190326%20Digitalisierung%20der%20Ern%C3%A4hrungsindustrie.pdf . Retrieved 25 November 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Oliveira, Josenildo Brito; Lima, Renato Silva; Montevechi, Jos\u00e9 Arnaldo Barra (1 March 2016). \"Perspectives and relationships in Supply Chain Simulation: A systematic literature review\" (in en). Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 62: 166\u2013191. doi:10.1016\/j.simpat.2016.02.001. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569190X16000216 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Abideen, Ahmed Zainul; Sundram, Veera Pandiyan Kaliani; Pyeman, Jaafar; Othman, Abdul Kadir; Sorooshian, Shahryar (26 November 2021). \"Digital Twin Integrated Reinforced Learning in Supply Chain and Logistics\" (in en). Logistics 5 (4): 84. doi:10.3390\/logistics5040084. ISSN 2305-6290. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6290\/5\/4\/84 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Krupitzer, Christian; Stein, Anthony (22 November 2021). \"Food Informatics\u2014Review of the Current State-of-the-Art, Revised Definition, and Classification into the Research Landscape\" (in en). Foods 10 (11): 2889. doi:10.3390\/foods10112889. ISSN 2304-8158. PMC PMC8620004. PMID 34829170. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/11\/2889 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Henrichs, Elia (1 September 2021). \"Enhancing the Smart, Digitized Food Supply Chain through Self-Learning and Self-Adaptive Systems\". 2021 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems Companion (ACSOS-C) (DC, USA: IEEE): 304\u2013306. doi:10.1109\/ACSOS-C52956.2021.00081. ISBN 978-1-6654-4393-7. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9599255\/ .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation and updates to spelling and grammar. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The URL to the Deloitte paper was broken; an archived version of the document was used for this version.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry<\/a>\nCategories: LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2022)LIMSwiki journal articles (all)LIMSwiki journal articles on agricultureLIMSwiki journal articles on food and nutrition informaticsNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageEncyclopedic articlesRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationPopular publications\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 16 December 2022, at 17:18.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 353 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","9b2d8f7dcb72e09d283e0697621362d7_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-206 ns-subject page-Journal_Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry rootpage-Journal_Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:Can a byte improve our bite? An analysis of digital twins in the food industry<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The food industry faces many challenges, including the need to feed a growing population, manage food loss and waste, and improve inefficient production systems. To cope with those challenges, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Digital_twin\" title=\"Digital twin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6eb3827d476e956178a962cd0382ec3f\">digital twins<\/a>\u2014digital representations of physical entities created by integrating real-time and real-world data\u2014seem to be a promising approach. This paper aims to provide an overview of digital twin applications in the food industry and analyze their challenges and potentials. First, a literature review is executed to examine digital twin applications in the food supply chain. The applications found are classified according to a taxonomy, and key elements to implement digital twins are identified. Further, the challenges and potentials of digital twin applications in the food industry are discussed. This survey reveals that application of digital twins mainly target the production (i.e., agriculture) or food processing stages. Nearly all applications are used for monitoring and many for prediction. However, relatively few focus on the integration of digital twins in systems for developing autonomous control or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Decision_support_system\" title=\"Decision support system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"30d221a9143255f1ee225d30377cc030\">providing recommendations<\/a> to humans. The main challenges of implementing digital twins are combining multidisciplinary knowledge and providing enough data. Nevertheless, digital twins provide huge potentials, e.g., in determining food quality, ensuring <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Chain_of_custody\" title=\"Chain of custody\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6ba04fe2bb1c8375e133455821aa3894\">traceability<\/a>, or designing personalized foods.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: digital twins, food industry, food supply chain, cyber\u2013physical systems, sensors, internet of things, survey\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>With the evolution and digitalization towards <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Fourth Industrial Revolution\" data-key=\"dba24798007375135a163877f572900f\">Industry 4.0<\/a>, the concept of creating digital copies of physical systems received entry to the industry.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> In particular, the food industry is of special interest because it requires highly efficient use of available resources.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Over time, food production systems have evolved alongside technological innovations, allowing for increased production, greater product variety, more resilient food stocks, and increased international trade. Yet, despite these advances, food systems around the world continue to face unprecedented challenges that pose significant threats to current food systems, such as climate change, pressure to feed a growing global population, and persistent global food waste. In addition, there are growing societal demands for greater food provenance, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Chain_of_custody\" title=\"Chain of custody\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6ba04fe2bb1c8375e133455821aa3894\">traceability<\/a>, and sustainability within the food system.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>A key element of Industry 4.0 is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Digital_twin\" title=\"Digital twin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6eb3827d476e956178a962cd0382ec3f\">digital twin<\/a>, a virtual model of a product, process, or system created with data collected by sensors that enables simulations or real-time analyses of that product, process, or system.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> The use of digital twins seems beneficial in food processing for various reasons. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/COVID-19\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"COVID-19\" data-key=\"da9bd20c492b2a17074ad66c2fe25652\">COVID-19<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pandemic\" title=\"Pandemic\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bd9a48e6c6e41b6d603ee703836b01f1\">pandemic<\/a> demonstrated the vulnerability of food supply resilience.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:53_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:53-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> To ensure the consistency of a food supply, production processes must allow high flexibility and adaptation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, product <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_(business)\" title=\"Quality (business)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c4ac43430d1c3a3a15d1255257aaea37\">quality<\/a> is influenced by different quality levels of input materials. Especially in the case of seasonal fluctuations impacting raw material quality, the ability to adjustment parameters in the production process is essential. Introduction processes of new products could be simplified by a digital twin of already existing physical processes. The digital twin is able to learn the correct process parameters for production and is used as the knowledge base within a self-adaptive software system.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> However, a digital twin of food production has additional specific requirements compared to digital twins of the production of material goods.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Due to the variability of raw materials, these cannot be based only on the processing steps but must also take into account the chemical, physical, and (micro)biological properties of the food. However, when functioning as intended, the technology can be applied to create a detailed digital model of the supply chain that integrates real-time and real-world data to respond to unexpected events and uncertainty within the supply chain.\n<\/p><p>This work aims to provide an overview of digital twin applications in the food industry and analyze their challenges and potentials. We first present a taxonomy to differentiate underlying technologies and better understand the intended use of each digital twin. Second, a survey is executed to examine digital twin applications in the food supply chain (FSC). We target the FSC as it provides a link between all the key activities and processes involved in bringing a specific food product to market.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> To meet these unprecedented challenges, FSCs and corresponding actors are turning to modern technology for assistance.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> We classify the found applications of digital twins according to our taxonomy. Third, we investigate the key elements to implement digital twins in the FSC. Fourth, since the concept of digital twins is still young, we discuss the potentials of applying them in the food sector. Finally, we discuss the challenges of applying digital twins in the food industry. \n<\/p><p>In summary, this paper contributes to the body of research by providing the following scopes:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Classification of digital twins in the food sector,<\/li>\n<li>Overview of the application of digital twins in the food industry,<\/li>\n<li>Definition of the key elements for implementing a digital twin,<\/li>\n<li>Analysis of the potential of digital twins in the food industry, and<\/li>\n<li>Description of challenges of applying digital twins in the food industry.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. The next section explains several fundamentals related to the FSC and the digitalization of the food industry, and it provides a definition of digital twins. Then, the methodological approach for the literature review is presented. The subsequent section evaluates the literature review results and summarizes the key elements for implementing digital twins. Then we discuss the potentials and challenges of digital twins and their implementation in the food supply chain, and then we discriminate this work against other publications in the field. We conclude this paper with a summary of our results.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Background\">Background<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"The_food_supply_chain\">The food supply chain<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A supply chain (SC) is a network of actors structured around activities and processes that aim to satisfy given consumer demand by bringing products or services to market.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> This network includes feedback and circular economy aspects, e.g., for sustainability reasons such as with the recycling of materials.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> The actors within the SC are linked through upstream or downstream processes and activities that produce value in the form of finished products or services.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> In the same sense, a FSC encompasses all activities involved in the creation and transformation of raw materials into food products, as well as their retail and consumption.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> However, FSCs do differ significantly from other SCs due to the complexity of producing, transporting, and managing food products.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>While it is important to consider not only the primary flow but also the tangential and secondary flows that are contained within the FSC\u2014as these are opportunities to reduce food loss and waste through reuse and recycling<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014we focus on a simplified, linear, and straight-forward structure of the FSC. This is sufficient for this survey since the focus is on single activities of the FSC that are present identically in the simplified FSC as well as in a circular view. Figure 1 provides an overview of the FSC and the main actors, to which the digital twin applications will be assigned. Commonly, the FSC begins with production (which usually involves an agricultural farm) and continues with supply, processing, distribution, and retail, finally ending with consumption.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig1_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"b5d7eb8ac361b107ac154e8fe28947b1\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/b9\/Fig1_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 1.<\/b> A simplified structure of the food supply chain (based on the work of Kamilaris <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>), including the actors used to classify the digital twin applications within the scope of this work. The structure does not show any circular flows or side chains of by-, side-, or co-products, which would result in a value network rather than a straight-forward chain.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Worth mentioning is that the stages could be thereby divided into several processing or transportation sub-entities. For instance, Shoji <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> investigate the cold chain of fruits and vegetables from a (farm to) packhouse to distribution to the retailer. The authors divide the transportation steps between the supply from packhouse to distribution center and from distribution center to the retailer. In our understanding, the packhouse would be part of the processing stage, and both the transportation and the distribution would be summarized as distribution.\n<\/p><p>It is crucial for SCs to be designed with consideration for uncertainty and risk, as mitigation measures and solutions must be developed to prevent disruptions to the SC.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Those disruptions impact the SC\u2019s regular flow and affect the other actors directly.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> In particular, the most frequent FSC disruptions are human error, communication misunderstandings, organizational process errors, and quality problems with goods received.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> Consequently, disruptions may result in negative effects to the final product<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> regarding sustainability, safety, and quality.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Additionally, several challenges in the FSC occur during different stages. This includes<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Production estimation and optimization in the production stage, including crop management and security, as well as livestock control;<\/li>\n<li>Production planning in the processing stage, regarding the post-harvest loss, as well as demand prediction;<\/li>\n<li>Distribution management concerning route planning, prediction of SC risks and disruptions, and shelf life prediction; and<\/li>\n<li>Consumption, which represents consumer behavior, their dietary behavior, food loss and waste, and the prediction of daily demand.<\/li><\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Industry_4.0_and_related_concepts\">Industry 4.0 and related concepts<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The concept of Industry 4.0 is associated with the fourth industrial revolution. It combines technologies such as cyber\u2013physical systems (CPSs), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Internet_of_things\" title=\"Internet of things\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"13e0b826fa1770fe4bea72e3cb942f0f\">internet of things<\/a> (IoT), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cloud_computing\" title=\"Cloud computing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fcfe5882eaa018d920cedb88398b604f\">cloud computing<\/a>. While the term \"Industry 4.0\" is primarily used in Europe, a similar concept\u2014the industrial internet of things (IIoT)\u2014mainly used in the US describes advances in big data, cloud computing, and networking of machinery and systems in the industrial sector.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Based on CPSs and IoT, manufacturing processes including logistics (i.e., SC management), services, and maintenance are efficiently synchronized within in Industry 4.0.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> Hence, Industry 4.0 does not focus on a single process or technology but integrates all processes, resulting in a highly flexible and integrated, optimized manufacturing process. The complete implementation of Industry 4.0 or IIoT culminates in the smart factory, an integrated production process that is entirely self-organizing by the connected machines and intelligent software without any human interaction.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Further, modern FSCs increasingly make use of integrated information and communication technology (ICT) systems to assist with mitigating against uncertainty and risk, process optimization, and numerous other applications.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_11-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, ICT systems are of particular interest for traceability and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Decision_support_system\" title=\"Decision support system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"30d221a9143255f1ee225d30377cc030\">decision-making functions<\/a> within the FSC.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> Traceability is important to identify quality and safety concerns and to ensure food provenance to the consumer and authorities.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> As described by Zhong <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_9-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>, traceability systems in FSCs vary greatly depending on region, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Regulatory_compliance\" title=\"Regulatory compliance\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7dbc9be278a8efda25a4b592ee6ef0ca\">government regulations<\/a>, and digitalization of the FSC. ICT systems as digital twins are able to assist with decision-making, collaboration, scheduling and planning, logistics management, and warehouse management within the FSC.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-A_definition_of_"digital_twin"\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"A_definition_of_.22digital_twin.22\">A definition of \"digital twin\"<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The concept of digital twins first came up during NASA\u2019s Apollo 13 mission in 1970, as the ground team used simulators to provide solutions to the spacecraft crew for landing them safely.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> The term \u201cdigital twin\u201d was first used and defined in 2003.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> This concept contains a physical object and a virtual object, connecting data and information from both. NASA formalized the description of digital twins in 2012 and forecasted its potential in the aerospace sector.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> Here, the digital twin is defined as a multi-physics and multi-scale simulation of a vehicle or system, which uses the best physical models, sensor data, and history, resulting in a mirror of the physical counterpart. The discovery that digital twins might be used in a variety of industries other than aerospace accelerated its development<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:54_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:54-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>; in particular, it is an important concept for Industry 4.0 and IIoT.\n<\/p><p>For purposes of this work, we follow the definition of a digital twin provided by the <i>CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><i>:<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>A digital twin is a digital representation of an active unique product (real device, object, machine, service, or intangible asset) or unique product-service system (a system consisting of a product and a related service) that comprises its selected characteristics, properties, conditions, and behaviors by means of models, information, and data within a single or even across multiple life cycle phases.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>As such, a digital twin virtually represents its real-world counterpart, containing all its essential properties.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> It is based on real-world comprehensive data measurements, which form the digital profile of the physical object or process. Consequently, a digital twin is connected to the real-world object or system through a continuously updated data flow.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> Further, the digital twin is able to simulate the relevant processes and kinetics accurately.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> In this sense, a digital twin may be seen as an ever-evolving digital profile of the past, current, and even future behavior of a process or a physical object and allow the prediction of uncertainty in the process steps.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Defraeye <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> define three common principles to a digital twin. Firstly, it must contain all the necessary components and material properties of what it is representing. Secondly, it can reliably and accurately simulate all relevant processes through the product life cycle. Finally, the digital twin should be connected with its real-world counterpart, as this differs a digital twin from simpler models. Communication is preferred to be realized in real-time, but the data could also flow offline.\n<\/p><p>These principles are in accordance with Jones <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>, who define twinning as the synchronization of the states of the physical and virtual entities. Additionally, the virtual model consists of high fidelity. Bottani <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> expand upon this, explaining that a digital twin is more than the representation of the physical counterpart, since the goal of a digital twin is to replicate all behaviors and relationships of a system and its environment.\n<\/p><p>Further, five technological components enable digital twins<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_28-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>: sensors, integration capabilities, real-world aggregated data, analytical techniques, and actuators. Those technologies are required to aggregate the different available data sources (mainly related to the product and the process) into one comprehensible model of the digital twin, as well as support the prediction or analysis with a digital twin. Figure 2 presents the diversity of potential data resources for a food-based digital twin.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig2_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"2cdcd548376a18609c8132c4b14afb7f\"><img alt=\"Fig2 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/1\/15\/Fig2_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 2.<\/b> A food-based digital twin basic framework, within the context of dairy processing.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>A concept closely related to digital twins are CPSs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> While a digital twin is a digital copy of a product or physical system with the intention of performing real-time optimization, a CPS merges computational and physical processes to seamlessly support humans with intelligence when using machines.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup> CPSs often include digital twins as a base for their decision-making processes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:19_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Methodology\">Methodology<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The methodology for the survey integrates methods from the guidelines of Webster and Watson<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:9_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> for a structured literature review, and Petersen <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> for systematic mapping studies. The research is based on the steps shown in Figure 3. In the beginning, we framed our aim in the form of research questions. We defined exclusion and inclusion criteria and performed keyword-based searches for filtering the articles based on their titles and abstracts. The search method was adapted from Webster and Watson<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:9_37-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> to cover a wide range of publications with regards to regions, fields, and publishers. After identifying the set of possible relevant publications, a relevance analysis based on a full paper screening was performed. Subsequently, descriptions and properties of the digital twin applications, as well as bibliography data, have been extracted and classified as proposed by Petersen <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_38-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> In the following, we describe these steps in detail.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig3_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"434bbb51244353804c403d2102feebb9\"><img alt=\"Fig3 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/42\/Fig3_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 3.<\/b> Overview of the methodology for the classification in this survey. Publications found through a keyword-based search were first selected based on the title and abstract. Afterward, the publications were analyzed, and relevant publications were categorized in a previously defined taxonomy.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Definition_of_research_questions\">Definition of research questions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The primary aim of this work is (i) to provide an overview of digital twins applied in the food sector regarding their intended use and (ii) to identify future research areas. According to this goal, we derived our research questions. First, we searched for taxonomies (RQ1) that enable classifying the digital twin concepts that we found according to their application purpose. As we are primarily interested in which area of the food industry (i.e., stages of the FSC) digital twins are applied, we decided to assign the applications found to the stages of the FSC as presented in Figure 1 (RQ2). To better understand the application\u2019s reason for use, we classified the applications found according to our taxonomy (see RQ1) to answer the research question of how a digital twin can support the activities in the FSC (RQ3). Further, we analyzed the different types of digital twins that we identified for providing an overview of the different key elements of a digital twin in the FSC (RQ4). Aiming to show the applicability and the benefits of implementing digital twins in different stages of the FSC, we conducted the final research questions. At first, we discussed the potential of digital twins to improve the food industry (RQ5). Then, we discussed the challenges of implementing digital twins in the food sector (RQ6). These considerations led to the following research questions:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>RQ1<\/b> \u2014 How can digital twins be classified?<\/li>\n<li><b>RQ2<\/b> \u2014 In which areas of the food industry are digital twins applied?<\/li>\n<li><b>RQ3<\/b> \u2014 Which types of digital twins are applied in the food industry?<\/li>\n<li><b>RQ4<\/b> \u2014 What are the key elements in implementing a digital twin?<\/li>\n<li><b>RQ5<\/b> \u2014 What is the potential of digital twins in the food industry?<\/li>\n<li><b>RQ6<\/b> \u2014 What are the challenges in applying digital twins in the food industry?<\/li><\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Selection_method\">Selection method<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To find digital twin applications in the FSC (answering RQ2 and RQ3), we conducted a literature review and included publications available between May and the end of September 2021. We searched the following databases: Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Academic Search Complete by EBSCO Publishing. We created two groups of keywords. The first group concerned digital twins, including the keywords \u201cdigital twin,\u201d \u201cdigital twin application,\u201d and \u201ccyber\u2013physical systems,\u201d while the second group provided the relation to the food sector, i.e., consisted of the keywords \u201cfood,\u201d \u201cfood supply chain,\u201d \u201cfood production,\u201d \u201cfood industry,\u201d and \u201cfood sector.\u201d The search was performed by combining each of the keywords of both groups.\n<\/p><p>While we see agricultural plants or farms as part of the FSC (production stage), we did not search directly for <tt>\u201cdigital twin\u201d AND (\u201cagriculture\u201d OR \u201cagrifood\u201d)<\/tt> since our main focus is on food quality as it relates to food processing. Therefore, the food processing and the transportation stages (supply and distribution), as well as the retail stage, are from special interest rather than the primary food production since the food quality parameters are ultimately adjusted during processing. After the processing stage, all actions, e.g., cooling, serve to maintain and guarantee food quality until consumption. Still, we did not discard works related to the agriculture sector when found with our set of keywords.\n<\/p><p>Additionally, we added publications to our list\u2014which we did not find directly but rather were referred to by other publications and possibly relevant\u2014for this research (backward search). In the literature search process, we also identified applicable literature reviews.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_29-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:16_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:68_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:68-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup> However, as we wanted to avoid the misinterpretation or incorrect reproduction of information, we rather included the original publications or sources of such reviews. This ensured that we did not include different points of view for the same application.\n<\/p><p>Furthermore, we performed a free web search with Google and DuckDuckGo to find examples for digital twins related to the FSC applied in the industry. While this search provided many results, we only included a few of them<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:21_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:34_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:34-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>, as the found information was often not precise enough to analyze in the detail required for a classification within our taxonomy.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Analysis_method\">Analysis method<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The authors selected the publications based on the title and abstract. Additionally, the entire paper was searched to overcome the disadvantages of a keyword-based search. Each publication was reviewed, and applications found were classified according to the taxonomy by one of the authors by screening the complete paper. Afterward, each publication, as well as the classification, was reviewed by another of the authors. If an application was classified differently, a third author also reviewed the classification, and the classification was discussed by all authors.\n<\/p><p>The focus of this work is on digital twin applications related to foods, food products, and their quality. Therefore, the publications needed to contain a specified description of a digital twin application and terms related to \u201cfood\u201d (see Section 3.2). Further, we included publications with regards to food products or their quality, meaning we included digital twins of field monitoring applications, animal monitoring applications, and processing machines as well, which we found through the search. We investigated applications that were already realized and implemented, as well as concepts for digital twins if the provided description was sufficient enough for the analysis.\n<\/p><p>A few publications found were located in the periphery of foods, food products, and their quality. For instance, Linz <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup> and Tsolakis <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup> describe digital twin applications of agricultural machines and robots, whereas the digital twins are used for route planning. Furthermore, Jo <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup> propose a digital twin for a pigsty to control energy demand while adjusting the ventilation and temperature. Other publications provided too little information about the digital twin, although they were strongly related to our research.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:55_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:55-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup> Since we were not able to classify them, we did not include those in our evaluation.\n<\/p><p>For some works, we found subsequent publications extending the originally presented digital twin. We added such follow-up publications as dedicated digital twin applications, as they develop within the projects, or the available information concerning the applications differed in the papers. Further, the originally published digital twin might be sufficient for some applications. In particular, those publications were from Skobelev <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_36-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:25_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup>, concerning (wheat) plants; from Defraeye <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:35_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:35-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup>, Shoji <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>, and Tagliavini <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup>, regarding fruits; and from Bottani <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_30-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> and Vignali and Bottani<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:36_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:36-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup>, relating to a pasteurizer.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Selected_studies\">Selected studies<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In total, we studied 84 publications, from which we included 38 publications after the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The publication range spanned works from 2007 to 2022. Worth mentioning is that the publication from Shoji <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> is assigned to 2022 since this is an online-first available publication. Figure 4 reveals that the number of publications increased during the last years. In 2019, we observed a peak of 24 publications (12 included). In the years 2020 and 2021, the number of publications is slightly decreasing, counting 22 (nine included) and 13 publications (eight included), respectively. A reason for this decrease could be the COVID-19 pandemic and the inclusion of publications available until the end of September 2021.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig4_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"d9238b060c42a57f8e218d3cbc4d9fbc\"><img alt=\"Fig4 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/5\/53\/Fig4_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 4.<\/b> Overview of included (in blue) and excluded (in gray) publications per year. In total, we included 38 of 84 identified publications regarding the analysis of digital twin applications in the food industry.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>From the selected publications, the major proportion was originally published at conferences and journals, 47.4% and 34.2%, respectively (see Figure 5). Further, we included non peer-reviewed publications (18.4%) from press releases (two publications), books, white papers, websites, reports, and project announcements (all one publication each). The inclusion of non-scientific publication types is appropriate for several reasons. First, digital twins are still a rather young research topic, particularly in the food sector. In addition, the research is highly driven by the industry since the implementation of digital twins is strongly practice-oriented. However, non-scientific publications often do not provide sufficient details for a classification; hence, this number of included works is limited.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig5_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"35b801de34d79c890be0159e4daa0aea\"><img alt=\"Fig5 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/f\/ff\/Fig5_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 5.<\/b> Share of the publication type of 38 included publications.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Results\">Results<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This section answers the research questions on how to classify digital twins (RQ1), in which areas of the food industry digital twins can be found (RQ2), what types of digital twins are applied (RQ3), and which key elements are required to implement digital twins (RQ4). First, we examine different classification schemes and derived the best fitting taxonomy for our research by combining different existing classification schemes. Second, we analyze in which activities of the FSC digital twins are applied. We then investigate which types of digital twins are applied in the FSC based on our results of RQ1. The classification of all applications included in this section can be found in Appendix A (see Table A1). We close out this section by summarizing the key elements for the implementation of digital twins.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Classification_of_digital_twins\">Classification of digital twins<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Since digital twins have no unique and standardized taxonomy, this section provides an overview of different classification approaches and classifies their relevance for our work. This answers the first research question <b>RQ1<\/b> \u2014 How can digital twins be classified?\n<\/p><p>The classification approaches differ among the various authors\u2019 focus on digital twins. Kritzinger <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:27_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:27-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup> differentiate the terms \"digital model,\" \"digital shadow,\" and \"digital twin\" based on the data flow between the physical and digital object. A digital model is defined by a manual data flow between both objects, where the data flows automatically from the physical to the digital object and manually from the digital to the physical object in a digital shadow. The data flow in a digital twin is automated between both objects, which may serve as the controller of the physical object.\n<\/p><p>Qi <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup> classify digital twins depending on the application level. The so-called unit-level describes the lowest layer and contains single units of the processing procedure, e.g., equipment or a machine. The system-level consists of several unit-level digital twins and can be understood as a production unit (e.g., a production line), while the system-of-system-level is the highest layer and able to capture complex systems (e.g., the shop-floor management system).\n<\/p><p>Pylianidis <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:16_39-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> differentiate among various service categories, meaning the use case of a digital twin. These categories are real-time monitoring, energy consumption analysis, system failure analysis and prediction, optimization\/update, behavior analysis\/user operation guide, technology integration, and virtual maintenance. They further distinguish the technology readiness level (TRL) among the levels concept, prototype, and deployed. Jones <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_29-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> classify digital twins according to the product\u2019s life-cycle phases, namely imagination, definition, realization, support\/usage, and retirement\/disposal.\n<\/p><p>However, we use a combination of the following two schemes as taxonomy since we are interested in the techniques behind the digital twins and the intended use of the digital twins. According to Defraeye <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>, a digital twin can be statistical, data-driven (i.e., intelligent), or physics-based (i.e., mechanistic). The first type is based on statistics, where an analytical model is solved with an ordinary differential equation or a simpler analytical equation. The intelligent digital twin is a data-driven model that relies on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Artificial_intelligence\" title=\"Artificial intelligence\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0c45a597361ca47e1cd8112af676276e\">artificial intelligence<\/a> (AI) techniques, e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Machine_learning\" title=\"Machine learning\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"79aab39cfa124c958cd1dbcab3dde122\">machine learning<\/a> (ML), for model development, calibration, verification, and validation. Mechanistic digital twins are based on physics; hence, they are also called physics-based digital twins. These models concern all relevant physical, biochemical, microbiological, and physiological processes using multi-physics modeling and simulation. Several authors Verboven <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> and Onwude <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:56_60-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:56-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup> mention that only a mechanistic digital twin is able to mimic the behavior of the real-world counterpart realistically and comprehensively. Therefore, a mechanistic digital twin is preferable for predictions. Worth mentioning is that intelligent digital twins also consider statistical methods. Further, the model parameters used in mechanistic digital twins can be quantified, verified, and validated with statistical and ML methods.\n<\/p><p>Defraeye <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> presented the types in a triangular structure, placing the twin types \"statistical,\" \"intelligent,\" and \"mechanistic\" in the corners. As such, the type of a digital twin could be assigned to corners as well as edges, or in-between. However, we decided to classify the digital twin applications according to their prevailing type, i.e., \"there are not any mixed types.\"\n<\/p><p>The second classification scheme is similar to that of Jones <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_29-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> since it represents the product\u2019s life-cycle phases. Following the approach by Verdouw <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>, digital twins can be used to characterize and simulate the states and behavior of their real-life twins, which do not exist at a specific point in time. Further, digital twins may be used to monitor the current state of items, prescribe desired states, forecast future states, and automatically react to conditions of their real-world counterparts and, therefore, control systems without human interaction. Finally, digital twins are also able to outlast real-world objects, and they can be used to recollect their historical conditions. Worth mentioning is that these categories can coexist within the same digital twin application. Table 1 provides a detailed description of the different categories we used to classify the digital twin applications within the context of this work.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Digital twin taxonomy (based on work by Defraeye <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> and Verdouw <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>).\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Type\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Description\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Citation\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Statistical\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Solving a simple analytical equation or an ordinary differential equation (ODE) for calculations with the generated data\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Intelligent\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Use of AI techniques, e.g., ML, for model development, calibration, verification, and validation\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mechanistic\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Performance of multi-physics modeling and simulation to capture the relevant physical, biochemical, microbiological, and physiological processes\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Imaginary\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Simulates objects that do not physically exist in the real world at the given time\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Monitoring\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Monitors the current state and behavior of a real-life, physically existing counterpart\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Predictive\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Projects future states and behavior of a physical object based on real-time data\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Prescriptive\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Are able to intelligently recommend corrective and preventive actions while using the results of monitoring and predictions\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Autonomous\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Control autonomously the behavior of the real-world counterparts without human intervention\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Recollection\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Maintains the complete history of physical objects, which no longer exist in real life\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>It is notable that the definition of a digital model<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:27_58-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:27-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup> corresponds to the definition of an imaginary digital twin.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, the categories of Pylianidis <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:16_39-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> and Verdouw <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup> are similar, but since Pylianidis <i>et al.<\/i> focus on more technical approaches, the approach by Verdouw <i>et al.<\/i> is used in this work.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Applications_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_supply_chain\">Applications of digital twins in the food supply chain<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In our prior discussion of selected studies in our methodology, we observed that the number of publications increased in recent years. Accordingly, the number of digital twin applications has increased as well. This section answers the second research question <b>RQ2<\/b> \u2014 In which areas of the food industry are digital twins applied?\n<\/p><p>Figure 6 provides an overview of the absolute frequency of applications per stage in the FSC. The major proportion of digital twin applications could be found in the production stage, often referred to as agricultural applications (54.90%). Many applications focus on the growth of plants<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_36-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_53-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:25_54-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:42_63-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:42-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:30_64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:30-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup> or monitoring the condition of animals.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:30_64-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:30-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:37_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:37-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup> Further, entire production systems as greenhouses or fields are twinned.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:21_43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_44-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_62-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:43_67-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:43-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:38_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:38-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:44_69-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:44-69\">[69]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:45_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:45-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:39_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:39-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup> Several applications could be described as supportive, e.g., to monitor and control pests.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:19_35-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_65-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig6_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"17159d559d997f679f4497ff907dd3a8\"><img alt=\"Fig6 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/d\/d7\/Fig6_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 6.<\/b> Results of the literature review\u2013Absolute frequency of digital twin applications assigned to stages in the food supply chain. As there are applications<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_47-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_56-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup> assigned to several stages, the total number of counts is 53, although 51 applications were found in 38 publications.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The second most frequently assigned stage is the processing stage (31.37%). In this stage, the digital twins mainly concern processing machines, e.g., pasteurizer<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_30-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:36_57-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:36-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup> or packaging machines<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:46_72-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:46-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup>, or entire processing systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:47_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:47-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:48_74-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:48-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:40_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:40-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:49_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:49-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup> A few use cases focus on the optimal product composition or quality.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:34_46-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:34-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:50_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:50-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Applications during transportation\u2014in particular, the stages of supply and distribution (7.84% and 5.88%, respectively)\u2014determine the quality of fruits and vegetables, with a focus on measuring the temperature.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_14-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_47-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:35_55-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:35-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_56-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:41_78-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:41-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup> Only one application could be assigned to the retail stage (1.96%), where it is used to determine the quality of fruits and vegetables, as well as the remaining shelf-life.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_47-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, one application is assigned to the consumption stage (1.96%). This application aims to twin a consumer in order to design food products, which are personalized to adapt foods in case of genetic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:51_79-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:51-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>It should be noted that two applications were assigned to multiple stages. While the digital twin of a mango fruit to determine the quality during transportation was assigned to supply and distribution stages<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_56-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup>, the digital twin concept for the determination of the quality of fruits and vegetables was assigned to the distribution and retail stages.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_47-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Types_and_categories_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_supply_chain\">Types and categories of digital twins in the food supply chain<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In addition to the stages in the FSC, where a digital twin is applied, the applications\u2019 intentions of use are of special interest. Earlier, for question one, we specified a taxonomy regarding both the digital twin techniques and the intended use. It is necessary to note that in the case of the taxonomy regarding the intended use, the applications could be classified into several categories. Regarding the digital twin technique, applications could only be assigned to one type. In contrast to the previous question, applications were not counted twice if they were assigned to multiple stages of the FSC. Hence, this section answers the third research question <b>RQ3<\/b> \u2014 Which types of digital twins are applied in the food industry?\n<\/p><p>Figure 7 shows the classification of the digital twin applications regarding their different types. Most of the digital twin applications are classified as intelligent or data-driven (39.22%). These applications are used for monitoring and controlling plant growth environments, in particular greenhouses or fields<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_34-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_42-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:38_68-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:38-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:39_71-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:39-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup>; the twinning of plants during growing itself<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:19_35-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_65-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup>; the detection of pests and actions to tackle them<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_65-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup>; the monitoring of animals<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>; or the determination of shocks and the adaptation of process parameters during potato harvesting.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:41_78-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:41-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:52_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:52-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, applications concern the monitoring of cattle with regards to their health, dairy productivity, or growth (weight gain for meat production)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_65-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:37_66-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:37-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup> and the control of food processing parameters.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:40_75-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:40-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup> The applications use clustering methods to determine the states and conditions of animals and plants and to classify pests, and further ML techniques to improve the system continuously.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig7_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"e083aa5e21f9acaad6eb092dd1dfd762\"><img alt=\"Fig7 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/4b\/Fig7_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 7.<\/b> Results of the literature review, in regards to the share and absolute frequency of digital twin types found in 38 publications.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Almost the same proportion of applications are used for simulation, based on mechanistic or physics-based models (31.37%). Many use cases regard either the plant and animal growth in the production stage<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_36-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_53-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_62-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:30_64-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:30-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:44_69-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:44-69\">[69]<\/a><\/sup> or the monitoring of food processing, e.g., from a pasteurizer, an ice cream machine, pudding production, malting, or the packaging design concerning special product properties.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_30-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:36_57-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:36-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:47_73-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:47-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:48_74-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:48-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:49_76-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:49-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup> More digital twins focus on fruit and vegetable quality during supply by measuring the surface temperature and calculating the pulp temperature based on that.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_14-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_56-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup> All the applications mentioned in this category could be described well with known models.\n<\/p><p>Further, some applications are based on statistics (13.73%). In this category, many use cases focus on the control of food processing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:34_46-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:34-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:46_72-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:46-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup> Other applications regard the design and personalization of food<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:50_77-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:50-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:51_79-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:51-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>, or the twinning of a wheat plant.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:25_54-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup> All digital twins are based on statistical methods using means and standard deviations for conclusions and predictions.\n<\/p><p>It should be noted that there are some applications (15.69% in total), which are not classified to any type<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_65-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:43_67-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:43-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup> or the classification was not possible due to a lack of information.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:21_43-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_44-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Figure 8 shows the categorization results of the digital twin applications with regards to their intended use. We observed that nearly all applications (94.12%) are used for monitoring their real-life counterparts. Only three use cases have not been classified in this category; those target applications for the design of new food products and food packaging<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup> and the weight gain of cattle for the meat and livestock value chain.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:37_66-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:37-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup> We conclude that this observation makes sense since monitoring the physical objects is often the base for further predictions or decision-making. However, only 32 applications (62.75%) are working with real-time data.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig8_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"84dfa8a36fa9be7d649bdd027e104597\"><img alt=\"Fig8 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/22\/Fig8_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 8.<\/b> Results of the literature review, in regards to the absolute frequency of digital twin categories found in 38 publications. It should be noted that the total number of counts is not equal to the number of applications since they are not restricted to one category.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Additionally, many applications are used for predictions (72.55%). Use cases, which are not predicting, are mainly used for real-time monitoring and decision-making. These cases concern the detection of pests and the control of plant growth environments based on current growing conditions, e.g., the temperature or humidity<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_34-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_44-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:42_63-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:42-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:43_67-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:43-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:38_68-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:38-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup>, the monitoring of animals<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_65-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup>, the control of food processing<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:48_74-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:48-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup>, and the design of products.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The predictions could be used to suggest corrective or preventive actions (39.22%). Since most of the applications found are assigned to the production stage, many prescriptive digital twin applications belong to applications only able to assist in agricultural plants to enhance the quality during growth and harvest processes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_42-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:21_43-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_62-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:30_64-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:30-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:44_69-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:44-69\">[69]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:45_70-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:45-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:41_78-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:41-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:52_80-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:52-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup> Another prescriptive digital twin is applied in a pudding production system to assist in production planning.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:47_73-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:47-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup> Further use cases only recommend actions rather than fully automatizing the system.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:40_75-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:40-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup> Examples are the personalized design of foods regarding genetically caused diseases<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:51_79-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:51-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup> or the design of food packaging.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>A minor amount of digital twins (15.96%) are integrated into systems working autonomously. The applications automatically control greenhouses by adjusting parameters like temperature or light<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_34-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_42-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_44-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup> or processing plants by controlling, among others, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Workflow\" title=\"Workflow\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"92bd8748272e20d891008dcb8243e8a8\">workflow<\/a> or specified processing parameters as temperature.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:40_75-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:40-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Some digital twins found were used for forecasting and simulating objects that were presently non-existent (23.53%). This category includes applications for the design of food products and raw materials<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_53-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:50_77-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:50-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup> as well as food packaging and production plants<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:43_67-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:43-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup>; applications to predict shelf-life and the food quality<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_47-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_56-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:37_66-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:37-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup>; and applications to control the process flow.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:46_72-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:46-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:48_74-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:48-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:40_75-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:40-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup> The application of imaginary digital twins enables the avoidance of expensive mistakes<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:40_75-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:40-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup> and detailed planning.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:43_67-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:43-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Recollective digital twins, that maintain the complete history of physical objects (even if those do not longer exist), can be found in all stages of the FSC (31.37%). Some applications use the stored information for learning and improving the system.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_34-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_53-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:25_54-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_62-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:42_63-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:42-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:38_68-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:38-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:41_78-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:41-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:52_80-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:52-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup> Other applications were implemented to better document the processes and quality parameters of the physical objects.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_30-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_47-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:36_57-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:36-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:48_74-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:48-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:49_76-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:49-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:51_79-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:51-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup> It should be noted that due to a lack of information, many applications could not be classified in this category.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_42-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:21_43-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_44-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_45-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:34_46-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:34-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_56-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_65-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:37_66-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:37-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:43_67-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:43-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:44_69-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:44-69\">[69]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:45_70-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:45-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:39_71-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:39-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:47_73-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:47-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:40_75-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:40-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Key_elements_for_digital_twin_implementation\">Key elements for digital twin implementation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In the previous sections, we describe our observations that the implementation of digital twins varies in the different stages of the FSC, as well as the intention of use within a specified stage. The major proportion of digital twins are applied in the (primary) production and the processing stage. Especially in the distribution, retail, and consumption stages only a few applications have been found. In addition, different types of digital twins have been found. To investigate how to improve the food quality in the FSC using digital twins, necessary components to apply digital twins need to be identified. Hence, this section answers the research question <b>RQ4<\/b> \u2014 What are the key elements in implementing a digital twin?\n<\/p><p>First of all, there must be a motivation to implement a digital twin. Some digital twins are motivated by production and market reasons, e.g., to cope with a higher demand for more flexibility in the production to adapt to new market demands, such as clients requesting more products that meet unique nutritional standards and packaging sizes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Moreover, the constant increase in business competition challenges companies to look beyond cost reductions and improve quality and productivity.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup> In particular, food processing industries are battling with low-profit margins while being challenged to reduce time-to-market and develop new, flexible processes for a wide range of goods.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Another motivation arises out of the demand for more transparency to stakeholders, trust, and ownership of the processes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Finally, some drivers are employee-related, such as offering training based on virtual reality applications that benefit from the data of the models in digital twins<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup> and improving employee safety by detecting potential workplace hazards with digital twins.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_30-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Second, the underlying technical infrastructure must be able to support a digital twin.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:69_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:69-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup> The definition of such a digital model is only possible if a sufficient amount of data is available. Even taking into consideration that a digital twin is able to generate some data of the physical entities (products and processes) through ML, AI, or simulation, the collection of data from the process through sensors is still a critical requirement. Another requirement is related to the communication infrastructure: if real-time analysis is demanded, the infrastructure must support fast exchange of data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> Real-time analysis requires a sufficient processing capacity; hence, if real-time analysis is targeted in a project with digital twins, this processing capacity must be available.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Thus, a detailed analysis of the available data sources, communication infrastructure, and processing capacity when starting the implementation of a digital twin is required to determine how a digital twin can be enabled.\n<\/p><p>Third, a digital twin for food production has additional specific requirements compared to digital twins of the production of material goods. Due to the variability of raw materials, these cannot be based only on the processing steps, but must also take into account the chemical, physical or (micro)biological properties of the food.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Consequently, either (i) sensors must be available to capture those changes or (ii) simulations based on scientific models of food aging must support information about those intermediate states of the food. Accordingly, the typical, retrospective analysis of machine and process data must be combined with short-term (detection of potential problems), and medium-term data analysis approaches (simulation of product changes) to improve decision making in food production and tracking of the current state of production at any time with digital twins.\n<\/p><p>Every digital twin implementation starts with a process design in which all processes and interaction points are mapped that a digital twin will be modeling.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_28-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> Improvements with regard to cost, time, or asset efficiency are augmented in this design process.\n<\/p><p>However, up to now, there is no consensus regarding a generic method in the realization of digital twins that can describe its implementation and the data acquisition from the physical to the virtual object.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:54_26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:54-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> Given this lack of consensus, Tao <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-83\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-83\">[83]<\/a><\/sup> proposed a digital twin model based on five dimensions (see Figure 9):\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>Physical entity<\/b>: The physical world is the basis. The physical entity can be a device or product, a system, a process, or even an organization.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:58_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:58-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup> It carries out actions following physical regulations and deals with environmental uncertainty.<\/li>\n<li><b>Virtual entity<\/b>: The digital model is generated to replicate the physical geometries, properties, behaviors, and rules of the physical entity. Therefore, multiple models can be considered.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:59_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:59-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><b>Service platform<\/b>: Decision-support analyses support the monitoring and optimization of the physical entity with simulations, verification, diagnosis, and prognosis, as well as prognostic.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:58_84-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:58-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup> Further, the virtual entity must be served with data, knowledge, and algorithms, and the platform itself needs to be served, e.g., with customized software development and model building.<\/li>\n<li><b>Data model<\/b>: The data is stored in the data model.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup> Since the digital twin considers multi-temporal scale, multi-dimension, multi-source, and heterogeneous data<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:58_84-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:58-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup>, the data model includes and merges data from the physical entity, the virtual entity, services, and knowledge.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:59_85-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:59-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><b>Information connections<\/b>: All dimensions need to be connected to ensure communication and update the information immediately.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup> This enables advanced simulation, operation, and analysis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:58_84-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:58-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig9_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"67539561dccb940954f3afe93d60abde\"><img alt=\"Fig9 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/8\/89\/Fig9_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 9.<\/b> The five-dimensional digital twin concept (adapted from the work of Steindl <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:59_85-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:59-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup>). Digital twins consist of a physical as well as a virtual entity, which are supported by several services. Data are fused and stored centralized. These four dimensions must be connected with each other, creating the fifth dimension.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Barni <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:60_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:60-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup> describe four best practices for the implementation of a digital twin. First, the entire product value chain should be included to ensure data exchange and consistency. Second, the virtual models should be kept dynamic through the development of well-documented methods for model generation and modification. Third, it should be ensured that data from several sources are included to measure the different variables and all essential properties of the physical product and the system (process, actuators, inputs, outputs, and environment).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> The exact combination of relevant data is often unknown <i>a priori<\/i> when the first model is developed; accordingly, the design of the digital twin must offer modularity and scalability.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:60_86-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:60-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup> Fourth, long access life cycles should be ensured in order to address a long-term convergence within the physical and the virtual world. The approach by Werner <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:47_73-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:47-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup> reinforces this through a knowledge-acquiring digital twin.\n<\/p><p>Thus, the accessibility and continuous flow of near real-time data are important.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> The data generation can be achieved with sensors<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> and the use of IIoT technology.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:61_87-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:61-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, data processing and data evaluation or interpretation are of high relevance<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>, leading to the requirement of sufficient computational performance to handle big data volumes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> As such, data transfer technologies are required to provide high-speed data gathering from huge amounts of remote sensor data and transfer it in real-time within a network, e.g., Bluetooth, LoRaWAN, or 5G.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The core of a digital twin is based on modeling.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:61_87-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:61-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, physics modeling (geometrical, mechanical, material, hydrodynamic, and discrete event models), semantic modeling (ML models, deep learning, data mining expert system, and ontology modeling), and model integration (flexible modeling, standard interface, black-box, gray-box, and multi-physics modeling) are used. AI and ML techniques support data analysis and data fusion, enabling efficient processing and interpretation of a large amount of data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">[88]<\/a><\/sup> Further, those techniques can continuously improve the performance of the system.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> A key element in this regard is a human-machine interface, where users can easily interact with and understand the digital twin\u2019s information.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_23-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> This is particularly important if the digital twin recommends corrective and preventive actions.\n<\/p><p>In conclusion, the implementation of digital twins requires multidisciplinary knowledge<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_31-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>, especially from food science. For instance, this includes microbiological, physical, chemical, and engineering disciplines, as well as knowledge for efficient process management. Further, ICT is required. Commonly, ICT today is used in the FSC to connect the various stakeholders in the different stages through data exchange. In the future, the support of automated data collection with IoT technology and efficient data analysis, mainly using ML, will have increased importance.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Discussion\">Discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The survey results revealed large differences in the use of digital twins depending on the stages of the FSC. First, the major proportion of digital twins are applied in production and processing. Further, nearly all applications are used for monitoring, and many applications predict future states of their physical objects. However, only a few digital twins recommend actions or control systems fully autonomously, i.e., refer to prescriptive or autonomous digital twins, respectively. In addition, key elements to implement digital twins were investigated. To better understand the reasons, we primarily discuss the potentials of digital twins in the food industry, as well as the challenges in implementing digital twins. We close this discussion with threats to validity.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Potentials_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\">Potentials of digital twins in the food industry<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>As shown in the previous sections, we identified in our literature review several potential ways to optimize the FSC with digital twins. From there, we have to address the fifth research question <b>RQ5<\/b> \u2014 What is the potential of digital twins in the food industry?\n<\/p><p>In general, digital twins enable data accessibility and advanced analytics in real-time to assist in more informed, efficient, and faster decision-making.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:62_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:62-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup> Sensor data are fed into a digital twin that runs food process models (i) for providing relevant product process information and operation outputs in real-time for process control, troubleshooting, and supply chain management, as well as (ii) to optimize processes for uniformity, performance, and sustainability, or to develop new designs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:63_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:63-90\">[90]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, this results in better risk assessment and mitigation strategies based on \"what if\" analyses and simulations.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:62_89-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:62-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Improved_use_of_sensor_data\">Improved use of sensor data<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Current approaches in Industry 4.0 focus on the intelligent collection of data with IoT technology and its analysis with ML algorithms.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-91\">[91]<\/a><\/sup> This includes a variety of data sources, including raw material data, machine data, and customer data. Digital twins enable deeper insights due to the use of multi-sensor networks (sensor fusion), where different sensors measure several parameters from different locations.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:55_52-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:55-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:56_60-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:56-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup> As stated before, sensors are required to provide data (e.g., environmental, process, machine, etc.) for the digital twins. With the development of smart sensors, monitoring the states during processes gets easier and faster.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Further, sensors become cheaper, need less power, and transfer the data wirelessly, which enables their use in more applications, even in mobile settings.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Combination_with_intelligent_packaging\">Combination with intelligent packaging<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Intelligent packaging can directly share the quality and current condition of a food product on the packaging during the distribution, retail, and consumption stages.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:64_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:64-92\">[92]<\/a><\/sup> Intelligent packaging consists of intelligent materials or objects, which are defined by their behavior of monitoring \u201cthe condition of packaged food or the environment surrounding the food.\u201d<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-93\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-93\">[93]<\/a><\/sup> Sensors are integrated into the packaging<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:64_92-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:64-92\">[92]<\/a><\/sup> to monitor, e.g., the temperature, the pH value, the humidity, the pressure on the food, or vibrations during transportation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-94\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-94\">[94]<\/a><\/sup> Further, gas sensors can measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) or hydrosulfuric acid (H<sub>2<\/sub>S) to allow concluding the current condition of the food.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:64_92-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:64-92\">[92]<\/a><\/sup> An example of how to produce near zero-cost gas sensors is given by Barandun <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\">[95]<\/a><\/sup> Biosensors are able to detect pathogens or toxins in bacteria-contaminated foods.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-96\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-96\">[96]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Combination_with_AI_and_ML\">Combination with AI and ML<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Likewise, integrating <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy\" title=\"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a05c6a4eb8775761248c099371cdb82f\">nuclear magnetic resonance<\/a> (NMR) and other spectroscopy methods, as well as imaging techniques<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> in conjunction with AI and, especially, ML, enables machine or computer vision. Such algorithms can analyze the food and are able to determine its composition, condition, and quality issues as spoilage, contaminants, or defects.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:70_97-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:70-97\">[97]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:71_98-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:71-98\">[98]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, by placing virtual sensors on the digital twin model, sensor data from locations that would usually not be accessible to sensors can be generated.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Virtual sensor data are software-based outputs of fused data from physical sensors.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:65_99-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:65-99\">[99]<\/a><\/sup> The application of physical sensors is limited by noise, interference, or unfeasibility due to spatial conditions<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:65_99-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:65-99\">[99]<\/a><\/sup> or locations that are difficult to access.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Virtual sensors provide data measurements of parameters or locations, which are physically not measurable.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:65_99-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:65-99\">[99]<\/a><\/sup> This application enables the detailed prediction of food losses and the remaining shelf life of the food products.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:56_60-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:56-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Optimizing_production_planning\">Optimizing production planning<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Further, production planning can be optimized with ML in this context.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-100\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-100\">[100]<\/a><\/sup> The industry demands the possibility to adapt to current market demands as unique nutritional standards and packaging sizes and, therefore, require a higher production flexibility.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> This means not only being able to produce a wide range of products, but also counting with the capacity to reschedule the production dynamically.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup> The analysis and prediction of SC disruptions can be used to assist this<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:53_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:53-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:72_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:72-101\">[101]<\/a><\/sup>, although the mentioned references focus on more economic aspects of these disruptions. Proactive adaptation improves system performance, as it forecasts adaptation concerns (e.g., through identification of patterns in historical data) and reacts either by preparing an adaptation or adapting.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-102\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-102\">[102]<\/a><\/sup> Autonomous systems can respond to changes in the state during ongoing operation, while digital twins can integrate a variety of data like environment data, operational data, and process data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:54_26-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:54-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-103\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-103\">[103]<\/a><\/sup> This also includes supplying different stakeholders in the FSC with actionable real-time data, such as the remaining shelf life for each shipment (based on the product\u2019s physical, biochemical, microbiological, or physiological states), on which logistics decisions and marketing strategies can be adjusted.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:62_89-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:62-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Support_for_predictive_maintenance\">Support for predictive maintenance<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Another use case is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Predictive_maintenance\" title=\"Predictive maintenance\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fad029fc2cfce528b947912a1100541b\">predictive maintenance<\/a> of machines.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-104\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-104\">[104]<\/a><\/sup> Digital twins are able to show the evolution of the process in each element of a production or processing machine without the need to halt the process or open the system to examine its state physically.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_30-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> Faults in the system can be spotted significantly earlier thanks to intelligent data analysis<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:62_89-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:62-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup>, leading to more efficient approaches for predictive maintenance, which is made before faults or failures occur.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:66_105-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:66-105\">[105]<\/a><\/sup> This can be considered in production planning and decrease downtime. Further, virtual reality and augmented reality can be based on digital twins and support training and maintenance or repair of machines.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:63_90-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:63-90\">[90]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">[106]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Support_for_product_development\">Support for product development<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Digital twins are also useful during product and process design, where actual monitored sensor data allow to check for conformance of the product specifications with the design intent and customer requirements.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">[107]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-108\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-108\">[108]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, tests on prototypes can be replaced by simulations on the digital twin, which results in a reduction of costs, time, and resources.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:50_77-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:50-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:66_105-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:66-105\">[105]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:73_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:73-109\">[109]<\/a><\/sup> Regarding the complete product life cycle, digital twins also respect the disposal of the packaging and food remains and, therefore, consider sustainability aspects.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:66_105-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:66-105\">[105]<\/a><\/sup> Aiming to achieve a sustainable FSC, digital twins can optimize the environmental impact as a consequence of the growth of production systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-110\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-110\">[110]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Improving_collaboration\">Improving collaboration<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Digital twins facilitate the collaboration of cross-functional teams.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:62_89-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:62-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup> They can be used to clarify specifications with suppliers and optimize designs. If the company develops a new digital twin with every product, each model will comprise data on the precise components and materials used in the product, configuration options specified by end consumers, as well as process conditions experienced during production.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">[111]<\/a><\/sup> Moreover, digital twins are able to assist in terms of personalized nutrition by adjusting product recipes in response to changes in consumer preferences; designing products with a specific chemical composition, nutritional value, and functional orientation; and developing functional, specialized products tailored to the needs of small groups of people that will assist in lowering the risks of disease in those who already have it, as well as satisfy the demands of those who want to tailor their diet to their specific needs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:50_77-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:50-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:51_79-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:51-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Enhance_food_safety\">Enhance food safety<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Furthermore, digital twins can enhance food safety by improving product traceability<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:67_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:67-112\">[112]<\/a><\/sup> through the possibility to identify problems in real time and to record this by storing shipment condition data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Worth mentioning is the approach by Botta <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:67_112-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:67-112\">[112]<\/a><\/sup>, combining a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Blockchain\" title=\"Blockchain\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ae8b186c311716aca561aaee91944f8e\">blockchain-based<\/a> verifier with the digital twin application to validate and secure the data. Another framework combining the blockchain technology with digital twins is proposed by Sahal <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-113\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-113\">[113]<\/a><\/sup> The aim of this framework is secure data sharing and exchange during collaboration of several digital twins, e.g., in logistics tasks and risk prediction. Further, digital twins could assist regulatory organizations with providing useful data to avoid delays in import and export, or assist companies during the application of the hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) concept to suggest control points and remedial actions.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Challenges_in_implementing_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\">Challenges in implementing digital twins in the food industry<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The implementation of a digital twin consists mainly of the following key elements: a real-life object or process, which should be twinned; a virtual model of the real-life counterpart, including all its essential properties; and a linkage between both.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_8-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_30-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:59_85-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:59-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup> Further, technical components are required to sense the physical entity and adjust the virtual entity accordingly or to store and process data. The extent of applications differs in the stages of the FSC, although digital twins provide potentials in the food industry, as discussed in the previous subsection. Hence, this section addresses our final research question, <b>RQ6<\/b> \u2014 What are the challenges in applying digital twins in the food industry?\n<\/p><p>One of the major challenges of implementing digital twins is the lack of a general method, which describes how to gather the information from the physical to the virtual object.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:54_26-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:54-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:63_90-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:63-90\">[90]<\/a><\/sup> Koulouris <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> state that the specific characteristics of the food sector and high-value product industries, such as specialized equipment, component complexity, and high-quality standards, are responsible for the delay in the adoption of process simulation for design and modeling. Thus, the individual projects for implementing a digital twin lead to higher investment costs due to the diversity of approaches and, therefore, are particularly challenging in smaller companies and poorer countries.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:54_26-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:54-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:74_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:74-114\">[114]<\/a><\/sup> In the following subsections, we describe additional specific challenges.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Complexity_of_food\">Complexity of food<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The complexity and variability of raw materials and their properties used to create food products, and the limited shelf life not only of food raw materials but also the products made of it, are limiting the application.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Further, plants, processes, and knowledge are continuously changing environments, forcing the related digital twins to improve permanently.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:47_73-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:47-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup> Moreover, the lack of \u201cmulti-spatial\/time scale models\u201d from the current modeling technologies limits the representation of behaviors, features, and rules at the diverse levels and granularities of the spatial scale and the characterization of the dynamic process of physical entities from different time scales.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:58_84-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:58-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Absence_of_physicochemical_models\">Absence of physicochemical models<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The absence of good physicochemical data is another major impediment to the use of modeling and simulation tools.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> For instance, food processing faces a wide range of foods with complex, hard-to-calculate or predict properties, such as molecular weight, pH, or water activity, and not so well understood thermodynamics. Furthermore, the kinetics of biological and chemical processes need to be understood and made calculable as physics-based models.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> This effect is intensified by production mixes, technology variability, and the unpredictability of the physical solution<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:60_86-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:60-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup>, resulting in complex integration of different modeling methods.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_4-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> However, process models can already be incorporated to estimate the energy and material requirements and expected process yield during food processing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Complexity\">Complexity<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Depending on the complex integration of different methods in the digital twin application, the maturity of prescriptive analytic techniques might become a risk due to unreliability, thus a barrier to implementing a digital twin.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup> Further, the complexity of the digital transformation in the FSC requires step-by-step implementation, which takes several years until a productive state is achieved. Here, on the one hand, data security and validation need to be considered.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_31-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> On the other hand, realizing autonomous systems need to pay attention to legislation, in particular hygienic requirements, as well as traceability of the system\u2019s decision.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Missing_technological_infrastructure\">Missing technological infrastructure<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Another challenge is that only by advancing sensor, communication, and data processing technologies can real-time interaction between actual and virtual twins be achieved.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:60_86-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:60-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup> The systems themselves have to enable the implementation of digital twins, i.e., their properties must be known or observable, and they have to provide high-quality data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:69_82-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:69-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup> In particular, production and processing machines need to be upgradeable, which may lead to higher investment costs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-115\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-115\">[115]<\/a><\/sup> Further, there are studies on remote food monitoring during distribution, retail, and consumption.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-116\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-116\">[116]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:75_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:75-117\">[117]<\/a><\/sup> However, technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near-field communication (NFC), which would support the collection and transfer of data<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:70_97-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:70-97\">[97]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:71_98-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:71-98\">[98]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:75_117-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:75-117\">[117]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-118\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-118\">[118]<\/a><\/sup>, are not widely applied for this purpose yet.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-119\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-119\">[119]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Missing_organizational_readiness\">Missing organizational readiness<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Further, there might be obstacles with regard to the culture in the food industry. Firstly, the human acceptance of novel and advanced technologies challenges the application of digital twins<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:73_109-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:73-109\">[109]<\/a><\/sup>, especially as the competencies of the employees in ICT might be heterogeneous. For example, the survey <i>Nutrition 4.0-Status Quo, Opportunities, and Challenges<\/i> by Germany\u2019s digital association Bitkom and the Federation of German Food and Drink Industries (BVE) showed that 88% of the more than 300 surveyed companies in the food industry consider a lack of ICT competencies of their employees as a critical issue.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[120]<\/a><\/sup> Secondly, the food production and processing industry is partially highly automated; however, in general, the industry is rather conservative with introducing new technology that automatically controls processes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_31-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> Lastly, the risk of lower attention to the real-world system and the dependency on the recommendations by digital twins need to be considered.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:55_52-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:55-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup> This might be a reason for the small amount of prescriptive and autonomous digital twins.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Missing_knowledge_of_employees\">Missing knowledge of employees<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The required expertise of knowledge becomes a real challenge for project teams.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:74_114-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:74-114\">[114]<\/a><\/sup> In order to address the requirements resulting from the key elements, multidisciplinary knowledge is required.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:58_84-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:58-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup> This includes expert, plant, machine, and product knowledge.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_31-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, the ICT infrastructure, as well as their establishing and organization, play important roles.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_31-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Distribution_of_the_FSC\">Distribution of the FSC<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The size of the system, which should be twinned, is an additional challenge.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_81-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup> Since FSCs are often distributed across several entities, numerous legal regulations must be considered.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_31-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, the entire environment must be taken into account with respect to the complete implementation of all required connections within the digital twin. These connections (including explicit and invisible ones), internal logic interactions, and external relationships given in the physical world are difficult to be reproduced virtually.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:58_84-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:58-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup> Thus, the implementation and improvement of a digital twin is a long process to achieve high effectiveness of the digital twin. However, because the intricacy of the interactions and processes makes it difficult to capture various characteristics of real-world supply chains, their models created are often simplified.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-121\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-121\">[121]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Threats_to_validity\">Threats to validity<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>We used a well-structured approach for the literature review to provide a structured analysis. Each identified paper was read and classified by at least two authors of this work; unclear classifications were discussed by all authors. This significantly helps to reduce human bias in the process. However, some threats to validity still exist.\n<\/p><p>First, the choice of keywords might be restricted. While this survey revealed many use cases in the production stage, often referred to as agriculture or agricultural application, we did not explicitly search with keywords concerning digital twins in agriculture. This may lead to a lower outcome of search results and a lack of relevant publications and applications. However, it is common practice to narrow the scope for being able to handle a topic\u2019s complexity, and we clearly describe the used keywords in our results.\n<\/p><p>In addition, we used \u201ccyber\u2013physical systems\u201d as a keyword since those systems often integrate digital twins. This search revealed publications which did not explicitly mention the term \u201cdigital twins.\u201d As the term itself is still relatively young, some publications might have been describing digital twins in a CPS without using the term. Moreover, it was not always possible to differentiate between simpler digital models\/representations and digital twins. As a result, relevant applications may not have been taken into account.\n<\/p><p>Further, our free web search using a search engine (rather than a scientific database) provided many results, including scientific publications, press releases, offered product ranges, project announcements, explanation videos, and more. Despite the great efforts we have made for this survey, we were not able to analyze all search results in detail and to the fullest extent. Therefore, some applications may have been omitted. However, our analysis also showed that non-scientific publications from industry often missed the required depth of detail to analyze and classify those publications thoroughly; hence, we assume that the additional contribution would be limited.\n<\/p><p>Each publication was initially analyzed by one of the authors of this work. We followed a well-defined approach. Still, as humans are involved, the presence of subjective bias cannot be entirely excluded. To limit this risk, we double-checked each analysis by means of at least a second reviewer for each paper. In case of deviations, we discussed those publications with all authors.\n<\/p><p>In particular, some applications were not possible to classify clearly to the stages of the FSC, defined in our methodology. This is caused by different definitions of the FSC and FSC structure, or by the unspecified description of the referred stages in other publications. Others might argue that our FSC structure is not appropriate or not flexible enough for this classification, e.g., in the case of fresh fruit SCs. However, this paper aims to provide an overview of digital twin applications in the FSC. Therefore, a clear structure of the FSC is required, and the structure in this paper merged the most frequently used stages.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Related_work\">Related work<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This work investigates the use of digital twins in the food industry, represented by the FSC, and studies the challenges and potentials of digital twins in the FSC. In this section, we provide an overview of related publications from the area of digital twins.\n<\/p><p>While the concept of digital twins and their technical capabilities are still in their infancy, literature reviews on digital twins exist. However, some reviews are not focused on foods, the food industry, or at least parts of the FSC, and this was taken into account in this work. Jones <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_29-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> characterized digital twins in general by determining the key terminology of digital twins. Therefore, they examined intentions of use and applied technologies. Finally, the authors identified research gaps to apply digital twins, concluding a review limited to more unified domains would be better. Concerning digital twins in SCs and logistics, Abideen <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-122\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-122\">[122]<\/a><\/sup> conducted a literature review on ML-integrating digital twins. The authors further proposed a framework for this. However, their focus was on digital twins used to improve logistics, not considering the food sector at all or the food\u2019s quality in detail. The work of Klerkx <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:73_109-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:73-109\">[109]<\/a><\/sup> investigated digitalization in agriculture from a social-science perspective. In that sense, they reviewed several related technologies, e.g., IoT, blockchain, and digital twins, among others, with regards to social aspects as the farmer\u2019s identity and skills; ethics with regards to power supply and consumption and data privacy; and economics.\n<\/p><p>Other works focus on a specific stage of SCs. Pylianidis <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:16_39-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> surveyed the implementation of digital twin use cases in agriculture in particular, and over all disciplines in general. Similar to our work, they classified the applications with regards to the discipline and the service category, according to the stage of the FSC and the digital twin type, respectively. They further considered the TRL, i.e., differentiate concepts, prototypes, and deployed digital twins. Additionally, Verdouw <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_61-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup> provided a scheme, which is used in our work. However, they focused only on agricultural applications as animal monitoring and crop management, which we included as well. Kritzinger <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:27_58-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:27-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup> differentiated the integration level concerning the data flow between the physical and virtual entity and concluded that the terms \"digital model,\" \"digital shadow,\" and \"digital twin\" are used interchangeably. The authors further regarded the type according to the TRL. They revealed that digital twins in manufacturing are most often present, but the work did not focus on food processing.\n<\/p><p>A more all-encompassing view on the agri-food SC is presented in the work of Tebaldi <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:68_40-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:68-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>, including the SC stages of supply, processing, and distribution (according to our taxonomy described in the methodology). For the sake of completeness, we included the applications mentioned there in our work. Further, the works of Ivanov <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:72_101-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:72-101\">[101]<\/a><\/sup> and Burgos and Ivanov<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:53_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:53-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> took entire SCs into account concerning the analysis of disruption risks. Ivanov <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:72_101-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:72-101\">[101]<\/a><\/sup> proposed a digital twin framework to analyze these risks, to predict resilience, and to optimize the SC in order to avoid critical disruptions. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on FSCs is analyzed using a digital twin by Burgos and Ivanov.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:53_5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:53-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>However, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, there is no publication that discusses and reviews the application of digital twins in the whole FSC. Further, the derived research challenges to improve the integration of digital twins into the FSC, which acts as a kind of research agenda for the community, are unique in literature.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This work investigated the challenges and potentials of applying digital twins in the food industry. Therefore, we conducted a literature review concerning 51 digital twin applications and assigned them to previously defined stages of the FSC. The survey revealed that the major proportion of use cases is implemented in the production stage, often referred to as \"agriculture,\" and the processing stage (28 and 16 applications, respectively). In addition, only a few use cases are deployed in the supply, processing, retail, and consumption stage (nine applications in total).\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Classification\">Classification<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Further, we classified the applications regarding their underlying model and the intention of use. Most of the digital twins are based on intelligent or mechanistic models (20 and 16 applications, respectively). A minor amount use statistical models (seven applications). Nearly all of the examined digital twins are used for monitoring the physical counterpart (48 applications). Additionally, 37 applications calculate predictions. However, only a minor amount of digital twins recommend actions or assist in autonomous system control (20 and eight applications, respectively). Few applications refer to imaginary digital twins (12 applications). A few more use cases maintain the history (16 applications), but uncertainty due to a lack of information they must be considered in this category.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Identified_challenges\">Identified challenges<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The main challenges of integrating digital twins within FSCs stem from the difficulty of collecting high-quality physiochemical data and integrating digital twins into existing supply chain structures.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_6-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> High-quality physicochemical data is required for the use of digital twin modeling and simulation tools. However, it is challenging to collect and process this type of data due to food processes having inadequately described properties and having variables that are difficult to calculate or predict, among other factors. Effective data models that can accommodate this variability are required; however, there are currently no commercial data models available that can integrate different modelling methods on different scales.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:60_86-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:60-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup> Further, the lack of multidisciplinary knowledge challenges the application.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_31-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> In order to tackle this, new research perspectives, such as food informatics<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">[123]<\/a><\/sup>, need to be deployed.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Identified_future_work\">Identified future work<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In order to assist data accessibility, novel and cheaper sensors are being developed, enabling them to be integrated into food packaging.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:64_92-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:64-92\">[92]<\/a><\/sup> In conjunction with other related technologies like blockchain, this provides more possibilities to monitor the food\u2019s condition during the later stages.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-124\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-124\">[124]<\/a><\/sup> This leads to a transformation of the FSC with digital twins that potentially offer greater transparency, improved traceability, reduced disruption risk, and optimized processing. In addition, digital twins allow to sense and monitor parameters and states at difficult-to-access or even inaccessible locations, e.g., in pulp or machines, by providing the ability to place virtual sensors. Finally, through the creation of digital human clones, food production can become more individual and personalized with regards to human health.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:50_77-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:50-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:51_79-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:51-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Appendix_A\">Appendix A<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The survey in this work was based on a systematic mapping. Therefore, applications were classified according to the proposed taxonomy. Table A1 provides a complete overview of the applications found in the literature and included in this work. Few publications contained several applications. Therefore the use cases can be distinguished through this table. Further, it reveals in greater detail the FSC stage, the applications assigned to, and how we classified the applications.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Tab1_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"7a1184e6b138d0d448cffadf12a1aaf7\"><img alt=\"Tab1 Henrichs Sensors22 22-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/24\/Tab1_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Table A1<\/b> Overview of the applications found in the literature and included into this work and their classification according to the discussed taxonomy. Please note: \"\u2018X\" marks true and \"n.a.\" that the information was not available. The following abbreviations are used in the table header: Ref. = Reference; rt = real-time; stat = statistical; int = intelligent; mec = mechanistic; ima = imaginary; mon = monitoring; pred = predictive; pres = prescriptive; auto = autonomous; and rec = recollective. The superscripts used in the table are as such: <sup>1<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cainthus.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cainthus.com\/<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021; <sup>2<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/arable\/within-field-management-zoning\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/arable\/within-field-management-zoning<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021; <sup>3<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/dairy\/happy-cow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/dairy\/happy-cow<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021; <sup>4<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/vegetables\/chain-integrated-greenhouse-production\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/vegetables\/chain-integrated-greenhouse-production<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021; <sup>5<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-casecatalogue\/vegetables\/added-value-weeding-data\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-casecatalogue\/vegetables\/added-value-weeding-data<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021; <sup>6<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/meat\/pig-farmmanagement\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iof2020.eu\/use-case-catalogue\/meat\/pig-farmmanagement<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021; <sup>7<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.connecterra.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.connecterra.io\/<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021; <sup>8<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.openpd.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.openpd.eu\/<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021; <sup>9<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.insylo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.insylo.com\/<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021; <sup>10<\/sup> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.beezon.gr\/el\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.beezon.gr\/el\/<\/a> accessed on 23 December 2021.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We thank Nur Yekta Kanilmaz for her technical support.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Author_contributions\">Author contributions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Conceptualization, E.H. and T.N.; methodology, E.H. and T.N.; formal analysis, E.H., T.N., A.M.P.P., M.A.S. and J.S.; writing\u2014original draft preparation, E.H., T.N., A.M.P.P., M.A.S. and J.S.; writing\u2014review and editing, E.H., T.N. and C.K.; visualization, E.H. and A.M.P.P.; supervision, C.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Funding\">Funding<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This research received no external funding.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Data_availability\">Data availability<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There is no supplementary data. Detailed information concerning the classifications are provided in Appendix A.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conflict_of_interest\">Conflict of interest<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Schroeder, Greyce N.; Steinmetz, Charles; Rodrigues, Ricardo Nagel; Henriques, Renato Ventura Bayan; Rettberg, Achim; Pereira, Carlos Eduardo (1 April 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9247401\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Methodology for Digital Twin Modeling and Deployment for Industry 4.0\"<\/a>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE<\/i> <b>109<\/b> (4): 556\u2013567. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FJPROC.2020.3032444\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3032444<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1558-2256\" target=\"_blank\">1558-2256<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9247401\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9247401\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Methodology+for+Digital+Twin+Modeling+and+Deployment+for+Industry+4.0&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Greyce+N.&rft.au=Schroeder%2C%26%2332%3BGreyce+N.&rft.au=Steinmetz%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C%26%2332%3BRicardo+Nagel&rft.au=Henriques%2C%26%2332%3BRenato+Ventura+Bayan&rft.au=Rettberg%2C%26%2332%3BAchim&rft.au=Pereira%2C%26%2332%3BCarlos+Eduardo&rft.date=1+April+2021&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=556%E2%80%93567&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FJPROC.2020.3032444&rft.issn=1558-2256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9247401%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i6583e\/i6583e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges\"<\/a> (PDF). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9789251095515<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i6583e\/i6583e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i6583e\/i6583e.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Food+and+Agriculture%3A+Trends+and+Challenges&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.au=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789251095515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fi6583e%2Fi6583e.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Chauhan, Chetna; Dhir, Amandeep; Akram, Manzoor Ul; Salo, Jari (1 May 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652621006582\" target=\"_blank\">\"Food loss and waste in food supply chains. A systematic literature review and framework development approach\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>295<\/b>: 126438. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.126438\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126438<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652621006582\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652621006582<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Food+loss+and+waste+in+food+supply+chains.+A+systematic+literature+review+and+framework+development+approach&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Chauhan&rft.aufirst=Chetna&rft.au=Chauhan%2C%26%2332%3BChetna&rft.au=Dhir%2C%26%2332%3BAmandeep&rft.au=Akram%2C%26%2332%3BManzoor+Ul&rft.au=Salo%2C%26%2332%3BJari&rft.date=1+May+2021&rft.volume=295&rft.pages=126438&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.126438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652621006582&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:11-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-0\">4.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-1\">4.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-2\">4.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-3\">4.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-4\">4.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-5\">4.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-6\">4.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-7\">4.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-8\">4.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-9\">4.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-10\">4.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-11\">4.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-12\">4.12<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-13\">4.13<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Verboven, Pieter; Defraeye, Thijs; Datta, Ashim K; Nicolai, Bart (1 October 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214799320300217\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital twins of food process operations: the next step for food process models?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Current Opinion in Food Science<\/i> <b>35<\/b>: 79\u201387. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cofs.2020.03.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.03.002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214799320300217\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214799320300217<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+twins+of+food+process+operations%3A+the+next+step+for+food+process+models%3F&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Food+Science&rft.aulast=Verboven&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft.au=Verboven%2C%26%2332%3BPieter&rft.au=Defraeye%2C%26%2332%3BThijs&rft.au=Datta%2C%26%2332%3BAshim+K&rft.au=Nicolai%2C%26%2332%3BBart&rft.date=1+October+2020&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=79%E2%80%9387&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.cofs.2020.03.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2214799320300217&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:53-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:53_5-0\">5.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:53_5-1\">5.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:53_5-2\">5.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:53_5-3\">5.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Burgos, Diana; Ivanov, Dmitry (1 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1366554521001794\" target=\"_blank\">\"Food retail supply chain resilience and the COVID-19 pandemic: A digital twin-based impact analysis and improvement directions\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review<\/i> <b>152<\/b>: 102412. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tre.2021.102412\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102412<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8677600\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8677600<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34934397\" target=\"_blank\">34934397<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1366554521001794\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1366554521001794<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Food+retail+supply+chain+resilience+and+the+COVID-19+pandemic%3A+A+digital+twin-based+impact+analysis+and+improvement+directions&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Research+Part+E%3A+Logistics+and+Transportation+Review&rft.aulast=Burgos&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Burgos%2C%26%2332%3BDiana&rft.au=Ivanov%2C%26%2332%3BDmitry&rft.date=1+August+2021&rft.volume=152&rft.pages=102412&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.tre.2021.102412&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8677600&rft_id=info:pmid\/34934397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1366554521001794&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:32-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-0\">6.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-1\">6.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-2\">6.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-3\">6.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-4\">6.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-5\">6.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-6\">6.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-7\">6.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-8\">6.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-9\">6.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-10\">6.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-11\">6.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_6-12\">6.12<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Koulouris, Alexandros; Misailidis, Nikiforos; Petrides, Demetri (1 March 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960308521000183\" target=\"_blank\">\"Applications of process and digital twin models for production simulation and scheduling in the manufacturing of food ingredients and products\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Food and Bioproducts Processing<\/i> <b>126<\/b>: 317\u2013333. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.fbp.2021.01.016\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.fbp.2021.01.016<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960308521000183\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960308521000183<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Applications+of+process+and+digital+twin+models+for+production+simulation+and+scheduling+in+the+manufacturing+of+food+ingredients+and+products&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Bioproducts+Processing&rft.aulast=Koulouris&rft.aufirst=Alexandros&rft.au=Koulouris%2C%26%2332%3BAlexandros&rft.au=Misailidis%2C%26%2332%3BNikiforos&rft.au=Petrides%2C%26%2332%3BDemetri&rft.date=1+March+2021&rft.volume=126&rft.pages=317%E2%80%93333&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.fbp.2021.01.016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960308521000183&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Krupitzer, Christian; Roth, Felix Maximilian; VanSyckel, Sebastian; Schiele, Gregor; Becker, Christian (1 February 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S157411921400162X\" target=\"_blank\">\"A survey on engineering approaches for self-adaptive systems\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Pervasive and Mobile Computing<\/i> <b>17<\/b>: 184\u2013206. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.pmcj.2014.09.009\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.pmcj.2014.09.009<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S157411921400162X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S157411921400162X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+survey+on+engineering+approaches+for+self-adaptive+systems&rft.jtitle=Pervasive+and+Mobile+Computing&rft.aulast=Krupitzer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Krupitzer%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.au=Roth%2C%26%2332%3BFelix+Maximilian&rft.au=VanSyckel%2C%26%2332%3BSebastian&rft.au=Schiele%2C%26%2332%3BGregor&rft.au=Becker%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.date=1+February+2015&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=184%E2%80%93206&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.pmcj.2014.09.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS157411921400162X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-0\">8.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-1\">8.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-2\">8.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-3\">8.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-4\">8.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-5\">8.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-6\">8.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-7\">8.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-8\">8.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-9\">8.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-10\">8.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-11\">8.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-12\">8.12<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-13\">8.13<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-14\">8.14<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-15\">8.15<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-16\">8.16<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-17\">8.17<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-18\">8.18<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-19\">8.19<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Defraeye, Thijs; Shrivastava, Chandrima; Berry, Tarl; Verboven, Pieter; Onwude, Daniel; Schudel, Seraina; B\u00fchlmann, Andreas; Cronje, Paul <i>et al.<\/i> (1 March 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092422442100025X\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital twins are coming: Will we need them in supply chains of fresh horticultural produce?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Trends in Food Science & Technology<\/i> <b>109<\/b>: 245\u2013258. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2021.01.025\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.01.025<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092422442100025X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092422442100025X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+twins+are+coming%3A+Will+we+need+them+in+supply+chains+of+fresh+horticultural+produce%3F&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.aulast=Defraeye&rft.aufirst=Thijs&rft.au=Defraeye%2C%26%2332%3BThijs&rft.au=Shrivastava%2C%26%2332%3BChandrima&rft.au=Berry%2C%26%2332%3BTarl&rft.au=Verboven%2C%26%2332%3BPieter&rft.au=Onwude%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.au=Schudel%2C%26%2332%3BSeraina&rft.au=B%C3%BChlmann%2C%26%2332%3BAndreas&rft.au=Cronje%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.au=Rossi%2C%26%2332%3BRen%C3%A9+M.&rft.date=1+March+2021&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=245%E2%80%93258&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2021.01.025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS092422442100025X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_9-0\">9.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_9-1\">9.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_9-2\">9.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_9-3\">9.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zhong, Ray; Xu, Xun; Wang, Lihui (16 October 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IMDS-09-2016-0391\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Food supply chain management: systems, implementations, and future research\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Industrial Management & Data Systems<\/i> <b>117<\/b> (9): 2085\u20132114. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FIMDS-09-2016-0391\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/IMDS-09-2016-0391<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0263-5577\" target=\"_blank\">0263-5577<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IMDS-09-2016-0391\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IMDS-09-2016-0391\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Food+supply+chain+management%3A+systems%2C+implementations%2C+and+future+research&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Management+%26+Data+Systems&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=Zhong%2C%26%2332%3BRay&rft.au=Xu%2C%26%2332%3BXun&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BLihui&rft.date=16+October+2017&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2085%E2%80%932114&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FIMDS-09-2016-0391&rft.issn=0263-5577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FIMDS-09-2016-0391%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_10-2\">10.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kamilaris, Andreas; Fonts, Agusti; Prenafeta-Bold\u03cd, Francesc X. (1 September 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924224418303686\" target=\"_blank\">\"The rise of blockchain technology in agriculture and food supply chains\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Trends in Food Science & Technology<\/i> <b>91<\/b>: 640\u2013652. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2019.07.034\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.034<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924224418303686\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924224418303686<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+blockchain+technology+in+agriculture+and+food+supply+chains&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.aulast=Kamilaris&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Kamilaris%2C%26%2332%3BAndreas&rft.au=Fonts%2C%26%2332%3BAgusti&rft.au=Prenafeta-Bold%CF%8D%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesc+X.&rft.date=1+September+2019&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=640%E2%80%93652&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2019.07.034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0924224418303686&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_11-0\">11.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_11-1\">11.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_11-2\">11.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Christopher, Martin (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/845688165\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Logistics & supply chain management<\/i><\/a> (4. ed ed.). Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-0-273-73112-2. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_Computer_Library_Center\" data-key=\"b53206e2204c7e657858a88b56c8ac4a\">OCLC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/845688165\" target=\"_blank\">845688165<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/845688165\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/845688165<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logistics+%26+supply+chain+management&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Christopher%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=4.+ed&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Financial+Times+Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=978-0-273-73112-2&rft_id=info:oclcnum\/845688165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fmediawiki%2Foclc%2F845688165&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_12-0\">12.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_12-1\">12.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Teigiserova, Dominika Alexa; Hamelin, Lorie; Thomsen, Marianne (1 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969719360292\" target=\"_blank\">\"Towards transparent valorization of food surplus, waste and loss: Clarifying definitions, food waste hierarchy, and role in the circular economy\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Science of The Total Environment<\/i> <b>706<\/b>: 136033. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.136033\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136033<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969719360292\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969719360292<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+transparent+valorization+of+food+surplus%2C+waste+and+loss%3A+Clarifying+definitions%2C+food+waste+hierarchy%2C+and+role+in+the+circular+economy&rft.jtitle=Science+of+The+Total+Environment&rft.aulast=Teigiserova&rft.aufirst=Dominika+Alexa&rft.au=Teigiserova%2C%26%2332%3BDominika+Alexa&rft.au=Hamelin%2C%26%2332%3BLorie&rft.au=Thomsen%2C%26%2332%3BMarianne&rft.date=1+March+2020&rft.volume=706&rft.pages=136033&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.136033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0048969719360292&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_13-0\">13.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_13-1\">13.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_13-2\">13.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mithun Ali, Syed; Moktadir, Md. Abdul; Kabir, Golam; Chakma, Jewel; Rumi, Md. Jalal Uddin; Islam, Md. Tawhidul (1 August 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652619314192\" target=\"_blank\">\"Framework for evaluating risks in food supply chain: Implications in food wastage reduction\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>228<\/b>: 786\u2013800. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.04.322\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.322<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652619314192\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652619314192<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Framework+for+evaluating+risks+in+food+supply+chain%3A+Implications+in+food+wastage+reduction&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Mithun+Ali&rft.aufirst=Syed&rft.au=Mithun+Ali%2C%26%2332%3BSyed&rft.au=Moktadir%2C%26%2332%3BMd.+Abdul&rft.au=Kabir%2C%26%2332%3BGolam&rft.au=Chakma%2C%26%2332%3BJewel&rft.au=Rumi%2C%26%2332%3BMd.+Jalal+Uddin&rft.au=Islam%2C%26%2332%3BMd.+Tawhidul&rft.date=1+August+2019&rft.volume=228&rft.pages=786%E2%80%93800&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.04.322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652619314192&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:12-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_14-2\">14.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_14-3\">14.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_14-4\">14.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Shoji, Kanaha; Schudel, Seraina; Onwude, Daniel; Shrivastava, Chandrima; Defraeye, Thijs (1 January 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921344921005231\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mapping the postharvest life of imported fruits from packhouse to retail stores using physics-based digital twins\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Resources, Conservation and Recycling<\/i> <b>176<\/b>: 105914. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105914\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105914<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921344921005231\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921344921005231<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+postharvest+life+of+imported+fruits+from+packhouse+to+retail+stores+using+physics-based+digital+twins&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.aulast=Shoji&rft.aufirst=Kanaha&rft.au=Shoji%2C%26%2332%3BKanaha&rft.au=Schudel%2C%26%2332%3BSeraina&rft.au=Onwude%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.au=Shrivastava%2C%26%2332%3BChandrima&rft.au=Defraeye%2C%26%2332%3BThijs&rft.date=1+January+2022&rft.volume=176&rft.pages=105914&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0921344921005231&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Scheibe, Kevin P.; Blackhurst, Jennifer (17 January 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2017.1355123\" target=\"_blank\">\"Supply chain disruption propagation: a systemic risk and normal accident theory perspective\"<\/a>. <i>International Journal of Production Research<\/i> <b>56<\/b> (1-2): 43\u201359. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F00207543.2017.1355123\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/00207543.2017.1355123<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0020-7543\" target=\"_blank\">0020-7543<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2017.1355123\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2017.1355123<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supply+chain+disruption+propagation%3A+a+systemic+risk+and+normal+accident+theory+perspective&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Production+Research&rft.aulast=Scheibe&rft.aufirst=Kevin+P.&rft.au=Scheibe%2C%26%2332%3BKevin+P.&rft.au=Blackhurst%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer&rft.date=17+January+2018&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1-2&rft.pages=43%E2%80%9359&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F00207543.2017.1355123&rft.issn=0020-7543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00207543.2017.1355123&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hofmeier, Manfred; Lechner, Ulrike (1 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1365\/s40702-020-00651-6\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digitalisierung und Resilienz in der Food Supply Chain\"<\/a> (in de). <i>HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik<\/i> <b>58<\/b> (4): 910\u2013921. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1365%2Fs40702-020-00651-6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1365\/s40702-020-00651-6<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1436-3011\" target=\"_blank\">1436-3011<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1365\/s40702-020-00651-6\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1365\/s40702-020-00651-6<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digitalisierung+und+Resilienz+in+der+Food+Supply+Chain&rft.jtitle=HMD+Praxis+der+Wirtschaftsinformatik&rft.aulast=Hofmeier&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft.au=Hofmeier%2C%26%2332%3BManfred&rft.au=Lechner%2C%26%2332%3BUlrike&rft.date=1+August+2021&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=910%E2%80%93921&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1365%2Fs40702-020-00651-6&rft.issn=1436-3011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1365%2Fs40702-020-00651-6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Angarita-Zapata, Juan S.; Alonso-Vicario, Ainhoa; Masegosa, Antonio D.; Legarda, Jon (18 October 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/20\/6910\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Taxonomy of Food Supply Chain Problems from a Computational Intelligence Perspective\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sensors<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (20): 6910. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fs21206910\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/s21206910<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1424-8220\" target=\"_blank\">1424-8220<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8537557\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8537557<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34696123\" target=\"_blank\">34696123<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/20\/6910\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/20\/6910<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Taxonomy+of+Food+Supply+Chain+Problems+from+a+Computational+Intelligence+Perspective&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.aulast=Angarita-Zapata&rft.aufirst=Juan+S.&rft.au=Angarita-Zapata%2C%26%2332%3BJuan+S.&rft.au=Alonso-Vicario%2C%26%2332%3BAinhoa&rft.au=Masegosa%2C%26%2332%3BAntonio+D.&rft.au=Legarda%2C%26%2332%3BJon&rft.date=18+October+2021&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=6910&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fs21206910&rft.issn=1424-8220&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8537557&rft_id=info:pmid\/34696123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1424-8220%2F21%2F20%2F6910&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFJeschkeBrecherMeisen.C3.96zdemir2017\">Jeschke, Sabina; Brecher, Christian; Meisen, Tobias; \u00d6zdemir, Denis; Eschert, Tim (2017), Jeschke, Sabina; Brecher, Christian; Song, Houbing <i>et al.<\/i>., eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-42559-7_1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Industrial Internet of Things and Cyber Manufacturing Systems\"<\/a>, <i>Industrial Internet of Things<\/i> (Cham: Springer International Publishing): 3\u201319, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-42559-7_1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-319-42559-7_1<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-319-42558-0<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-42559-7_1\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-42559-7_1<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Kemp, Bas (3 April 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1008\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twins in Livestock Farming\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Animals<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (4): 1008. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fani11041008\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/ani11041008<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2076-2615\" target=\"_blank\">2076-2615<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8065673\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8065673<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33916713\" target=\"_blank\">33916713<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1008\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1008<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twins+in+Livestock+Farming&rft.jtitle=Animals&rft.aulast=Neethirajan&rft.aufirst=Suresh&rft.au=Neethirajan%2C%26%2332%3BSuresh&rft.au=Kemp%2C%26%2332%3BBas&rft.date=3+April+2021&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1008&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fani11041008&rft.issn=2076-2615&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8065673&rft_id=info:pmid\/33916713&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2076-2615%2F11%2F4%2F1008&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Grieves, M. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/fileadmin\/PRODUCTS-SERVICES\/DELMIA\/PDF\/Whitepaper\/DELMIA-APRISO-Digital-Twin-Whitepaper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin: Manufacturing Excellence through Virtual Factory Replication\"<\/a> (PDF). Michael W. Grieves, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/fileadmin\/PRODUCTS-SERVICES\/DELMIA\/PDF\/Whitepaper\/DELMIA-APRISO-Digital-Twin-Whitepaper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/fileadmin\/PRODUCTS-SERVICES\/DELMIA\/PDF\/Whitepaper\/DELMIA-APRISO-Digital-Twin-Whitepaper.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Digital+Twin%3A+Manufacturing+Excellence+through+Virtual+Factory+Replication&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Grieves%2C+M.&rft.au=Grieves%2C+M.&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=Michael+W.+Grieves%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.3ds.com%2Ffileadmin%2FPRODUCTS-SERVICES%2FDELMIA%2FPDF%2FWhitepaper%2FDELMIA-APRISO-Digital-Twin-Whitepaper.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Glaessgen, Edward; Stargel, David (23 April 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/abs\/10.2514\/6.2012-1818\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Digital Twin Paradigm for Future NASA and U.S. Air Force Vehicles\"<\/a> (in en). <i>53rd AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference<BR>20th AIAA\/ASME\/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference<BR>14th AIAA<\/i> (Honolulu, Hawaii: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2514%2F6.2012-1818\" target=\"_blank\">10.2514\/6.2012-1818<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-60086-937-2<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/abs\/10.2514\/6.2012-1818\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/arc.aiaa.org\/doi\/abs\/10.2514\/6.2012-1818<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Digital+Twin+Paradigm+for+Future+NASA+and+U.S.+Air+Force+Vehicles&rft.jtitle=53rd+AIAA%2FASME%2FASCE%2FAHS%2FASC+Structures%2C+Structural+Dynamics+and+Materials+Conference%26lt%3BBR%26gt%3B20th+AIAA%2FASME%2FAHS+Adaptive+Structures+Conference%26lt%3BBR%26gt%3B14th+AIAA&rft.aulast=Glaessgen&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Glaessgen%2C%26%2332%3BEdward&rft.au=Stargel%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=23+April+2012&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2514%2F6.2012-1818&rft.isbn=978-1-60086-937-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farc.aiaa.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2514%2F6.2012-1818&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:54-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:54_26-0\">26.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:54_26-1\">26.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:54_26-2\">26.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:54_26-3\">26.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:54_26-4\">26.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tao, Fei; Zhang, He; Liu, Ang; Nee, A. Y. C. (1 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8477101\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art\"<\/a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics<\/i> <b>15<\/b> (4): 2405\u20132415. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FTII.2018.2873186\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1551-3203\" target=\"_blank\">1551-3203<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8477101\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8477101\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin+in+Industry%3A+State-of-the-Art&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Industrial+Informatics&rft.aulast=Tao&rft.aufirst=Fei&rft.au=Tao%2C%26%2332%3BFei&rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BHe&rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BAng&rft.au=Nee%2C%26%2332%3BA.+Y.+C.&rft.date=1+April+2019&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2405%E2%80%932415&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FTII.2018.2873186&rft.issn=1551-3203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8477101%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFStarkDamerau2019\">Stark, Rainer; Damerau, Thomas (2019), The International Academy for Production Engineering; Chatti, Sami; Tolio, Tullio, eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-35950-7_16870-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin\"<\/a> (in en), <i>CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering<\/i> (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg): 1\u20138, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-642-35950-7_16870-1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-642-35950-7_16870-1<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-642-35950-7<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-35950-7_16870-1\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-35950-7_16870-1<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin&rft.jtitle=CIRP+Encyclopedia+of+Production+Engineering&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft.au=Stark%2C%26%2332%3BRainer&rft.au=Damerau%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=1%E2%80%938&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-642-35950-7_16870-1&rft.isbn=978-3-642-35950-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-35950-7_16870-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:7-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_28-0\">28.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_28-1\">28.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_28-2\">28.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_28-3\">28.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Parrott, A.; Warshaw, L. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211023122422\/https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/cn\/Documents\/cip\/deloitte-cn-cip-industry-4-0-digital-twin-technology-en-171215.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Industry 4.0 and the digital twin\"<\/a> (PDF). Deloitte Consulting LLP. pp. 17. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/cn\/Documents\/cip\/deloitte-cn-cip-industry-4-0-digital-twin-technology-en-171215.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 23 October 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211023122422\/https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/cn\/Documents\/cip\/deloitte-cn-cip-industry-4-0-digital-twin-technology-en-171215.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211023122422\/https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/cn\/Documents\/cip\/deloitte-cn-cip-industry-4-0-digital-twin-technology-en-171215.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Industry+4.0+and+the+digital+twin&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Parrott%2C+A.%3B+Warshaw%2C+L.&rft.au=Parrott%2C+A.%3B+Warshaw%2C+L.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=pp.+17&rft.pub=Deloitte+Consulting+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20211023122422%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FDeloitte%2Fcn%2FDocuments%2Fcip%2Fdeloitte-cn-cip-industry-4-0-digital-twin-technology-en-171215.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:8-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_29-0\">29.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_29-1\">29.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_29-2\">29.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_29-3\">29.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_29-4\">29.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jones, David; Snider, Chris; Nassehi, Aydin; Yon, Jason; Hicks, Ben (1 May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1755581720300110\" target=\"_blank\">\"Characterising the Digital Twin: A systematic literature review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology<\/i> <b>29<\/b>: 36\u201352. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cirpj.2020.02.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1755581720300110\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1755581720300110<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Characterising+the+Digital+Twin%3A+A+systematic+literature+review&rft.jtitle=CIRP+Journal+of+Manufacturing+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Jones%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Snider%2C%26%2332%3BChris&rft.au=Nassehi%2C%26%2332%3BAydin&rft.au=Yon%2C%26%2332%3BJason&rft.au=Hicks%2C%26%2332%3BBen&rft.date=1+May+2020&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=36%E2%80%9352&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.cirpj.2020.02.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1755581720300110&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:13-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_30-0\">30.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_30-1\">30.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_30-2\">30.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_30-3\">30.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_30-4\">30.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_30-5\">30.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_30-6\">30.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_30-7\">30.7<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bottani, Eleonora; Vignali, Giuseppe; Carlo Tancredi, Giovanni Paolo (1 June 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9198625\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"A digital twin model of a pasteurization system for food beverages: tools and architecture\"<\/a>. <i>2020 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE\/ITMC)<\/i> (Cardiff, United Kingdom: IEEE): 1\u20138. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FICE%2FITMC49519.2020.9198625\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ICE\/ITMC49519.2020.9198625<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-7037-4<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9198625\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9198625\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+digital+twin+model+of+a+pasteurization+system+for+food+beverages%3A+tools+and+architecture&rft.jtitle=2020+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Engineering%2C+Technology+and+Innovation+%28ICE%2FITMC%29&rft.aulast=Bottani&rft.aufirst=Eleonora&rft.au=Bottani%2C%26%2332%3BEleonora&rft.au=Vignali%2C%26%2332%3BGiuseppe&rft.au=Carlo+Tancredi%2C%26%2332%3BGiovanni+Paolo&rft.date=1+June+2020&rft.pages=1%E2%80%938&rft.place=Cardiff%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FICE%2FITMC49519.2020.9198625&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-7037-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9198625%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:14-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_31-0\">31.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_31-1\">31.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_31-2\">31.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_31-3\">31.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_31-4\">31.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_31-5\">31.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_31-6\">31.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_31-7\">31.7<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_31-8\">31.8<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFWernerTakacsGeierBecker2020\">Werner, Roman; Takacs, Ronny; Geier, Dominik; Becker, Thomas; Wei\u00dfenberg, Norbert; Ha\u00dfe, Hendrik; Sollacher, Rudolf; Thalhofer, Michael <i>et al.<\/i>. (2020), Herwig, Christoph; P\u00f6rtner, Ralf; M\u00f6ller, Johannes, eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/10_2020_153\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Challenge of Implementing Digital Twins in Operating Value Chains\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Digital Twins<\/i> (Cham: Springer International Publishing) <b>177<\/b>: 127\u2013166, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F10_2020_153\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/10_2020_153<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-030-71655-4<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/10_2020_153\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/10_2020_153<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Challenge+of+Implementing+Digital+Twins+in+Operating+Value+Chains&rft.jtitle=Digital+Twins&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BRoman&rft.au=Takacs%2C%26%2332%3BRonny&rft.au=Geier%2C%26%2332%3BDominik&rft.au=Becker%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.au=Wei%C3%9Fenberg%2C%26%2332%3BNorbert&rft.au=Ha%C3%9Fe%2C%26%2332%3BHendrik&rft.au=Sollacher%2C%26%2332%3BRudolf&rft.au=Thalhofer%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.au=Schumm%2C%26%2332%3BBernhard&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=177&rft.pages=127%E2%80%93166&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F10_2020_153&rft.isbn=978-3-030-71655-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F10_2020_153&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">S\u00f6derberg, Rikard; W\u00e4rmefjord, Kristina; Carlson, Johan S.; Lindkvist, Lars (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007850617300380\" target=\"_blank\">\"Toward a Digital Twin for real-time geometry assurance in individualized production\"<\/a> (in en). <i>CIRP Annals<\/i> <b>66<\/b> (1): 137\u2013140. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cirp.2017.04.038\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.cirp.2017.04.038<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007850617300380\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007850617300380<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Digital+Twin+for+real-time+geometry+assurance+in+individualized+production&rft.jtitle=CIRP+Annals&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6derberg&rft.aufirst=Rikard&rft.au=S%C3%B6derberg%2C%26%2332%3BRikard&rft.au=W%C3%A4rmefjord%2C%26%2332%3BKristina&rft.au=Carlson%2C%26%2332%3BJohan+S.&rft.au=Lindkvist%2C%26%2332%3BLars&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137%E2%80%93140&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.cirp.2017.04.038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0007850617300380&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zhong, Ray Y.; Xu, Xun; Klotz, Eberhard; Newman, Stephen T. (1 October 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2095809917307130\" target=\"_blank\">\"Intelligent Manufacturing in the Context of Industry 4.0: A Review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Engineering<\/i> <b>3<\/b> (5): 616\u2013630. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FJ.ENG.2017.05.015\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.05.015<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2095809917307130\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2095809917307130<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intelligent+Manufacturing+in+the+Context+of+Industry+4.0%3A+A+Review&rft.jtitle=Engineering&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=Ray+Y.&rft.au=Zhong%2C%26%2332%3BRay+Y.&rft.au=Xu%2C%26%2332%3BXun&rft.au=Klotz%2C%26%2332%3BEberhard&rft.au=Newman%2C%26%2332%3BStephen+T.&rft.date=1+October+2017&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=616%E2%80%93630&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2FJ.ENG.2017.05.015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2095809917307130&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:18-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_34-0\">34.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_34-1\">34.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_34-2\">34.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_34-3\">34.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_34-4\">34.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_34-5\">34.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Guo, Ping; Dusadeerungsikul, Puwadol Oak; Nof, Shimon Y. (1 July 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169917306853\" target=\"_blank\">\"Agricultural cyber physical system collaboration for greenhouse stress management\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Computers and Electronics in Agriculture<\/i> <b>150<\/b>: 439\u2013454. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.compag.2018.05.022\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.compag.2018.05.022<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169917306853\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169917306853<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Agricultural+cyber+physical+system+collaboration+for+greenhouse+stress+management&rft.jtitle=Computers+and+Electronics+in+Agriculture&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Ping&rft.au=Guo%2C%26%2332%3BPing&rft.au=Dusadeerungsikul%2C%26%2332%3BPuwadol+Oak&rft.au=Nof%2C%26%2332%3BShimon+Y.&rft.date=1+July+2018&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=439%E2%80%93454&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.compag.2018.05.022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0168169917306853&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:19-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:19_35-0\">35.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:19_35-1\">35.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:19_35-2\">35.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ahmad, Irfan; Pothuganti, Karunakar (1 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9215282\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Smart Field Monitoring using ToxTrac: A Cyber-Physical System Approach in Agriculture\"<\/a>. <i>2020 International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC)<\/i> (Trichy, India: IEEE): 723\u2013727. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FICOSEC49089.2020.9215282\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ICOSEC49089.2020.9215282<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-5461-9<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9215282\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9215282\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Smart+Field+Monitoring+using+ToxTrac%3A+A+Cyber-Physical+System+Approach+in+Agriculture&rft.jtitle=2020+International+Conference+on+Smart+Electronics+and+Communication+%28ICOSEC%29&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft.au=Ahmad%2C%26%2332%3BIrfan&rft.au=Pothuganti%2C%26%2332%3BKarunakar&rft.date=1+September+2020&rft.pages=723%E2%80%93727&rft.place=Trichy%2C+India&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FICOSEC49089.2020.9215282&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-5461-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9215282%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:15-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_36-0\">36.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_36-1\">36.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_36-2\">36.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_36-3\">36.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Skobelev, Petr; Laryukhin, Vladimir; Simonova, Elena; Goryanin, Oleg; Yalovenko, Vladimir; Yalovenko, Olga (1 July 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9210359\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Developing a smart cyber-physical system based on digital twins of plants\"<\/a>. <i>2020 Fourth World Conference on Smart Trends in Systems, Security and Sustainability (WorldS4)<\/i> (London, UK: IEEE): 522\u2013527. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FWorldS450073.2020.9210359\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/WorldS450073.2020.9210359<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-6823-4<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9210359\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9210359\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Developing+a+smart+cyber-physical+system+based+on+digital+twins+of+plants&rft.jtitle=2020+Fourth+World+Conference+on+Smart+Trends+in+Systems%2C+Security+and+Sustainability+%28WorldS4%29&rft.aulast=Skobelev&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=Skobelev%2C%26%2332%3BPetr&rft.au=Laryukhin%2C%26%2332%3BVladimir&rft.au=Simonova%2C%26%2332%3BElena&rft.au=Goryanin%2C%26%2332%3BOleg&rft.au=Yalovenko%2C%26%2332%3BVladimir&rft.au=Yalovenko%2C%26%2332%3BOlga&rft.date=1+July+2020&rft.pages=522%E2%80%93527&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FWorldS450073.2020.9210359&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-6823-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9210359%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:9-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_37-0\">37.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_37-1\">37.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Webster, J.; 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(2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4132319\" target=\"_blank\">\"Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review\"<\/a>. <i>MIS Quarterly<\/i> <b>26<\/b> (2): xiii-xxiii<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4132319\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4132319<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analyzing+the+Past+to+Prepare+for+the+Future%3A+Writing+a+Literature+Review&rft.jtitle=MIS+Quarterly&rft.aulast=Webster%2C+J.%3B+Watson%2C+R.T.&rft.au=Webster%2C+J.%3B+Watson%2C+R.T.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=xiii-xxiii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4132319&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:10-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_38-0\">38.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_38-1\">38.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Petersen, K.; Feldt, R.; Mujtaba, S. et al. (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/2227115.2227123\" target=\"_blank\">\"Systematic mapping studies in software engineering\"<\/a>. <i>EASE'08: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering<\/i>: 68\u201377. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5555%2F2227115.2227123\" target=\"_blank\">10.5555\/2227115.2227123<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/2227115.2227123\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/2227115.2227123<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Systematic+mapping+studies+in+software+engineering&rft.jtitle=EASE%2708%3A+Proceedings+of+the+12th+international+conference+on+Evaluation+and+Assessment+in+Software+Engineering&rft.aulast=Petersen%2C+K.%3B+Feldt%2C+R.%3B+Mujtaba%2C+S.+et+al.&rft.au=Petersen%2C+K.%3B+Feldt%2C+R.%3B+Mujtaba%2C+S.+et+al.&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=68%E2%80%9377&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5555%2F2227115.2227123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5555%2F2227115.2227123&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:16-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:16_39-0\">39.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:16_39-1\">39.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:16_39-2\">39.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:16_39-3\">39.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pylianidis, Christos; Osinga, Sjoukje; Athanasiadis, Ioannis N. (1 May 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169920331471\" target=\"_blank\">\"Introducing digital twins to agriculture\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Computers and Electronics in Agriculture<\/i> <b>184<\/b>: 105942. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.compag.2020.105942\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105942<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169920331471\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168169920331471<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Introducing+digital+twins+to+agriculture&rft.jtitle=Computers+and+Electronics+in+Agriculture&rft.aulast=Pylianidis&rft.aufirst=Christos&rft.au=Pylianidis%2C%26%2332%3BChristos&rft.au=Osinga%2C%26%2332%3BSjoukje&rft.au=Athanasiadis%2C%26%2332%3BIoannis+N.&rft.date=1+May+2021&rft.volume=184&rft.pages=105942&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.compag.2020.105942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0168169920331471&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:68-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:68_40-0\">40.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:68_40-1\">40.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFTebaldiVignaliBottani2021\">Tebaldi, Letizia; Vignali, Giuseppe; Bottani, Eleonora (2021), Dolgui, Alexandre; Bernard, Alain; Lemoine, David <i>et al.<\/i>., eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-85910-7_29\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin in the Agri-Food Supply Chain: A Literature Review\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Advances in Production Management Systems. 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Retrieved 20 October 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Customization+in+the+Food+and+Beverage+Industry%3A+Spotlight+on+the+digital+twin&rft.atitle=&rft.date=December+2018&rft.pub=Siemens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodengineeringmag.com%2Fext%2Fresources%2FWhitePapers%2FFE_Whitepaper_Customization-Food-and-Beverage.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:34-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:34_46-0\">46.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:34_46-1\">46.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:34_46-2\">46.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:34_46-3\">46.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/news.microsoft.com\/2021\/05\/13\/mars-and-microsoft-work-together-to-accelerate-mars-digital-transformation-and-reimagine-business-operations-associate-experience-and-consumer-engagement\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mars and Microsoft work together to accelerate Mars\u2019 digital transformation and reimagine business operations, Associate experience and consumer engagement\"<\/a>. <i>Microsoft News Center<\/i>. Microsoft. 13 May 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/news.microsoft.com\/2021\/05\/13\/mars-and-microsoft-work-together-to-accelerate-mars-digital-transformation-and-reimagine-business-operations-associate-experience-and-consumer-engagement\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/news.microsoft.com\/2021\/05\/13\/mars-and-microsoft-work-together-to-accelerate-mars-digital-transformation-and-reimagine-business-operations-associate-experience-and-consumer-engagement\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 20 October 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mars+and+Microsoft+work+together+to+accelerate+Mars%E2%80%99+digital+transformation+and+reimagine+business+operations%2C+Associate+experience+and+consumer+engagement&rft.atitle=Microsoft+News+Center&rft.date=13+May+2021&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.microsoft.com%2F2021%2F05%2F13%2Fmars-and-microsoft-work-together-to-accelerate-mars-digital-transformation-and-reimagine-business-operations-associate-experience-and-consumer-engagement%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:23-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_47-0\">47.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_47-1\">47.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_47-2\">47.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_47-3\">47.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_47-4\">47.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_47-5\">47.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_47-6\">47.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eitfood.eu\/projects\/digital-monitoring-of-fruit-vegetable-freshness-digifresh\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital monitoring of fruit & vegetable freshness (DigiFresh)\"<\/a>. <i>EIT Food<\/i>. European Institute of Innovation & Technology. 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eitfood.eu\/projects\/digital-monitoring-of-fruit-vegetable-freshness-digifresh\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.eitfood.eu\/projects\/digital-monitoring-of-fruit-vegetable-freshness-digifresh<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 20 October 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Digital+monitoring+of+fruit+%26+vegetable+freshness+%28DigiFresh%29&rft.atitle=EIT+Food&rft.date=2021&rft.pub=European+Institute+of+Innovation+%26+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eitfood.eu%2Fprojects%2Fdigital-monitoring-of-fruit-vegetable-freshness-digifresh&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Linz, A.; Hertzberg, J.; Roters, J. et al. (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.gi.de\/handle\/20.500.12116\/23075\" target=\"_blank\">\"\u201eDigitale Zwillinge\u201c als Werkzeug f\u00fcr die Entwicklung von Feldrobotern in landwirtschaftlichen Prozessen\"<\/a>. In Meyer-Aurich, A.; Gandorfer, M.; Barta, N. et al.. <i>GIL-Jahrestagung, Digitalisierung f\u00fcr landwirtschaftliche Betriebe in kleinstrukturierten Regionen - ein Widerspruch in sich?<\/i>. Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V. pp. 125\u201330. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-88579-681-7. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1617-5468\" target=\"_blank\">1617-5468<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.gi.de\/handle\/20.500.12116\/23075\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dl.gi.de\/handle\/20.500.12116\/23075<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9EDigitale+Zwillinge%E2%80%9C+als+Werkzeug+f%C3%BCr+die+Entwicklung+von+Feldrobotern+in+landwirtschaftlichen+Prozessen&rft.atitle=GIL-Jahrestagung%2C+Digitalisierung+f%C3%BCr+landwirtschaftliche+Betriebe+in+kleinstrukturierten+Regionen+-+ein+Widerspruch+in+sich%3F&rft.aulast=Linz%2C+A.%3B+Hertzberg%2C+J.%3B+Roters%2C+J.+et+al.&rft.au=Linz%2C+A.%3B+Hertzberg%2C+J.%3B+Roters%2C+J.+et+al.&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B125%E2%80%9330&rft.pub=Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Informatik+e.V&rft.isbn=978-3-88579-681-7&rft.issn=1617-5468&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.gi.de%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12116%2F23075&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tsolakis, Naoum; Bechtsis, Dimitrios; Bochtis, Dionysis (20 July 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/9\/7\/403\" target=\"_blank\">\"AgROS: A Robot Operating System Based Emulation Tool for Agricultural Robotics\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Agronomy<\/i> <b>9<\/b> (7): 403. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fagronomy9070403\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/agronomy9070403<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2073-4395\" target=\"_blank\">2073-4395<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/9\/7\/403\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/9\/7\/403<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AgROS%3A+A+Robot+Operating+System+Based+Emulation+Tool+for+Agricultural+Robotics&rft.jtitle=Agronomy&rft.aulast=Tsolakis&rft.aufirst=Naoum&rft.au=Tsolakis%2C%26%2332%3BNaoum&rft.au=Bechtsis%2C%26%2332%3BDimitrios&rft.au=Bochtis%2C%26%2332%3BDionysis&rft.date=20+July+2019&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=403&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fagronomy9070403&rft.issn=2073-4395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2073-4395%2F9%2F7%2F403&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jo, Seng-Kyoun; Park, Dae-Heon; Park, Hyeon; Kim, Se-Han (1 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8539516\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Smart Livestock Farms Using Digital Twin: Feasibility Study\"<\/a>. <i>2018 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)<\/i> (Jeju: IEEE): 1461\u20131463. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FICTC.2018.8539516\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ICTC.2018.8539516<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-5386-5041-7<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8539516\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8539516\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Smart+Livestock+Farms+Using+Digital+Twin%3A+Feasibility+Study&rft.jtitle=2018+International+Conference+on+Information+and+Communication+Technology+Convergence+%28ICTC%29&rft.aulast=Jo&rft.aufirst=Seng-Kyoun&rft.au=Jo%2C%26%2332%3BSeng-Kyoun&rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BDae-Heon&rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BHyeon&rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BSe-Han&rft.date=1+October+2018&rft.pages=1461%E2%80%931463&rft.place=Jeju&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FICTC.2018.8539516&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-5041-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8539516%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jo, Seng-Kyoun; Park, Dae-Heon; Park, Hyeon; Kwak, Younghoon; Kim, Se-Han (1 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8940032\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Energy Planning of Pigsty Using Digital Twin\"<\/a>. <i>2019 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)<\/i> (Jeju Island, Korea (South): IEEE): 723\u2013725. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FICTC46691.2019.8940032\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ICTC46691.2019.8940032<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-0893-3<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8940032\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8940032\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Energy+Planning+of+Pigsty+Using+Digital+Twin&rft.jtitle=2019+International+Conference+on+Information+and+Communication+Technology+Convergence+%28ICTC%29&rft.aulast=Jo&rft.aufirst=Seng-Kyoun&rft.au=Jo%2C%26%2332%3BSeng-Kyoun&rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BDae-Heon&rft.au=Park%2C%26%2332%3BHyeon&rft.au=Kwak%2C%26%2332%3BYounghoon&rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BSe-Han&rft.date=1+October+2019&rft.pages=723%E2%80%93725&rft.place=Jeju+Island%2C+Korea+%28South%29&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FICTC46691.2019.8940032&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-0893-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8940032%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:55-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:55_52-0\">52.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:55_52-1\">52.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:55_52-2\">52.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Smith, Matthew J. (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.publish.csiro.au\/?paper=AN18522\" target=\"_blank\">\"Getting value from artificial intelligence in agriculture\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Animal Production Science<\/i> <b>60<\/b> (1): 46\u201354. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1071%2FAN18522\" target=\"_blank\">10.1071\/AN18522<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1836-0939\" target=\"_blank\">1836-0939<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.publish.csiro.au\/?paper=AN18522\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.publish.csiro.au\/?paper=AN18522<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Getting+value+from+artificial+intelligence+in+agriculture&rft.jtitle=Animal+Production+Science&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+J.&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46%E2%80%9354&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1071%2FAN18522&rft.issn=1836-0939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2F%3Fpaper%3DAN18522&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:24-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_53-0\">53.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_53-1\">53.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_53-2\">53.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_53-3\">53.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_53-4\">53.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Skobelev, P O; Mayorov, I V; Simonova, E V; Goryanin, O I; Zhilyaev, A A; Tabachinskiy, A S; Yalovenko, V V (1 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1703\/1\/012022\" target=\"_blank\">\"Development of models and methods for creating a digital twin of plant within the cyber-physical system for precision farming management\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Physics: Conference Series<\/i> <b>1703<\/b> (1): 012022. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F1703%2F1%2F012022\" target=\"_blank\">10.1088\/1742-6596\/1703\/1\/012022<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1742-6588\" target=\"_blank\">1742-6588<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1703\/1\/012022\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1703\/1\/012022<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+of+models+and+methods+for+creating+a+digital+twin+of+plant+within+the+cyber-physical+system+for+precision+farming+management&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.aulast=Skobelev&rft.aufirst=P+O&rft.au=Skobelev%2C%26%2332%3BP+O&rft.au=Mayorov%2C%26%2332%3BI+V&rft.au=Simonova%2C%26%2332%3BE+V&rft.au=Goryanin%2C%26%2332%3BO+I&rft.au=Zhilyaev%2C%26%2332%3BA+A&rft.au=Tabachinskiy%2C%26%2332%3BA+S&rft.au=Yalovenko%2C%26%2332%3BV+V&rft.date=1+December+2020&rft.volume=1703&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012022&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F1703%2F1%2F012022&rft.issn=1742-6588&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F1703%2F1%2F012022&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:25-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:25_54-0\">54.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:25_54-1\">54.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:25_54-2\">54.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:25_54-3\">54.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Skobelev, Petr; Laryukhin, Vladimir; Simonova, Elena; Goryanin, Oleg; Yalovenko, Vladimir; Yalovenko, Olga (1 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9239641\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Multi-agent approach for developing a digital twin of wheat\"<\/a>. <i>2020 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP)<\/i> (Bologna, Italy: IEEE): 268\u2013273. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FSMARTCOMP50058.2020.00062\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/SMARTCOMP50058.2020.00062<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-6997-2<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9239641\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9239641\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multi-agent+approach+for+developing+a+digital+twin+of+wheat&rft.jtitle=2020+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Smart+Computing+%28SMARTCOMP%29&rft.aulast=Skobelev&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=Skobelev%2C%26%2332%3BPetr&rft.au=Laryukhin%2C%26%2332%3BVladimir&rft.au=Simonova%2C%26%2332%3BElena&rft.au=Goryanin%2C%26%2332%3BOleg&rft.au=Yalovenko%2C%26%2332%3BVladimir&rft.au=Yalovenko%2C%26%2332%3BOlga&rft.date=1+September+2020&rft.pages=268%E2%80%93273&rft.place=Bologna%2C+Italy&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FSMARTCOMP50058.2020.00062&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-6997-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9239641%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:35-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:35_55-0\">55.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:35_55-1\">55.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Defraeye, Thijs; Tagliavini, Giorgia; Wu, Wentao; Prawiranto, Kevin; Schudel, Seraina; Assefa Kerisima, Mekdim; Verboven, Pieter; B\u00fchlmann, Andreas (1 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921344919302630\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital twins probe into food cooling and biochemical quality changes for reducing losses in refrigerated supply chains\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Resources, Conservation and Recycling<\/i> <b>149<\/b>: 778\u2013794. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2019.06.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.06.002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921344919302630\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921344919302630<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+twins+probe+into+food+cooling+and+biochemical+quality+changes+for+reducing+losses+in+refrigerated+supply+chains&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.aulast=Defraeye&rft.aufirst=Thijs&rft.au=Defraeye%2C%26%2332%3BThijs&rft.au=Tagliavini%2C%26%2332%3BGiorgia&rft.au=Wu%2C%26%2332%3BWentao&rft.au=Prawiranto%2C%26%2332%3BKevin&rft.au=Schudel%2C%26%2332%3BSeraina&rft.au=Assefa+Kerisima%2C%26%2332%3BMekdim&rft.au=Verboven%2C%26%2332%3BPieter&rft.au=B%C3%BChlmann%2C%26%2332%3BAndreas&rft.date=1+October+2019&rft.volume=149&rft.pages=778%E2%80%93794&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2019.06.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0921344919302630&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:26-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_56-0\">56.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_56-1\">56.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_56-2\">56.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_56-3\">56.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_56-4\">56.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_56-5\">56.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_56-6\">56.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tagliavini, G.; Defraeye, T.; Carmeliet, J. (1 September 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960308519302998\" target=\"_blank\">\"Multiphysics modeling of convective cooling of non-spherical, multi-material fruit to unveil its quality evolution throughout the cold chain\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Food and Bioproducts Processing<\/i> <b>117<\/b>: 310\u2013320. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.fbp.2019.07.013\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.fbp.2019.07.013<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960308519302998\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960308519302998<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multiphysics+modeling+of+convective+cooling+of+non-spherical%2C+multi-material+fruit+to+unveil+its+quality+evolution+throughout+the+cold+chain&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Bioproducts+Processing&rft.aulast=Tagliavini&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Tagliavini%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.au=Defraeye%2C%26%2332%3BT.&rft.au=Carmeliet%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.date=1+September+2019&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=310%E2%80%93320&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.fbp.2019.07.013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960308519302998&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:36-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:36_57-0\">57.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:36_57-1\">57.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:36_57-2\">57.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:36_57-3\">57.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Vignali, Giuseppe; Bottani, Eleonora (1 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cal-tek.eu\/proceedings\/i3m\/2020\/foodops\/005\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"A tube-in-tube food pasteurizer modelling for a digital twin application\"<\/a>. <i>Proceedings of the International Food Operations and Processing Simulation Workshop<\/i> (CAL-TEK srl): 30\u201336. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.46354%2Fi3m.2020.foodops.005\" target=\"_blank\">10.46354\/i3m.2020.foodops.005<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-88-85741-54-6<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cal-tek.eu\/proceedings\/i3m\/2020\/foodops\/005\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cal-tek.eu\/proceedings\/i3m\/2020\/foodops\/005\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+tube-in-tube+food+pasteurizer+modelling+for+a+digital+twin+application&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Food+Operations+and+Processing+Simulation+Workshop&rft.aulast=Vignali&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Vignali%2C%26%2332%3BGiuseppe&rft.au=Bottani%2C%26%2332%3BEleonora&rft.date=1+September+2020&rft.pages=30%E2%80%9336&rft.pub=CAL-TEK+srl&rft_id=info:doi\/10.46354%2Fi3m.2020.foodops.005&rft.isbn=978-88-85741-54-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cal-tek.eu%2Fproceedings%2Fi3m%2F2020%2Ffoodops%2F005%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:27-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:27_58-0\">58.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:27_58-1\">58.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:27_58-2\">58.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kritzinger, Werner; Karner, Matthias; Traar, Georg; Henjes, Jan; Sihn, Wilfried (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405896318316021\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification\"<\/a> (in en). <i>IFAC-PapersOnLine<\/i> <b>51<\/b> (11): 1016\u20131022. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ifacol.2018.08.474\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405896318316021\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405896318316021<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin+in+manufacturing%3A+A+categorical+literature+review+and+classification&rft.jtitle=IFAC-PapersOnLine&rft.aulast=Kritzinger&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Kritzinger%2C%26%2332%3BWerner&rft.au=Karner%2C%26%2332%3BMatthias&rft.au=Traar%2C%26%2332%3BGeorg&rft.au=Henjes%2C%26%2332%3BJan&rft.au=Sihn%2C%26%2332%3BWilfried&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1016%E2%80%931022&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ifacol.2018.08.474&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2405896318316021&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Qi, Qinglin; Tao, Fei; Zuo, Ying; Zhao, Dongming (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827118302580\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin Service towards Smart Manufacturing\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Procedia CIRP<\/i> <b>72<\/b>: 237\u2013242. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2018.03.103\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.procir.2018.03.103<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827118302580\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827118302580<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin+Service+towards+Smart+Manufacturing&rft.jtitle=Procedia+CIRP&rft.aulast=Qi&rft.aufirst=Qinglin&rft.au=Qi%2C%26%2332%3BQinglin&rft.au=Tao%2C%26%2332%3BFei&rft.au=Zuo%2C%26%2332%3BYing&rft.au=Zhao%2C%26%2332%3BDongming&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=237%E2%80%93242&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2018.03.103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2212827118302580&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:56-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:56_60-0\">60.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:56_60-1\">60.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:56_60-2\">60.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Onwude, Daniel I.; Chen, Guangnan; Eke-emezie, Nnanna; Kabutey, Abraham; Khaled, Alfadhl Yahya; Sturm, Barbara (9 November 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/8\/11\/1431\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recent Advances in Reducing Food Losses in the Supply Chain of Fresh Agricultural Produce\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Processes<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (11): 1431. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fpr8111431\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/pr8111431<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2227-9717\" target=\"_blank\">2227-9717<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/8\/11\/1431\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/8\/11\/1431<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Recent+Advances+in+Reducing+Food+Losses+in+the+Supply+Chain+of+Fresh+Agricultural+Produce&rft.jtitle=Processes&rft.aulast=Onwude&rft.aufirst=Daniel+I.&rft.au=Onwude%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel+I.&rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BGuangnan&rft.au=Eke-emezie%2C%26%2332%3BNnanna&rft.au=Kabutey%2C%26%2332%3BAbraham&rft.au=Khaled%2C%26%2332%3BAlfadhl+Yahya&rft.au=Sturm%2C%26%2332%3BBarbara&rft.date=9+November+2020&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1431&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fpr8111431&rft.issn=2227-9717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2227-9717%2F8%2F11%2F1431&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:28-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-0\">61.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-1\">61.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-2\">61.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-3\">61.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-4\">61.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-5\">61.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-6\">61.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-7\">61.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-8\">61.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-9\">61.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-10\">61.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-11\">61.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-12\">61.12<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_61-13\">61.13<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Verdouw, Cor; Tekinerdogan, Bedir; Beulens, Adrie; Wolfert, Sjaak (1 April 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0308521X20309070\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital twins in smart farming\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Agricultural Systems<\/i> <b>189<\/b>: 103046. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.agsy.2020.103046\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.agsy.2020.103046<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0308521X20309070\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0308521X20309070<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+twins+in+smart+farming&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Systems&rft.aulast=Verdouw&rft.aufirst=Cor&rft.au=Verdouw%2C%26%2332%3BCor&rft.au=Tekinerdogan%2C%26%2332%3BBedir&rft.au=Beulens%2C%26%2332%3BAdrie&rft.au=Wolfert%2C%26%2332%3BSjaak&rft.date=1+April+2021&rft.volume=189&rft.pages=103046&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.agsy.2020.103046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0308521X20309070&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:29-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_62-0\">62.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_62-1\">62.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_62-2\">62.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_62-3\">62.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_62-4\">62.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jans-Singh, Melanie; Leeming, Kathryn; Choudhary, Ruchi; Girolami, Mark (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2632673620000210\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital twin of an urban-integrated hydroponic farm\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Data-Centric Engineering<\/i> <b>1<\/b>: e20. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017%2Fdce.2020.21\" target=\"_blank\">10.1017\/dce.2020.21<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2632-6736\" target=\"_blank\">2632-6736<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2632673620000210\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2632673620000210\/type\/journal_article<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+twin+of+an+urban-integrated+hydroponic+farm&rft.jtitle=Data-Centric+Engineering&rft.aulast=Jans-Singh&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Jans-Singh%2C%26%2332%3BMelanie&rft.au=Leeming%2C%26%2332%3BKathryn&rft.au=Choudhary%2C%26%2332%3BRuchi&rft.au=Girolami%2C%26%2332%3BMark&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=e20&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1017%2Fdce.2020.21&rft.issn=2632-6736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS2632673620000210%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:42-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:42_63-0\">63.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:42_63-1\">63.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:42_63-2\">63.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rad, Ciprian-Radu; Hancu, Olimpiu; Takacs, Ioana-Alexandra; Olteanu, Gheorghe (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2210784315001746\" target=\"_blank\">\"Smart Monitoring of Potato Crop: A Cyber-Physical System Architecture Model in the Field of Precision Agriculture\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia<\/i> <b>6<\/b>: 73\u201379. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.aaspro.2015.08.041\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.aaspro.2015.08.041<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2210784315001746\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2210784315001746<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Smart+Monitoring+of+Potato+Crop%3A+A+Cyber-Physical+System+Architecture+Model+in+the+Field+of+Precision+Agriculture&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+and+Agricultural+Science+Procedia&rft.aulast=Rad&rft.aufirst=Ciprian-Radu&rft.au=Rad%2C%26%2332%3BCiprian-Radu&rft.au=Hancu%2C%26%2332%3BOlimpiu&rft.au=Takacs%2C%26%2332%3BIoana-Alexandra&rft.au=Olteanu%2C%26%2332%3BGheorghe&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=73%E2%80%9379&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.aaspro.2015.08.041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2210784315001746&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:30-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:30_64-0\">64.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:30_64-1\">64.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:30_64-2\">64.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:30_64-3\">64.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFAhmedZulfiqarGhandarChen2019\">Ahmed, Ayyaz; Zulfiqar, Shahid; Ghandar, Adam; Chen, Yang; Hanai, Masatoshi; Theodoropoulos, Georgios (2019), Tan, Gary; Lehmann, Axel; Teo, Yong Meng <i>et al.<\/i>., eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-15-1078-6_1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin Technology for Aquaponics: Towards Optimizing Food Production with Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Methods and Applications for Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems<\/i> (Singapore: Springer Singapore) <b>1094<\/b>: 3\u201314, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-981-15-1078-6_1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-981-15-1078-6_1<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-981-15-1077-9<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-15-1078-6_1\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-15-1078-6_1<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-11-22<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin+Technology+for+Aquaponics%3A+Towards+Optimizing+Food+Production+with+Dynamic+Data+Driven+Application+Systems&rft.jtitle=Methods+and+Applications+for+Modeling+and+Simulation+of+Complex+Systems&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Ayyaz&rft.au=Ahmed%2C%26%2332%3BAyyaz&rft.au=Zulfiqar%2C%26%2332%3BShahid&rft.au=Ghandar%2C%26%2332%3BAdam&rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BYang&rft.au=Hanai%2C%26%2332%3BMasatoshi&rft.au=Theodoropoulos%2C%26%2332%3BGeorgios&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=1094&rft.pages=3%E2%80%9314&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-981-15-1078-6_1&rft.isbn=978-981-15-1077-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-981-15-1078-6_1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:31-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_65-0\">65.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_65-1\">65.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_65-2\">65.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_65-3\">65.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_65-4\">65.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_65-5\">65.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_65-6\">65.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_65-7\">65.7<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Verdouw, C N; Kruize, J W (16 October 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/893662\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Digital Twins In Farm Management: Illustrations From The Fiware Accelerators Smartagrifood And Fractals<\/i><\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5281%2FZENODO.893662\" target=\"_blank\">10.5281\/ZENODO.893662<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/893662\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/893662<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Twins+In+Farm+Management%3A+Illustrations+From+The+Fiware+Accelerators+Smartagrifood+And+Fractals&rft.aulast=Verdouw&rft.aufirst=C+N&rft.au=Verdouw%2C%26%2332%3BC+N&rft.au=Kruize%2C%26%2332%3BJ+W&rft.date=16+October+2017&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5281%2FZENODO.893662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F893662&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:37-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:37_66-0\">66.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:37_66-1\">66.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:37_66-2\">66.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:37_66-3\">66.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:37_66-4\">66.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Keates, O. (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2420\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Design and Validation of a Process Data Analytics Methodology for Improving Meat and Livestock Value Chains\"<\/a>. <i>Proceedings of the Dissertation Award, Doctoral Consortium, and Demonstration Track at BPM 2019<\/i>: 114\u201318. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1613-0073\" target=\"_blank\">1613-0073<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2420\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2420\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Design+and+Validation+of+a+Process+Data+Analytics+Methodology+for+Improving+Meat+and+Livestock+Value+Chains&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Dissertation+Award%2C+Doctoral+Consortium%2C+and+Demonstration+Track+at+BPM+2019&rft.aulast=Keates%2C+O.&rft.au=Keates%2C+O.&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=114%E2%80%9318&rft.issn=1613-0073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceur-ws.org%2FVol-2420%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:43-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:43_67-0\">67.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:43_67-1\">67.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:43_67-2\">67.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:43_67-3\">67.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:43_67-4\">67.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:43_67-5\">67.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Monteiro, Jose; Barata, Joao; Veloso, Marco; Veloso, Luis; Nunes, Joao (1 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8847169\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Towards Sustainable Digital Twins for Vertical Farming\"<\/a>. <i>2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM)<\/i> (Berlin, Germany: IEEE): 234\u2013239. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FICDIM.2018.8847169\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ICDIM.2018.8847169<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-5386-5244-2<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8847169\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8847169\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+Sustainable+Digital+Twins+for+Vertical+Farming&rft.jtitle=2018+Thirteenth+International+Conference+on+Digital+Information+Management+%28ICDIM%29&rft.aulast=Monteiro&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft.au=Monteiro%2C%26%2332%3BJose&rft.au=Barata%2C%26%2332%3BJoao&rft.au=Veloso%2C%26%2332%3BMarco&rft.au=Veloso%2C%26%2332%3BLuis&rft.au=Nunes%2C%26%2332%3BJoao&rft.date=1+September+2018&rft.pages=234%E2%80%93239&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FICDIM.2018.8847169&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-5244-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8847169%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:38-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:38_68-0\">68.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:38_68-1\">68.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:38_68-2\">68.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:38_68-3\">68.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Alves, Rafael Gomes; Souza, Gilberto; Maia, Rodrigo Filev; Tran, Anh Lan Ho; Kamienski, Carlos; Soininen, Juha-Pekka; Aquino, Plinio Thomaz; Lima, Fabio (1 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9033075\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"A digital twin for smart farming\"<\/a>. <i>2019 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)<\/i> (Seattle, WA, USA: IEEE): 1\u20134. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FGHTC46095.2019.9033075\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/GHTC46095.2019.9033075<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-1780-5<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9033075\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9033075\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+digital+twin+for+smart+farming&rft.jtitle=2019+IEEE+Global+Humanitarian+Technology+Conference+%28GHTC%29&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=Rafael+Gomes&rft.au=Alves%2C%26%2332%3BRafael+Gomes&rft.au=Souza%2C%26%2332%3BGilberto&rft.au=Maia%2C%26%2332%3BRodrigo+Filev&rft.au=Tran%2C%26%2332%3BAnh+Lan+Ho&rft.au=Kamienski%2C%26%2332%3BCarlos&rft.au=Soininen%2C%26%2332%3BJuha-Pekka&rft.au=Aquino%2C%26%2332%3BPlinio+Thomaz&rft.au=Lima%2C%26%2332%3BFabio&rft.date=1+October+2019&rft.pages=1%E2%80%934&rft.place=Seattle%2C+WA%2C+USA&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FGHTC46095.2019.9033075&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-1780-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9033075%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:44-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:44_69-0\">69.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:44_69-1\">69.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:44_69-2\">69.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:44_69-3\">69.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ghandar, Adam; Ahmed, Ayyaz; Zulfiqar, Shahid; Hua, Zhengchang; Hanai, Masatoshi; Theodoropoulos, Georgios (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9361651\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Decision Support System for Urban Agriculture Using Digital Twin: A Case Study With Aquaponics\"<\/a>. <i>IEEE Access<\/i> <b>9<\/b>: 35691\u201335708. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FACCESS.2021.3061722\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3061722<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2169-3536\" target=\"_blank\">2169-3536<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9361651\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9361651\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Decision+Support+System+for+Urban+Agriculture+Using+Digital+Twin%3A+A+Case+Study+With+Aquaponics&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Access&rft.aulast=Ghandar&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Ghandar%2C%26%2332%3BAdam&rft.au=Ahmed%2C%26%2332%3BAyyaz&rft.au=Zulfiqar%2C%26%2332%3BShahid&rft.au=Hua%2C%26%2332%3BZhengchang&rft.au=Hanai%2C%26%2332%3BMasatoshi&rft.au=Theodoropoulos%2C%26%2332%3BGeorgios&rft.date=2021&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=35691%E2%80%9335708&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FACCESS.2021.3061722&rft.issn=2169-3536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9361651%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:45-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:45_70-0\">70.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:45_70-1\">70.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:45_70-2\">70.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Moghadam, Peyman; Lowe, Thomas; Edwards, Everard J. (12 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-3900\/36\/1\/92\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin for the Future of Orchard Production Systems\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The Third International Tropical Agriculture Conference (TROPAG 2019)<\/i> (MDPI): 92. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fproceedings2019036092\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/proceedings2019036092<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-3900\/36\/1\/92\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-3900\/36\/1\/92<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin+for+the+Future+of+Orchard+Production+Systems&rft.jtitle=The+Third+International+Tropical+Agriculture+Conference+%28TROPAG+2019%29&rft.aulast=Moghadam&rft.aufirst=Peyman&rft.au=Moghadam%2C%26%2332%3BPeyman&rft.au=Lowe%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.au=Edwards%2C%26%2332%3BEverard+J.&rft.date=12+February+2020&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=MDPI&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fproceedings2019036092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2504-3900%2F36%2F1%2F92&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:39-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:39_71-0\">71.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:39_71-1\">71.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:39_71-2\">71.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Vasisht, D.; Kapetanovic, Z.; Won, J. et al. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi17\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/vasisht\" target=\"_blank\">\"FarmBeats: An IoT Platform for Data-Driven Agriculture\"<\/a>. <i>Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 17)<\/i>: 515\u2013529<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi17\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/vasisht\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi17\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/vasisht<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FarmBeats%3A+An+IoT+Platform+for+Data-Driven+Agriculture&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+14th+USENIX+Symposium+on+Networked+Systems+Design+and+Implementation+%28NSDI+17%29&rft.aulast=Vasisht%2C+D.%3B+Kapetanovic%2C+Z.%3B+Won%2C+J.+et+al.&rft.au=Vasisht%2C+D.%3B+Kapetanovic%2C+Z.%3B+Won%2C+J.+et+al.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=515%E2%80%93529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Fconference%2Fnsdi17%2Ftechnical-sessions%2Fpresentation%2Fvasisht&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:46-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:46_72-0\">72.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:46_72-1\">72.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:46_72-2\">72.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gericke, G.A.; Kuriakose, R.B.; Vermaak, H.J.; Mardsen, Ole (1 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8926880\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Design of Digital Twins for Optimization of a Water Bottling Plant\"<\/a>. <i>IECON 2019 - 45th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society<\/i> (Lisbon, Portugal: IEEE): 5204\u20135210. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FIECON.2019.8926880\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/IECON.2019.8926880<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-4878-6<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8926880\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8926880\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Design+of+Digital+Twins+for+Optimization+of+a+Water+Bottling+Plant&rft.jtitle=IECON+2019+-+45th+Annual+Conference+of+the+IEEE+Industrial+Electronics+Society&rft.aulast=Gericke&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rft.au=Gericke%2C%26%2332%3BG.A.&rft.au=Kuriakose%2C%26%2332%3BR.B.&rft.au=Vermaak%2C%26%2332%3BH.J.&rft.au=Mardsen%2C%26%2332%3BOle&rft.date=1+October+2019&rft.pages=5204%E2%80%935210&rft.place=Lisbon%2C+Portugal&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FIECON.2019.8926880&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-4878-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8926880%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:47-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:47_73-0\">73.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:47_73-1\">73.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:47_73-2\">73.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:47_73-3\">73.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:47_73-4\">73.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:47_73-5\">73.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Werner, R.; Beugholt, A.; Takacs, R. et al. (May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dairy-international.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/epaper\/1000022169\/IDM_05_2020\/page_22.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Standardized digitalization of an existing pudding production: Integration of a digital twin management system\"<\/a>. <i>International Dairy Magazine<\/i>. pp. 22\u201325<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dairy-international.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/epaper\/1000022169\/IDM_05_2020\/page_22.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dairy-international.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/epaper\/1000022169\/IDM_05_2020\/page_22.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Standardized+digitalization+of+an+existing+pudding+production%3A+Integration+of+a+digital+twin+management+system&rft.atitle=International+Dairy+Magazine&rft.aulast=Werner%2C+R.%3B+Beugholt%2C+A.%3B+Takacs%2C+R.+et+al.&rft.au=Werner%2C+R.%3B+Beugholt%2C+A.%3B+Takacs%2C+R.+et+al.&rft.date=May+2020&rft.pages=pp.+22%E2%80%9325&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdairy-international.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fepaper%2F1000022169%2FIDM_05_2020%2Fpage_22.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:48-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:48_74-0\">74.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:48_74-1\">74.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:48_74-2\">74.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:48_74-3\">74.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:48_74-4\">74.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Dolci, Rob (1 July 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8029960\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"IoT Solutions for Precision Farming and Food Manufacturing: Artificial Intelligence Applications in Digital Food\"<\/a>. <i>2017 IEEE 41st Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)<\/i> (Turin: IEEE): 384\u2013385. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FCOMPSAC.2017.157\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/COMPSAC.2017.157<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-5386-0367-3<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8029960\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8029960\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IoT+Solutions+for+Precision+Farming+and+Food+Manufacturing%3A+Artificial+Intelligence+Applications+in+Digital+Food&rft.jtitle=2017+IEEE+41st+Annual+Computer+Software+and+Applications+Conference+%28COMPSAC%29&rft.aulast=Dolci&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Dolci%2C%26%2332%3BRob&rft.date=1+July+2017&rft.pages=384%E2%80%93385&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FCOMPSAC.2017.157&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-0367-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8029960%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:40-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:40_75-0\">75.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:40_75-1\">75.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:40_75-2\">75.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:40_75-3\">75.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:40_75-4\">75.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:40_75-5\">75.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:40_75-6\">75.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Eppinger Thomas; Longwell Glenn; Mas Peter; Goodheart Kevin; Badiali Umberto; Aglave Ravindra (1 July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3303\/CET2187007\" target=\"_blank\">\"Increase Food Production Efficiency Using the Executable Digital Twin (xdt)\"<\/a>. <i>Chemical Engineering Transactions<\/i> <b>87<\/b>: 37\u201342. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3303%2FCET2187007\" target=\"_blank\">10.3303\/CET2187007<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3303\/CET2187007\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3303\/CET2187007<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Increase+Food+Production+Efficiency+Using+the+Executable+Digital+Twin+%28xdt%29&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Transactions&rft.aulast=Eppinger+Thomas&rft.au=Eppinger+Thomas&rft.au=Longwell+Glenn&rft.au=Mas+Peter&rft.au=Goodheart+Kevin&rft.au=Badiali+Umberto&rft.au=Aglave+Ravindra&rft.date=1+July+2021&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=37%E2%80%9342&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3303%2FCET2187007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3303%2FCET2187007&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:49-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:49_76-0\">76.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:49_76-1\">76.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:49_76-2\">76.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Karadeniz, Ahmet Mert; Arif, Ibrahim; Kanak, Alper; Ergun, Salih (1 May 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8702679\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin of eGastronomic Things: A Case Study for Ice Cream Machines\"<\/a>. <i>2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)<\/i> (Sapporo, Japan: IEEE): 1\u20134. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FISCAS.2019.8702679\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ISCAS.2019.8702679<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-0397-6<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8702679\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8702679\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin+of+eGastronomic+Things%3A+A+Case+Study+for+Ice+Cream+Machines&rft.jtitle=2019+IEEE+International+Symposium+on+Circuits+and+Systems+%28ISCAS%29&rft.aulast=Karadeniz&rft.aufirst=Ahmet+Mert&rft.au=Karadeniz%2C%26%2332%3BAhmet+Mert&rft.au=Arif%2C%26%2332%3BIbrahim&rft.au=Kanak%2C%26%2332%3BAlper&rft.au=Ergun%2C%26%2332%3BSalih&rft.date=1+May+2019&rft.pages=1%E2%80%934&rft.place=Sapporo%2C+Japan&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FISCAS.2019.8702679&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-0397-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8702679%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:50-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:50_77-0\">77.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:50_77-1\">77.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:50_77-2\">77.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:50_77-3\">77.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:50_77-4\">77.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:50_77-5\">77.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Nikitina, Marina; Chernukha, Irina (28 May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/potravinarstvo.com\/journal1\/index.php\/potravinarstvo\/article\/view\/1312\" target=\"_blank\">\"Personalized nutrition and \u201cdigital twins\u201d of food\"<\/a>. <i>Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences<\/i> <b>14<\/b>: 264\u2013270. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5219%2F1312\" target=\"_blank\">10.5219\/1312<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1337-0960\" target=\"_blank\">1337-0960<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/potravinarstvo.com\/journal1\/index.php\/potravinarstvo\/article\/view\/1312\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/potravinarstvo.com\/journal1\/index.php\/potravinarstvo\/article\/view\/1312<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Personalized+nutrition+and+%E2%80%9Cdigital+twins%E2%80%9D+of+food&rft.jtitle=Potravinarstvo+Slovak+Journal+of+Food+Sciences&rft.aulast=Nikitina&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=Nikitina%2C%26%2332%3BMarina&rft.au=Chernukha%2C%26%2332%3BIrina&rft.date=28+May+2020&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=264%E2%80%93270&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5219%2F1312&rft.issn=1337-0960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpotravinarstvo.com%2Fjournal1%2Findex.php%2Fpotravinarstvo%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1312&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:41-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:41_78-0\">78.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:41_78-1\">78.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:41_78-2\">78.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:41_78-3\">78.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kampker, A.; Stich, V.; Jussen, P.; Moser, B.; Kuntz, J. (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827119307280\" target=\"_blank\">\"Business Models for Industrial Smart Services \u2013 The Example of a Digital Twin for a Product-Service-System for Potato Harvesting\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Procedia CIRP<\/i> <b>83<\/b>: 534\u2013540. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2019.04.114\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.114<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827119307280\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827119307280<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Business+Models+for+Industrial+Smart+Services+%E2%80%93+The+Example+of+a+Digital+Twin+for+a+Product-Service-System+for+Potato+Harvesting&rft.jtitle=Procedia+CIRP&rft.aulast=Kampker&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Kampker%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Stich%2C%26%2332%3BV.&rft.au=Jussen%2C%26%2332%3BP.&rft.au=Moser%2C%26%2332%3BB.&rft.au=Kuntz%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=534%E2%80%93540&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2019.04.114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2212827119307280&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:51-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:51_79-0\">79.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:51_79-1\">79.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:51_79-2\">79.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:51_79-3\">79.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:51_79-4\">79.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:51_79-5\">79.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Vaskovsky, Andrey M.; Chvanova, Marina S.; Rebezov, Maksim B. (1 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9216776\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Creation of digital twins of neural network technology of personalization of food products for diabetics\"<\/a>. <i>2020 4th Scientific School on Dynamics of Complex Networks and their Application in Intellectual Robotics (DCNAIR)<\/i> (Innopolis, Russia: IEEE): 251\u2013253. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FDCNAIR50402.2020.9216776\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/DCNAIR50402.2020.9216776<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-7286-6<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9216776\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9216776\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Creation+of+digital+twins+of+neural+network+technology+of+personalization+of+food+products+for+diabetics&rft.jtitle=2020+4th+Scientific+School+on+Dynamics+of+Complex+Networks+and+their+Application+in+Intellectual+Robotics+%28DCNAIR%29&rft.aulast=Vaskovsky&rft.aufirst=Andrey+M.&rft.au=Vaskovsky%2C%26%2332%3BAndrey+M.&rft.au=Chvanova%2C%26%2332%3BMarina+S.&rft.au=Rebezov%2C%26%2332%3BMaksim+B.&rft.date=1+September+2020&rft.pages=251%E2%80%93253&rft.place=Innopolis%2C+Russia&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FDCNAIR50402.2020.9216776&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-7286-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9216776%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:52-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:52_80-0\">80.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:52_80-1\">80.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:52_80-2\">80.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFMaa.C3.9FPierMoser2018\">Maa\u00df, Wolfgang; Pier, Marcus; Moser, Benedikt (2018), Meyer, Kyrill; Klingner, Stephan; Zinke, Christian, eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-658-20905-6_11\" target=\"_blank\">\"Smart Services in der Landwirtschaft\"<\/a> (in de), <i>Service Engineering<\/i> (Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden): 167\u2013181, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-658-20905-6_11\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-658-20905-6_11<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-658-20904-9<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-658-20905-6_11\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-658-20905-6_11<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-11-22<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Smart+Services+in+der+Landwirtschaft&rft.jtitle=Service+Engineering&rft.aulast=Maa%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Maa%C3%9F%2C%26%2332%3BWolfgang&rft.au=Pier%2C%26%2332%3BMarcus&rft.au=Moser%2C%26%2332%3BBenedikt&rft.date=2018&rft.pages=167%E2%80%93181&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Springer+Fachmedien+Wiesbaden&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-658-20905-6_11&rft.isbn=978-3-658-20904-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-658-20905-6_11&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:57-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-0\">81.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-1\">81.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-2\">81.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-3\">81.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-4\">81.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-5\">81.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-6\">81.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-7\">81.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-8\">81.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-9\">81.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_81-10\">81.10<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Neto, Anis Assad; Deschamps, Fernando; da Silva, Elias Ribeiro; de Lima, Edson Pinheiro (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827120307733\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital twins in manufacturing: an assessment of drivers, enablers and barriers to implementation\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Procedia CIRP<\/i> <b>93<\/b>: 210\u2013215. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2020.04.131\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.procir.2020.04.131<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827120307733\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827120307733<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+twins+in+manufacturing%3A+an+assessment+of+drivers%2C+enablers+and+barriers+to+implementation&rft.jtitle=Procedia+CIRP&rft.aulast=Neto&rft.aufirst=Anis+Assad&rft.au=Neto%2C%26%2332%3BAnis+Assad&rft.au=Deschamps%2C%26%2332%3BFernando&rft.au=da+Silva%2C%26%2332%3BElias+Ribeiro&rft.au=de+Lima%2C%26%2332%3BEdson+Pinheiro&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=210%E2%80%93215&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2020.04.131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2212827120307733&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:69-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:69_82-0\">82.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:69_82-1\">82.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Qiao, Qianzhe; Wang, Jinjiang; Ye, Lunkuan; Gao, Robert X. (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827119306638\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin for Machining Tool Condition Prediction\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Procedia CIRP<\/i> <b>81<\/b>: 1388\u20131393. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2019.04.049\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.049<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827119306638\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827119306638<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin+for+Machining+Tool+Condition+Prediction&rft.jtitle=Procedia+CIRP&rft.aulast=Qiao&rft.aufirst=Qianzhe&rft.au=Qiao%2C%26%2332%3BQianzhe&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BJinjiang&rft.au=Ye%2C%26%2332%3BLunkuan&rft.au=Gao%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+X.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=1388%E2%80%931393&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2019.04.049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2212827119306638&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-83\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFTaoZhangNee2019\">Tao, Fei; Zhang, Meng; Nee, A.Y.C. (2019), <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780128176306000035\" target=\"_blank\">\"Five-Dimension Digital Twin Modeling and Its Key Technologies\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Digital Twin Driven Smart Manufacturing<\/i> (Elsevier): 63\u201381, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-817630-6.00003-5\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/b978-0-12-817630-6.00003-5<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-0-12-817630-6<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780128176306000035\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780128176306000035<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-11-22<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Five-Dimension+Digital+Twin+Modeling+and+Its+Key+Technologies&rft.jtitle=Digital+Twin+Driven+Smart+Manufacturing&rft.aulast=Tao&rft.aufirst=Fei&rft.au=Tao%2C%26%2332%3BFei&rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BMeng&rft.au=Nee%2C%26%2332%3BA.Y.C.&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=63%E2%80%9381&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-817630-6.00003-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-817630-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FB9780128176306000035&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:58-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:58_84-0\">84.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:58_84-1\">84.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:58_84-2\">84.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:58_84-3\">84.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:58_84-4\">84.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:58_84-5\">84.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:58_84-6\">84.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Qi, Qinglin; Tao, Fei; Hu, Tianliang; Anwer, Nabil; Liu, Ang; Wei, Yongli; Wang, Lihui; Nee, A.Y.C. (1 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027861251930086X\" target=\"_blank\">\"Enabling technologies and tools for digital twin\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Manufacturing Systems<\/i> <b>58<\/b>: 3\u201321. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jmsy.2019.10.001\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.10.001<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027861251930086X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027861251930086X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enabling+technologies+and+tools+for+digital+twin&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Manufacturing+Systems&rft.aulast=Qi&rft.aufirst=Qinglin&rft.au=Qi%2C%26%2332%3BQinglin&rft.au=Tao%2C%26%2332%3BFei&rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BTianliang&rft.au=Anwer%2C%26%2332%3BNabil&rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BAng&rft.au=Wei%2C%26%2332%3BYongli&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BLihui&rft.au=Nee%2C%26%2332%3BA.Y.C.&rft.date=1+January+2021&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=3%E2%80%9321&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jmsy.2019.10.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS027861251930086X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:59-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:59_85-0\">85.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:59_85-1\">85.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:59_85-2\">85.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:59_85-3\">85.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Steindl, Gernot; Stagl, Martin; Kasper, Lukas; Kastner, Wolfgang; Hofmann, Rene (13 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/24\/8903\" target=\"_blank\">\"Generic Digital Twin Architecture for Industrial Energy Systems\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Applied Sciences<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (24): 8903. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fapp10248903\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/app10248903<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2076-3417\" target=\"_blank\">2076-3417<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/24\/8903\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/24\/8903<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Generic+Digital+Twin+Architecture+for+Industrial+Energy+Systems&rft.jtitle=Applied+Sciences&rft.aulast=Steindl&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft.au=Steindl%2C%26%2332%3BGernot&rft.au=Stagl%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.au=Kasper%2C%26%2332%3BLukas&rft.au=Kastner%2C%26%2332%3BWolfgang&rft.au=Hofmann%2C%26%2332%3BRene&rft.date=13+December+2020&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=8903&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fapp10248903&rft.issn=2076-3417&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2076-3417%2F10%2F24%2F8903&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:60-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:60_86-0\">86.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:60_86-1\">86.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:60_86-2\">86.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:60_86-3\">86.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:60_86-4\">86.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Barni, Andrea; Fontana, Alessandro; Menato, Silvia; Sorlini, Marzio; Canetta, Luca (1 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8710554\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Exploiting the Digital Twin in the Assessment and Optimization of Sustainability Performances\"<\/a>. <i>2018 International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS)<\/i> (Funchal - Madeira, Portugal: IEEE): 706\u2013713. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FIS.2018.8710554\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/IS.2018.8710554<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-5386-7097-2<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8710554\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8710554\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exploiting+the+Digital+Twin+in+the+Assessment+and+Optimization+of+Sustainability+Performances&rft.jtitle=2018+International+Conference+on+Intelligent+Systems+%28IS%29&rft.aulast=Barni&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Barni%2C%26%2332%3BAndrea&rft.au=Fontana%2C%26%2332%3BAlessandro&rft.au=Menato%2C%26%2332%3BSilvia&rft.au=Sorlini%2C%26%2332%3BMarzio&rft.au=Canetta%2C%26%2332%3BLuca&rft.date=1+September+2018&rft.pages=706%E2%80%93713&rft.place=Funchal+-+Madeira%2C+Portugal&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FIS.2018.8710554&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-7097-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8710554%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:61-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:61_87-0\">87.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:61_87-1\">87.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Liu, Mengnan; Fang, Shuiliang; Dong, Huiyue; Xu, Cunzhi (1 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278612520301072\" target=\"_blank\">\"Review of digital twin about concepts, technologies, and industrial applications\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Manufacturing Systems<\/i> <b>58<\/b>: 346\u2013361. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jmsy.2020.06.017\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.06.017<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278612520301072\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278612520301072<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review+of+digital+twin+about+concepts%2C+technologies%2C+and+industrial+applications&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Manufacturing+Systems&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Mengnan&rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BMengnan&rft.au=Fang%2C%26%2332%3BShuiliang&rft.au=Dong%2C%26%2332%3BHuiyue&rft.au=Xu%2C%26%2332%3BCunzhi&rft.date=1+January+2021&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=346%E2%80%93361&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jmsy.2020.06.017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0278612520301072&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-88\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bousqaoui, Halima; Achchab, Said; Tikito, Kawtar (1 October 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8284722\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Machine learning applications in supply chains: An emphasis on neural network applications\"<\/a>. <i>2017 3rd International Conference of Cloud Computing Technologies and Applications (CloudTech)<\/i> (Rabat: IEEE): 1\u20137. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FCloudTech.2017.8284722\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/CloudTech.2017.8284722<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-5386-1115-9<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8284722\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8284722\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Machine+learning+applications+in+supply+chains%3A+An+emphasis+on+neural+network+applications&rft.jtitle=2017+3rd+International+Conference+of+Cloud+Computing+Technologies+and+Applications+%28CloudTech%29&rft.aulast=Bousqaoui&rft.aufirst=Halima&rft.au=Bousqaoui%2C%26%2332%3BHalima&rft.au=Achchab%2C%26%2332%3BSaid&rft.au=Tikito%2C%26%2332%3BKawtar&rft.date=1+October+2017&rft.pages=1%E2%80%937&rft.place=Rabat&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FCloudTech.2017.8284722&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-1115-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8284722%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:62-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:62_89-0\">89.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:62_89-1\">89.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:62_89-2\">89.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:62_89-3\">89.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:62_89-4\">89.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rasheed, Adil; San, Omer; Kvamsdal, Trond (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8972429\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective\"<\/a>. <i>IEEE Access<\/i> <b>8<\/b>: 21980\u201322012. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2970143\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970143<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2169-3536\" target=\"_blank\">2169-3536<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8972429\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8972429\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin%3A+Values%2C+Challenges+and+Enablers+From+a+Modeling+Perspective&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Access&rft.aulast=Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Adil&rft.au=Rasheed%2C%26%2332%3BAdil&rft.au=San%2C%26%2332%3BOmer&rft.au=Kvamsdal%2C%26%2332%3BTrond&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=21980%E2%80%9322012&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2970143&rft.issn=2169-3536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8972429%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:63-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:63_90-0\">90.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:63_90-1\">90.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:63_90-2\">90.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Martinez, Gerardo Santillan; Sierla, Seppo; Karhela, Tommi; Vyatkin, Valeriy (1 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8591464\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Automatic Generation of a Simulation-Based Digital Twin of an Industrial Process Plant\"<\/a>. <i>IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society<\/i> (Washington, DC: IEEE): 3084\u20133089. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FIECON.2018.8591464\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/IECON.2018.8591464<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-5090-6684-1<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8591464\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8591464\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Automatic+Generation+of+a+Simulation-Based+Digital+Twin+of+an+Industrial+Process+Plant&rft.jtitle=IECON+2018+-+44th+Annual+Conference+of+the+IEEE+Industrial+Electronics+Society&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Gerardo+Santillan&rft.au=Martinez%2C%26%2332%3BGerardo+Santillan&rft.au=Sierla%2C%26%2332%3BSeppo&rft.au=Karhela%2C%26%2332%3BTommi&rft.au=Vyatkin%2C%26%2332%3BValeriy&rft.date=1+October+2018&rft.pages=3084%E2%80%933089&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FIECON.2018.8591464&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-6684-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8591464%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-91\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Usuga Cadavid, Juan Pablo; Lamouri, Samir; Grabot, Bernard; Pellerin, Robert; Fortin, Arnaud (1 August 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10845-019-01531-7\" target=\"_blank\">\"Machine learning applied in production planning and control: a state-of-the-art in the era of industry 4.0\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing<\/i> <b>31<\/b> (6): 1531\u20131558. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10845-019-01531-7\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10845-019-01531-7<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0956-5515\" target=\"_blank\">0956-5515<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10845-019-01531-7\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10845-019-01531-7<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Machine+learning+applied+in+production+planning+and+control%3A+a+state-of-the-art+in+the+era+of+industry+4.0&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intelligent+Manufacturing&rft.aulast=Usuga+Cadavid&rft.aufirst=Juan+Pablo&rft.au=Usuga+Cadavid%2C%26%2332%3BJuan+Pablo&rft.au=Lamouri%2C%26%2332%3BSamir&rft.au=Grabot%2C%26%2332%3BBernard&rft.au=Pellerin%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.au=Fortin%2C%26%2332%3BArnaud&rft.date=1+August+2020&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1531%E2%80%931558&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10845-019-01531-7&rft.issn=0956-5515&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10845-019-01531-7&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:64-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:64_92-0\">92.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:64_92-1\">92.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:64_92-2\">92.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:64_92-3\">92.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">M\u00fcller, Patricia; Schmid, Markus (7 January 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/8\/1\/16\" target=\"_blank\">\"Intelligent Packaging in the Food Sector: A Brief Overview\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Foods<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (1): 16. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Ffoods8010016\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/foods8010016<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2304-8158\" target=\"_blank\">2304-8158<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6352026\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6352026<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30621006\" target=\"_blank\">30621006<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/8\/1\/16\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/8\/1\/16<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intelligent+Packaging+in+the+Food+Sector%3A+A+Brief+Overview&rft.jtitle=Foods&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C%26%2332%3BPatricia&rft.au=Schmid%2C%26%2332%3BMarkus&rft.date=7+January+2019&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Ffoods8010016&rft.issn=2304-8158&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6352026&rft_id=info:pmid\/30621006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2304-8158%2F8%2F1%2F16&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-93\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Commission of the European Communities (2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:135:0003:0011:EN:PDF\" target=\"_blank\">\"Commission Regulation (EC) No 450\/2009 of 29 May 2009 on active and intelligent materials and articles intended to come into contact with food\"<\/a> (PDF). <i>Official Journal of the European Union<\/i> <b>135<\/b>: 3\u201311<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:135:0003:0011:EN:PDF\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:135:0003:0011:EN:PDF<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Commission+Regulation+%28EC%29+No+450%2F2009+of+29+May+2009+on+active+and+intelligent+materials+and+articles+intended+to+come+into+contact+with+food&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft.aulast=Commission+of+the+European+Communities&rft.au=Commission+of+the+European+Communities&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=135&rft.pages=3%E2%80%9311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2009%3A135%3A0003%3A0011%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-94\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mondal, Saikat; Wijewardena, Kanishka P.; Karuppuswami, Saranraj; Kriti, Nitya; Kumar, Deepak; Chahal, Premjeet (1 June 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8674550\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Blockchain Inspired RFID-Based Information Architecture for Food Supply Chain\"<\/a>. <i>IEEE Internet of Things Journal<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (3): 5803\u20135813. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FJIOT.2019.2907658\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2907658<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2327-4662\" target=\"_blank\">2327-4662<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8674550\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8674550\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blockchain+Inspired+RFID-Based+Information+Architecture+for+Food+Supply+Chain&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Internet+of+Things+Journal&rft.aulast=Mondal&rft.aufirst=Saikat&rft.au=Mondal%2C%26%2332%3BSaikat&rft.au=Wijewardena%2C%26%2332%3BKanishka+P.&rft.au=Karuppuswami%2C%26%2332%3BSaranraj&rft.au=Kriti%2C%26%2332%3BNitya&rft.au=Kumar%2C%26%2332%3BDeepak&rft.au=Chahal%2C%26%2332%3BPremjeet&rft.date=1+June+2019&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5803%E2%80%935813&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FJIOT.2019.2907658&rft.issn=2327-4662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8674550%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-95\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Barandun, Giandrin; Soprani, Matteo; Naficy, Sina; Grell, Max; Kasimatis, Michael; Chiu, Kwan Lun; Ponzoni, Andrea; G\u00fcder, Firat (28 June 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acssensors.9b00555\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cellulose Fibers Enable Near-Zero-Cost Electrical Sensing of Water-Soluble Gases\"<\/a> (in en). <i>ACS Sensors<\/i> <b>4<\/b> (6): 1662\u20131669. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facssensors.9b00555\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acssensors.9b00555<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2379-3694\" target=\"_blank\">2379-3694<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acssensors.9b00555\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acssensors.9b00555<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cellulose+Fibers+Enable+Near-Zero-Cost+Electrical+Sensing+of+Water-Soluble+Gases&rft.jtitle=ACS+Sensors&rft.aulast=Barandun&rft.aufirst=Giandrin&rft.au=Barandun%2C%26%2332%3BGiandrin&rft.au=Soprani%2C%26%2332%3BMatteo&rft.au=Naficy%2C%26%2332%3BSina&rft.au=Grell%2C%26%2332%3BMax&rft.au=Kasimatis%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.au=Chiu%2C%26%2332%3BKwan+Lun&rft.au=Ponzoni%2C%26%2332%3BAndrea&rft.au=G%C3%BCder%2C%26%2332%3BFirat&rft.date=28+June+2019&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1662%E2%80%931669&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facssensors.9b00555&rft.issn=2379-3694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facssensors.9b00555&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-96\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ghaani, Masoud; Cozzolino, Carlo A.; Castelli, Giulia; Farris, Stefano (1 May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924224415301382\" target=\"_blank\">\"An overview of the intelligent packaging technologies in the food sector\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Trends in Food Science & Technology<\/i> <b>51<\/b>: 1\u201311. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2016.02.008\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.tifs.2016.02.008<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924224415301382\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924224415301382<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+the+intelligent+packaging+technologies+in+the+food+sector&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.aulast=Ghaani&rft.aufirst=Masoud&rft.au=Ghaani%2C%26%2332%3BMasoud&rft.au=Cozzolino%2C%26%2332%3BCarlo+A.&rft.au=Castelli%2C%26%2332%3BGiulia&rft.au=Farris%2C%26%2332%3BStefano&rft.date=1+May+2016&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9311&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2016.02.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0924224415301382&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:70-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:70_97-0\">97.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:70_97-1\">97.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Turasan, Hazal; Kokini, Jozef (25 March 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev-food-062520-082307\" target=\"_blank\">\"Novel Nondestructive Biosensors for the Food Industry\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Annual Review of Food Science and Technology<\/i> <b>12<\/b> (1): 539\u2013566. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev-food-062520-082307\" target=\"_blank\">10.1146\/annurev-food-062520-082307<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1941-1413\" target=\"_blank\">1941-1413<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev-food-062520-082307\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev-food-062520-082307<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Novel+Nondestructive+Biosensors+for+the+Food+Industry&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Food+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Turasan&rft.aufirst=Hazal&rft.au=Turasan%2C%26%2332%3BHazal&rft.au=Kokini%2C%26%2332%3BJozef&rft.date=25+March+2021&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=539%E2%80%93566&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1146%2Fannurev-food-062520-082307&rft.issn=1941-1413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-food-062520-082307&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:71-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:71_98-0\">98.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:71_98-1\">98.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kollia, Ilianna; Stevenson, Jack; Kollias, Stefanos (21 May 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/10\/11\/1223\" target=\"_blank\">\"AI-Enabled Efficient and Safe Food Supply Chain\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Electronics<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (11): 1223. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Felectronics10111223\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/electronics10111223<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2079-9292\" target=\"_blank\">2079-9292<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/10\/11\/1223\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/10\/11\/1223<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AI-Enabled+Efficient+and+Safe+Food+Supply+Chain&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.aulast=Kollia&rft.aufirst=Ilianna&rft.au=Kollia%2C%26%2332%3BIlianna&rft.au=Stevenson%2C%26%2332%3BJack&rft.au=Kollias%2C%26%2332%3BStefanos&rft.date=21+May+2021&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1223&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Felectronics10111223&rft.issn=2079-9292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2079-9292%2F10%2F11%2F1223&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:65-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:65_99-0\">99.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:65_99-1\">99.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:65_99-2\">99.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Martin, Dominik; K\u00fchl, Niklas; Satzger, Gerhard (1 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12599-021-00689-w\" target=\"_blank\">\"Virtual Sensors\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business & Information Systems Engineering<\/i> <b>63<\/b> (3): 315\u2013323. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs12599-021-00689-w\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s12599-021-00689-w<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2363-7005\" target=\"_blank\">2363-7005<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12599-021-00689-w\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12599-021-00689-w<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Virtual+Sensors&rft.jtitle=Business+%26+Information+Systems+Engineering&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft.au=Martin%2C%26%2332%3BDominik&rft.au=K%C3%BChl%2C%26%2332%3BNiklas&rft.au=Satzger%2C%26%2332%3BGerhard&rft.date=1+June+2021&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315%E2%80%93323&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs12599-021-00689-w&rft.issn=2363-7005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs12599-021-00689-w&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-100\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cioffi, Raffaele; Travaglioni, Marta; Piscitelli, Giuseppina; Petrillo, Antonella; De Felice, Fabio (8 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/2\/492\" target=\"_blank\">\"Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in Smart Production: Progress, Trends, and Directions\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>12<\/b> (2): 492. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu12020492\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su12020492<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/2\/492\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/2\/492<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+and+Machine+Learning+Applications+in+Smart+Production%3A+Progress%2C+Trends%2C+and+Directions&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Cioffi&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft.au=Cioffi%2C%26%2332%3BRaffaele&rft.au=Travaglioni%2C%26%2332%3BMarta&rft.au=Piscitelli%2C%26%2332%3BGiuseppina&rft.au=Petrillo%2C%26%2332%3BAntonella&rft.au=De+Felice%2C%26%2332%3BFabio&rft.date=8+January+2020&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=492&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu12020492&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F12%2F2%2F492&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:72-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:72_101-0\">101.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:72_101-1\">101.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:72_101-2\">101.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFIvanovDolguiDasSokolov2019\">Ivanov, Dmitry; Dolgui, Alexandre; Das, Ajay; Sokolov, Boris (2019), Ivanov, Dmitry; Dolgui, Alexandre; Sokolov, Boris, eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-14302-2_15\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Supply Chain Twins: Managing the Ripple Effect, Resilience, and Disruption Risks by Data-Driven Optimization, Simulation, and Visibility\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Handbook of Ripple Effects in the Supply Chain<\/i> (Cham: Springer International Publishing) <b>276<\/b>: 309\u2013332, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-030-14302-2_15\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-030-14302-2_15<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-030-14301-5<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-14302-2_15\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-14302-2_15<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-11-22<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Supply+Chain+Twins%3A+Managing+the+Ripple+Effect%2C+Resilience%2C+and+Disruption+Risks+by+Data-Driven+Optimization%2C+Simulation%2C+and+Visibility&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Ripple+Effects+in+the+Supply+Chain&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft.au=Ivanov%2C%26%2332%3BDmitry&rft.au=Dolgui%2C%26%2332%3BAlexandre&rft.au=Das%2C%26%2332%3BAjay&rft.au=Sokolov%2C%26%2332%3BBoris&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=276&rft.pages=309%E2%80%93332&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-030-14302-2_15&rft.isbn=978-3-030-14301-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-14302-2_15&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-102\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zuefle, Marwin; Bauer, Andre; Lesch, Veronika; Krupitzer, Christian; Herbst, Nikolas; Kounev, Samuel; Curtef, Valentin (1 June 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8831197\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Autonomic Forecasting Method Selection: Examination and Ways Ahead\"<\/a>. <i>2019 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC)<\/i> (Umea, Sweden: IEEE): 167\u2013176. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FICAC.2019.00028\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ICAC.2019.00028<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-7281-2411-7<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8831197\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8831197\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Autonomic+Forecasting+Method+Selection%3A+Examination+and+Ways+Ahead&rft.jtitle=2019+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Autonomic+Computing+%28ICAC%29&rft.aulast=Zuefle&rft.aufirst=Marwin&rft.au=Zuefle%2C%26%2332%3BMarwin&rft.au=Bauer%2C%26%2332%3BAndre&rft.au=Lesch%2C%26%2332%3BVeronika&rft.au=Krupitzer%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.au=Herbst%2C%26%2332%3BNikolas&rft.au=Kounev%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel&rft.au=Curtef%2C%26%2332%3BValentin&rft.date=1+June+2019&rft.pages=167%E2%80%93176&rft.place=Umea%2C+Sweden&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FICAC.2019.00028&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-2411-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8831197%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-103\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rosen, Roland; von Wichert, Georg; Lo, George; Bettenhausen, Kurt D. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405896315003808\" target=\"_blank\">\"About The Importance of Autonomy and Digital Twins for the Future of Manufacturing\"<\/a> (in en). <i>IFAC-PapersOnLine<\/i> <b>48<\/b> (3): 567\u2013572. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ifacol.2015.06.141\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.06.141<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405896315003808\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405896315003808<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=About+The+Importance+of+Autonomy+and+Digital+Twins+for+the+Future+of+Manufacturing&rft.jtitle=IFAC-PapersOnLine&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Rosen%2C%26%2332%3BRoland&rft.au=von+Wichert%2C%26%2332%3BGeorg&rft.au=Lo%2C%26%2332%3BGeorge&rft.au=Bettenhausen%2C%26%2332%3BKurt+D.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=567%E2%80%93572&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ifacol.2015.06.141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2405896315003808&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-104\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Krupitzer, Christian; Wagenhals, Tim; Z\u00fcfle, Marwin; Lesch, Veronika; Sch\u00e4fer, Dominik; Mozaffarin, Amin; Edinger, Janick; Becker, Christian <i>et al.<\/i> (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2002.08224\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Survey on Predictive Maintenance for Industry 4.0\"<\/a>. <i>arXiv<\/i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.48550%2FARXIV.2002.08224\" target=\"_blank\">10.48550\/ARXIV.2002.08224<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2002.08224\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2002.08224<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Survey+on+Predictive+Maintenance+for+Industry+4.0&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.aulast=Krupitzer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Krupitzer%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.au=Wagenhals%2C%26%2332%3BTim&rft.au=Z%C3%BCfle%2C%26%2332%3BMarwin&rft.au=Lesch%2C%26%2332%3BVeronika&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C%26%2332%3BDominik&rft.au=Mozaffarin%2C%26%2332%3BAmin&rft.au=Edinger%2C%26%2332%3BJanick&rft.au=Becker%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.au=Kounev%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info:doi\/10.48550%2FARXIV.2002.08224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F2002.08224&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:66-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:66_105-0\">105.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:66_105-1\">105.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:66_105-2\">105.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Adamenko, Dmytro; Kunnen, Steffen; Pluhnau, Robin; Loibl, Andr\u00e9; Nagarajah, Arun (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827120307800\" target=\"_blank\">\"Review and comparison of the methods of designing the Digital Twin\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Procedia CIRP<\/i> <b>91<\/b>: 27\u201332. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2020.02.146\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.procir.2020.02.146<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827120307800\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827120307800<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review+and+comparison+of+the+methods+of+designing+the+Digital+Twin&rft.jtitle=Procedia+CIRP&rft.aulast=Adamenko&rft.aufirst=Dmytro&rft.au=Adamenko%2C%26%2332%3BDmytro&rft.au=Kunnen%2C%26%2332%3BSteffen&rft.au=Pluhnau%2C%26%2332%3BRobin&rft.au=Loibl%2C%26%2332%3BAndr%C3%A9&rft.au=Nagarajah%2C%26%2332%3BArun&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=27%E2%80%9332&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2020.02.146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2212827120307800&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-106\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Chen, Yingjie; Yang, Ou; Sampat, Chaitanya; Bhalode, Pooja; Ramachandran, Rohit; Ierapetritou, Marianthi (2 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/8\/9\/1088\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twins in Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Literature Review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Processes<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (9): 1088. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fpr8091088\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/pr8091088<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2227-9717\" target=\"_blank\">2227-9717<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/8\/9\/1088\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/8\/9\/1088<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twins+in+Pharmaceutical+and+Biopharmaceutical+Manufacturing%3A+A+Literature+Review&rft.jtitle=Processes&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yingjie&rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BYingjie&rft.au=Yang%2C%26%2332%3BOu&rft.au=Sampat%2C%26%2332%3BChaitanya&rft.au=Bhalode%2C%26%2332%3BPooja&rft.au=Ramachandran%2C%26%2332%3BRohit&rft.au=Ierapetritou%2C%26%2332%3BMarianthi&rft.date=2+September+2020&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1088&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fpr8091088&rft.issn=2227-9717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2227-9717%2F8%2F9%2F1088&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-107\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Schleich, Benjamin; Anwer, Nabil; Mathieu, Luc; Wartzack, Sandro (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007850617300409\" target=\"_blank\">\"Shaping the digital twin for design and production engineering\"<\/a> (in en). <i>CIRP Annals<\/i> <b>66<\/b> (1): 141\u2013144. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cirp.2017.04.040\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.cirp.2017.04.040<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007850617300409\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007850617300409<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shaping+the+digital+twin+for+design+and+production+engineering&rft.jtitle=CIRP+Annals&rft.aulast=Schleich&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Schleich%2C%26%2332%3BBenjamin&rft.au=Anwer%2C%26%2332%3BNabil&rft.au=Mathieu%2C%26%2332%3BLuc&rft.au=Wartzack%2C%26%2332%3BSandro&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141%E2%80%93144&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.cirp.2017.04.040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0007850617300409&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-108\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bao, Jinsong; Guo, Dongsheng; Li, Jie; Zhang, Jie (21 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17517575.2018.1526324\" target=\"_blank\">\"The modelling and operations for the digital twin in the context of manufacturing\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Enterprise Information Systems<\/i> <b>13<\/b> (4): 534\u2013556. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F17517575.2018.1526324\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/17517575.2018.1526324<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1751-7575\" target=\"_blank\">1751-7575<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17517575.2018.1526324\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17517575.2018.1526324<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+modelling+and+operations+for+the+digital+twin+in+the+context+of+manufacturing&rft.jtitle=Enterprise+Information+Systems&rft.aulast=Bao&rft.aufirst=Jinsong&rft.au=Bao%2C%26%2332%3BJinsong&rft.au=Guo%2C%26%2332%3BDongsheng&rft.au=Li%2C%26%2332%3BJie&rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BJie&rft.date=21+April+2019&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=534%E2%80%93556&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F17517575.2018.1526324&rft.issn=1751-7575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F17517575.2018.1526324&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:73-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:73_109-0\">109.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:73_109-1\">109.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:73_109-2\">109.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Klerkx, Laurens; Jakku, Emma; Labarthe, Pierre (1 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1016\/j.njas.2019.100315\" target=\"_blank\">\"A review of social science on digital agriculture, smart farming and agriculture 4.0: New contributions and a future research agenda\"<\/a> (in en). <i>NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences<\/i> <b>90-91<\/b> (1): 1\u201316. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.njas.2019.100315\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.njas.2019.100315<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1573-5214\" target=\"_blank\">1573-5214<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1016\/j.njas.2019.100315\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1016\/j.njas.2019.100315<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+review+of+social+science+on+digital+agriculture%2C+smart+farming+and+agriculture+4.0%3A+New+contributions+and+a+future+research+agenda&rft.jtitle=NJAS%3A+Wageningen+Journal+of+Life+Sciences&rft.aulast=Klerkx&rft.aufirst=Laurens&rft.au=Klerkx%2C%26%2332%3BLaurens&rft.au=Jakku%2C%26%2332%3BEmma&rft.au=Labarthe%2C%26%2332%3BPierre&rft.date=1+December+2019&rft.volume=90-91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9316&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.njas.2019.100315&rft.issn=1573-5214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1016%2Fj.njas.2019.100315&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-110\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFGhitaSihamHichamGriguer2021\">Ghita, Mezzour; Siham, Benhadou; Hicham, Medromi; Griguer, Hafid (2021), Joshi, Amit; Nagar, Atulya K.; Mar\u00edn-Ravent\u00f3s, Gabriela, eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-33-4901-8_8\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twins Based LCA and ISO 20140 for Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Sustainable Intelligent Systems<\/i> (Singapore: Springer Singapore): 101\u2013145, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-981-33-4901-8_8\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-981-33-4901-8_8<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-981-334-900-1<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-33-4901-8_8\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-33-4901-8_8<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-11-22<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twins+Based+LCA+and+ISO+20140+for+Smart+and+Sustainable+Manufacturing+Systems&rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Intelligent+Systems&rft.aulast=Ghita&rft.aufirst=Mezzour&rft.au=Ghita%2C%26%2332%3BMezzour&rft.au=Siham%2C%26%2332%3BBenhadou&rft.au=Hicham%2C%26%2332%3BMedromi&rft.au=Griguer%2C%26%2332%3BHafid&rft.date=2021&rft.pages=101%E2%80%93145&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-981-33-4901-8_8&rft.isbn=978-981-334-900-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-981-33-4901-8_8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-111\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Dohrmann, K.; Gesing, B.; Ward, J.. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dhl.com\/content\/dam\/dhl\/global\/core\/documents\/pdf\/glo-core-digital-twins-in-logistics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twins in Logistics: A DHL perspective on the impact of digital twins on the logistics industry\"<\/a> (PDF). DHL Customer Solutions & Innovation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dhl.com\/content\/dam\/dhl\/global\/core\/documents\/pdf\/glo-core-digital-twins-in-logistics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.dhl.com\/content\/dam\/dhl\/global\/core\/documents\/pdf\/glo-core-digital-twins-in-logistics.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 18 October 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Digital+Twins+in+Logistics%3A+A+DHL+perspective+on+the+impact+of+digital+twins+on+the+logistics+industry&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Dohrmann%2C+K.%3B+Gesing%2C+B.%3B+Ward%2C+J.&rft.au=Dohrmann%2C+K.%3B+Gesing%2C+B.%3B+Ward%2C+J.&rft.pub=DHL+Customer+Solutions+%26+Innovation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhl.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fdhl%2Fglobal%2Fcore%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Fglo-core-digital-twins-in-logistics.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:67-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:67_112-0\">112.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:67_112-1\">112.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Botta, Vincenzo; Fusco, Laura; Mondelli, Attilio; Visconti, Ivan (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2109.03870\" target=\"_blank\">\"Secure Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management with Verifiable Digital Twins\"<\/a>. <i>arXiv<\/i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.48550%2FARXIV.2109.03870\" target=\"_blank\">10.48550\/ARXIV.2109.03870<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2109.03870\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2109.03870<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Secure+Blockchain-Based+Supply+Chain+Management+with+Verifiable+Digital+Twins&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.aulast=Botta&rft.aufirst=Vincenzo&rft.au=Botta%2C%26%2332%3BVincenzo&rft.au=Fusco%2C%26%2332%3BLaura&rft.au=Mondelli%2C%26%2332%3BAttilio&rft.au=Visconti%2C%26%2332%3BIvan&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info:doi\/10.48550%2FARXIV.2109.03870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F2109.03870&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-113\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Sahal, Radhya; Alsamhi, Saeed H.; Brown, Kenneth N.; O\u2019Shea, Donna; McCarthy, Conor; Guizani, Mohsen (9 September 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/9\/9\/193\" target=\"_blank\">\"Blockchain-Empowered Digital Twins Collaboration: Smart Transportation Use Case\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Machines<\/i> <b>9<\/b> (9): 193. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fmachines9090193\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/machines9090193<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2075-1702\" target=\"_blank\">2075-1702<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/9\/9\/193\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1702\/9\/9\/193<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blockchain-Empowered+Digital+Twins+Collaboration%3A+Smart+Transportation+Use+Case&rft.jtitle=Machines&rft.aulast=Sahal&rft.aufirst=Radhya&rft.au=Sahal%2C%26%2332%3BRadhya&rft.au=Alsamhi%2C%26%2332%3BSaeed+H.&rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BKenneth+N.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Shea%2C%26%2332%3BDonna&rft.au=McCarthy%2C%26%2332%3BConor&rft.au=Guizani%2C%26%2332%3BMohsen&rft.date=9+September+2021&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=193&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fmachines9090193&rft.issn=2075-1702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2075-1702%2F9%2F9%2F193&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:74-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:74_114-0\">114.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:74_114-1\">114.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Dittmann, S\u00f6ren; Zhang, Pengxiang; Glodde, Arne; Dietrich, Franz (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827121000949\" target=\"_blank\">\"Towards a scalable implementation of digital twins - A generic method to acquire shopfloor data\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Procedia CIRP<\/i> <b>96<\/b>: 157\u2013162. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2021.01.069\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.procir.2021.01.069<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827121000949\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827121000949<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+a+scalable+implementation+of+digital+twins+-+A+generic+method+to+acquire+shopfloor+data&rft.jtitle=Procedia+CIRP&rft.aulast=Dittmann&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rft.au=Dittmann%2C%26%2332%3BS%C3%B6ren&rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BPengxiang&rft.au=Glodde%2C%26%2332%3BArne&rft.au=Dietrich%2C%26%2332%3BFranz&rft.date=2021&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=157%E2%80%93162&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2021.01.069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2212827121000949&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-115\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Strube, Martin; Runde, Stefan; Figalist, Helmut; Fay, Alexander (1 September 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6058987\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Risk minimization in modernization projects of plant automation — A knowledge-based approach by means of semantic web technologies\"<\/a>. <i>ETFA2011<\/i> (Toulouse, France: IEEE): 1\u20138. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FETFA.2011.6058987\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ETFA.2011.6058987<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-4577-0017-0<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6058987\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6058987\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Risk+minimization+in+modernization+projects+of+plant+automation+%26%23x2014%3B+A+knowledge-based+approach+by+means+of+semantic+web+technologies&rft.jtitle=ETFA2011&rft.aulast=Strube&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Strube%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.au=Runde%2C%26%2332%3BStefan&rft.au=Figalist%2C%26%2332%3BHelmut&rft.au=Fay%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander&rft.date=1+September+2011&rft.pages=1%E2%80%938&rft.place=Toulouse%2C+France&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FETFA.2011.6058987&rft.isbn=978-1-4577-0017-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F6058987%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-116\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Shih, Chih-Wen; Wang, Chih-Hsuan (1 March 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920548915001452\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integrating wireless sensor networks with statistical quality control to develop a cold chain system in food industries\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Computer Standards & Interfaces<\/i> <b>45<\/b>: 62\u201378. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.csi.2015.12.004\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.csi.2015.12.004<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920548915001452\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920548915001452<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integrating+wireless+sensor+networks+with+statistical+quality+control+to+develop+a+cold+chain+system+in+food+industries&rft.jtitle=Computer+Standards+%26+Interfaces&rft.aulast=Shih&rft.aufirst=Chih-Wen&rft.au=Shih%2C%26%2332%3BChih-Wen&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BChih-Hsuan&rft.date=1+March+2016&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=62%E2%80%9378&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.csi.2015.12.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0920548915001452&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:75-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:75_117-0\">117.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:75_117-1\">117.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Machiels, Jarne; 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Zhang, Zonghua; Gao, Nan; Meng, Zhaozong; Li, Zhen (17 September 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/4012\" target=\"_blank\">\"Radio Frequency Identification and Sensing Techniques and Their Applications\u2014A Review of the State-of-the-Art\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sensors<\/i> <b>19<\/b> (18): 4012. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fs19184012\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/s19184012<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1424-8220\" target=\"_blank\">1424-8220<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6766906\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6766906<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31533321\" target=\"_blank\">31533321<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/4012\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/4012<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radio+Frequency+Identification+and+Sensing+Techniques+and+Their+Applications%E2%80%94A+Review+of+the+State-of-the-Art&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.aulast=Cui&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft.au=Cui%2C%26%2332%3BLei&rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BZonghua&rft.au=Gao%2C%26%2332%3BNan&rft.au=Meng%2C%26%2332%3BZhaozong&rft.au=Li%2C%26%2332%3BZhen&rft.date=17+September+2019&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=4012&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fs19184012&rft.issn=1424-8220&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6766906&rft_id=info:pmid\/31533321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1424-8220%2F19%2F18%2F4012&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-119\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mulloni, Viviana; Donelli, Massimo (10 April 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2135\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chipless RFID Sensors for the Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sensors<\/i> <b>20<\/b> (7): 2135. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fs20072135\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/s20072135<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1424-8220\" target=\"_blank\">1424-8220<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7181130\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7181130<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32290109\" target=\"_blank\">32290109<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2135\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2135<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chipless+RFID+Sensors+for+the+Internet+of+Things%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.aulast=Mulloni&rft.aufirst=Viviana&rft.au=Mulloni%2C%26%2332%3BViviana&rft.au=Donelli%2C%26%2332%3BMassimo&rft.date=10+April+2020&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2135&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fs20072135&rft.issn=1424-8220&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7181130&rft_id=info:pmid\/32290109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1424-8220%2F20%2F7%2F2135&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rohleder, B.; 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(26 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bitkom.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-03\/Bitkom-Charts%20190326%20Digitalisierung%20der%20Ern%C3%A4hrungsindustrie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Ern\u00e4hrung 4.0 \u2013 Status Quo, Chancen und Herausforderungen\"<\/a> (PDF). bitkom<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bitkom.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-03\/Bitkom-Charts%20190326%20Digitalisierung%20der%20Ern%C3%A4hrungsindustrie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.bitkom.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-03\/Bitkom-Charts%20190326%20Digitalisierung%20der%20Ern%C3%A4hrungsindustrie.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569190X16000216\" target=\"_blank\">\"Perspectives and relationships in Supply Chain Simulation: A systematic literature review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory<\/i> <b>62<\/b>: 166\u2013191. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.simpat.2016.02.001\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.simpat.2016.02.001<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569190X16000216\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569190X16000216<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Perspectives+and+relationships+in+Supply+Chain+Simulation%3A+A+systematic+literature+review&rft.jtitle=Simulation+Modelling+Practice+and+Theory&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Josenildo+Brito&rft.au=Oliveira%2C%26%2332%3BJosenildo+Brito&rft.au=Lima%2C%26%2332%3BRenato+Silva&rft.au=Montevechi%2C%26%2332%3BJos%C3%A9+Arnaldo+Barra&rft.date=1+March+2016&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=166%E2%80%93191&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.simpat.2016.02.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1569190X16000216&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-122\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Abideen, Ahmed Zainul; Sundram, Veera Pandiyan Kaliani; Pyeman, Jaafar; Othman, Abdul Kadir; Sorooshian, Shahryar (26 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6290\/5\/4\/84\" target=\"_blank\">\"Digital Twin Integrated Reinforced Learning in Supply Chain and Logistics\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Logistics<\/i> <b>5<\/b> (4): 84. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Flogistics5040084\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/logistics5040084<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2305-6290\" target=\"_blank\">2305-6290<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6290\/5\/4\/84\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6290\/5\/4\/84<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Twin+Integrated+Reinforced+Learning+in+Supply+Chain+and+Logistics&rft.jtitle=Logistics&rft.aulast=Abideen&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+Zainul&rft.au=Abideen%2C%26%2332%3BAhmed+Zainul&rft.au=Sundram%2C%26%2332%3BVeera+Pandiyan+Kaliani&rft.au=Pyeman%2C%26%2332%3BJaafar&rft.au=Othman%2C%26%2332%3BAbdul+Kadir&rft.au=Sorooshian%2C%26%2332%3BShahryar&rft.date=26+November+2021&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=84&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Flogistics5040084&rft.issn=2305-6290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2305-6290%2F5%2F4%2F84&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-123\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Krupitzer, Christian; Stein, Anthony (22 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/11\/2889\" target=\"_blank\">\"Food Informatics\u2014Review of the Current State-of-the-Art, Revised Definition, and Classification into the Research Landscape\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Foods<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (11): 2889. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Ffoods10112889\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/foods10112889<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2304-8158\" target=\"_blank\">2304-8158<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8620004\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8620004<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34829170\" target=\"_blank\">34829170<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/11\/2889\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/11\/2889<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Food+Informatics%E2%80%94Review+of+the+Current+State-of-the-Art%2C+Revised+Definition%2C+and+Classification+into+the+Research+Landscape&rft.jtitle=Foods&rft.aulast=Krupitzer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Krupitzer%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.au=Stein%2C%26%2332%3BAnthony&rft.date=22+November+2021&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2889&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Ffoods10112889&rft.issn=2304-8158&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8620004&rft_id=info:pmid\/34829170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2304-8158%2F10%2F11%2F2889&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-124\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Henrichs, Elia (1 September 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9599255\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Enhancing the Smart, Digitized Food Supply Chain through Self-Learning and Self-Adaptive Systems\"<\/a>. <i>2021 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems Companion (ACSOS-C)<\/i> (DC, USA: IEEE): 304\u2013306. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FACSOS-C52956.2021.00081\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/ACSOS-C52956.2021.00081<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-6654-4393-7<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9599255\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9599255\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enhancing+the+Smart%2C+Digitized+Food+Supply+Chain+through+Self-Learning+and+Self-Adaptive+Systems&rft.jtitle=2021+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Autonomic+Computing+and+Self-Organizing+Systems+Companion+%28ACSOS-C%29&rft.aulast=Henrichs&rft.aufirst=Elia&rft.au=Henrichs%2C%26%2332%3BElia&rft.date=1+September+2021&rft.pages=304%E2%80%93306&rft.place=DC%2C+USA&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FACSOS-C52956.2021.00081&rft.isbn=978-1-6654-4393-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9599255%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation and updates to spelling and grammar. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The URL to the Deloitte paper was broken; an archived version of the document was used for this version.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103132611\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 1.467 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.987 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 121526\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 1026251\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 328161\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 332845\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 1263.305 1 -total\n 85.54% 1080.572 1 Template:Reflist\n 69.64% 879.809 124 Template:Citation\/core\n 60.27% 761.425 101 Template:Cite_journal\n 11.01% 139.113 115 Template:Date\n 7.35% 92.891 193 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 6.91% 87.338 9 Template:Citation\n 6.22% 78.629 12 Template:Cite_web\n 3.13% 39.595 386 Template:Hide_in_print\n 2.26% 28.589 131 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13822-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103132609 and revision id 50508. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Can_a_byte_improve_our_bite%3F_An_analysis_of_digital_twins_in_the_food_industry<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","9b2d8f7dcb72e09d283e0697621362d7_images":["https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/b9\/Fig1_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/1\/15\/Fig2_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/42\/Fig3_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/5\/53\/Fig4_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/f\/ff\/Fig5_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/d\/d7\/Fig6_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/4b\/Fig7_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/22\/Fig8_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/8\/89\/Fig9_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/24\/Tab1_Henrichs_Sensors22_22-1.png"],"9b2d8f7dcb72e09d283e0697621362d7_timestamp":1672771710,"884fb79e5c7bb1fb8321d0ad3aa2f310_type":"article","884fb79e5c7bb1fb8321d0ad3aa2f310_title":"Exploration of organic superionic glassy conductors by process and materials informatics with lossless graph database (Hatakeyama-Sato et al. 2022)","884fb79e5c7bb1fb8321d0ad3aa2f310_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database","884fb79e5c7bb1fb8321d0ad3aa2f310_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:Exploration of organic superionic glassy conductors by process and materials informatics with lossless graph databaseFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nExploration of organic superionic glassy conductors by process and materials informatics with lossless graph databaseJournal\n \nnpj Computational MaterialsAuthor(s)\n \nHatakeyama-Sato, Kan; Umeki, Momoka; Adachi, Hiroki; Kuwata, Naoaki; Hasegawa, Gen; Oyaizu, KenichiAuthor affiliation(s)\n \nWaseda University, National Institute for Materials SciencePrimary contact\n \nEmail: oyaizu at waseda dot jpYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n8Article #\n \n170DOI\n \n10.1038\/s41524-022-00853-0ISSN\n \n2057-3960Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41524-022-00853-0Download\n \nhttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41524-022-00853-0.pdf (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Results \n\n3.1 Recording daily experiments as graph-shaped data \n3.2 Bridging electronic laboratory notebooks and data science \n3.3 Data-oriented analysis of electrolytes \n3.4 Revealing superionic conduction \n\n\n4 Discussion \n5 Methods \n\n5.1 Materials \n5.2 Electrolyte preparation \n\n5.2.1 General information \n5.2.2 Electrolyte preparation \n5.2.3 Impedance measurements \n5.2.4 Fabrication of lithium-ion battery \n5.2.5 Electrolyte abbreviation \n\n\n5.3 Measurements and data analyses \n\n5.3.1 EIS \n5.3.2 DSC \n5.3.3 XRD \n5.3.4 Solid-state NMR \n5.3.5 Temperature dependence of conductivity \n5.3.6 Particle size analysis \n\n\n5.4 Computational simulations \n\n5.4.1 Workstation \n5.4.2 Density functional theory calculations \n5.4.3 Molecular dynamics simulation \n\n\n5.5 Open database and materials informatics \n\n5.5.1 General information \n5.5.2 Preparation of graph-shaped databases \n5.5.3 Parsing graph data \n5.5.4 Conductivity prediction \n\n\n\n\n6 Supplementary information \n7 Acknowledgements \n\n7.1 Author contributions \n7.2 Data availability \n7.3 Code availability \n7.4 Competing interests \n\n\n8 References \n9 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nData-driven material exploration is a ground-breaking research style; however, daily experimental results are difficult to record, analyze, and share. We report a data platform that losslessly describes the relationships of structures, properties, and processes as graphs in electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs). As a model project, organic superionic glassy conductors were explored by recording over 500 different experiments. Automated data analysis revealed the essential factors for a remarkable room-temperature ionic conductivity of 10\u22124 to 10\u22123 S cm\u22121 and a Li+ transference number of around 0.8. In contrast to previous materials research, everyone can access all the experimental results\u2014including graphs, raw measurement data, and data processing systems\u2014at a public repository. Direct data sharing will improve scientific communication and accelerate integration of material knowledge.\nKeywords: materials science, materials informatics, electronic laboratory notebook, data sharing\n\nIntroduction \nMaterials informatics is the study of the data-oriented understanding of materials science data, represented by structures, properties, mechanisms, and protocols.[1] Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used in the field for automated material design, massive data analyses, and accelerated experiments with robots to advance the discovery of materials for energy- and environment-related applications.[1][2][3][4][5]\nA long-term challenge in materials informatics and materials science is lossless data sharing by the scientific community.[6] Although materials and devices are sensitive to their preparation processes, materials databases and scientific documents generally do not provide sufficient information.[1][7][8] Most databases focus on structure\u2013property relations and ignore or shorten the preparation protocols.[1][4][6][8] Experimental methods are available in scientific journals, but only specialists can appropriately extract the structure\u2013property\u2013process relationships from the text, and automated text parsing by AI is not yet practical.[7][9] Furthermore, detailed information\u2014including non-representative experimental protocols, lot numbers of reagents, and raw measurement data\u2014is often omitted from articles, which leaves major uncertainties about a material's data. As such, researchers may need to improve their communication style to achieve lossless material data sharing.\nGiven these factors, we propose a data platform that can explicitly describe the relations among the structures, properties, and processes of materials (Fig. 1). Based on the concepts of knowledge graphs or flowcharts[7][10], all experimental events are connected as nodes in graphs. Most experimental information can be described losslessly as graphs, the format of which is also compatible with data science.[7] We demonstrated the system by using it in our research of superionic organic conductors, which revealed the factors for achieving a remarkable room-temperature conductivity of 10\u22124 to 10\u22123 S\/cm and a Li+ transference number of 0.8, practically the highest values of known tested organic solid-state conductors without plasticizers.[11][12][13][14][15] All experimental data, including everyday experimental operations and measurements (over 500 records), were recorded in the database and are available from a public repository. This work is ultimately representative of the demonstration in experimental materials science of the everything-open research style, which should become the standard for scientific communication to accelerate the integration of materials knowledge.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1. Graph-shaped material data storage system. All experimental results were recorded as graph-shaped data and automatically converted into a table database for analysis (see Supplementary Fig. 1 for a representative case). Missing values were imputed by machine learning.\n\n\n\nResults \nRecording daily experiments as graph-shaped data \nAs the essential components of next-generation secondary batteries[12][13][14][16][17][18], solid-state organic lithium-ion conductors were prepared by mixing aromatic polymers, electron-accepting molecules, and lithium salts (Fig. 2a). Several candidates were virtually extracted in our previous machine learning (ML) study, using the model trained with literature data (>10,000 experimental records).[4] The model indicated a high room-temperature conductivity over 0.1 mS cm\u22121, and we experimentally confirmed some predictions.[4] However, the model could not input process information, even though the properties and hierarchical structures of composite materials are changed drastically by different preparation protocols.[1][7][8] The literature does not provide comprehensive experimental information for each electrolyte, mainly because of the limited space for methodology sections. This is not a problem specific to ionic conductors but has been a general limitation in materials informatics.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 2. Electrolyte structures and conductivity. a Search space of chemical structures and major operations to prepare electrolytes. b Nyquist plot for a representative electrolyte, PPO\/chloranil\u2009=\u20096\/4 (mol\/mol) with 30 wt % LiFTFSI. Inset: Photograph of the electrolyte layer. c Experimental ionic room temperature conductivities of the electrolytes. The samples were named using the format \"XYZMM-NN\u03b1\u03b2\", which indicates an electrolyte containing MM mol % donor (X\u2009=\u2009S: PMPS; O: PPO) versus acceptor (Y\u2009=\u2009L: chloranil; Q: benzoquinone; D: 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone) with NN wt % salt (Z\u2009=\u2009D: LiTFSI; M: LiFTFSI; N: LiFSI; B: LiBF4). Symbols \u03b1 and \u03b2 indicate operational conditions (\u03b1\u2009=\u2009H: thermal annealing before measurement; L: room temperature, and \u03b2\u2009=\u2009G: cells were kept in a glove box until measurement; O: kept outside). Box-plot elements are defined as follows. Center line: median, box limits: upper and lower quartiles, whiskers: 1.5x interquartile range, and points: outliers. Supplementary information, Supplementary Discussion g details the effects of the factors for conductivity.\n\n\n\nDuring electrolyte exploration, we used a graph database as an electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) in which we recorded the daily experiments (Figs. 1, 2b, c). ELNs are commercially available, but they are not specially designed for data science, and are only available in a closed system (i.e., proprietary model).[19] In contrast, our management system uses open-format graphs (XML data) and an open-source processing system (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1). One graph was designed to contain almost all the information for one experiment, including experiment date, environment, experimenter, protocols, chemical formula, and a link to analytical data.\nAlthough the electrolytes were prepared by simply mixing the components, over 40 small steps and at least 100 variable parameters could be recorded for the conductivity measurements (e.g., heating temperature, duration, and timing; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1). For each experiment, experimental protocols were changed slightly to optimize the conditions. These large numbers of steps are typical to materials science, but recording them using conventional frameworks is unmanageable. The protocols are too complex for standard process informatics tools such as experimental design and Bayesian optimization, which typically focus on less than 10 variables.[1][2][6] Only a representative protocol is usually described in the methodology section of scientific articles. In contrast, no data loss would occur in this system because every experimental result is available as graph data on the public repository.\n\nBridging electronic laboratory notebooks and data science \nAll experimental results in the project, exceeding 500 records, were recorded in the database. Unsuccessful conductors, synthesized properly but displaying poorer performances because of the unoptimized experimental procedures or compositions, were also recorded to improve ML models. We emphasize that they are often omitted from conventional scientific articles and lost from the community permanently.\nFor data analysis, the raw experimental (graph) data were automatically converted into table data, which was learned by a conventional tree-based ensemble model (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 2). First, the graphs were processed to a numerical array by our open-source Python module (Fig. 3a). We used a fingerprint algorithm to describe the characteristics of graphs. Fingerprint algorithms were developed to characterize the features of molecules by representing the presence of specific chemical moieties.[20] The availability of specific steps in a protocol was checked in the current algorithm (Fig. 3b, see Methods section for details). Similar operations were automatically grouped by natural language processing (BERT)[21] and unsupervised learning (k-nearest neighbour, kNN). The grouping improved the generality of the fingerprint by addressing orthographical variants (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 1). Individual algorithms were designed to parse chemical and measurement data to extract their characteristic features, such as molecular weight, conductivity, crystallinity, and peak position (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4).\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 3. Automated feature analysis. a Conversion of process and measurement data into a numerical array. A full ML scheme is shown in Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 2. b Fingerprint generation from flowcharts. A binary array expresses specific experimental steps (e.g., in the figure, \"Protocol A\" has steps a, b, c, and not c\u2019 or d: this yields a fingerprint of 11100). \"Cool\" steps in Protocol A and B are distinguished by c or c\u2019 because only the latter is connected to \"Stir.\" Then, BERT and kNN automatically group similar steps (e.g., \"Heat\" and \u2018Hot plate\u2019 can be categorized in the same group). c Prediction of ionic conductivity (\u03c3ion) using LightGBM regressor with statistically essential electrolyte parameters extracted by Boruta. d SHAP values during the prediction (explanations of parameters are shown in Supplementary information. Supplementary Table 2). e Causal relations estimated by unsupervised ML.\n\n\n\nOver 50 descriptors characterizing the features of processes, structures, and analytical data were automatically generated as a numerical array by parsing the database (see Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 5\u20136, as well as Supplementary Table 2 and Supplementary Data). Conventional materials informatics usually requires the manual preparation of table databases from experimental results, which is time-consuming and has been a practical bottleneck in material informatics for some time.[1][7] In contrast, our system automatically converts ELNs into machine-learnable databases.\nGenerally, limited research resources do not allow experiments to be conducted with all-inclusive conditions, thereby leading to sparse experimental databases.[1][6][22] Missing values in the current database were filled by data imputation (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 6).[7][22] In other words, the unmeasured data were generated from existing results using a LightGBM regressor, which is a standard decision tree-based ensemble model.[22][23]\nDuring electrolyte preparation, we milled the electrolytes into microparticles. The diameter measurements were conducted only on a few samples, and the values for the other conductors were estimated by imputation (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 7). The predicted diameters decreased as the milling time increased, in the same way as for the measured data, indicating successful data imputation. Although the technique is not always accurate[22], it can help researchers with objective data analysis and causal exploration.\n\nData-oriented analysis of electrolytes \nExperimentally, various conductors were examined using the polymers poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) or poly(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenesulfide) (PMPS)[24]; the electron acceptors chloranil or benzoquinone; the lithium salts lithium bis(trifluoro methanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiFTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), or lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4); and different experimental protocols such as mixing and heating conditions (Fig. 2a). The conditions were selected based on our previous virtual screening[4] and on-time data analysis by the current system.\nWe emphasize that the introduced aromatic molecules, the scope of the database, and the informatics system differed from those related to regular aliphatic polymer electrolytes (e.g., poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ionic liquids)).[12][15][25] The introduced aromatic polymers and electron acceptors can form charge-transfer complexes.[4][26] Their polarized structures could induce electrostatic interactions with lithium salts, generating potentially superionic phases for an unclear reason.[4][26] On the other hand, the glassy electrolytes often suffer from insufficient grain contacts; room temperature conductivities varied from almost insulating to superionic with the current electrolytes (10\u221211 to 10\u22123 S cm\u22121, Fig. 2b, c). We try to clarify the experimental factors affecting the conductivity and its large variance.\nCritical parameters for ionic conductivity (\u03c3ion) were extracted by supervised ML. Important descriptors were selected from over 50 descriptors by using the LightGBM regressor and Boruta package[27], which can choose statistically valid parameters based on hypothesis testing (Fig. 3c, d). High R2 scores of \u03c3ion with the randomly split training (>0.9) and testing datasets (>0.6) indicated that the essential factors for conduction were selected adequately (Fig. 3c). About 20 descriptors remained after the filtration, the contributions of which were then quantified by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values (Fig. 3b and Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 8; the scientific significance of parameters are discussed in Supplementary information, Supplementary Discussion a).[28]\nWe recognized the relations among the composition, conductivity, crystallinity, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) peak width (full width at half maximum; FWHM) of the electrolytes from the SHAP analysis (Fig. 3d). The detailed causal relationships were analyzed by unsupervised ML (Fig. 3e).[29] The automated causal exploration indicated that adding polymer and acceptor molecules to salts simultaneously reduced the crystallinity, sharpened NMR peaks, and increased \u03c3ion (Supplementary information, Supplementary Discussion b). Just by recording the daily exploratory experiments, essential and objective material insights could be extracted by the system.\n\nRevealing superionic conduction \nWe rationalized the electrolytes\u2019 high conductivity based on materials science. Traditionally, solid-state organic ionic conductors have been designed to contain polar and flexible aliphatic chains, represented by poly(ethylene oxide), for solvation and transportation of ions (Fig. 4a).[12][25] The solidification and overly strong cation-solvent interaction reduced the mobility of molecules, leading to a typical conductivity of 10\u22126 S cm\u22121 and lithium-ion transference number of 0.3, much smaller than liquids or recent inorganic solid conductors, which have conductivities of > 10\u22123 S\/cm.[12][17][25]\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. Characterization of superionic conductors. a Comparison of molecular structures for ionic conductors. b Estimated scheme of ion conduction through the amorphous electrolyte. c DSC curves for the PPO\/chloranil\u2009=\u200960\/40 (mol\/mol)+LiFTFSI electrolytes. d 19F MAS NMR spectra of the samples. e Temperature dependence of \u03c3ion for the 20 wt % LiFTFSI sample. Inset: DSC for the pristine LiFTFSI salt. f Charge\/discharge curves for a solid-state lithium-ion battery containing PPO\/benzoquinone\u2009=\u20098\/2 with ca. 52 wt % LiFTFSI electrolyte, operated at 50\u2009\u00b0C.\n\n\n\nAn essential feature of our electrolytes is that they consist of only rigid components, namely aromatic polymers, acceptors, and lithium salts. The highly conductive yet chemically, mechanically, and thermally robust properties of our electrolytes[4] may not be achieved by other organic or inorganic conductors, which typically suffer from thermal melting, hydrolysis, or large interface resistances.[12][17] The superionic conduction in the organic glassy media must be understood from both scientific and technological perspectives to advance the practical applications of these materials (e.g., electric vehicles).\nThe automated causal analysis highlighted the emergence of the amorphous phase after the electrolyte preparation (Fig. 4b). The polymers (electron donors) and acceptor molecules form charge-transfer complexes[4], inducing electrostatic interactions with lithium salts (Fig. 4b, molecular calculations shown in Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 9\u201310 and Supplementary Discussion c). As a representative case, electrolytes consisting of PPO\/chloranil with different amounts of LiFTFSI were examined in detail (maximum conductivity of around 10\u22123 S cm\u22121; Fig. 2a). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and element mapping showed the uniform distribution of the polymer, acceptor, and salt as microparticles (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 11). Peak shifts of the aromatic rings of the donor polymer in 13C NMR indicated molecular-level interactions between the complexes and salt (e.g., cation-\u03c0 interactions[30]; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 12).\nX-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) also indicated the amorphous phase formation (Fig. 4c and Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 13\u201316). After mixing with charge-transfer complexes, crystalline XRD peaks of lithium salts became smaller due to the amorphous phase transformation (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 14). The transition was consistent with the fade of melting peaks after the interaction with charge-transfer complexes.\nThe addition of the charge-transfer complexes to salts induced unexpected sharpening of solid-state 7Li and 19F NMR peaks (Fig. 4d and Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 17\u201320). Pristine LiFTFSI displayed a broad 19F magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR peak at \u221280\u2009ppm and a smaller sharp peak at around \u221279.5 ppm, attributed to CF3 groups. After the electrolyte formation, only smaller peaks were visible, and \u03c3ion increased (Fig. 4d). Because the peak sharpening indicates the greater atom motion, the high \u03c3ion was explained by the mobile ions in the amorphous phases (Figs. 3e, 4b).\nThe kinetics of atoms in electrolytes can be quantified by different NMR techniques, such as pulse-field gradient (PFG) NMR and relaxation time estimation.[12][31][32] PFG-NMR was unsuccessful for the electrolytes, certainly due to the interference by electron spins in charge-transfer complexes.[33] On the other hand, the fast kinetics of 7Li and 19F was successfully confirmed by relaxation time T1[31] during static NMR measurements (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 21 and Supplementary Discussion d). In contrast, carbon peaks showed no sharpening; the polymers had high glass transition temperatures (Tg) over 100\u2009\u00b0C (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 12).[4][24] The NMR results suggested that the mobile media was the salts themselves, not the polymers or acceptors (Fig. 4b).\nAlthough pristine lithium salts have been believed to be almost insulating[12], our experimental results supported the salt-based conduction model. The temperature dependence of \u03c3ion was fitted by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation, which describes the kinetics of amorphous structures (Fig. 4e, Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 22).[34][35] The fitting yielded a Kauzmann temperature (TK) of \u221248\u2009\u00b0C (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 13b and Supplementary Discussion e). The value satisfied the empirical relation of amorphous phases, Tg\u2009\u2245\u2009TK\u2009+\u20095035, where Tg\u2009\u2245\u20090\u2009\u00b0C\u201310\u2009\u00b0C was the experimental glass transition temperature of the salt (Fig. 4e.).[36] The agreement demonstrated that the dominant carriers were amorphous salts. Molecular dynamics simulations also showed the advantages of the amorphous phase. Ions were firmly trapped in the crystalline phase, whereas structural vacancies were available in the amorphous phase (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 23 and Supplementary Discussion f).\nThe electrolytes look dissimilar to conventional ones, but they could be regarded as a type of polymer-in-salt system, in which excess salt is added to polymers (typically over 50 wt % to an aliphatic polymer).[13][37] In the system, amorphous salt clusters, which emerge after polymer-salt interactions, function as carriers, enabling a conductivity of up to 10\u22124 S\/cm.[13] Rubbery polymers are often used, but even high-Tg polymers (e.g., polyacrylonitrile, Tg\u2009\u2245\u2009100\u2009\u00b0C) can also become conductors by unexplained mechanisms.[13][38]\nIn the current electrolytes, electrostatic interactions of polar charge-transfer complexes and salts should have generated the amorphous clusters, similarly to conventional polymer-in-salt systems. The hypothesis is supported by the high dielectric constants of charge-transfer complexes (\u03b5r = 100\u2013104), achieved by the partially mobile (or sometimes fully delocalized) electrons in charge-transfer complexes.[39] The species could be potentially functional as polarized groups for ion dissociation and yield higher bulk permittivity than normal solid polymer electrolytes.[4]\nKinetically, thermal (mainly rotational) motions of anions could transport cations even in the absence of flexible polymer matrices, which is unusual in normal polymeric conductors, but widely observed in ionic liquids, soft crystals, and some polymer-in-salt systems.[13][40] In our ongoing research, we intend to reveal more details of the structures and kinetics, including the possible contributions of charge-transfer complexes to salt structures, anion-acceptor exchange reactions[41], and other chemical factors (Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 24\u201325 and Supplementary Discussion g).\nNext, we analyzed the best electrolyte conditions, focusing on the reproducibility of conductivity. A modified evaluation score, which was the median minus standard deviation of \u03c3ion for electrolytes with the same composition, was predicted instead of each conductivity (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 26). The score was low for poorly reproducible conductors with large conductivity variance. The analysis showed the importance of the following factors: a thermally stable PPO polymer; a highly dissociative and asymmetrical LiFTFSI salt; an appropriate donor\/acceptor\/salt ratio (e.g., donor\/acceptor = 6\/4 (mol\/mol)+30 wt% salt); sufficient heating during electrolyte formation and premeasurement; and particle milling (Supplementary information, Supplementary Discussion h). After the optimization, high room-temperature conductivities were obtained with slight variance (e.g., 10\u22124 to 10\u22123 S cm\u22121 for electrolyte OLM60-41HG in Fig. 2). Thus, the materials informatics tool was suitable for technological optimization tasks.\nA solid-state lithium-ion battery was fabricated using a lithium iron phosphatase cathode and a lithium titanate anode. The electrolyte consisted of PPO\/benzoquinone = 8\/2 with 52 wt % LiFTFSI (maximum \u03c3ion\u2245\u200910\u22123 S cm\u22121, OQM78-52 in Fig. 2). Benzoquinone was selected because of its potential chemical stability over chloranil (e.g., containing no halogens). The cell operated reversibly at 1.9\u2009V, corresponding to the standard voltage (Fig. 4f). Although charge-transfer complexes could become electrically conducting, the composition of electrically insulating salts did not cause short circuits or current leakage (around 10\u22128 S cm\u22121).[4][26] Even at a large current density of 1.5\u2009mA\u2009cm\u22122 (corresponding to 1\u2009C), the charge\/discharge reactions proceeded. The impressive performance can be explained by the electrolyte\u2019s high Li+ transference number (ca. 0.8, estimated from the actual battery responses; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 27 and Supplementary Discussion i). This high value was also an essential characteristic of the polymer-in-salt system.[13] The origin of the exceptionally high transference number must be revealed in future research.\n\nDiscussion \nWe developed a materials science platform for easy data analysis and sharing. Everyday experiments were recorded as graph data in an ELN, clarifying the relations among structures, properties, and processes. Automated parsing of the graphs and data analysis helped researchers to understand data with broad experimental conditions objectively. The research style of publishing all raw experimental results with appropriate metadata will pave the way for lossless material data sharing, which is also compatible with big data mining and deep learning.[7] The platform is principally applicable to the versatile research of organic materials, and is sharable among different laboratories. The accelerated data and model sharing help researchers more efficiently perform material exploration.\nScientific and technological aspects of glassy organic superionic conductors were examined using the platform. Semi-automated data analysis helped us reveal the causal relationships in the electrolyte system statistically. The amorphous phases of salts achieved superionic conduction and a high transference number (ca. 0.8) after interacting with polymer charge-transfer complexes. We are now addressing the cyclability problem of the prototype batteries (currently about 30 cycles; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 27) with our informatics tool, which is highly compatible with composite materials and device development.\n\nMethods \nMaterials \nPPO and chloranil were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. The molecular weight of PPO was estimated by gel permeation chromatography using chloroform as eluent and polystyrene standards (Mn\u2009=\u20091.4\u2009\u00d7\u2009104, Mw\/Mn\u2009=\u20091.9). LiFTFSI was purchased from Fujifilm Wako Chemicals Co. LiTFSI was obtained from Kanto Chemical Co. LiFSI, LiBF4, and benzoquinone were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Other chemicals were obtained from the above companies. All compounds were used as received, and their regent containers were kept and opened only in a glove box. Detailed information, such as production numbers, is available on the public repository. PMPS was synthesized according to our previous report mentioned in the main manuscript (Mw: 18,000, Mn: 7000).\n\nElectrolyte preparation \nGeneral information \nA typical electrolyte preparation procedure for PPO\/chloranil\u2009=\u200960\/40 (mol\/mol) with 40 wt% LiFTFSI electrolyte (also shown as a flowchart in Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1) is described here. Methods for the other electrolytes are given in the repository as graph data. All procedures were conducted in an argon-filled glove box (oxygen concentration of less than 10 ppm and dew point of \u221280\u2009\u00b0C). Scrupulously dry conditions were maintained because lithium salts are highly deliquescent.\n\nElectrolyte preparation \nPPO (211\u2009mg) and chloranil (282\u2009mg) were mixed roughly in a petri dish. The powder was ball-milled (Mini-Mill PULVERISETTE 23, FRITSCH; stainless-steel balls, 10\u2009mm diameter) for 30\u2009minutes at 40\u2009Hz. The mixture was put in a petri dish and heated at 200\u2009\u00b0C for 65\u2009minutes to form the charge-transfer complex. The plate was covered with aluminum foil to catch sublimated chloranil, which was collected and returned to the mixture. After mixing the powder with a spatula, the complex was heated at 280\u2009\u00b0C for 30\u2009minutes. The product was obtained as a black powder (325\u2009mg). The yield was less than the weight of raw materials (211\u2009+\u2009282 = 493\u2009mg) because the unreacted acceptor had sublimated from the mixture.\nLiFTFSI (208\u2009mg) was added to the charge-transfer complex (304\u2009mg) and mixed roughly. The powder was ball-milled at 40\u2009Hz for 60\u2009minutes, and heated at 150\u2009\u00b0C for 10\u2009minutes to melt the salt. After cooling, the mixture was ball-milled at 40\u2009Hz for 75\u2009minutes, yielding the final product.\n\nImpedance measurements \nThe ionic conductivities of electrolytes were evaluated using solid-state cell equipment (KP-SolidCell, Hohsen; equipped with Macor insulator and PTFE O-ring). Stainless disks (1\u2009cm diameter) were used to sandwich electrolytes. The equipment was dried at 100\u2009\u00b0C for more than 1\u2009hour before it was placed in the glove box. The cell was filled with the electrolyte and sealed with a torque of over 20 Nm. The cell was annealed on a hot plate at 80\u2009\u00b0C for 4\u2009hours and at room temperature for at least 16\u2009hours. Impedance measurements were conducted just after removing the cells from the glove box. Several cells were prepared under the same conditions to check the variation in conductivity. Electrolyte thicknesses were measured with a conventional gauge after cell disassembly. Instead of leaving some cells in the glove box, some were sealed with a conventional plastic vacuum bag, kept outside the glove box, and annealed in an incubator (AMF-20N, Asahi Rika Seisakusho Co. Ltd.; the bag was opened just before the measurements).\n\nFabrication of lithium-ion battery \nA solid-state lithium-ion cell was prepared in a similar way to the normal cells for impedance measurements. A precoated LiFePO4 cathode and Li4Ti5O12 anode (Piotrek Co.; areal capacity of about 1.5\u2009mAh cm\u22122) were used instead of stainless disks.\n\nElectrolyte abbreviation \nThe samples were named using the format \"XYZMM-NN\u03b1\u03b2,\" and the variables had the following meanings:\n\nX: Donor polymers (S: PMPS, O: PPO)\nY: Acceptor molecules (L: chloranil, Q: benzoquinone, D: DDQ)\nZ: Salt molecules (D: LiTFSI, M: LiFTFSI, N: LiFSI, B: LiBF4)\nMM: Formal mole percent of donor with respect to the acceptor\nNN: Weight percent of salt in an electrolyte\n\u03b1: Whether an electrolyte was thermally annealed before electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) (H: high-temperature thermal annealing (e.g., 80\u2009\u00b0C), L: only room temperature leaving)\n\u03b2: Whether annealing was conducted in a glove box or outside (G: glove box, O: outside).\nMeasurements and data analyses \nEIS \nA photoelectrochemical system (ZAHNER CIMPS, Zahner) was used as a spectrometer for EIS (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4a). Samples were measured under open-circuit conditions at frequencies of 106 to 1\u2009Hz. The spectra were fitted manually with an RC parallel equivalent circuit. A constant phase element was introduced for a depressed semicircle, and the value of the intercept on the x-axis in the Nyquist plot was extracted for highly conducting samples. Ionic conductivity \u03c3ion was estimated from the measured resistance R (= \u03c3ion\u22121 \u00d7 electrolyte thickness per area). Capacitance C was around 10\u221210 F, corresponding to the relative permittivity of 1\u2013100 of the electrolytes. If a capacitance that was too large or small was obtained, the corresponding semicircle was not attributed to ionic conduction.\n\nDSC \nSamples were sealed in standard DSC pans in a glove box to avoid air exposure. DSC curves were measured with a differential scanning calorimeter (Q200, TA Instruments) with a typical scan rate of 20\u2009\u00b0C min\u22121 (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4b). The melting temperature and enthalpy of salt components were manually detected and recorded in the database.\n\nXRD \nXRD measurements were performed with an X-ray diffractometer (SmartLab, Rigaku). In a glove box, samples were sealed in airtight sample holders for the intensive beam method or glass capillaries for the parallel beam method to avoid air exposure (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4c). After automatically separating signal peaks from the background, the peak areas were calculated (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 16).\n\nSolid-state NMR \nNMR spectrometers were used to obtain solid-state NMR measurements (JNM-ECA400, JEOL). The NMR samples were sealed in airtight sample holders in a glove box to avoid air exposure. During MAS NMR, samples were rotated at 8\u2009kHz. Rotation was stopped during static NMR. Peak position and FWHM of 7Li and 19F peaks were detected automatically and recorded in the database. The CF3 fluoride peaks were analyzed for LiFTFSI and LiTFSI. In Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 21, an NMR spectrometer with a different configuration and lot number was employed. Because of the shorter dead time, background peaks (i.e., broad components) were more successfully detected in comparison to Supplementary Fig. 18 and Supplementary Fig. 20. For a clearer comparison, the peak positions and FWHM in Supplementary Fig. 21 were not used as descriptors for machine learning.\n\nTemperature dependence of conductivity \nThe conductivities of the solid-state cells were measured in a thermostat chamber while the temperature (T) was increased (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4e). The temperature dependence was automatically fitted by the VFT equation, \u03c3ion\u2009=\u2009\u03c30 exp(\u2212B(T\u2009\u2013\u2009TK)\u22121), where \u03c30 is the prefactor, B is the activation energy, and TK is the Kauzmann temperature.\n\nParticle size analysis \nElectrolytes or charge-transfer complex particles were observed using a conventional optical microscope under atmospheric conditions (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4f and Supplementary Fig. 7). The particle diameters were automatically calculated from the images, yielding d50 and standard deviation. The salts were washed from the electrolytes with water before the measurements.\n\nComputational simulations \nWorkstation \nA commercial computer (CPU: AMD Ryzen Threadripper3 3990X with 64 cores; memory: 256 GB; storage: 2 TB SSD and 8 TB HDD) with the Ubuntu 18.04 operating system was used for computational simulations and data processing for materials informatics.\n\nDensity functional theory calculations \nDensity functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted using Gaussian09 (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 9). Initial structures were preliminarily optimized by the PM6 semi-empirical method. The geometry optimization and main calculations were performed at the B3LYP\/6-31\u2009+\u2009g(d,p) level in vacuo. Molecular interactions were quantified by calculating stabilization (solvation) energy. The value was defined as the energy difference between the normal structures and the control cases, where salt and surrounding molecules were far apart.\n\nMolecular dynamics simulation \nThe molecular dynamics of pristine LiTFSI molecules in the crystal or amorphous phases were calculated by LAMMPS (29 Oct 2020 version) (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 23). For the crystal phase, public crystallography data were used to place 480 ordered molecules. For the amorphous phase, 128 molecules were placed randomly. The calculation settings were obtained by using Winmostar V8. The atom charges and force fields were generated by the Dreiding and Gasteiger methods. Simulations were conducted with NPT ensembles at 300\u2009K under 1\u2009atm pressure (\"pair_style\" option of \"lj\/cut\/coul\/long 10. 10\" and \"pair_modify\" option of \"mix arithmetic\"). Periodic boundary conditions were set for all dimensions, and the time step was 2\u2009fs.\n\nOpen database and materials informatics \nGeneral information \nAll raw experimental data in this project are available on GitHub. The measurement data were linked by graph structures as meta information. The data management system is developed as an open-source Python project, FlowMater2.\n\nPreparation of graph-shaped databases \nOne experiment typically consisted of experimental protocols, material information, and measurement data. Those relationships were expressed in a directed graph explicitly. A diagram was recorded as a GraphML file, which is an XML-based format for graphs that can be edited with free software, such as yEd graph editor.\nExperimental procedures were recorded in a graph in a similar way to flowcharts (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1a). For one experimental step, one node was introduced, which consisted of a node name and its characteristic features.\nFor instance, the \"Set environment\" node in Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1a had the following features:\n\ntype: Indicates that the node was related to an experimental operation\nperson: Experimenter\nO2: Oxygen concentration in the glove box\nDew: Dewpoint in the glove box\nDay: Date of the experiment\nEnv: Indicates whether the experiment was conducted in a glove box\nID: Indication for the data processing system that this node is related to the glove box environment for electrolyte preparation\nIn another example, the \"Add donor\" node, had the following features:\n\ntype: Indicates that the node was related to chemical samples\nkeyword: A macro command to load further information about PPO, such as molecular weight and production data, from a JSON file where additional data were recorded\nweight: Amount of the sample\nnote: User note to improve understanding\nID: Indication for the data processing system that this node is related to the addition of donor molecules\nIn a final example, the \"Ball mill\" node had the following features:\n\ntype: Indicates that this node is related to an experimental operation\nfrequency: Frequency of ball milling\ntime: Milling duration\nThe electrolyte information was named \"U-1130\" for the processing system at the end of the graph. Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1b shows another graph for impedance measurement. The data processing system automatically loaded and integrated the electrolyte preparation (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1a) and cell fabrication (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1c) procedures, making a full experimental graph. Conductivity data measured with different cells were recorded in a JSON file and loaded by the system automatically. Pathways to other measurement data, such as NMR and DSC data, were noted on graph nodes, clarifying the relationships between experimental methods and measurements.\n\nParsing graph data \nThe graph characteristics were described as fingerprints, which indicated the presence of specific nodes (Fig. 3b). For instance, \"fingerprint a\" in the figure shows the appearance of the \"Add\" operation in a graph. The corresponding bit is 0 or 1 for the presence or absence of the operation, respectively. The fingerprint algorithm checks the states of the closest neighboring nodes. The \"Cool\" operation neighboring \"Heat\" (corresponding to fingerprint c) in Protocol A was distinguished from those in Protocol B because it neighbored an additional node of \"Hot plate.\" Over 250 checksums were generated from the experimental graph data in the project.\nThe fingerprint was compressed into a 30-bit array by automatically grouping the similar nodes (e.g., \"Heat\" and \"Hot plate\" in Fig. 3b). Initially, texts in a node were converted into a 768-dimensional numeric vector by a pretrained model of BERT (BERT-Base uncased model available at GitHub; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 3). Then, the vectors were automatically categorized into 30 groups by a kNN model. The frequently used words in the original nodes were extracted to name the new 30-fingerprint checksums.\nCharacteristic features of measurement data were manually or automatically extracted using different algorithms, as explained in the Measurements and data analyses section. The molecular weight of a compound (or unit structure in a polymer) was selected as a descriptor to express molecular information. This feature should be enough for this project with several available chemical structures. Numeric values in some nodes with the \"ID\" keyword (examples shown in Summary information, Supplementary Fig. 1) were also extracted as experimental descriptors. Several new parameters, such as donor and acceptor ratio, were calculated from the information. Major features are summarized in Supplementary information, Supplementary Table 2.\n\nConductivity prediction \nGraph data were converted into a numerical table after the parsing, allowing conventional data analytics. The LightGBM model was selected for regression. Before regression, missing experimental values were filled using a machine learning-based imputer called gen_model. Conductivity-related variables, such as \u03c3ion and VFT parameters, were removed during the imputation, which was necessary to avoid problem leaking.\nThe logarithmic experimental ionic conductivity was predicted from the experimental descriptors generated by the system (Fig. 3b). Statistical essential descriptors were automatically selected using the Boruta package. Then, prediction accuracy was examined with randomly split training (80%) and testing (20%) datasets, using the coefficient of determination, R2. Strictly speaking, descriptor selection should be conducted only with the training dataset. However, the whole database was used because the aim of the study was fundamental parameter analysis, not a prediction. SHAP values were analyzed for a regression model trained with the entire database. Causal relationships were explored using the CausalNex library.\nIn addition to log \u03c3ion, a newly defined score, (median of \u03c3ion) \u2013 (standard deviation of \u03c3ion), was predicted for electrolytes prepared under the same experimental conditions (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 26). The value is an indicator of conductivity and reproducibility.\n\nSupplementary information \nSupplementary Information (PDF): This PDF document contains the various Supplementary Figures, Tables, and Discussions referenced in this work.\nSupplementary Data (XLSX): This Excel document contains the Supplementary Data relevant to this work.\nAcknowledgements \nThis work was partially supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Nos. 21H04695, 21H02017, 20H05298, and 19H05814) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. The work was partially supported by JST FOREST Program (Grant Number JPMJFR213V, Japan) and the Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University.\n\nAuthor contributions \nK.H. developed the concept and the data analysis system for this work and prepared the manuscript. U.M. and H.A. conducted the electrolyte experiments and measurements. N.K. and G.H. conducted steady-state NMR measurements and joined the discussion. K.O. conceived the project and joined the discussion.\n\nData availability \nThe datasets generated and\/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Zenodo repository and Github repository.\n\nCode availability \nThe program codes used during the current study are available in the same repositories found under Data availability.\n\nCompeting interests \nThe authors declare no competing interests.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Ramprasad, Rampi; Batra, Rohit; Pilania, Ghanshyam; Mannodi-Kanakkithodi, Arun; Kim, Chiho (1 December 2017). \"Machine learning in materials informatics: recent applications and prospects\" (in en). npj Computational Materials 3 (1): 54. doi:10.1038\/s41524-017-0056-5. ISSN 2057-3960. http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41524-017-0056-5 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 Burger, Benjamin; Maffettone, Phillip M.; Gusev, Vladimir V.; Aitchison, Catherine M.; Bai, Yang; Wang, Xiaoyan; Li, Xiaobo; Alston, Ben M. et al. 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In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database<\/a>\nCategories: LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2022)LIMSwiki journal articles (all)LIMSwiki journal articles on data analysisLIMSwiki journal articles on data management and sharingLIMSwiki journal articles on materials informaticsNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageEncyclopedic articlesRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationPopular publications\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 November 2022, at 19:45.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 289 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","884fb79e5c7bb1fb8321d0ad3aa2f310_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-206 ns-subject page-Journal_Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database rootpage-Journal_Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:Exploration of organic superionic glassy conductors by process and materials informatics with lossless graph database<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Data-driven <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Materials_science\" title=\"Materials science\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"89f5ce5de41da20cf3a2144a5731d5e6\">material exploration<\/a> is a ground-breaking research style; however, daily experimental results are difficult to record, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_analysis\" title=\"Data analysis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"545c95e40ca67c9e63cd0a16042a5bd1\">analyze<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_sharing\" title=\"Data sharing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a99d5fda27f755c693c65864d9286130\">share<\/a>. We report a data platform that losslessly describes the relationships of structures, properties, and processes as graphs in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Electronic_laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Electronic laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a9fbbd5e0807980106763fab31f1e72f\">electronic laboratory notebooks<\/a> (ELNs). As a model project, organic <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fast_ion_conductor#Superionic_conductors\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Fast ion conductor\" data-key=\"45ebedc6d2e9f907a68672157f6c8a60\">superionic glassy conductors<\/a> were explored by recording over 500 different experiments. Automated data analysis revealed the essential factors for a remarkable room-temperature ionic conductivity of 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup> to 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> S cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup> and a Li<sup>+<\/sup> transference number of around 0.8. In contrast to previous materials research, everyone can access all the experimental results\u2014including graphs, raw measurement data, and data processing systems\u2014at a public repository. Direct data sharing will improve scientific communication and accelerate integration of material knowledge.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: materials science, materials informatics, electronic laboratory notebook, data sharing\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Materials_informatics\" title=\"Materials informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4dd2125beb9794d0a679b921981f1ddc\">Materials informatics<\/a> is the study of the data-oriented understanding of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Materials_science\" title=\"Materials science\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"89f5ce5de41da20cf3a2144a5731d5e6\">materials science<\/a> data, represented by structures, properties, mechanisms, and protocols.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Artificial_intelligence\" title=\"Artificial intelligence\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0c45a597361ca47e1cd8112af676276e\">Artificial intelligence<\/a> (AI) has been used in the field for automated material design, massive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_analysis\" title=\"Data analysis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"545c95e40ca67c9e63cd0a16042a5bd1\">data analyses<\/a>, and accelerated experiments with robots to advance the discovery of materials for energy- and environment-related applications.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>A long-term challenge in materials informatics and materials science is lossless <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_sharing\" title=\"Data sharing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a99d5fda27f755c693c65864d9286130\">data sharing<\/a> by the scientific community.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Although materials and devices are sensitive to their preparation processes, materials databases and scientific documents generally do not provide sufficient <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information\" title=\"Information\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6300a14d9c2776dcca0999b5ed940e7d\">information<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Most databases focus on structure\u2013property relations and ignore or shorten the preparation protocols.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Experimental methods are available in scientific journals, but only specialists can appropriately extract the structure\u2013property\u2013process relationships from the text, and automated text parsing by AI is not yet practical.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, detailed information\u2014including non-representative experimental protocols, lot numbers of reagents, and raw measurement data\u2014is often omitted from articles, which leaves major uncertainties about a material's data. As such, researchers may need to improve their communication style to achieve lossless material data sharing.\n<\/p><p>Given these factors, we propose a data platform that can explicitly describe the relations among the structures, properties, and processes of materials (Fig. 1). Based on the concepts of knowledge graphs or flowcharts<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_7-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>, all experimental events are connected as nodes in graphs. Most experimental information can be described losslessly as graphs, the format of which is also compatible with data science.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_7-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> We demonstrated the system by using it in our research of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fast_ion_conductor#Superionic_conductors\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Fast ion conductor\" data-key=\"45ebedc6d2e9f907a68672157f6c8a60\">superionic organic conductors<\/a>, which revealed the factors for achieving a remarkable room-temperature conductivity of 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup> to 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> S\/cm and a Li<sup>+<\/sup> transference number of 0.8, practically the highest values of known tested organic solid-state conductors without plasticizers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:9_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> All experimental data, including everyday experimental operations and measurements (over 500 records), were recorded in the database and are available from a public repository. This work is ultimately representative of the demonstration in experimental materials science of the everything-open research style, which should become the standard for scientific communication to accelerate the integration of materials knowledge.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig1_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"d244f8add4e3324643ecf59210598a17\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Hatakeyama-Sato njpCompMat22 8.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/f\/f4\/Fig1_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 1.<\/b> Graph-shaped material data storage system. All experimental results were recorded as graph-shaped data and automatically converted into a table database for analysis (see Supplementary Fig. 1 for a representative case). Missing values were imputed by machine learning.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Results\">Results<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Recording_daily_experiments_as_graph-shaped_data\">Recording daily experiments as graph-shaped data<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>As the essential components of next-generation secondary batteries<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>, solid-state organic lithium-ion conductors were prepared by mixing aromatic polymers, electron-accepting molecules, and lithium salts (Fig. 2a). Several candidates were virtually extracted in our previous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Machine_learning\" title=\"Machine learning\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"79aab39cfa124c958cd1dbcab3dde122\">machine learning<\/a> (ML) study, using the model trained with literature data (>10,000 experimental records).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> The model indicated a high room-temperature conductivity over 0.1 mS cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, and we experimentally confirmed some predictions.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> However, the model could not input process information, even though the properties and hierarchical structures of composite materials are changed drastically by different preparation protocols.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_7-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> The literature does not provide comprehensive experimental information for each electrolyte, mainly because of the limited space for methodology sections. This is not a problem specific to ionic conductors but has been a general limitation in materials informatics.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig2_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"ad5b226aed6da41221350206f06cb81a\"><img alt=\"Fig2 Hatakeyama-Sato njpCompMat22 8.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/a\/ab\/Fig2_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 2.<\/b> Electrolyte structures and conductivity. <b>a<\/b> Search space of chemical structures and major operations to prepare electrolytes. <b>b<\/b> Nyquist plot for a representative electrolyte, PPO\/chloranil\u2009=\u20096\/4 (mol\/mol) with 30 wt % LiFTFSI. Inset: Photograph of the electrolyte layer. <b>c<\/b> Experimental ionic room temperature conductivities of the electrolytes. The samples were named using the format \"XYZMM-NN\u03b1\u03b2\", which indicates an electrolyte containing MM mol % donor (X\u2009=\u2009S: PMPS; O: PPO) versus acceptor (Y\u2009=\u2009L: chloranil; Q: benzoquinone; D: 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-<i>p<\/i>-benzoquinone) with NN wt % salt (Z\u2009=\u2009D: LiTFSI; M: LiFTFSI; N: LiFSI; B: LiBF<sub>4<\/sub>). Symbols \u03b1 and \u03b2 indicate operational conditions (\u03b1\u2009=\u2009H: thermal annealing before measurement; L: room temperature, and \u03b2\u2009=\u2009G: cells were kept in a glove box until measurement; O: kept outside). Box-plot elements are defined as follows. Center line: median, box limits: upper and lower quartiles, whiskers: 1.5x interquartile range, and points: outliers. Supplementary information, Supplementary Discussion g details the effects of the factors for conductivity.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>During electrolyte exploration, we used a graph database as an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Electronic_laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Electronic laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a9fbbd5e0807980106763fab31f1e72f\">electronic laboratory notebook<\/a> (ELN) in which we recorded the daily experiments (Figs. 1, 2b, c). ELNs are commercially available, but they are not specially designed for data science, and are only available in a closed system (i.e., proprietary model).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> In contrast, our management system uses open-format graphs (XML data) and an open-source processing system (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1). One graph was designed to contain almost all the information for one experiment, including experiment date, environment, experimenter, protocols, chemical formula, and a link to analytical data.\n<\/p><p>Although the electrolytes were prepared by simply mixing the components, over 40 small steps and at least 100 variable parameters could be recorded for the conductivity measurements (e.g., heating temperature, duration, and timing; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1). For each experiment, experimental protocols were changed slightly to optimize the conditions. These large numbers of steps are typical to materials science, but recording them using conventional frameworks is unmanageable. The protocols are too complex for standard process informatics tools such as experimental design and Bayesian optimization, which typically focus on less than 10 variables.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Only a representative protocol is usually described in the methodology section of scientific articles. In contrast, no data loss would occur in this system because every experimental result is available as graph data on the public repository.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Bridging_electronic_laboratory_notebooks_and_data_science\">Bridging electronic laboratory notebooks and data science<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>All experimental results in the project, exceeding 500 records, were recorded in the database. Unsuccessful conductors, synthesized properly but displaying poorer performances because of the unoptimized experimental procedures or compositions, were also recorded to improve ML models. We emphasize that they are often omitted from conventional scientific articles and lost from the community permanently.\n<\/p><p>For data analysis, the raw experimental (graph) data were automatically converted into table data, which was learned by a conventional tree-based ensemble model (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 2). First, the graphs were processed to a numerical array by our open-source <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Python_(programming_language)\" title=\"Python (programming language)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ef6905a29cbb75d3c71e6bdf6e2915dd\">Python<\/a> module (Fig. 3a). We used a fingerprint algorithm to describe the characteristics of graphs. Fingerprint algorithms were developed to characterize the features of molecules by representing the presence of specific chemical moieties.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> The availability of specific steps in a protocol was checked in the current algorithm (Fig. 3b, see Methods section for details). Similar operations were automatically grouped by natural language processing (BERT)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> and unsupervised learning (<i>k<\/i>-nearest neighbour, <i>k<\/i>NN). The grouping improved the generality of the fingerprint by addressing orthographical variants (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 1). Individual algorithms were designed to parse chemical and measurement data to extract their characteristic features, such as molecular weight, conductivity, crystallinity, and peak position (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4).\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig3_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"b92ee7ff19c86a6d1698d2e07844ff53\"><img alt=\"Fig3 Hatakeyama-Sato njpCompMat22 8.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/76\/Fig3_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 3.<\/b> Automated feature analysis. <b>a<\/b> Conversion of process and measurement data into a numerical array. A full ML scheme is shown in Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 2. <b>b<\/b> Fingerprint generation from flowcharts. A binary array expresses specific experimental steps (e.g., in the figure, \"Protocol A\" has steps a, b, c, and not c\u2019 or d: this yields a fingerprint of 11100). \"Cool\" steps in Protocol A and B are distinguished by c or c\u2019 because only the latter is connected to \"Stir.\" Then, BERT and <i>k<\/i>NN automatically group similar steps (e.g., \"Heat\" and \u2018Hot plate\u2019 can be categorized in the same group). <b>c<\/b> Prediction of ionic conductivity (\u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub>) using LightGBM regressor with statistically essential electrolyte parameters extracted by Boruta. <b>d<\/b> SHAP values during the prediction (explanations of parameters are shown in Supplementary information. Supplementary Table 2). <b>e<\/b> Causal relations estimated by unsupervised ML.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Over 50 descriptors characterizing the features of processes, structures, and analytical data were automatically generated as a numerical array by parsing the database (see Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 5\u20136, as well as Supplementary Table 2 and Supplementary Data). Conventional materials informatics usually requires the manual preparation of table databases from experimental results, which is time-consuming and has been a practical bottleneck in material informatics for some time.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_7-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> In contrast, our system automatically converts ELNs into machine-learnable databases.\n<\/p><p>Generally, limited research resources do not allow experiments to be conducted with all-inclusive conditions, thereby leading to sparse experimental databases.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_6-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> Missing values in the current database were filled by data imputation (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 6).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_7-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> In other words, the unmeasured data were generated from existing results using a LightGBM regressor, which is a standard decision tree-based ensemble model.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_22-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>During electrolyte preparation, we milled the electrolytes into microparticles. The diameter measurements were conducted only on a few <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Sample_(material)\" title=\"Sample (material)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7f8cd41a077a88d02370c02a3ba3d9d6\">samples<\/a>, and the values for the other conductors were estimated by imputation (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 7). The predicted diameters decreased as the milling time increased, in the same way as for the measured data, indicating successful data imputation. Although the technique is not always accurate<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_22-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>, it can help researchers with objective data analysis and causal exploration.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Data-oriented_analysis_of_electrolytes\">Data-oriented analysis of electrolytes<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Experimentally, various conductors were examined using the polymers poly(<i>p<\/i>-phenylene oxide) (PPO) or poly(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenesulfide) (PMPS)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>; the electron acceptors chloranil or benzoquinone; the lithium salts lithium bis(trifluoro methanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiFTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), or lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF<sub>4<\/sub>); and different experimental protocols such as mixing and heating conditions (Fig. 2a). The conditions were selected based on our previous virtual screening<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> and on-time data analysis by the current system.\n<\/p><p>We emphasize that the introduced aromatic molecules, the scope of the database, and the informatics system differed from those related to regular aliphatic polymer electrolytes (e.g., poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ionic liquids)).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:9_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> The introduced aromatic polymers and electron acceptors can form charge-transfer complexes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> Their polarized structures could induce electrostatic interactions with lithium salts, generating potentially superionic phases for an unclear reason.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> On the other hand, the glassy electrolytes often suffer from insufficient grain contacts; room temperature conductivities varied from almost insulating to superionic with the current electrolytes (10<sup>\u221211<\/sup> to 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> S cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, Fig. 2b, c). We try to clarify the experimental factors affecting the conductivity and its large variance.\n<\/p><p>Critical parameters for ionic conductivity (\u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub>) were extracted by supervised ML. Important descriptors were selected from over 50 descriptors by using the LightGBM regressor and Boruta package<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>, which can choose statistically valid parameters based on hypothesis testing (Fig. 3c, d). High <i>R<\/i><sup>2<\/sup> scores of \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub> with the randomly split training (>0.9) and testing datasets (>0.6) indicated that the essential factors for conduction were selected adequately (Fig. 3c). About 20 descriptors remained after the filtration, the contributions of which were then quantified by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values (Fig. 3b and Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 8; the scientific significance of parameters are discussed in Supplementary information, Supplementary Discussion a).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>We recognized the relations among the composition, conductivity, crystallinity, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy\" title=\"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a05c6a4eb8775761248c099371cdb82f\">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy<\/a> (NMR) peak width (full width at half maximum; FWHM) of the electrolytes from the SHAP analysis (Fig. 3d). The detailed causal relationships were analyzed by unsupervised ML (Fig. 3e).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> The automated causal exploration indicated that adding polymer and acceptor molecules to salts simultaneously reduced the crystallinity, sharpened NMR peaks, and increased \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub> (Supplementary information, Supplementary Discussion b). Just by recording the daily exploratory experiments, essential and objective material insights could be extracted by the system.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Revealing_superionic_conduction\">Revealing superionic conduction<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>We rationalized the electrolytes\u2019 high conductivity based on materials science. Traditionally, solid-state organic ionic conductors have been designed to contain polar and flexible aliphatic chains, represented by poly(ethylene oxide), for solvation and transportation of ions (Fig. 4a).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_12-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> The solidification and overly strong cation-solvent interaction reduced the mobility of molecules, leading to a typical conductivity of 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup> S cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup> and lithium-ion transference number of 0.3, much smaller than liquids or recent inorganic solid conductors, which have conductivities of > 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> S\/cm.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_12-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_25-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig4_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"caf1ceb32a78157d1dd1355cba450d1a\"><img alt=\"Fig4 Hatakeyama-Sato njpCompMat22 8.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/9\/9b\/Fig4_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 4.<\/b> Characterization of superionic conductors. <b>a<\/b> Comparison of molecular structures for ionic conductors. <b>b<\/b> Estimated scheme of ion conduction through the amorphous electrolyte. <b>c<\/b> DSC curves for the PPO\/chloranil\u2009=\u200960\/40 (mol\/mol)+LiFTFSI electrolytes. <b>d<\/b> <sup>19<\/sup>F MAS NMR spectra of the samples. <b>e<\/b> Temperature dependence of \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub> for the 20 wt % LiFTFSI sample. Inset: DSC for the pristine LiFTFSI salt. <b>f<\/b> Charge\/discharge curves for a solid-state lithium-ion battery containing PPO\/benzoquinone\u2009=\u20098\/2 with ca. 52 wt % LiFTFSI electrolyte, operated at 50\u2009\u00b0C.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>An essential feature of our electrolytes is that they consist of only rigid components, namely aromatic polymers, acceptors, and lithium salts. The highly conductive yet chemically, mechanically, and thermally robust properties of our electrolytes<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> may not be achieved by other organic or inorganic conductors, which typically suffer from thermal melting, hydrolysis, or large interface resistances.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_12-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> The superionic conduction in the organic glassy media must be understood from both scientific and technological perspectives to advance the practical applications of these materials (e.g., electric vehicles).\n<\/p><p>The automated causal analysis highlighted the emergence of the amorphous phase after the electrolyte preparation (Fig. 4b). The polymers (electron donors) and acceptor molecules form charge-transfer complexes<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>, inducing electrostatic interactions with lithium salts (Fig. 4b, molecular calculations shown in Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 9\u201310 and Supplementary Discussion c). As a representative case, electrolytes consisting of PPO\/chloranil with different amounts of LiFTFSI were examined in detail (maximum conductivity of around 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> S cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup>; Fig. 2a). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and element mapping showed the uniform distribution of the polymer, acceptor, and salt as microparticles (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 11). Peak shifts of the aromatic rings of the donor polymer in <sup>13<\/sup>C NMR indicated molecular-level interactions between the complexes and salt (e.g., cation-\u03c0 interactions<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 12).\n<\/p><p>X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) also indicated the amorphous phase formation (Fig. 4c and Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 13\u201316). After mixing with charge-transfer complexes, crystalline XRD peaks of lithium salts became smaller due to the amorphous phase transformation (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 14). The transition was consistent with the fade of melting peaks after the interaction with charge-transfer complexes.\n<\/p><p>The addition of the charge-transfer complexes to salts induced unexpected sharpening of solid-state <sup>7<\/sup>Li and <sup>19<\/sup>F NMR peaks (Fig. 4d and Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 17\u201320). Pristine LiFTFSI displayed a broad <sup>19<\/sup>F magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR peak at \u221280\u2009ppm and a smaller sharp peak at around \u221279.5 ppm, attributed to CF<sub>3<\/sub> groups. After the electrolyte formation, only smaller peaks were visible, and \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub> increased (Fig. 4d). Because the peak sharpening indicates the greater atom motion, the high \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub> was explained by the mobile ions in the amorphous phases (Figs. 3e, 4b).\n<\/p><p>The kinetics of atoms in electrolytes can be quantified by different NMR techniques, such as pulse-field gradient (PFG) NMR and relaxation time estimation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_12-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> PFG-NMR was unsuccessful for the electrolytes, certainly due to the interference by electron spins in charge-transfer complexes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup> On the other hand, the fast kinetics of <sup>7<\/sup>Li and <sup>19<\/sup>F was successfully confirmed by relaxation time T<sub>1<\/sub><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> during static NMR measurements (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 21 and Supplementary Discussion d). In contrast, carbon peaks showed no sharpening; the polymers had high glass transition temperatures (<i>T<\/i><sub>g<\/sub>) over 100\u2009\u00b0C (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 12).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> The NMR results suggested that the mobile media was the salts themselves, not the polymers or acceptors (Fig. 4b).\n<\/p><p>Although pristine lithium salts have been believed to be almost insulating<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_12-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>, our experimental results supported the salt-based conduction model. The temperature dependence of \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub> was fitted by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation, which describes the kinetics of amorphous structures (Fig. 4e, Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 22).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> The fitting yielded a Kauzmann temperature (TK) of \u221248\u2009\u00b0C (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 13b and Supplementary Discussion e). The value satisfied the empirical relation of amorphous phases, <i>T<\/i><sub>g<\/sub>\u2009\u2245\u2009<i>T<\/i><sub>K<\/sub>\u2009+\u20095035, where <i>T<\/i><sub>g<\/sub>\u2009\u2245\u20090\u2009\u00b0C\u201310\u2009\u00b0C was the experimental glass transition temperature of the salt (Fig. 4e.).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup> The agreement demonstrated that the dominant carriers were amorphous salts. Molecular dynamics simulations also showed the advantages of the amorphous phase. Ions were firmly trapped in the crystalline phase, whereas structural vacancies were available in the amorphous phase (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 23 and Supplementary Discussion f).\n<\/p><p>The electrolytes look dissimilar to conventional ones, but they could be regarded as a type of polymer-in-salt system, in which excess salt is added to polymers (typically over 50 wt % to an aliphatic polymer).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> In the system, amorphous salt clusters, which emerge after polymer-salt interactions, function as carriers, enabling a conductivity of up to 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup> S\/cm.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_13-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> Rubbery polymers are often used, but even high-<i>T<\/i><sub>g<\/sub> polymers (e.g., polyacrylonitrile, <i>T<\/i><sub>g<\/sub>\u2009\u2245\u2009100\u2009\u00b0C) can also become conductors by unexplained mechanisms.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_13-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In the current electrolytes, electrostatic interactions of polar charge-transfer complexes and salts should have generated the amorphous clusters, similarly to conventional polymer-in-salt systems. The hypothesis is supported by the high dielectric constants of charge-transfer complexes (<i>\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub><\/i> = 10<sup>0<\/sup>\u201310<sup>4<\/sup>), achieved by the partially mobile (or sometimes fully delocalized) electrons in charge-transfer complexes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> The species could be potentially functional as polarized groups for ion dissociation and yield higher bulk permittivity than normal solid polymer electrolytes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Kinetically, thermal (mainly rotational) motions of anions could transport cations even in the absence of flexible polymer matrices, which is unusual in normal polymeric conductors, but widely observed in ionic liquids, soft crystals, and some polymer-in-salt systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_13-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup> In our ongoing research, we intend to reveal more details of the structures and kinetics, including the possible contributions of charge-transfer complexes to salt structures, anion-acceptor exchange reactions<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>, and other chemical factors (Supplementary information, Supplementary Figs. 24\u201325 and Supplementary Discussion g).\n<\/p><p>Next, we analyzed the best electrolyte conditions, focusing on the reproducibility of conductivity. A modified evaluation score, which was the median minus standard deviation of \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub> for electrolytes with the same composition, was predicted instead of each conductivity (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 26). The score was low for poorly reproducible conductors with large conductivity variance. The analysis showed the importance of the following factors: a thermally stable PPO polymer; a highly dissociative and asymmetrical LiFTFSI salt; an appropriate donor\/acceptor\/salt ratio (e.g., donor\/acceptor = 6\/4 (mol\/mol)+30 wt% salt); sufficient heating during electrolyte formation and premeasurement; and particle milling (Supplementary information, Supplementary Discussion h). After the optimization, high room-temperature conductivities were obtained with slight variance (e.g., 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup> to 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> S cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup> for electrolyte OLM60-41HG in Fig. 2). Thus, the materials informatics tool was suitable for technological optimization tasks.\n<\/p><p>A solid-state lithium-ion battery was fabricated using a lithium iron phosphatase cathode and a lithium titanate anode. The electrolyte consisted of PPO\/benzoquinone = 8\/2 with 52 wt % LiFTFSI (maximum \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub>\u2245\u200910<sup>\u22123<\/sup> S cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, OQM78-52 in Fig. 2). Benzoquinone was selected because of its potential chemical stability over chloranil (e.g., containing no halogens). The cell operated reversibly at 1.9\u2009V, corresponding to the standard voltage (Fig. 4f). Although charge-transfer complexes could become electrically conducting, the composition of electrically insulating salts did not cause short circuits or current leakage (around 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup> S cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup>).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_4-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_26-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> Even at a large current density of 1.5\u2009mA\u2009cm<sup>\u22122<\/sup> (corresponding to 1\u2009C), the charge\/discharge reactions proceeded. The impressive performance can be explained by the electrolyte\u2019s high Li<sup>+<\/sup> transference number (ca. 0.8, estimated from the actual battery responses; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 27 and Supplementary Discussion i). This high value was also an essential characteristic of the polymer-in-salt system.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_13-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> The origin of the exceptionally high transference number must be revealed in future research.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Discussion\">Discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We developed a materials science platform for easy data analysis and sharing. Everyday experiments were recorded as graph data in an ELN, clarifying the relations among structures, properties, and processes. Automated parsing of the graphs and data analysis helped researchers to understand data with broad experimental conditions objectively. The research style of publishing all raw experimental results with appropriate metadata will pave the way for lossless material data sharing, which is also compatible with big data mining and deep learning.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_7-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> The platform is principally applicable to the versatile research of organic materials, and is sharable among different laboratories. The accelerated data and model sharing help researchers more efficiently perform material exploration.\n<\/p><p>Scientific and technological aspects of glassy organic superionic conductors were examined using the platform. Semi-automated data analysis helped us reveal the causal relationships in the electrolyte system statistically. The amorphous phases of salts achieved superionic conduction and a high transference number (ca. 0.8) after interacting with polymer charge-transfer complexes. We are now addressing the cyclability problem of the prototype batteries (currently about 30 cycles; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 27) with our informatics tool, which is highly compatible with composite materials and device development.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Methods\">Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Materials\">Materials<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>PPO and chloranil were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. The molecular weight of PPO was estimated by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Gel_permeation_chromatography\" title=\"Gel permeation chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c5c3cdc09b850c90b7b2d78a5b5efaf8\">gel permeation chromatography<\/a> using chloroform as eluent and polystyrene standards (<i>M<\/i>n\u2009=\u20091.4\u2009\u00d7\u200910<sup>4<\/sup>, <i>M<\/i><sub>w<\/sub>\/<i>M<\/i><sub>n<\/sub>\u2009=\u20091.9). LiFTFSI was purchased from Fujifilm Wako Chemicals Co. LiTFSI was obtained from Kanto Chemical Co. LiFSI, LiBF<sub>4<\/sub>, and benzoquinone were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Other chemicals were obtained from the above companies. All compounds were used as received, and their regent containers were kept and opened only in a glove box. Detailed information, such as production numbers, is available on the public repository. PMPS was synthesized according to our previous report mentioned in the main manuscript (<i>M<\/i><sub>w<\/sub>: 18,000, <i>M<\/i><sub>n<\/sub>: 7000).\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Electrolyte_preparation\">Electrolyte preparation<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"General_information\">General information<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A typical electrolyte preparation procedure for PPO\/chloranil\u2009=\u200960\/40 (mol\/mol) with 40 wt% LiFTFSI electrolyte (also shown as a flowchart in Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1) is described here. Methods for the other electrolytes are given in the repository as graph data. All procedures were conducted in an argon-filled glove box (oxygen concentration of less than 10 ppm and dew point of \u221280\u2009\u00b0C). Scrupulously dry conditions were maintained because lithium salts are highly deliquescent.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Electrolyte_preparation_2\">Electrolyte preparation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>PPO (211\u2009mg) and chloranil (282\u2009mg) were mixed roughly in a petri dish. The powder was ball-milled (Mini-Mill PULVERISETTE 23, FRITSCH; stainless-steel balls, 10\u2009mm diameter) for 30\u2009minutes at 40\u2009Hz. The mixture was put in a petri dish and heated at 200\u2009\u00b0C for 65\u2009minutes to form the charge-transfer complex. The plate was covered with aluminum foil to catch sublimated chloranil, which was collected and returned to the mixture. After mixing the powder with a spatula, the complex was heated at 280\u2009\u00b0C for 30\u2009minutes. The product was obtained as a black powder (325\u2009mg). The yield was less than the weight of raw materials (211\u2009+\u2009282 = 493\u2009mg) because the unreacted acceptor had sublimated from the mixture.\n<\/p><p>LiFTFSI (208\u2009mg) was added to the charge-transfer complex (304\u2009mg) and mixed roughly. The powder was ball-milled at 40\u2009Hz for 60\u2009minutes, and heated at 150\u2009\u00b0C for 10\u2009minutes to melt the salt. After cooling, the mixture was ball-milled at 40\u2009Hz for 75\u2009minutes, yielding the final product.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Impedance_measurements\">Impedance measurements<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The ionic conductivities of electrolytes were evaluated using solid-state cell equipment (KP-SolidCell, Hohsen; equipped with Macor insulator and PTFE O-ring). Stainless disks (1\u2009cm diameter) were used to sandwich electrolytes. The equipment was dried at 100\u2009\u00b0C for more than 1\u2009hour before it was placed in the glove box. The cell was filled with the electrolyte and sealed with a torque of over 20 Nm. The cell was annealed on a hot plate at 80\u2009\u00b0C for 4\u2009hours and at room temperature for at least 16\u2009hours. Impedance measurements were conducted just after removing the cells from the glove box. Several cells were prepared under the same conditions to check the variation in conductivity. Electrolyte thicknesses were measured with a conventional gauge after cell disassembly. Instead of leaving some cells in the glove box, some were sealed with a conventional plastic vacuum bag, kept outside the glove box, and annealed in an incubator (AMF-20N, Asahi Rika Seisakusho Co. Ltd.; the bag was opened just before the measurements).\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Fabrication_of_lithium-ion_battery\">Fabrication of lithium-ion battery<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A solid-state lithium-ion cell was prepared in a similar way to the normal cells for impedance measurements. A precoated LiFePO<sub>4<\/sub> cathode and Li<sub>4<\/sub>Ti<sub>5<\/sub>O<sub>12<\/sub> anode (Piotrek Co.; areal capacity of about 1.5\u2009mAh cm<sup>\u22122<\/sup>) were used instead of stainless disks.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Electrolyte_abbreviation\">Electrolyte abbreviation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The samples were named using the format \"XYZMM-NN\u03b1\u03b2,\" and the variables had the following meanings:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>X<\/b>: Donor polymers (S: PMPS, O: PPO)<\/li>\n<li><b>Y<\/b>: Acceptor molecules (L: chloranil, Q: benzoquinone, D: DDQ)<\/li>\n<li><b>Z<\/b>: Salt molecules (D: LiTFSI, M: LiFTFSI, N: LiFSI, B: LiBF<sub>4<\/sub>)<\/li>\n<li><b>MM<\/b>: Formal mole percent of donor with respect to the acceptor<\/li>\n<li><b>NN<\/b>: Weight percent of salt in an electrolyte<\/li>\n<li><b>\u03b1<\/b>: Whether an electrolyte was thermally annealed before electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) (H: high-temperature thermal annealing (e.g., 80\u2009\u00b0C), L: only room temperature leaving)<\/li>\n<li><b>\u03b2<\/b>: Whether annealing was conducted in a glove box or outside (G: glove box, O: outside).<\/li><\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Measurements_and_data_analyses\">Measurements and data analyses<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"EIS\">EIS<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A photoelectrochemical system (ZAHNER CIMPS, Zahner) was used as a spectrometer for EIS (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4a). Samples were measured under open-circuit conditions at frequencies of 106 to 1\u2009Hz. The spectra were fitted manually with an RC parallel equivalent circuit. A constant phase element was introduced for a depressed semicircle, and the value of the intercept on the <i>x<\/i>-axis in the Nyquist plot was extracted for highly conducting samples. Ionic conductivity \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub> was estimated from the measured resistance <i>R<\/i> (= \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub><sup>\u22121<\/sup> \u00d7 electrolyte thickness per area). Capacitance C was around 10<sup>\u221210<\/sup> F, corresponding to the relative permittivity of 1\u2013100 of the electrolytes. If a capacitance that was too large or small was obtained, the corresponding semicircle was not attributed to ionic conduction.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"DSC\">DSC<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Samples were sealed in standard DSC pans in a glove box to avoid air exposure. DSC curves were measured with a differential scanning calorimeter (Q200, TA Instruments) with a typical scan rate of 20\u2009\u00b0C min<sup>\u22121<\/sup> (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4b). The melting temperature and enthalpy of salt components were manually detected and recorded in the database.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"XRD\">XRD<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>XRD measurements were performed with an X-ray diffractometer (SmartLab, Rigaku). In a glove box, samples were sealed in airtight sample holders for the intensive beam method or glass capillaries for the parallel beam method to avoid air exposure (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4c). After automatically separating signal peaks from the background, the peak areas were calculated (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 16).\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Solid-state_NMR\">Solid-state NMR<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>NMR spectrometers were used to obtain solid-state NMR measurements (JNM-ECA400, JEOL). The NMR samples were sealed in airtight sample holders in a glove box to avoid air exposure. During MAS NMR, samples were rotated at 8\u2009kHz. Rotation was stopped during static NMR. Peak position and FWHM of <sup>7<\/sup>Li and <sup>19<\/sup>F peaks were detected automatically and recorded in the database. The CF<sub>3<\/sub> fluoride peaks were analyzed for LiFTFSI and LiTFSI. In Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 21, an NMR spectrometer with a different configuration and lot number was employed. Because of the shorter dead time, background peaks (i.e., broad components) were more successfully detected in comparison to Supplementary Fig. 18 and Supplementary Fig. 20. For a clearer comparison, the peak positions and FWHM in Supplementary Fig. 21 were not used as descriptors for machine learning.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Temperature_dependence_of_conductivity\">Temperature dependence of conductivity<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The conductivities of the solid-state cells were measured in a thermostat chamber while the temperature (<i>T<\/i>) was increased (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4e). The temperature dependence was automatically fitted by the VFT equation, \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub>\u2009=\u2009\u03c3<sub>0<\/sub> <i>exp<\/i>(\u2212<i>B<\/i>(<i>T<\/i>\u2009\u2013\u2009<i>T<\/i><sub>K<\/sub>)<sup>\u22121<\/sup>), where \u03c3<sub>0<\/sub> is the prefactor, <i>B<\/i> is the activation energy, and <i>T<\/i><sub>K<\/sub> is the Kauzmann temperature.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Particle_size_analysis\">Particle size analysis<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Electrolytes or charge-transfer complex particles were observed using a conventional optical microscope under atmospheric conditions (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 4f and Supplementary Fig. 7). The particle diameters were automatically calculated from the images, yielding <i>d<\/i><sub>50<\/sub> and standard deviation. The salts were washed from the electrolytes with water before the measurements.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Computational_simulations\">Computational simulations<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Workstation\">Workstation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A commercial computer (CPU: AMD Ryzen Threadripper3 3990X with 64 cores; memory: 256 GB; storage: 2 TB SSD and 8 TB HDD) with the Ubuntu 18.04 operating system was used for computational simulations and data processing for materials informatics.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Density_functional_theory_calculations\">Density functional theory calculations<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted using Gaussian09 (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 9). Initial structures were preliminarily optimized by the PM6 semi-empirical method. The geometry optimization and main calculations were performed at the B3LYP\/6-31\u2009+\u2009g(d,p) level <i>in vacuo<\/i>. Molecular interactions were quantified by calculating stabilization (solvation) energy. The value was defined as the energy difference between the normal structures and the control cases, where salt and surrounding molecules were far apart.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Molecular_dynamics_simulation\">Molecular dynamics simulation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The molecular dynamics of pristine LiTFSI molecules in the crystal or amorphous phases were calculated by LAMMPS (29 Oct 2020 version) (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 23). For the crystal phase, public crystallography data were used to place 480 ordered molecules. For the amorphous phase, 128 molecules were placed randomly. The calculation settings were obtained by using Winmostar V8. The atom charges and force fields were generated by the Dreiding and Gasteiger methods. Simulations were conducted with NPT ensembles at 300\u2009K under 1\u2009atm pressure (\"pair_style\" option of \"lj\/cut\/coul\/long 10. 10\" and \"pair_modify\" option of \"mix arithmetic\"). Periodic boundary conditions were set for all dimensions, and the time step was 2\u2009fs.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Open_database_and_materials_informatics\">Open database and materials informatics<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"General_information_2\">General information<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>All raw experimental data in this project are available on <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/KanHatakeyama\/GlassyIonicConductorDatabase\" target=\"_blank\">GitHub<\/a>. The measurement data were linked by graph structures as meta information. The data management system is developed as an open-source Python project, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/KanHatakeyama\/FlowMater2\" target=\"_blank\">FlowMater2<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Preparation_of_graph-shaped_databases\">Preparation of graph-shaped databases<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>One experiment typically consisted of experimental protocols, material information, and measurement data. Those relationships were expressed in a directed graph explicitly. A diagram was recorded as a GraphML file, which is an XML-based format for graphs that can be edited with free software, such as <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yworks.com\/products\/yed\" target=\"_blank\">yEd graph editor<\/a>.\n<\/p><p>Experimental procedures were recorded in a graph in a similar way to flowcharts (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1a). For one experimental step, one node was introduced, which consisted of a node name and its characteristic features.\n<\/p><p>For instance, the \"Set environment\" node in Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1a had the following features:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>type<\/b>: Indicates that the node was related to an experimental operation<\/li>\n<li><b>person<\/b>: Experimenter<\/li>\n<li><b>O2<\/b>: Oxygen concentration in the glove box<\/li>\n<li><b>Dew<\/b>: Dewpoint in the glove box<\/li>\n<li><b>Day<\/b>: Date of the experiment<\/li>\n<li><b>Env<\/b>: Indicates whether the experiment was conducted in a glove box<\/li>\n<li><b>ID<\/b>: Indication for the data processing system that this node is related to the glove box environment for electrolyte preparation<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>In another example, the \"Add donor\" node, had the following features:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>type<\/b>: Indicates that the node was related to chemical samples<\/li>\n<li><b>keyword<\/b>: A macro command to load further information about PPO, such as molecular weight and production data, from a JSON file where additional data were recorded<\/li>\n<li><b>weight<\/b>: Amount of the sample<\/li>\n<li><b>note<\/b>: User note to improve understanding<\/li>\n<li><b>ID<\/b>: Indication for the data processing system that this node is related to the addition of donor molecules<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>In a final example, the \"Ball mill\" node had the following features:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>type<\/b>: Indicates that this node is related to an experimental operation<\/li>\n<li><b>frequency<\/b>: Frequency of ball milling<\/li>\n<li><b>time<\/b>: Milling duration<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The electrolyte information was named \"U-1130\" for the processing system at the end of the graph. Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1b shows another graph for impedance measurement. The data processing system automatically loaded and integrated the electrolyte preparation (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1a) and cell fabrication (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 1c) procedures, making a full experimental graph. Conductivity data measured with different cells were recorded in a JSON file and loaded by the system automatically. Pathways to other measurement data, such as NMR and DSC data, were noted on graph nodes, clarifying the relationships between experimental methods and measurements.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Parsing_graph_data\">Parsing graph data<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The graph characteristics were described as fingerprints, which indicated the presence of specific nodes (Fig. 3b). For instance, \"fingerprint a\" in the figure shows the appearance of the \"Add\" operation in a graph. The corresponding bit is 0 or 1 for the presence or absence of the operation, respectively. The fingerprint algorithm checks the states of the closest neighboring nodes. The \"Cool\" operation neighboring \"Heat\" (corresponding to fingerprint c) in Protocol A was distinguished from those in Protocol B because it neighbored an additional node of \"Hot plate.\" Over 250 checksums were generated from the experimental graph data in the project.\n<\/p><p>The fingerprint was compressed into a 30-bit array by automatically grouping the similar nodes (e.g., \"Heat\" and \"Hot plate\" in Fig. 3b). Initially, texts in a node were converted into a 768-dimensional numeric vector by a pretrained model of BERT (BERT-Base uncased model available at <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/google-research\/bert\" target=\"_blank\">GitHub<\/a>; Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 3). Then, the vectors were automatically categorized into 30 groups by a <i>k<\/i>NN model. The frequently used words in the original nodes were extracted to name the new 30-fingerprint checksums.\n<\/p><p>Characteristic features of measurement data were manually or automatically extracted using different algorithms, as explained in the Measurements and data analyses section. The molecular weight of a compound (or unit structure in a polymer) was selected as a descriptor to express molecular information. This feature should be enough for this project with several available chemical structures. Numeric values in some nodes with the \"ID\" keyword (examples shown in Summary information, Supplementary Fig. 1) were also extracted as experimental descriptors. Several new parameters, such as donor and acceptor ratio, were calculated from the information. Major features are summarized in Supplementary information, Supplementary Table 2.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conductivity_prediction\">Conductivity prediction<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Graph data were converted into a numerical table after the parsing, allowing conventional data analytics. The LightGBM model was selected for regression. Before regression, missing experimental values were filled using a machine learning-based imputer called <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/KanHatakeyama\/gen_model\" target=\"_blank\">gen_model<\/a>. Conductivity-related variables, such as \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub> and VFT parameters, were removed during the imputation, which was necessary to avoid problem leaking.\n<\/p><p>The logarithmic experimental ionic conductivity was predicted from the experimental descriptors generated by the system (Fig. 3b). Statistical essential descriptors were automatically selected using the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/scikit-learn-contrib\/boruta_py\" target=\"_blank\">Boruta package<\/a>. Then, prediction accuracy was examined with randomly split training (80%) and testing (20%) datasets, using the coefficient of determination, <i>R<\/i><sup>2<\/sup>. Strictly speaking, descriptor selection should be conducted only with the training dataset. However, the whole database was used because the aim of the study was fundamental parameter analysis, not a prediction. SHAP values were analyzed for a regression model trained with the entire database. Causal relationships were explored using the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/quantumblacklabs\/causalnex\" target=\"_blank\">CausalNex library<\/a>.\n<\/p><p>In addition to log \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub>, a newly defined score, (median of \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub>) \u2013 (standard deviation of \u03c3<sub>ion<\/sub>), was predicted for electrolytes prepared under the same experimental conditions (Supplementary information, Supplementary Fig. 26). The value is an indicator of conductivity and reproducibility.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Supplementary_information\">Supplementary information<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/esm\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41524-022-00853-0\/MediaObjects\/41524_2022_853_MOESM1_ESM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Supplementary Information<\/a> (PDF): This PDF document contains the various Supplementary Figures, Tables, and Discussions referenced in this work.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/esm\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41524-022-00853-0\/MediaObjects\/41524_2022_853_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx\" target=\"_blank\">Supplementary Data<\/a> (XLSX): This Excel document contains the Supplementary Data relevant to this work.<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This work was partially supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Nos. 21H04695, 21H02017, 20H05298, and 19H05814) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. The work was partially supported by JST FOREST Program (Grant Number JPMJFR213V, Japan) and the Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Author_contributions\">Author contributions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>K.H. developed the concept and the data analysis system for this work and prepared the manuscript. U.M. and H.A. conducted the electrolyte experiments and measurements. N.K. and G.H. conducted steady-state NMR measurements and joined the discussion. K.O. conceived the project and joined the discussion.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Data_availability\">Data availability<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The datasets generated and\/or analyzed during the current study are available in the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/6865540\" target=\"_blank\">Zenodo repository<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/KanHatakeyama\/GlassyIonicConductorDatabase\" target=\"_blank\">Github repository<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Code_availability\">Code availability<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The program codes used during the current study are available in the same repositories found under Data availability.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Competing_interests\">Competing interests<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The authors declare no competing interests.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-4\">1.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-5\">1.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-6\">1.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-7\">1.7<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ramprasad, Rampi; Batra, Rohit; Pilania, Ghanshyam; Mannodi-Kanakkithodi, Arun; Kim, Chiho (1 December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41524-017-0056-5\" target=\"_blank\">\"Machine learning in materials informatics: recent applications and prospects\"<\/a> (in en). <i>npj Computational Materials<\/i> <b>3<\/b> (1): 54. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41524-017-0056-5\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41524-017-0056-5<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2057-3960\" target=\"_blank\">2057-3960<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41524-017-0056-5\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41524-017-0056-5<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Machine+learning+in+materials+informatics%3A+recent+applications+and+prospects&rft.jtitle=npj+Computational+Materials&rft.aulast=Ramprasad&rft.aufirst=Rampi&rft.au=Ramprasad%2C%26%2332%3BRampi&rft.au=Batra%2C%26%2332%3BRohit&rft.au=Pilania%2C%26%2332%3BGhanshyam&rft.au=Mannodi-Kanakkithodi%2C%26%2332%3BArun&rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BChiho&rft.date=1+December+2017&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41524-017-0056-5&rft.issn=2057-3960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41524-017-0056-5&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Burger, Benjamin; 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Aguilera-Iparraguirre, Jorge; Hirzel, Timothy D.; Duvenaud, David; Maclaurin, Dougal; Blood-Forsythe, Martin A.; Chae, Hyun Sik; Einzinger, Markus <i>et al.<\/i> (1 October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nmat4717\" target=\"_blank\">\"Design of efficient molecular organic light-emitting diodes by a high-throughput virtual screening and experimental approach\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature Materials<\/i> <b>15<\/b> (10): 1120\u20131127. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnmat4717\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/nmat4717<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1476-1122\" target=\"_blank\">1476-1122<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nmat4717\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nmat4717<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Design+of+efficient+molecular+organic+light-emitting+diodes+by+a+high-throughput+virtual+screening+and+experimental+approach&rft.jtitle=Nature+Materials&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez-Bombarelli&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Bombarelli%2C%26%2332%3BRafael&rft.au=Aguilera-Iparraguirre%2C%26%2332%3BJorge&rft.au=Hirzel%2C%26%2332%3BTimothy+D.&rft.au=Duvenaud%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Maclaurin%2C%26%2332%3BDougal&rft.au=Blood-Forsythe%2C%26%2332%3BMartin+A.&rft.au=Chae%2C%26%2332%3BHyun+Sik&rft.au=Einzinger%2C%26%2332%3BMarkus&rft.au=Ha%2C%26%2332%3BDong-Gwang&rft.date=1+October+2016&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1120%E2%80%931127&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fnmat4717&rft.issn=1476-1122&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnmat4717&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-0\">4.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-1\">4.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-2\">4.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-3\">4.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-4\">4.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-5\">4.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-6\">4.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-7\">4.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-8\">4.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-9\">4.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-10\">4.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-11\">4.11<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hatakeyama-Sato, Kan; Tezuka, Toshiki; Umeki, Momoka; Oyaizu, Kenichi (19 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/jacs.9b11442\" target=\"_blank\">\"AI-Assisted Exploration of Superionic Glass-Type Li + Conductors with Aromatic Structures\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/i> <b>142<\/b> (7): 3301\u20133305. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Fjacs.9b11442\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/jacs.9b11442<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-7863\" target=\"_blank\">0002-7863<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/jacs.9b11442\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/jacs.9b11442<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AI-Assisted+Exploration+of+Superionic+Glass-Type+Li+%2B+Conductors+with+Aromatic+Structures&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.aulast=Hatakeyama-Sato&rft.aufirst=Kan&rft.au=Hatakeyama-Sato%2C%26%2332%3BKan&rft.au=Tezuka%2C%26%2332%3BToshiki&rft.au=Umeki%2C%26%2332%3BMomoka&rft.au=Oyaizu%2C%26%2332%3BKenichi&rft.date=19+February+2020&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3301%E2%80%933305&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Fjacs.9b11442&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.9b11442&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Audus, Debra J.; de Pablo, Juan J. (17 October 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsmacrolett.7b00228\" target=\"_blank\">\"Polymer Informatics: Opportunities and Challenges\"<\/a> (in en). <i>ACS Macro Letters<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (10): 1078\u20131082. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsmacrolett.7b00228\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acsmacrolett.7b00228<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2161-1653\" target=\"_blank\">2161-1653<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5702941\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5702941<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29201535\" target=\"_blank\">29201535<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsmacrolett.7b00228\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsmacrolett.7b00228<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polymer+Informatics%3A+Opportunities+and+Challenges&rft.jtitle=ACS+Macro+Letters&rft.aulast=Audus&rft.aufirst=Debra+J.&rft.au=Audus%2C%26%2332%3BDebra+J.&rft.au=de+Pablo%2C%26%2332%3BJuan+J.&rft.date=17+October+2017&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1078%E2%80%931082&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facsmacrolett.7b00228&rft.issn=2161-1653&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5702941&rft_id=info:pmid\/29201535&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facsmacrolett.7b00228&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-2\">6.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-3\">6.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Himanen, Lauri; Geurts, Amber; Foster, Adam Stuart; Rinke, Patrick (1 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.201900808\" target=\"_blank\">\"Data\u2010Driven Materials Science: Status, Challenges, and Perspectives\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Advanced Science<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (21): 1900808. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fadvs.201900808\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/advs.201900808<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2198-3844\" target=\"_blank\">2198-3844<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6839624\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6839624<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31728276\" target=\"_blank\">31728276<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.201900808\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.201900808<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Data%E2%80%90Driven+Materials+Science%3A+Status%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Perspectives&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Science&rft.aulast=Himanen&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rft.au=Himanen%2C%26%2332%3BLauri&rft.au=Geurts%2C%26%2332%3BAmber&rft.au=Foster%2C%26%2332%3BAdam+Stuart&rft.au=Rinke%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick&rft.date=1+November+2019&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1900808&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fadvs.201900808&rft.issn=2198-3844&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6839624&rft_id=info:pmid\/31728276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fadvs.201900808&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_7-2\">7.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_7-3\">7.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_7-4\">7.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_7-5\">7.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_7-6\">7.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_7-7\">7.7<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hatakeyama-Sato, Kan; 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Kuwajima, Isao; Hosoya, Junko; Xu, Yibin; Yamazaki, Masayoshi (1 September 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6076416\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"PoLyInfo: Polymer Database for Polymeric Materials Design\"<\/a>. <i>2011 International Conference on Emerging Intelligent Data and Web Technologies<\/i>: 22\u201329. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FEIDWT.2011.13\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/EIDWT.2011.13<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6076416\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6076416\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PoLyInfo%3A+Polymer+Database+for+Polymeric+Materials+Design&rft.jtitle=2011+International+Conference+on+Emerging+Intelligent+Data+and+Web+Technologies&rft.aulast=Otsuka&rft.aufirst=Shingo&rft.au=Otsuka%2C%26%2332%3BShingo&rft.au=Kuwajima%2C%26%2332%3BIsao&rft.au=Hosoya%2C%26%2332%3BJunko&rft.au=Xu%2C%26%2332%3BYibin&rft.au=Yamazaki%2C%26%2332%3BMasayoshi&rft.date=1+September+2011&rft.pages=22%E2%80%9329&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FEIDWT.2011.13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F6076416%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tshitoyan, Vahe; 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Pan, Shirui; Cambria, Erik; Marttinen, Pekka; Yu, Philip S. (1 February 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9416312\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Survey on Knowledge Graphs: Representation, Acquisition, and Applications\"<\/a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems<\/i> <b>33<\/b> (2): 494\u2013514. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FTNNLS.2021.3070843\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3070843<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2162-237X\" target=\"_blank\">2162-237X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9416312\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9416312\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Survey+on+Knowledge+Graphs%3A+Representation%2C+Acquisition%2C+and+Applications&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Neural+Networks+and+Learning+Systems&rft.aulast=Ji&rft.aufirst=Shaoxiong&rft.au=Ji%2C%26%2332%3BShaoxiong&rft.au=Pan%2C%26%2332%3BShirui&rft.au=Cambria%2C%26%2332%3BErik&rft.au=Marttinen%2C%26%2332%3BPekka&rft.au=Yu%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip+S.&rft.date=1+February+2022&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=494%E2%80%93514&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FTNNLS.2021.3070843&rft.issn=2162-237X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9416312%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Lee, Michael J.; Han, Junghun; Lee, Kyungbin; Lee, Young Jun; Kim, Byoung Gak; Jung, Kyu-Nam; Kim, Bumjoon J.; Lee, Seung Woo (13 January 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-04209-4\" target=\"_blank\">\"Elastomeric electrolytes for high-energy solid-state lithium batteries\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature<\/i> <b>601<\/b> (7892): 217\u2013222. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04209-4\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41586-021-04209-4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-0836\" target=\"_blank\">0028-0836<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-04209-4\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-04209-4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elastomeric+electrolytes+for+high-energy+solid-state+lithium+batteries&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+J.&rft.au=Han%2C%26%2332%3BJunghun&rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BKyungbin&rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BYoung+Jun&rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BByoung+Gak&rft.au=Jung%2C%26%2332%3BKyu-Nam&rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BBumjoon+J.&rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BSeung+Woo&rft.date=13+January+2022&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=7892&rft.pages=217%E2%80%93222&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04209-4&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-021-04209-4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-0\">12.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-1\">12.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-2\">12.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-3\">12.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-4\">12.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-5\">12.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-6\">12.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-7\">12.7<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Xue, Zhigang; He, Dan; Xie, Xiaolin (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C5TA03471J\" target=\"_blank\">\"Poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Materials Chemistry A<\/i> <b>3<\/b> (38): 19218\u201319253. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1039%2FC5TA03471J\" target=\"_blank\">10.1039\/C5TA03471J<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2050-7488\" target=\"_blank\">2050-7488<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C5TA03471J\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C5TA03471J<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poly%28ethylene+oxide%29-based+electrolytes+for+lithium-ion+batteries&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Chemistry+A&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Zhigang&rft.au=Xue%2C%26%2332%3BZhigang&rft.au=He%2C%26%2332%3BDan&rft.au=Xie%2C%26%2332%3BXiaolin&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=19218%E2%80%9319253&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1039%2FC5TA03471J&rft.issn=2050-7488&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxlink.rsc.org%2F%3FDOI%3DC5TA03471J&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:7-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_13-0\">13.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_13-1\">13.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_13-2\">13.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_13-3\">13.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_13-4\">13.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_13-5\">13.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_13-6\">13.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Long, Lizhen; Wang, Shuanjin; Xiao, Min; Meng, Yuezhong (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C6TA02621D\" target=\"_blank\">\"Polymer electrolytes for lithium polymer batteries\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Materials Chemistry A<\/i> <b>4<\/b> (26): 10038\u201310069. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1039%2FC6TA02621D\" target=\"_blank\">10.1039\/C6TA02621D<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2050-7488\" target=\"_blank\">2050-7488<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C6TA02621D\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C6TA02621D<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polymer+electrolytes+for+lithium+polymer+batteries&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Chemistry+A&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Lizhen&rft.au=Long%2C%26%2332%3BLizhen&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BShuanjin&rft.au=Xiao%2C%26%2332%3BMin&rft.au=Meng%2C%26%2332%3BYuezhong&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=10038%E2%80%9310069&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1039%2FC6TA02621D&rft.issn=2050-7488&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxlink.rsc.org%2F%3FDOI%3DC6TA02621D&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:8-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mindemark, Jonas; Lacey, Matthew J.; Bowden, Tim; Brandell, Daniel (1 June 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0079670017301946\" target=\"_blank\">\"Beyond PEO\u2014Alternative host materials for Li + -conducting solid polymer electrolytes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Progress in Polymer Science<\/i> <b>81<\/b>: 114\u2013143. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.progpolymsci.2017.12.004\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.12.004<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0079670017301946\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0079670017301946<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Beyond+PEO%E2%80%94Alternative+host+materials+for+Li+%2B+-conducting+solid+polymer+electrolytes&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Polymer+Science&rft.aulast=Mindemark&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft.au=Mindemark%2C%26%2332%3BJonas&rft.au=Lacey%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+J.&rft.au=Bowden%2C%26%2332%3BTim&rft.au=Brandell%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.date=1+June+2018&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=114%E2%80%93143&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.progpolymsci.2017.12.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0079670017301946&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:9-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_15-0\">15.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_15-1\">15.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jones, Seamus D.; Nguyen, Howie; Richardson, Peter M.; Chen, Yan-Qiao; Wyckoff, Kira E.; Hawker, Craig J.; Cl\u00e9ment, Rapha\u00eble J.; Fredrickson, Glenn H. <i>et al.<\/i> (23 February 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acscentsci.1c01260\" target=\"_blank\">\"Design of Polymeric Zwitterionic Solid Electrolytes with Superionic Lithium Transport\"<\/a> (in en). <i>ACS Central Science<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (2): 169\u2013175. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facscentsci.1c01260\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acscentsci.1c01260<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2374-7943\" target=\"_blank\">2374-7943<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8874728\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8874728<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35233449\" target=\"_blank\">35233449<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acscentsci.1c01260\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acscentsci.1c01260<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Design+of+Polymeric+Zwitterionic+Solid+Electrolytes+with+Superionic+Lithium+Transport&rft.jtitle=ACS+Central+Science&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Seamus+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C%26%2332%3BSeamus+D.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C%26%2332%3BHowie&rft.au=Richardson%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+M.&rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BYan-Qiao&rft.au=Wyckoff%2C%26%2332%3BKira+E.&rft.au=Hawker%2C%26%2332%3BCraig+J.&rft.au=Cl%C3%A9ment%2C%26%2332%3BRapha%C3%ABle+J.&rft.au=Fredrickson%2C%26%2332%3BGlenn+H.&rft.au=Segalman%2C%26%2332%3BRachel+A.&rft.date=23+February+2022&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169%E2%80%93175&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facscentsci.1c01260&rft.issn=2374-7943&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8874728&rft_id=info:pmid\/35233449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facscentsci.1c01260&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wang, Xiaoen; Kerr, Robert; Chen, Fangfang; Goujon, Nicolas; Pringle, Jennifer M.; Mecerreyes, David; Forsyth, Maria; Howlett, Patrick C. (1 May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adma.201905219\" target=\"_blank\">\"Toward High\u2010Energy\u2010Density Lithium Metal Batteries: Opportunities and Challenges for Solid Organic Electrolytes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Advanced Materials<\/i> <b>32<\/b> (18): 1905219. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fadma.201905219\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/adma.201905219<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0935-9648\" target=\"_blank\">0935-9648<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adma.201905219\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adma.201905219<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toward+High%E2%80%90Energy%E2%80%90Density+Lithium+Metal+Batteries%3A+Opportunities+and+Challenges+for+Solid+Organic+Electrolytes&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoen&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BXiaoen&rft.au=Kerr%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BFangfang&rft.au=Goujon%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.au=Pringle%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer+M.&rft.au=Mecerreyes%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Forsyth%2C%26%2332%3BMaria&rft.au=Howlett%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick+C.&rft.date=1+May+2020&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=1905219&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fadma.201905219&rft.issn=0935-9648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fadma.201905219&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:10-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_17-0\">17.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_17-1\">17.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_17-2\">17.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kato, Yuki; Hori, Satoshi; Saito, Toshiya; Suzuki, Kota; Hirayama, Masaaki; Mitsui, Akio; Yonemura, Masao; Iba, Hideki <i>et al.<\/i> (1 April 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nenergy201630\" target=\"_blank\">\"High-power all-solid-state batteries using sulfide superionic conductors\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature Energy<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (4): 16030. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnenergy.2016.30\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/nenergy.2016.30<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2058-7546\" target=\"_blank\">2058-7546<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nenergy201630\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nenergy201630<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High-power+all-solid-state+batteries+using+sulfide+superionic+conductors&rft.jtitle=Nature+Energy&rft.aulast=Kato&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rft.au=Kato%2C%26%2332%3BYuki&rft.au=Hori%2C%26%2332%3BSatoshi&rft.au=Saito%2C%26%2332%3BToshiya&rft.au=Suzuki%2C%26%2332%3BKota&rft.au=Hirayama%2C%26%2332%3BMasaaki&rft.au=Mitsui%2C%26%2332%3BAkio&rft.au=Yonemura%2C%26%2332%3BMasao&rft.au=Iba%2C%26%2332%3BHideki&rft.au=Kanno%2C%26%2332%3BRyoji&rft.date=1+April+2016&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16030&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fnenergy.2016.30&rft.issn=2058-7546&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnenergy201630&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Franco, Alejandro A.; Rucci, Alexis; Brandell, Daniel; Frayret, Christine; Gaberscek, Miran; Jankowski, Piotr; Johansson, Patrik (10 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00239\" target=\"_blank\">\"Boosting Rechargeable Batteries R&D by Multiscale Modeling: Myth or Reality?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Chemical Reviews<\/i> <b>119<\/b> (7): 4569\u20134627. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.8b00239\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00239<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0009-2665\" target=\"_blank\">0009-2665<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6460402\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6460402<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30859816\" target=\"_blank\">30859816<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00239\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00239<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Boosting+Rechargeable+Batteries+R%26D+by+Multiscale+Modeling%3A+Myth+or+Reality%3F&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=Alejandro+A.&rft.au=Franco%2C%26%2332%3BAlejandro+A.&rft.au=Rucci%2C%26%2332%3BAlexis&rft.au=Brandell%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.au=Frayret%2C%26%2332%3BChristine&rft.au=Gaberscek%2C%26%2332%3BMiran&rft.au=Jankowski%2C%26%2332%3BPiotr&rft.au=Johansson%2C%26%2332%3BPatrik&rft.date=10+April+2019&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=4569%E2%80%934627&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.8b00239&rft.issn=0009-2665&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6460402&rft_id=info:pmid\/30859816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.8b00239&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kwok, Roberta (1 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05895-3\" target=\"_blank\">\"How to pick an electronic laboratory notebook\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature<\/i> <b>560<\/b> (7717): 269\u2013270. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05895-3\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/d41586-018-05895-3<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-0836\" target=\"_blank\">0028-0836<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05895-3\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05895-3<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+to+pick+an+electronic+laboratory+notebook&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Kwok&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Kwok%2C%26%2332%3BRoberta&rft.date=1+August+2018&rft.volume=560&rft.issue=7717&rft.pages=269%E2%80%93270&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05895-3&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-018-05895-3&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Capecchi, Alice; Probst, Daniel; Reymond, Jean-Louis (1 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-020-00445-4\" target=\"_blank\">\"One molecular fingerprint to rule them all: drugs, biomolecules, and the metabolome\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cheminformatics<\/i> <b>12<\/b> (1): 43. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13321-020-00445-4\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s13321-020-00445-4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1758-2946\" target=\"_blank\">1758-2946<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7291580\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7291580<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33431010\" target=\"_blank\">33431010<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-020-00445-4\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-020-00445-4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=One+molecular+fingerprint+to+rule+them+all%3A+drugs%2C+biomolecules%2C+and+the+metabolome&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cheminformatics&rft.aulast=Capecchi&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Capecchi%2C%26%2332%3BAlice&rft.au=Probst%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.au=Reymond%2C%26%2332%3BJean-Louis&rft.date=1+December+2020&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs13321-020-00445-4&rft.issn=1758-2946&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7291580&rft_id=info:pmid\/33431010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcheminf.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs13321-020-00445-4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Devlin, Jacob; Chang, Ming-Wei; Lee, Kenton; Toutanova, Kristina (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1810.04805\" target=\"_blank\">\"BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding\"<\/a>. <i>arXiv<\/i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.48550%2FARXIV.1810.04805\" target=\"_blank\">10.48550\/ARXIV.1810.04805<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1810.04805\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1810.04805<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BERT%3A+Pre-training+of+Deep+Bidirectional+Transformers+for+Language+Understanding&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Devlin%2C%26%2332%3BJacob&rft.au=Chang%2C%26%2332%3BMing-Wei&rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BKenton&rft.au=Toutanova%2C%26%2332%3BKristina&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info:doi\/10.48550%2FARXIV.1810.04805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F1810.04805&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:11-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_22-0\">22.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_22-1\">22.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_22-2\">22.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_22-3\">22.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hatakeyama-Sato, Kan; Oyaizu, Kenichi (8 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsomega.1c01716\" target=\"_blank\">\"Generative Models for Extrapolation Prediction in Materials Informatics\"<\/a> (in en). <i>ACS Omega<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (22): 14566\u201314574. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsomega.1c01716\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acsomega.1c01716<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2470-1343\" target=\"_blank\">2470-1343<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8190893\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8190893<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34124480\" target=\"_blank\">34124480<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsomega.1c01716\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsomega.1c01716<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Generative+Models+for+Extrapolation+Prediction+in+Materials+Informatics&rft.jtitle=ACS+Omega&rft.aulast=Hatakeyama-Sato&rft.aufirst=Kan&rft.au=Hatakeyama-Sato%2C%26%2332%3BKan&rft.au=Oyaizu%2C%26%2332%3BKenichi&rft.date=8+June+2021&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=14566%E2%80%9314574&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facsomega.1c01716&rft.issn=2470-1343&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8190893&rft_id=info:pmid\/34124480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facsomega.1c01716&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ke, G.; Meng, Q.; Finley, T. et al. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/3294996.3295074\" target=\"_blank\">\"LightGBM: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree\"<\/a>. <i>NIPS'17: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems<\/i>: 3149\u201357. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5555%2F3294996.3295074\" target=\"_blank\">10.5555\/3294996.3295074<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/3294996.3295074\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/3294996.3295074<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LightGBM%3A+A+highly+efficient+gradient+boosting+decision+tree&rft.jtitle=NIPS%2717%3A+Proceedings+of+the+31st+International+Conference+on+Neural+Information+Processing+Systems&rft.aulast=Ke%2C+G.%3B+Meng%2C+Q.%3B+Finley%2C+T.+et+al.&rft.au=Ke%2C+G.%3B+Meng%2C+Q.%3B+Finley%2C+T.+et+al.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=3149%E2%80%9357&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5555%2F3294996.3295074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5555%2F3294996.3295074&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:12-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_24-0\">24.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_24-1\">24.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jikei, Mitsutoshi; Katoh, Junya; Sato, Naohiko; Yamamoto, Kimihisa; Nishide, Hiroyuki; Tsuchida, Eishun (1 August 1992). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.journal.csj.jp\/doi\/10.1246\/bcsj.65.2029\" target=\"_blank\">\"Synthesis of Soluble Poly(thio-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) by Oxidative Polymerization of Bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl) Disulfide\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan<\/i> <b>65<\/b> (8): 2029\u20132036. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1246%2Fbcsj.65.2029\" target=\"_blank\">10.1246\/bcsj.65.2029<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0009-2673\" target=\"_blank\">0009-2673<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.journal.csj.jp\/doi\/10.1246\/bcsj.65.2029\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.journal.csj.jp\/doi\/10.1246\/bcsj.65.2029<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Soluble+Poly%28thio-2%2C6-dimethyl-1%2C4-phenylene%29+by+Oxidative+Polymerization+of+Bis%283%2C5-dimethylphenyl%29+Disulfide&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Chemical+Society+of+Japan&rft.aulast=Jikei&rft.aufirst=Mitsutoshi&rft.au=Jikei%2C%26%2332%3BMitsutoshi&rft.au=Katoh%2C%26%2332%3BJunya&rft.au=Sato%2C%26%2332%3BNaohiko&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C%26%2332%3BKimihisa&rft.au=Nishide%2C%26%2332%3BHiroyuki&rft.au=Tsuchida%2C%26%2332%3BEishun&rft.date=1+August+1992&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2029%E2%80%932036&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1246%2Fbcsj.65.2029&rft.issn=0009-2673&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal.csj.jp%2Fdoi%2F10.1246%2Fbcsj.65.2029&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:13-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_25-0\">25.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_25-1\">25.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_25-2\">25.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bocharova, V.; Sokolov, A. P. (9 June 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.macromol.9b02742\" target=\"_blank\">\"Perspectives for Polymer Electrolytes: A View from Fundamentals of Ionic Conductivity\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Macromolecules<\/i> <b>53<\/b> (11): 4141\u20134157. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.macromol.9b02742\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acs.macromol.9b02742<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0024-9297\" target=\"_blank\">0024-9297<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.macromol.9b02742\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.macromol.9b02742<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Perspectives+for+Polymer+Electrolytes%3A+A+View+from+Fundamentals+of+Ionic+Conductivity&rft.jtitle=Macromolecules&rft.aulast=Bocharova&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Bocharova%2C%26%2332%3BV.&rft.au=Sokolov%2C%26%2332%3BA.+P.&rft.date=9+June+2020&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4141%E2%80%934157&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facs.macromol.9b02742&rft.issn=0024-9297&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.macromol.9b02742&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:14-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_26-0\">26.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_26-1\">26.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_26-2\">26.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hatakeyama-Sato, Kan; Umeki, Momoka; Tezuka, Toshiki; Oyaizu, Kenichi (28 July 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsaelm.0c00393\" target=\"_blank\">\"Charge-Transfer Complexes for Solid-State Li + Conduction\"<\/a> (in en). <i>ACS Applied Electronic Materials<\/i> <b>2<\/b> (7): 2211\u20132217. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsaelm.0c00393\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acsaelm.0c00393<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2637-6113\" target=\"_blank\">2637-6113<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsaelm.0c00393\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsaelm.0c00393<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Charge-Transfer+Complexes+for+Solid-State+Li+%2B+Conduction&rft.jtitle=ACS+Applied+Electronic+Materials&rft.aulast=Hatakeyama-Sato&rft.aufirst=Kan&rft.au=Hatakeyama-Sato%2C%26%2332%3BKan&rft.au=Umeki%2C%26%2332%3BMomoka&rft.au=Tezuka%2C%26%2332%3BToshiki&rft.au=Oyaizu%2C%26%2332%3BKenichi&rft.date=28+July+2020&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2211%E2%80%932217&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facsaelm.0c00393&rft.issn=2637-6113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facsaelm.0c00393&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kursa, Miron B.; Rudnicki, Witold R. (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstatsoft.org\/v36\/i11\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Feature Selection with the Boruta Package\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Statistical Software<\/i> <b>36<\/b> (11). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18637%2Fjss.v036.i11\" target=\"_blank\">10.18637\/jss.v036.i11<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1548-7660\" target=\"_blank\">1548-7660<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstatsoft.org\/v36\/i11\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.jstatsoft.org\/v36\/i11\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Feature+Selection+with+the+Boruta+Package&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Statistical+Software&rft.aulast=Kursa&rft.aufirst=Miron+B.&rft.au=Kursa%2C%26%2332%3BMiron+B.&rft.au=Rudnicki%2C%26%2332%3BWitold+R.&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=11&rft_id=info:doi\/10.18637%2Fjss.v036.i11&rft.issn=1548-7660&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstatsoft.org%2Fv36%2Fi11%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Lundberg, S.M.; Lee, S.-I. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/3295222.3295230\" target=\"_blank\">\"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions\"<\/a>. <i>NIPS'17: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems<\/i>: 4768\u201377. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5555%2F3295222.3295230\" target=\"_blank\">10.5555\/3295222.3295230<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/3295222.3295230\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/3295222.3295230<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+unified+approach+to+interpreting+model+predictions&rft.jtitle=NIPS%2717%3A+Proceedings+of+the+31st+International+Conference+on+Neural+Information+Processing+Systems&rft.aulast=Lundberg%2C+S.M.%3B+Lee%2C+S.-I.&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+S.M.%3B+Lee%2C+S.-I.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=4768%E2%80%9377&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5555%2F3295222.3295230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5555%2F3295222.3295230&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Beaumont, P.; Horsburgh, B.; Pilgerstorfer, P. et al. (15 October 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/quantumblacklabs\/causalnex\" target=\"_blank\">\"CausalNex\"<\/a>. <i>GitHub<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/quantumblacklabs\/causalnex\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/quantumblacklabs\/causalnex<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CausalNex&rft.atitle=GitHub&rft.aulast=Beaumont%2C+P.%3B+Horsburgh%2C+B.%3B+Pilgerstorfer%2C+P.+et+al.&rft.au=Beaumont%2C+P.%3B+Horsburgh%2C+B.%3B+Pilgerstorfer%2C+P.+et+al.&rft.date=15+October+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fquantumblacklabs%2Fcausalnex&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ma, Jennifer C.; Dougherty, Dennis A. (1 August 1997). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/cr9603744\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Cation\u2212\u03c0 Interaction\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Chemical Reviews<\/i> <b>97<\/b> (5): 1303\u20131324. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Fcr9603744\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/cr9603744<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0009-2665\" target=\"_blank\">0009-2665<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/cr9603744\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/cr9603744<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Cation%E2%88%92%CF%80+Interaction&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+C.&rft.au=Ma%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer+C.&rft.au=Dougherty%2C%26%2332%3BDennis+A.&rft.date=1+August+1997&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1303%E2%80%931324&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Fcr9603744&rft.issn=0009-2665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr9603744&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:15-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_31-0\">31.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_31-1\">31.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Shintani, Yusuke; Tsutsumi, Hiromori (1 May 2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378775309020503\" target=\"_blank\">\"Ionic conducting behavior of solvent-free polymer electrolytes prepared from oxetane derivative with nitrile group\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Power Sources<\/i> <b>195<\/b> (9): 2863\u20132869. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2009.11.042\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2009.11.042<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378775309020503\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378775309020503<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ionic+conducting+behavior+of+solvent-free+polymer+electrolytes+prepared+from+oxetane+derivative+with+nitrile+group&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.aulast=Shintani&rft.aufirst=Yusuke&rft.au=Shintani%2C%26%2332%3BYusuke&rft.au=Tsutsumi%2C%26%2332%3BHiromori&rft.date=1+May+2010&rft.volume=195&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2863%E2%80%932869&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2009.11.042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0378775309020503&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Joost, Mario; Kunze, Miriam; Jeong, Sangsik; Sch\u00f6nhoff, Monika; Winter, Martin; Passerini, Stefano (1 December 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013468612004367\" target=\"_blank\">\"Ionic mobility in ternary polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Electrochimica Acta<\/i> <b>86<\/b>: 330\u2013338. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.electacta.2012.03.084\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.03.084<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013468612004367\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013468612004367<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ionic+mobility+in+ternary+polymer+electrolytes+for+lithium-ion+batteries&rft.jtitle=Electrochimica+Acta&rft.aulast=Joost&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Joost%2C%26%2332%3BMario&rft.au=Kunze%2C%26%2332%3BMiriam&rft.au=Jeong%2C%26%2332%3BSangsik&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6nhoff%2C%26%2332%3BMonika&rft.au=Winter%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.au=Passerini%2C%26%2332%3BStefano&rft.date=1+December+2012&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=330%E2%80%93338&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.electacta.2012.03.084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0013468612004367&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Goetz, Katelyn P.; 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Wang, Zhen-Gang (14 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0016163\" target=\"_blank\">\"Ion transport in small-molecule and polymer electrolytes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The Journal of Chemical Physics<\/i> <b>153<\/b> (10): 100903. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1063%2F5.0016163\" target=\"_blank\">10.1063\/5.0016163<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0021-9606\" target=\"_blank\">0021-9606<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0016163\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0016163<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ion+transport+in+small-molecule+and+polymer+electrolytes&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.aulast=Son&rft.aufirst=Chang+Yun&rft.au=Son%2C%26%2332%3BChang+Yun&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BZhen-Gang&rft.date=14+September+2020&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=100903&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1063%2F5.0016163&rft.issn=0021-9606&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1063%2F5.0016163&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Lunkenheimer, P; Loidl, A (23 September 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/0953-8984\/27\/37\/373001\" target=\"_blank\">\"Dielectric spectroscopy on organic charge-transfer salts\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter<\/i> <b>27<\/b> (37): 373001. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1088%2F0953-8984%2F27%2F37%2F373001\" target=\"_blank\">10.1088\/0953-8984\/27\/37\/373001<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0953-8984\" target=\"_blank\">0953-8984<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/0953-8984\/27\/37\/373001\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/0953-8984\/27\/37\/373001<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dielectric+spectroscopy+on+organic+charge-transfer+salts&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Condensed+Matter&rft.aulast=Lunkenheimer&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Lunkenheimer%2C%26%2332%3BP&rft.au=Loidl%2C%26%2332%3BA&rft.date=23+September+2015&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=373001&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1088%2F0953-8984%2F27%2F37%2F373001&rft.issn=0953-8984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F0953-8984%2F27%2F37%2F373001&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Watanabe, Masayoshi; Thomas, Morgan L.; Zhang, Shiguo; Ueno, Kazuhide; Yasuda, Tomohiro; Dokko, Kaoru (24 May 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00504\" target=\"_blank\">\"Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy Storage and Conversion Materials and Devices\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Chemical Reviews<\/i> <b>117<\/b> (10): 7190\u20137239. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.6b00504\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00504<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0009-2665\" target=\"_blank\">0009-2665<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00504\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00504<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Application+of+Ionic+Liquids+to+Energy+Storage+and+Conversion+Materials+and+Devices&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Masayoshi&rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BMasayoshi&rft.au=Thomas%2C%26%2332%3BMorgan+L.&rft.au=Zhang%2C%26%2332%3BShiguo&rft.au=Ueno%2C%26%2332%3BKazuhide&rft.au=Yasuda%2C%26%2332%3BTomohiro&rft.au=Dokko%2C%26%2332%3BKaoru&rft.date=24+May+2017&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=7190%E2%80%937239&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.6b00504&rft.issn=0009-2665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.6b00504&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Yamashita, Yu; Tsurumi, Junto; Ohno, Masahiro; Fujimoto, Ryo; Kumagai, Shohei; Kurosawa, Tadanori; Okamoto, Toshihiro; Takeya, Jun <i>et al.<\/i> (29 August 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1504-9\" target=\"_blank\">\"Efficient molecular doping of polymeric semiconductors driven by anion exchange\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature<\/i> <b>572<\/b> (7771): 634\u2013638. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1504-9\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41586-019-1504-9<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-0836\" target=\"_blank\">0028-0836<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1504-9\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1504-9<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Efficient+molecular+doping+of+polymeric+semiconductors+driven+by+anion+exchange&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Yamashita&rft.aufirst=Yu&rft.au=Yamashita%2C%26%2332%3BYu&rft.au=Tsurumi%2C%26%2332%3BJunto&rft.au=Ohno%2C%26%2332%3BMasahiro&rft.au=Fujimoto%2C%26%2332%3BRyo&rft.au=Kumagai%2C%26%2332%3BShohei&rft.au=Kurosawa%2C%26%2332%3BTadanori&rft.au=Okamoto%2C%26%2332%3BToshihiro&rft.au=Takeya%2C%26%2332%3BJun&rft.au=Watanabe%2C%26%2332%3BShun&rft.date=29+August+2019&rft.volume=572&rft.issue=7771&rft.pages=634%E2%80%93638&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1504-9&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-019-1504-9&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103101737\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.507 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.705 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 44026\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 378041\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 106571\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 110799\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 434.080 1 -total\n 84.23% 365.622 1 Template:Reflist\n 70.36% 305.412 40 Template:Cite_journal\n 68.09% 295.552 41 Template:Citation\/core\n 11.31% 49.083 39 Template:Date\n 8.46% 36.725 86 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 7.17% 31.126 1 Template:Infobox_journal_article\n 6.50% 28.226 1 Template:Infobox\n 3.93% 17.044 80 Template:Infobox\/row\n 2.85% 12.359 172 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13809-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103101736 and revision id 50202. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Exploration_of_organic_superionic_glassy_conductors_by_process_and_materials_informatics_with_lossless_graph_database<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","884fb79e5c7bb1fb8321d0ad3aa2f310_images":["https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/f\/f4\/Fig1_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/a\/ab\/Fig2_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/76\/Fig3_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/9\/9b\/Fig4_Hatakeyama-Sato_njpCompMat22_8.png"],"884fb79e5c7bb1fb8321d0ad3aa2f310_timestamp":1672771710,"e88a70a4050a93d9bf2a2f7eb9d8b336_type":"article","e88a70a4050a93d9bf2a2f7eb9d8b336_title":"PIKAChU: A Python-based informatics kit for analyzing chemical units (Terlouw et al. 2022)","e88a70a4050a93d9bf2a2f7eb9d8b336_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units","e88a70a4050a93d9bf2a2f7eb9d8b336_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:PIKAChU: A Python-based informatics kit for analyzing chemical unitsFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nPIKAChU: A Python-based informatics kit for analyzing chemical unitsJournal\n \nJournal of CheminformaticsAuthor(s)\n \nTerlouw, Barbara R.; Vromans, Sophie P.J.M.; Medema, Marnix H.Author affiliation(s)\n \nWageningen UniversityPrimary contact\n \nbarbara dot terlouw at wur dot nlYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n14Page(s)\n \n34DOI\n \n10.1186\/s13321-022-00616-5ISSN\n \n1758-2946Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-022-00616-5Download\n \nhttps:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/track\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13321-022-00616-5.pdf (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Methods and implementations \n\n3.1 Software description \n3.2 Parsing molecules from SMILES \n3.3 Visualization and kekulization \n3.4 Structure annotation \n3.5 Substructure matching \n3.6 Fingerprinting \n3.7 Defining reaction targets \n3.8 Characterization and visualization of the polyketide ketoreduction reaction \n3.9 Validation \n3.10 Speed assessment \n\n\n4 Results and discussion \n\n4.1 SMILES reading and writing \n4.2 Structure visualization \n4.3 Speed assessment \n4.4 Substructure detection \n4.5 ECFP fingerprinting \n4.6 Building in silico reactions using PIKAChU \n4.7 PIKAChU compared to state-of-the-art chemical drawing software \n\n\n5 Conclusions \n6 Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \n7 Supplementary information \n8 Acknowledgements \n\n8.1 Author contributions \n8.2 Funding \n8.3 Availability of data and materials \n8.4 Competing interests \n\n\n9 References \n10 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nAs efforts to computationally describe and simulate the biochemical world become more commonplace, computer programs that are capable of in silico chemistry play an increasingly important role in biochemical research. While such programs exist, they are often dependency-heavy, difficult to navigate, or not written in Python, the programming language of choice for bioinformaticians. \nHere, we introduce PIKAChU (Python-based Informatics Kit for Analysing CHemical Units), a cheminformatics toolbox with few dependencies implemented in Python. PIKAChU builds comprehensive molecular graphs from simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) strings, which allow for easy downstream analysis and visualization of molecules. While the molecular graphs (Graphical Abstract, below) PIKAChU generates are extensive\u2014storing and inferring information on aromaticity, chirality, charge, hybridization, and electron orbitals\u2014PIKAChU limits itself to applications that will be sufficient for most casual users and downstream Python-based tools and databases, such as Morgan fingerprinting, similarity scoring, substructure matching, and customizable visualization. In addition, it comes with a set of functions that assists in the easy implementation of reaction mechanisms. Its minimalistic design makes PIKAChU straightforward to use and install, in stark contrast to many existing toolkits, which are more difficult to navigate and come with a plethora of dependencies that may cause compatibility issues with downstream tools. As such, PIKAChU provides an alternative for researchers for whom basic cheminformatic processing suffices, and can be easily integrated into downstream bioinformatics and cheminformatics tools. (PIKAChU is available at https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu.)\nKeywords: cheminformatics kit, Python, structure visualization, in silico chemistry, molecular fingerprinting\n\r\n\n\n\n\nIntroduction \nIn a data-driven world where the discovery of novel natural and synthetic molecules is increasingly necessary, in silico chemical processing has become an essential part of biological and chemical research. Novel metabolites are compared or added to searchable chemical databases such as ChEBI[1], PubChem[2], NP Atlas[3], and COCONUT[4]; molecular structures are predicted from biological pathways[5][6]; and bioactivities and pharmaceutical properties are predicted from chemical structure.[7][8][9] Such analyses rely on robust cheminformatics kits that can perform basic chemical processing, such as fingerprint-based similarity searches, substructure matching, molecule visualization, and chemical features for machine learning purposes.\nTypically, molecular processing by cheminformatics kits begins with the reading in of molecular data from chemical data formats, ranging from one-dimensional to three-dimensional molecular representations. One such format is the SMILES (simplified molecular-input line-entry system) format, which represents a molecule as a one-dimensional string, describing atom composition, connectivity, stereochemistry, and charge. More elaborate formats such as PDB and MOL use text files to store not just the abovementioned properties but also atom coordinates in three-dimensional space.\nDepending on the application, different formats and subsequent processing are appropriate. Due to the vast number of possible chemical analyses, exhaustive cheminformatics kits have accumulated into software libraries that are so large that they can be both hard to navigate and rely on so many dependencies that they can be difficult to implement in software packages. As a result, the trade-off between time spent accessing and integrating these cheminformatics kits into a codebase and time spent on actual analyses is disproportionate for users who need to perform simple in silico analyses such as reading in SMILES, drawing a molecule, or visualizing a substructure. One popular open-source cheminformatics kit that suffers from this problem is RDKit.[10] While RDKit is an incredibly fast and powerful library that supports an immense variety of possible chemical operations, its use of both Python and C++\u2009as programming languages, as well as the sheer number of dependencies it relies on, frequently causes compatibility issues when integrating RDKit into other programs, and disproportionately increases the number of libraries that need to be installed. Therefore, while RDKit is great for heavy-duty in silico analyses such as computing 3D conformers for a compound or constructing electron density maps, it is a bit too much for the basic operations that most researchers in bioinformatics and cheminformatics require.\nA second widely-used cheminformatics kit is CDK.[11] Written in Java, it is well-suited for implementation in web applications, and it has successfully been used for molecular processing in the COCONUT database[4], the Cytoscape application chemViz2[12], and the scientific workflow platform KNIME (Konstanz Information Miner).[13] However, with Python becoming the programming language of choice for many scientists[14], especially those working in the growing field of (deep) neural networks, CDK is not always an ideal fit.\nTo make basic cheminformatics processing more accessible for Python programmers, we therefore introduce PIKAChU: a Python-based Informatics Kit for Analysing Chemical Units. PIKAChU is a flexible cheminformatics tool with few dependencies. It can parse molecules from SMILES, visualize chemical structures and substructures in matplotlib, perform extended connectivity fingerprinting (ECFP)[15] and Tanimoto similarity searches, and execute basic reactions with a focus on natural product chemistry. Therefore, we hope that PIKAChU can provide a convenient alternative for many Python-based bio- and cheminformatics tools and databases that only demand basic chemical processing.\n\nMethods and implementations \nSoftware description \nPIKAChU is implemented in Python (v3.9.7). Its only dependency is the common Python package matplotlib (v3.4.3). PIKAChU can be run on Windows, MacOS, and Linux systems.\n\nParsing molecules from SMILES \nPIKAChU takes a SMILES string as input and from it builds a graph object, in which nodes represent atoms and edges represent bonds (Fig. 1). For each atom, PIKAChU initially stores information on chirality, aromaticity, charge, and connectivity. For each bond, it stores bond type (single, double, triple, quadruple, or aromatic), neighboring atoms, and cis\u2013trans stereochemistry for double bonds. Once all atoms, bonds, and their connections have been stored, electron shells and orbitals are constructed for each non-hydrogen atom. Next, we determine the valence for each non-hydrogen atom, taking into account atom charge. For atoms of variable valence such as sulfur (2, 4 or 6) and phosphorus (3 or 5), we select a valence that is equal to or higher than the sum of non-hydrogen bonds and explicit hydrogen bonds, prioritizing smaller valences. Double, triple, quadruple, and aromatic bonds contribute proportionally to this sum. If insufficient bonding orbitals are available to achieve the desired valence, the electrons in the valence shell are excited to higher-energy orbitals, such that each orbital contains at most one electron. Implicit hydrogens are then added to the structure such that the pre-determined valences are obeyed.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1. Overview of the internal structure of PIKAChU's structure graphs. This example uses L-alanine, a small amino acid. The four bottom boxes in grey indicate attributes for each of PIKAChU's major classes: Structure, Atom, Bond, and Electron.\n\n\n\nAn exception is made for nitrogen with valence 5, which is not chemically possible due to insufficient bonding orbitals but can sometimes be encountered in SMILES strings, especially in those describing compounds containing nitro groups. If such a valence 5 nitrogen is attached to at least one oxygen through a double bond, this double bond is interpreted as a single bond instead, the oxygen\u2019s charge is set to \u2212 1 and the nitrogen\u2019s charge is set to 1, such that the nitrogen\u2019s valence becomes 4 and bonding laws are obeyed.\nSubsequently, electrons are allocated to the p-orbitals of \u03c0 bonds in double, triple, and quadruple bonds, and atom hybridization is determined from steric number. Then, all cycles in the graph are detected using an open-source Python implementation[16] of the simple cycle detection algorithm described by Johnson in 1975.[17] PIKAChU removes all cycles smaller than three atoms and identifies the smallest set of unique smallest rings (SSSR).\nNext, the SSSR is used for aromaticity detection. This is done recursively: in each round, each cycle that has not yet been added to the set of aromatic cycles is evaluated with H\u00fcckel\u2019s 4n\u2009+\u20092 rule on planar rings. We chose to assess aromatic cycles rather than systems; H\u00fcckel\u2019s rule is not always reliable for cyclic systems.[18] First, the hybridization of all atoms in the cycle is examined. All atoms must be sp2-hybridised, or sp3-hybridised with a delocalizable lone pair that can be promoted to a p-orbital. If the cycle is planar and the sum of double bonds and lone pairs is odd, the cycle is considered aromatic. Aromatic bond stretches are locally kekulized, and double bonds are subsequently counted. When a cycle is considered aromatic, bonds and atoms in the cycle are set to aromatic, and lone pairs of sp3-hybridised atoms are promoted to p-orbitals such that the new hybridization is sp2. Recursion is needed in case double bonds in cyclic systems are defined in such a way that not all sub-cycles contain the required number of bonds to obey H\u00fcckel\u2019s rule: when adjacent bonds are updated to aromatic, they will be counted in the next round of aromaticity detection (Additional file 2: Fig. S1). When, after an iteration, the number of aromatic cycles no longer changes, all aromatic cycles have been detected. From these cycles, PIKAChU defines aromatic systems, where aromatic cycles are considered part of an aromatic system if they share a bond with at least one other aromatic cycle in the system.\nElectrons involved in \u03c3 bonds and aromatic bonds are only allocated after aromaticity detection. As electrons involved in aromatic systems are not localized to specific atoms or bonds, the p-orbitals of atoms in aromatic systems are emptied and their electrons stored in an AromaticSystem object.\nFinally, any unpaired electrons are dropped back to lower-energy orbitals. A structure object is returned which can be visualized, kekulized, analyzed through substructure matching and molecular fingerprinting, and altered through an assortment of built-in and custom chemical reactions.\nIf a SMILES string yields a structure object that is chemically incorrect due to too many or too few bonds being attached to an atom or valence shells not being filled appropriately in the case of organic atoms, PIKAChU gives a StructureError, informing the user that the parsed structure is chemically incorrect and gives a rough indication of why. Two examples of such StructureError messages are \"Error parsing 'F\/C(\\Cl)=C(F)\/Cl': Conflicting double bond stereochemistry\" and \"Error parsing 'CN(=O)=O': Basic bonding laws have been violated.\"\n\nVisualization and kekulization \nPrior to visualization, aromatic systems within a structure are kekulized so that aromatic systems can be represented by alternating single and double bonds. PIKAChU kekulizes aromatic systems using a Python implementation[19] of Edmonds\u2019 Blossom Algorithm for maximum matching.[20] Next, atoms are positioned using PIKAChU\u2019s drawing software. PIKAChU\u2019s Python-based drawing algorithm was adapted and improved from SmilesDrawer[21], an open-source JavaScript library for molecular visualization. While written in different programming languages, the algorithms underlying the drawing software of PIKAChU and SmilesDrawer are largely identical. We will briefly recap this algorithm below; more detailed descriptions of the algorithm\u2019s elements can be found in the SmilesDrawer paper.[21]\nFirst, if indicated, PIKAChU\u2019s drawing algorithm removes hydrogens from the graph. Next, it finds the smallest set of smallest rings in the structure graph. As SmilesDrawer\u2019s SSSR implementation sometimes failed to detect some rings, leading to unreadable structure renderings (Additional file 2: Fig. S2), we implemented the SSSR algorithm ourselves. Next, like SmilesDrawer, PIKAChU classifies all rings into one of three groups: simple rings, overlapping rings, and bridged rings. Simple rings are standalone rings that do not have any overlapping atoms with any other rings. Overlapping rings are rings that overlap with one or more other rings, where the overlap between any two rings can comprise at most two atoms, any atom in the overlap is part of at most two rings, and no atoms in the ring overlap with bridged rings. Finally, bridged rings are rings that share more than two atoms with another ring, contain atoms that are part of three or more rings, or share atoms with another bridged ring (Fig. 2a).\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 2. PIKAChU\u2019s drawing algorithm. (a) Examples of simple (blue), overlapping (red), and bridged (pink) rings. Note that the aromatic rings in pink become part of the bridged ring system because they overlap with bridged rings. (b) PIKAChU\u2019s \"finetuning\" algorithm. First, clashes are detected and the shortest path between them is found. The rotatable bond with the shortest distance to the center of the shortest path is chosen (indicated with numbers). Twelve rotations at incremental angles of 30\u00b0 are evaluated for clashes. The best rotation is chosen. (c) Determination of bond angles based on neighboring atoms. If an atom has three or fewer non-hydrogen neighbors, the angles default to 120\u00b0 (yellow). If an atom has four non-hydrogen neighbors, angles default to 90\u00b0 if three or more of the branches have a depth more than one, or three or four branches have a depth of exactly one (red). If however two of the branches have a depth of exactly one (blue), the angle is set to 120\u00b0 between the two longest branches, 90\u00b0 between any short branch and any long branch, and 60\u00b0 between the shortest branches. (d) Positioning of neighboring branches depends on the depth of each branch: the two longest branches (red and dark yellow, depths seven and six respectively) are always placed opposite one another.\n\n\n\nAfter ring systems have been identified, atoms are placed onto a 2D coordinate system. If the molecule contains rings, positioning starts with the placement of an atom in a ring, prioritizing bridged rings over simple and overlapping rings. Then, the graph is traversed one atom at a time in depth-first fashion. If an atom is part of a ring, the entire ring or ring system get placed at once. In the case of simple and overlapping rings, ring placement can be done using simple polygon geometry. For bridged rings, atoms are positioned using the force-spring model described by Kamada and Kawai[22], where all atoms of the bridged system are initially placed in a circle, and then pulled towards their optimal positions by minimizing the difference between the desired bond length and the distance between neighboring atoms, and maximizing distances between non-neighboring atoms. Non-ring atoms are positioned a bond length away from the previous atom, where the angle with respect to the previous atom is determined by the number of neighbors the atom has (Fig. 2c), and the size of the molecular subtree behind each neighboring atom (Fig. 2d). Stereochemically restricted double bonds are always forced into the appropriate cis- or trans conformation. Unlike SmilesDrawer, which directly infers bond stereochemistry from the SMILES string, PIKAChU draws this information from bond objects stored in the molecular graph. As an improvement on SmilesDrawer, PIKAChU attempts to resolve wrongly depicted stereobonds in rings by mirroring one of the neighboring atoms into the ring. PIKAChU always selects the atom with the smallest protruding side chain for this purpose (Additional file 2: Fig. S3). When multiple consecutive stereobonds are found in a ring, PIKAChU adjusts them in order, never rotating a neighbor of the same bond twice.\nOnce all atoms have been assigned initial coordinates, atoms adjacent to rings are flipped outside of their ring where possible. Then, the drawing is checked for overlaps between atoms, and these overlaps are resolved by rotating branches of the molecule around single bonds. In PIKAChU, we have included an extra \"fine-tuning\" option that is not present in SmilesDrawer. When the fine-tuning flag is set to True, all pairs of clashing atoms are detected. Then, the shortest path is calculated between all clashing atoms. First, PIKAChU determines which bonds are rotatable: bonds are considered unrotatable when they are a chiral bond, are adjacent to a chiral bond, or are in a cycle. As rotations around bonds located equally far away from two clashing atoms likely have the greatest impact on clash resolution, PIKAChU selects the rotatable bond that is positioned as close to the center of the shortest path as possible. Next, PIKAChU takes the resulting set of bonds found for all clashes and rotates each at 30\u00b0 intervals, assessing and storing the number of clashes in the drawing after each iteration. The angle for which the number of steric clashes is minimized is chosen (Fig. 2b).\nFinally, some bonds adjacent to chiral centers are replaced with backward and forward wedges. They are placed such that they do not neighbor more than one chiral center where possible, they are not part of a ring, and point in the direction of the shortest branch leading from a chiral center, in that order of priority. The resulting image is subsequently written to an .svg or .png file or displayed directly in matplotlib.\n\nStructure annotation \nPIKAChU provides the option to add custom annotations to structures. Each Atom instance contains an \"annotations\" attribute, which points to an AtomAnnotation instance. An AtomAnnotations instance can contain as many annotations as the user requires. Annotations can be added to all atoms in a structure at once by defining the name of the attribute with a string and, optionally, providing a default value for the attribute. Subsequently, specific values can be added and retrieved for specific atoms or atom sets. A manual providing an example can be found on the PIKAChU wiki.\n\nSubstructure matching \nPIKAChU detects occurrences of a substructure in a superstructure in five steps. In all steps, hydrogens are ignored. First, PIKAChU checks for each atom type in the substructure if enough atoms of these types are accounted for in the superstructure. Second, it assesses for each atom in the substructure whether an atom exists in the superstructure with the same connectivity, looking at directly neighboring bonds and atoms. Third, using the atom with the most diverse connectivity as a seed, it finds matches of the substructure in the superstructure using a depth-first search algorithm, ignoring stereochemistry. By first looking at atom type and atom connectivity, and by using atoms of diverse connectivity as seeds for substructure matching, the number of calls to the computationally expensive depth-first search function is minimized. Fourth, for each match, it determines if all chiral centers in the substructure have the same orientation as corresponding chiral centers in the superstructure. Fifth, PIKAChU checks if cis\u2013trans orientation of double bonds in the substructure matches that of double bonds in the superstructure. Chiral center and double bond stereochemistry checks can be toggled by the user independently of one another. If chirality of bonds and atoms are considered, substructures with undefined stereochemistry will still match to parent structures with defined stereochemistry. This does not apply in reverse: if a stereocenter or stereobond is defined for a substructure, it will not match to parent structures with undefined stereochemistry.\nThe algorithm described is somewhat similar to the Ullmann algorithm[23], which first assesses if a candidate subgraph contains enough nodes of the correct degree prior to substructure matching and selects nodes of the most unique degree as seeds. A key difference is that PIKAChU\u2019s substructure matching algorithm also takes into account the identity of a node\u2019s neighbors, not just a node\u2019s degree.\nSubstructures can be easily visualized through a range of functions in PIKAChU\u2019s \"general\" 'library.\n\nFingerprinting \nPIKAChU uses extended connectivity fingerprinting (ECFP)[15], an improved version of the classical Morgan fingerprinting that also takes into account cycle membership, to perform similarity searches and convert molecules to bit vectors for machine learning features. Using Python\u2019s inbuilt hashlib library, PIKAChU initializes each atom to a 32-bit hash, derived from a tuple containing information on heavy neighbors, valence, atomic number, atomic weight, charge, hydrogen neighbors, and ring membership. Then, each atom hash is iteratively updated with hashes from its neighbors, as well as the distance from the neighbor to the atom and stereochemical information if the atom is a chiral center. The number of iterations depends on a radius which can be set to any number (default\u2009=\u20092 for ECFP-4 fingerprinting). (The ECFP algorithm was described in detail by Rogers and Hahn in 2010.[15]) Finally, duplicate hashes are removed, as well as different hashes representing the same substructure, yielding a set of 32-bit hashes that constitutes a molecule\u2019s fingerprint.\nUsing ECFP, PIKAChU can calculate Jaccard\/Tanimoto distance and\/or similarity between any two molecules. Furthermore, PIKAChU can convert molecule libraries into bit vectors of varying lengths (default\u2009=\u20091024) and an accompanying list of substructures represented by those bit vectors that can be used in downstream machine learning algorithms.\n\nDefining reaction targets \nIn order to facilitate implementation of reactions and reaction pathways, PIKAChU lets users define target bonds or atoms within substructures with a set of dedicated functions. These functions take a SMILES string representing a substructure, and either one or two integers that define an atom or a bond between two atoms, respectively. For example, the SMILES string \"C(=\u2009O)NC,\" accompanied by the integers 0 (pointing to the first C atom) and 2 (pointing to the N atom), represents a peptide bond. The occurrences of these bonds\/atoms are then detected within a superstructure through a substructure search and are returned as a list of bonds\/atoms. Subsequently, the returned bonds\/atoms can be used as reaction targets, for instance for bond hydrolysis or atom methylation, using functions in PIKAChU for breaking or creating bonds and adding or removing atoms. Reactions currently have to be encoded manually using a library of functions included in PIKAChU, which include functions for creating bonds, breaking bonds, adding and removing atoms, and splitting disconnected graphs into separate structures. We provided in-built condensation and hydrolysis functions, as well as a more elaborate ketoreductase function, as examples on our GitHub page.\n\nCharacterization and visualization of the polyketide ketoreduction reaction \nWe demonstrated the implementation of reactions using PIKAChU by characterizing and visualizing a polyketide ketoreduction reaction. We built the ketoreduction reaction by first defining a reaction target as described above, in this case a \u03b2-keto bond, and detecting its position in a polyketide chain. Next, we wrote a function that reduces the double carbonyl bond to a single bond, which identifies and removes the \u03c0-electrons in the double bond, sets the bond type to single, adjusts the hybridization of the atoms involved and finally updates the structure object through PIKAChU\u2019s refresh functions. To finalize the reaction, two hydrogen atoms were added to the carbon and oxygen atoms of the former carbonyl bond using PIKAChU\u2019s add_atom function. Finally, to visualize the reaction, we highlighted the atoms and bonds of the newly formed hydroxyl group in red and drew the molecule.\nDetailed instructions on how to make full use of PIKAChU\u2019s range of functionalities, as well as the script used to implement the ketoreduction reaction, can be found in the online documentation.\n\nValidation \nTo assess the correctness of PIKAChU\u2019s SMILES reading and writing software, we converted all SMILES strings from the NP Atlas database into PIKAChU Structure instances. Subsequently, we converted these structure instances back to SMILES strings. Next, we canonicalized the PIKAChU-generated SMILES and the original SMILES using RDKit (v2020.09.1.0), setting the \"isomericSmiles\" flag to \"True\" such that correct interpretation of cis\u2013trans bond configuration and the stereochemistry of chiral centers could also be assessed. If the two canonicalized SMILES were identical, a SMILES-to-structure-to-SMILES conversion was considered correct.\nTo measure PIKAChU\u2019s drawing readability, atom coordinates were computed with PIKAChU and RDKit\u2019s rdCoordGen module (v2020.09.1.0) for the 32,552 molecules in the NPAtlas database (v2021_08) and the 100,000 smallest molecules from the ChEMBL database (release 30). Next, all drawings were assessed for clashes. A clash was defined as two non-neighboring atoms sitting at less than half an average bond length distance from each other in Euclidean space. Total number of clashes, number of structures containing clashes, and the number of structures that gave drawing errors were recorded.\nTo assess PIKAChU\u2019s drawing accuracy, we included a MOL file writer into PIKAChU, which stores PIKAChU-computed atom coordinates and connections as a MOL file. We generated such MOL files for the entire NP Atlas database and the 100,000 smallest molecules from the ChEMBL database, read the resulting MOL files with RDKit\u2019s rdMolFiles module (v2020.09.1.0), stored the resulting molecules as SMILES strings, and using RDKit canonicalized both the original input SMILES and the SMILES produced from the PIKAChU-generated MOL files setting the \"isomericSmiles\" flag to \"True.\" If the SMILES were identical, a PIKAChU-generated drawing was considered \"correct.\"\n\nSpeed assessment \nPIKAChU\u2019s speed was assessed with Python\u2019s \"time\" module. As we particularly designed PIKAChU with natural product chemistry in mind, which typically involves larger and more heavily cyclized compounds than most molecules stored in small-molecule databases, we decided to test drawing speed on two different databases: the NP Atlas database and the ChEMBL database. For each database, we randomly selected 10,000 molecules and timed drawing speed at 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10,000 drawn structures using Python\u2019s \"time\" module.\n\nResults and discussion \nPIKAChU is a dependency-light cheminformatics kit implemented entirely in Python. With only matplotlib as dependency and an extensive readme, wiki, tutorials, and example scripts on its GitHub page, PIKAChU is easy to run and install, and suitable for integration into bioinformatics and cheminformatics pipelines. Below, we will first assess PIKAChU\u2019s ability to correctly interpret SMILES, draw structures accurately and readably, detect and visualize substructures, and perform ECFP. We also measured PIKAChU\u2019s SMILES reading and structure drawing speed. Next, we demonstrate how PIKAChU can be used to implement and visualize reactions. Finally, we compare PIKAChU to the state-of-the-art cheminformatics kits\/chemical drawing libraries RDKit, ChemDraw, and SmilesDrawer.\n\nSMILES reading and writing \nWe assessed PIKAChU\u2019s ability to parse and generate correct SMILES syntax by comparing the SMILES it converts to SMILES generated by RDKit, a well-established cheminformatics package. As PIKAChU was created with natural product chemistry in mind, which typically involves large and heavily cyclized molecules the function of which depends heavily on stereochemistry, we performed our validation with the NP Atlas database. This database contains 32,552 manually curated natural product structures and their corresponding isomeric SMILES strings. PIKAChU failed to convert one SMILES from NP Atlas (~\u20090.003%) to structure graphs, which was an erroneous SMILES describing a nitrogen atom with a valence of 5, which is impossible considering that nitrogen only has four electron orbitals available for bonding in its valence shell. This SMILES attempted to describe a nitro group, which PIKAChU tolerates even for valence 5 nitrogen types. However, this representation of a nitro group was unconventional and incorrect, with two superfluous hydrogen atoms attached to the nitrogen. This demonstrates how the detailed graph-based, object-oriented encoding of chemical structures down to the electron level in PIKACHU intrinsically ensures that all structures that are loaded are chemically valid. Of the remaining 32,551 SMILES-to-structure-graph-to-SMILES conversions, only one yielded a SMILES string that described different chemistry than the original: three carbon-13 atoms were interpreted as carbon-12 (Additional file 2: Table S1, third row). As PIKAChU does not yet support isotopic differentiation, this is not unexpected.\nAdditionally, we manually assessed the correctness of 22 SMILES-to-graph conversions by reading in and subsequently drawing the SMILES in PIKAChU. We chose the SMILES such that a variety of syntax representations and chemistries were represented, including rings, aromatic systems, charge, stereocenters, and bond stereochemistry. Some SMILES describe the same structures but use a different syntax. PIKAChU handled all SMILES correctly, accurately detecting and visualizing all aforementioned chemical properties (Fig. 3).\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 3. Assessment of PIKAChU's SMILES reader. Structures were drawn from the SMILES written beneath the molecule depictions. All 22 structures were correctly drawn.\n\n\n\nPIKAChU is not suitable for reading in molecules with a high number of recursive cycles, such as buckminsterfullerene. As PIKAChU detects all possible cycles within a molecule to determine aromaticity of cyclic systems, this step takes so long to compute that the program appears to get \"stuck.\" However, there exist only a handful of examples of such molecules, none of which have any real practical biological or chemical relevance.\n\nStructure visualization \nAnother key feature of PIKAChU is molecular visualization from SMILES. PIKAChU\u2019s drawing software relies on similar logic to that of SmilesDrawer, a JavaScript SMILES drawing library. In our software, we added a few improvements: we fixed cis\u2013trans stereochemistry detection (Additional file 2: Fig. S3), included an extra overlap resolution step (Fig. 2b), and implemented an improved version for finding the smallest subset of smallest rings, a key step in correctly depicting cycles. There is always a bit of debate regarding the visualization of molecular macrocycles. Many organic chemists opt for a \"honeycomb\" architecture, as employed by ChemDraw and CDK, to better represent the 3D architecture of a molecule, hinting at long-distance interactions that may take place within the compound (Additional file 2: Fig. S4b). However, this representation does not instantly draw the eye to sites of cyclization, a drawback for natural product biologists and bioinformaticians who are often interested in the biosynthetic steps involved in a compound\u2019s assembly. As PIKAChU was created with natural product chemistry in mind, we chose to use a polygon representation for macrocycles, which clearly shows cyclization sites (Additional file 2: Fig. S4a).\nWhile PIKAChU always detects and interprets aromaticity internally, it currently only supports drawing structures in a kekulized format.\nThe most important aspect of automated molecular visualization is accuracy: users need to be able to rely on the correctness of drawing software, especially when processing a large number of structures at once making it impossible to inspect each image independently. To this purpose, we visualized a chemically diverse set of structures from the ChEMBL and NP Atlas databases, and tested if RDKit could interpret correct chemistry from PIKAChU-generated atom coordinates. Out of the 32,552 structures in the NP Atlas database, only 40 (~\u20090.12%) were drawn incorrectly. Of these, 33 were drawn wrongly due to incorrect depiction of cis\u2013trans chemistry of double bonds adjacent to nested rings (Additional file 2: Table S1). Additionally, PIKAChU failed to convert eight structures to drawings (~\u20090.02%). One of these was the same incorrectly defined SMILES describing the valence 5 nitrogen that was found previously. The remaining failures largely resulted from ChiralityErrors: errors raised by PIKAChU when it cannot correctly depict cis-trans chemistry of a double bond. With 32,504 correctly drawn structures, PIKAChU achieves a drawing accuracy of 99.85%. PIKAChU performed comparably on the 100,000 smallest molecules from the ChEMBL database (99.21% accuracy, 0.16% incorrect drawings, 0.63% unsuccessful conversions; Fig. 4a). Comprehensive lists and example depictions of SMILES leading to incorrect interpretations can be found in Additional file 2: Table S1 and Additional file 1.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. PIKAChU\u2019s performance tested on the NP Atlas and ChEMBL databases. For drawing readability and accuracy assessment, the entire NPAtlas database and the 100,000 smallest molecules of the ChEMBL database were tested. For speed assessment, 10,000 random molecules from each database were used. (a) Structure readability expressed as the percentage of molecules with steric clashes. (b) Drawing accuracy expressed as the percentage of drawings correctly interpreted by RDKit upon writing PIKAChU-calculated atom coordinates to a .mol file. (c) PIKAChU\u2019s SMILES reading speed and drawing speed in molecules per minute.\n\n\n\nWe additionally assessed the readability of these PIKAChU-rendered drawings by automatically detecting steric clashes from PIKAChU-generated atom coordinate sets. Only 4.95% of NP Atlas SMILES renderings contained steric clashes, with\u2009~\u20091.62 clashes per clashing structure. PIKAChU was better at processing the ChEMBL database, with only\u2009~\u20090.30% of drawings containing clashing atoms. This makes sense, as NP Atlas contains a higher proportion of highly cyclized systems and large molecules, properties which make it more difficult to readably depict a molecule in a plane. As the honeycomb approach of depicting molecules solves some of these issues, we hope to implement the option to visualize molecules using either the honeycomb or the polygon strategy in the future.\nIn Fig. 5, we show nine examples of structures rendered by PIKAChU. Due to the drawing algorithm that PIKAChU employs for complex ring systems, 5-membered and 6-membered rings often appear distorted, as observed for vancomycin and aplasmomycin B. Additionally, PIKAChU\u2019s overlap resolution step, while resolving a lot of steric clashes, sometimes results in carbon\u2013carbon bonds being placed at an 180\u00b0 angle which makes the structure less interpretable, as seen for PIKAChU\u2019s depiction of the molecule nanokid.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 5. Various molecules rendered by PIKAChU\n\n\n\nSpeed assessment \nWe assessed PIKAChU\u2019s SMILES reading and structure drawing speed by drawing 10,000 random molecules from the NP Atlas database and the ChEMBL database (Fig. 4c). With an average reading speed of\u2009~\u20092,874 SMILES per minute and an average drawing speed of\u2009~\u2009279 molecules per minute for the NP Atlas database and\u2009~\u2009375 molecules per minute for the ChEMBL database on a single laptop core, it is clear that PIKAChU spends the bulk of its time rendering an image on atom positioning, not on SMILES reading. The discrepancy between the two databases can be explained by the nature of the molecules contained within them: typically, natural products are larger and more cyclized than the average small molecule. This makes PIKAChU\u2019s drawing speed one order of magnitude slower than RDKit\u2019s (Additional file 2: Table S2), which is expected considering that PIKAChU is a pure Python package while RDKit generates drawings with pre-compiled C++\u2009code. Also, PIKAChU\u2019s fine-tuning step is computationally expensive, likely leading to an increase in computational time. Still, PIKAChU is fast enough for integration into pure-Python bioinformatics and cheminformatics pipelines.\n\nSubstructure detection \nA dedicated set of functions ensures that performing substructure searches using PIKAChU is straightforward. With a single line of code, users can visualize a single occurrence of a substructure, all occurrences of a substructure, or all occurrences of a range of substructures in a chemical compound (Fig. 6a). Substructure searches are fast due to several pre-processing steps, ensuring that the expensive graph matching algorithm is only executed when a match is likely. Stereochemistry matching, activated by default, can be toggled on and off.\nWith PIKAChU\u2019s substructure matching algorithm, we visualized the amino acid composition of the cyclic peptides daptomycin and vancomycin using only a single line of code for each (Fig. 6b). Colors are fully and easily customizable and can be provided as hex codes or as color names.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6. Substructure matching with PIKAChU. (a) From left to right: examples of highlighting a single instance of a substructure, all instances of a substructure, or all instances of multiple substructures. In the example, occurrences of aspartic acid and tryptophan were searched in the superstructure daptomycin. The code used to generate the images is displayed underneath the panels. (b) PIKAChU\u2019s substructure matching algorithm using to visualize all amino acid components of the antibiotics daptomycin (left) and vancomycin (right). Code can be found at GitHub.\n\n\n\nECFP fingerprinting \nTo quickly determine the approximate similarity between two molecules, PIKAChU employs ECFP.[15] PIKAChU hashes each molecule into a set of unique identifiers, each of which represents a substructure. Collectively, these identifiers make up a molecule\u2019s fingerprint. Then, PIKAChU calculates the Jaccard\/Tanimoto similarity between two molecules by comparing their fingerprints, giving a measure of molecular similarity and\/or distance.\nHere, we showcase PIKAChU\u2019s ECFP by calculating and subsequently constructing a tSNE plot of the molecular distances between 36 calcium-dependent lipopeptides. Lipopeptides of the same family grouped together (Additional file 2: Fig. S5), confirming that PIKAChU\u2019s ECFP yields reliable measures of chemical similarity.\nAdditionally, PIKAChU\u2019s ECFP makes it possible to generate bit vectors from molecule sets, where each element in the vector represents the presence\/absence of a specific substructure. These can subsequently be used as interpretable molecular features for machine learning.\n\nBuilding in silico reactions using PIKAChU \nPIKAChU provides a platform for the creation and visualization of reaction mechanisms by providing a range of reaction functions that can be used to make or break molecular bonds, add or remove atoms, and alter the chirality of stereocenters. In addition to these built-in reaction building blocks, PIKAChU allows users to easily define more complex reactions through the manipulation of atom and bond object attributes. Additionally, PIKAChU supports fully customizable structure annotation, which is useful for keeping track of reaction steps, reaction targets, or atom origin. As a proof of principle, we used PIKAChU to define and visualize a polyketide ketoreduction reaction, catalyzed by a ketoreductase polyketide synthase domain during polyketide synthesis, employing both built-in and custom reaction functions (Additional file 2: Fig. S6). This example, as well as a comprehensive guide containing instructions on how to build reaction mechanisms using PIKAChU, can be found in the online documentation.\nWhile creating reaction pathways with PIKAChU enforces chemically correct conversions by checking at each step if a structure is chemically correct, it is more laborious than similar functionalities in other cheminformatics kits such as RDKit, which use reaction SMILES and atom mapping to perform chemical reactions. We intend to implement reaction SMILES and atom mapping into PIKAChU in the future.\n\nPIKAChU compared to state-of-the-art chemical drawing software \nFinally, we assessed how PIKAChU performs compared to existing chemical drawing software. To this purpose, we visualized various structures in PIKAChU (v1.0.5), RDKit (v2020.09.1.0), ChemDraw (v20.1.0.112), and SmilesDrawer (v1,2.0), and manually assessed drawing quality and correctness (Fig. 7). Only SmilesDrawer occasionally produced an incorrect structure, confusing cis\u2013trans stereochemistry when stereochemistry is defined in or after a branch (Fig. 7a). For heavily cyclized molecules (Fig. 7b\u2013e), we see a difference between the \"honeycomb\" (RDKit and ChemDraw) and the \"polygon\" (PIKAChU and SmilesDrawer) approaches of cycle positioning. The honeycomb approach ensures minimal distortion of microcycles, even when they are part of larger systems; as such, RDKit and ChemDraw render molecules such as vancomycin with fewer distortions than SmilesDrawer and PIKAChU (Fig. 7b). However, when the honeycomb approach does not work because of steric constraints, forcing microcycles into regular polygons can distort the macrocyclic structure to the extent that the drawing becomes unreadable. This is the case for aplasmomycin B (Fig. 7c), which is drawn with fewer bond overlaps by SmilesDrawer and PIKAChU. In structures where microcycles and macrocycles are separate, there is little difference in structure rendering between the two approaches (Fig. 7d, e). It must be said that while readable, these depictions are still far from optimal, and chemists could produce better diagrams by manually tweaking the drawings of these molecules in ChemDraw. This demonstrates that even with state-of-the-art software, two-dimensional automatic visualization remains a challenge, particularly for constrained ring systems.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 7. Comparison of PIKAChU to various other chemical drawing software packages. (a) SmilesDrawer, ChemDraw, RDKit and PIKAChU drawings given the SMILES string \"C\/C=C(\\N)\/C.\" While ChemDraw, RDKit and PIKAChU all draw the cis\u2013trans stereochemistry of the double bond correctly, with the amino group cis of the methyl group, SmilesDrawer draws the stereobond in the wrong orientation. (b) SmilesDrawer, ChemDraw, RDKit and PIKAChU drawings of the heavily cyclized molecule vancomycin. (c) SmilesDrawer, ChemDraw, RDKit and PIKAChU drawings of the molecule aplasmomycin B, (d) epicolactone, and (e) paclitaxel.\n\n\n\nPIKAChU has a slight advantage over RDKit in drawing molecules of varying sizes, automatically adjusting the canvas size based on the size of the molecule to be drawn. This also means that PIKAChU\u2019s font size, bond length, and bond thickness maintain a constant ratio across different drawings, which is not the case for RDKit (Fig. 7d, e). While it is possible to manually adjust canvas size in RDKit, some extra coding steps are required to achieve this.\nPIKAChU\u2019s visual output is far more customizable than that of SmilesDrawer, allowing for molecule rotation, drawing multiple molecules on a single canvas, and custom coloring of each individual bond and atom, supporting hex-codes as well as a range of descriptive strings.\nWhile ChemDraw accommodates high-quality and highly customizable visualization, it is not open-source. This makes PIKAChU more suitable for integration into the automated open-source pipelines required by many projects.\n\nConclusions \nWe developed PIKAChU, a dependency-light cheminformatics library implemented entirely in Python. Having extensively validated our software, we conclude that, while RDKit heavily outperforms PIKAChU in terms of speed, PIKAChU performs sufficiently fast and reliably to be suitable for cheminformatics and bioinformatics pipelines. Backed by extensive online documentation, easy and straightforward installation, and state-of-the-art automated visualization software, we hope that PIKAChU can provide a convenient alternative for chem- and bioinformaticians programming in Python.\n\n Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \nECFP: extended connectivity fingerprinting\nPIKAChU: Python-based Informatics Kit for Analysing Chemical Units\nSMILES: simplified molecular-input line-entry system\n\nSupplementary information \nAdditional file 1 (.xlsx): True failed SMILES. SMILES failed because of incorrect chemistry.\nAdditional file 2: Figure S1 (.docx): PIKAChU\u2019s recursive aromaticity detection. Aromatic cycles are individually and recursively detected and later joined into cyclic systems. Figure S2. Faulty ring detection by SmilesDrawer leads to unreadable structure renderings. SmilesDrawer\u2019s SSSR implementation fails to detect one of the macrocycles, leading to the unreadable structure shown on the right. PIKAChU\u2019s SSSR implementation (left) does recognize this ring and therefore renders the structure correctly. Figure S3. PIKAChU resolves incorrectly drawn chiral bonds in rings. PIKAChU (left) correctly depicts cis-trans chemistry of stereobonds in rings that SmilesDrawer (right) cannot visualize. Figure S4. Two approaches for visualizing macrocycles. (a) Daptomycin visualized using the 'polygon' approach in PIKAChU. (b) Daptomycin visualised using the \"honeycomb\" approach in ChemDraw. Figure S5. tSNE plot of 36 calcium-dependent lipopeptides drawn in a 2D plane based on the Tanimoto distances between their structures, as computed by PIKAChU. The script and structures used to draw this figure can be found in the \"example_scripts\" and \"example_structures\" folders in GitHub, respectively. Figure S6. Visualization of the polyketide ketoreduction reaction, built and visualized by PIKAChU. The reduced group is highlighted in red. The script performing this reaction can be found on GitHub. Supplementary Table S1. Examples of SMILES that PIKAChU does not draw correctly, compared to ChemDraw drawings drawn from the same SMILES. Supplementary Table S2. Drawing times of molecules rendered by RDKit and PIKAChU. Time is indicated in minutes.\nAcknowledgements \nDaniel Probst for providing an in-depth explanation of the SmilesDrawer software; Rutger Bosch for reporting software bugs; Zach Reitz, Joris Louwen, Lotte Pronk, David Meijer, Hannah Augustijn, Kumar Singh, Huali Xie, Jiayi Jing, Mohammad Alanjary, Chrats Melkonian, Justin van der Hooft, and Catarina Sales E. Santos Loureiro for testing the PIKAChU software.\n\nAuthor contributions \nBRT: Development and testing of the PIKAChU software, wrote the initial version of the manuscript and further edited it based on the suggestions of the other authors. SPJMV: Significant contributions to writing the manuscript, extensive testing and debugging of the PIKAChU software, writing and executing example scripts. MHM.: Significant contributions to writing the manuscript, suggestions for software features, research supervision. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.\n\nFunding \nThis work was supported by the Novel Antibacterial Compounds and Therapies Antagonising Resistance program (NACTAR) from the Dutch Research Council (NWO; project number 16440).\n\nAvailability of data and materials \nThe PIKAChU software is made available under an open-source (MIT) license and can be found at https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu. A wiki can be found at https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu\/wiki. Scripts used for the results section of this paper are made available at https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu\/tree\/main\/example_scripts. The NPAtlas database used in our analyses can be downloaded at https:\/\/www.npatlas.org\/download.\n\nCompeting interests \nM.H.M. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Hexagon Bio and co-founder of Design Pharmaceuticals.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Hastings, Janna; Owen, Gareth; Dekker, Adriano; Ennis, Marcus; Kale, Namrata; Muthukrishnan, Venkatesh; Turner, Steve; Swainston, Neil et al. (4 January 2016). \"ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites\" (in en). Nucleic Acids Research 44 (D1): D1214\u2013D1219. doi:10.1093\/nar\/gkv1031. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC PMC4702775. PMID 26467479. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/nar\/gkv1031 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kim, Sunghwan; Chen, Jie; Cheng, Tiejun; Gindulyte, Asta; He, Jia; He, Siqian; Li, Qingliang; Shoemaker, Benjamin A et al. (8 January 2021). \"PubChem in 2021: new data content and improved web interfaces\" (in en). 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(1 August 2012). \"DoGSiteScorer: a web server for automatic binding site prediction, analysis and druggability assessment\" (in en). Bioinformatics 28 (15): 2074\u20132075. doi:10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts310. ISSN 1367-4803. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts310 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"RDKit: Open-Source Cheminformatics Software\". GitHub. http:\/\/www.rdkit.org\/ . Retrieved 07 November 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Willighagen, Egon L.; Mayfield, John W.; Alvarsson, Jonathan; Berg, Arvid; Carlsson, Lars; Jeliazkova, Nina; Kuhn, Stefan; Pluskal, Tom\u00e1\u0161 et al. (1 December 2017). \"The Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) v2.0: atom typing, depiction, molecular formulas, and substructure searching\" (in en). Journal of Cheminformatics 9 (1): 33. doi:10.1186\/s13321-017-0220-4. ISSN 1758-2946. PMC PMC5461230. PMID 29086040. https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-017-0220-4 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"chemViz2: Cheminformatics App for Cytoscape\". RBVI Cytoscape Apps. Regents of the University of California. 23 February 2015. http:\/\/www.rbvi.ucsf.edu\/cytoscape\/chemViz2\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Beisken, Stephan; Meinl, Thorsten; Wiswedel, Bernd; de Figueiredo, Luis F; Berthold, Michael; Steinbeck, Christoph (1 December 2013). \"KNIME-CDK: Workflow-driven cheminformatics\" (in en). BMC Bioinformatics 14 (1): 257. doi:10.1186\/1471-2105-14-257. ISSN 1471-2105. PMC PMC3765822. PMID 24103053. https:\/\/bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2105-14-257 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cass, S. (24 August 2021). \"Top Programming Languages 2021\". IEEE Spectrum. https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/top-programming-languages-2021 . Retrieved 07 November 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Rogers, David; Hahn, Mathew (24 May 2010). \"Extended-connectivity fingerprints\". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 50 (5): 742\u2013754. doi:10.1021\/ci100050t. ISSN 1549-960X. PMID 20426451. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20426451 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"qpwo \/ python-simple-cycles\". GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/qpwo\/python-simple-cycles . Retrieved 21 August 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Johnson, Donald B. (1 March 1975). \"Finding All the Elementary Circuits of a Directed Graph\" (in en). SIAM Journal on Computing 4 (1): 77\u201384. doi:10.1137\/0204007. ISSN 0097-5397. http:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/10.1137\/0204007 .   \n \n\n\u2191 H\u00fcckel, Erich (1 March 1931). \"Quantentheoretische Beitr\u00e4ge zum Benzolproblem: I. Die Elektronenkonfiguration des Benzols und verwandter Verbindungen\" (in de). Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physik 70 (3-4): 204\u2013286. doi:10.1007\/BF01339530. ISSN 1434-6001. http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01339530 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"yorkyer \/ edmonds-blossom\". GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/yorkyer\/edmonds-blossom . Retrieved 24 August 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Edmonds, Jack (1965). \"Paths, Trees, and Flowers\" (in en). Canadian Journal of Mathematics 17: 449\u2013467. doi:10.4153\/CJM-1965-045-4. ISSN 0008-414X. https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0008414X00039419\/type\/journal_article .   \n \n\n\u2191 21.0 21.1 Probst, Daniel; Reymond, Jean-Louis (22 January 2018). \"SmilesDrawer: Parsing and Drawing SMILES-Encoded Molecular Structures Using Client-Side JavaScript\" (in en). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 58 (1): 1\u20137. doi:10.1021\/acs.jcim.7b00425. ISSN 1549-9596. https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jcim.7b00425 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kamada, Tomihisa; Kawai, Satoru (1 April 1989). \"An algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs\" (in en). Information Processing Letters 31 (1): 7\u201315. doi:10.1016\/0020-0190(89)90102-6. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0020019089901026 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ullmann, J. R. (1 January 1976). \"An Algorithm for Subgraph Isomorphism\" (in en). Journal of the ACM 23 (1): 31\u201342. doi:10.1145\/321921.321925. ISSN 0004-5411. https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/321921.321925 .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original article lists references alphabetically, but this version \u2014 by design \u2014 lists them in order of appearance. The original URL for the Cass article concerning popular programming languages was found to be dead; a working URL was found and replaced for this version.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units<\/a>\nCategories: LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2022)LIMSwiki journal articles (all)LIMSwiki journal articles on chemical informaticsLIMSwiki journal articles on softwareNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageEncyclopedic articlesRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationPopular publications\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 23 August 2022, at 20:02.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 228 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","e88a70a4050a93d9bf2a2f7eb9d8b336_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-206 ns-subject page-Journal_PIKAChU_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units rootpage-Journal_PIKAChU_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:PIKAChU: A Python-based informatics kit for analyzing chemical units<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>As efforts to computationally describe and simulate the biochemical world become more commonplace, computer programs that are capable of <i>in silico<\/i> chemistry play an increasingly important role in biochemical research. While such programs exist, they are often dependency-heavy, difficult to navigate, or not written in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Python_(programming_language)\" title=\"Python (programming language)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ef6905a29cbb75d3c71e6bdf6e2915dd\">Python<\/a>, the programming language of choice for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Bioinformatics\" title=\"Bioinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8f506695fdbb26e3f314da308f8c053b\">bioinformaticians<\/a>. \n<\/p><p>Here, we introduce PIKAChU (Python-based Informatics Kit for Analysing CHemical Units), a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Chemical_informatics\" title=\"Chemical informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f351334854570f46a1227e6e952840c1\">cheminformatics<\/a> toolbox with few dependencies implemented in Python. PIKAChU builds comprehensive molecular graphs from simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) strings, which allow for easy downstream analysis and visualization of molecules. While the molecular graphs (Graphical Abstract, below) PIKAChU generates are extensive\u2014storing and inferring information on aromaticity, chirality, charge, hybridization, and electron orbitals\u2014PIKAChU limits itself to applications that will be sufficient for most casual users and downstream Python-based tools and databases, such as Morgan fingerprinting, similarity scoring, substructure matching, and customizable <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_visualization\" title=\"Data visualization\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4a3b86cba74bc7bb7471aa3fc2fcccc3\">visualization<\/a>. In addition, it comes with a set of functions that assists in the easy implementation of reaction mechanisms. Its minimalistic design makes PIKAChU straightforward to use and install, in stark contrast to many existing toolkits, which are more difficult to navigate and come with a plethora of dependencies that may cause compatibility issues with downstream tools. As such, PIKAChU provides an alternative for researchers for whom basic cheminformatic processing suffices, and can be easily integrated into downstream bioinformatics and cheminformatics tools. (PIKAChU is available at <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu<\/a>.)\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: cheminformatics kit, Python, structure visualization, <i>in silico<\/i> chemistry, molecular fingerprinting\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:GA_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"c8624473c1d0dbd87403cb76ba9b0c10\"><img alt=\"GA Terlouw JofCheminfo22 14.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/c\/ca\/GA_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In a data-driven world where the discovery of novel natural and synthetic molecules is increasingly necessary, <i>in silico<\/i> chemical processing has become an essential part of biological and chemical research. Novel metabolites are compared or added to searchable chemical databases such as ChEBI<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>, PubChem<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>, NP Atlas<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>, and COCONUT<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>; molecular structures are predicted from biological pathways<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>; and bioactivities and pharmaceutical properties are predicted from chemical structure.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Such analyses rely on robust <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Chemical_informatics\" title=\"Chemical informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f351334854570f46a1227e6e952840c1\">cheminformatics<\/a> kits that can perform basic chemical processing, such as fingerprint-based similarity searches, substructure matching, molecule visualization, and chemical features for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Machine_learning\" title=\"Machine learning\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"79aab39cfa124c958cd1dbcab3dde122\">machine learning<\/a> purposes.\n<\/p><p>Typically, molecular processing by cheminformatics kits begins with the reading in of molecular data from chemical data formats, ranging from one-dimensional to three-dimensional molecular representations. One such format is the SMILES (simplified molecular-input line-entry system) format, which represents a molecule as a one-dimensional string, describing atom composition, connectivity, stereochemistry, and charge. More elaborate formats such as PDB and MOL use text files to store not just the abovementioned properties but also atom coordinates in three-dimensional space.\n<\/p><p>Depending on the application, different formats and subsequent processing are appropriate. Due to the vast number of possible chemical analyses, exhaustive cheminformatics kits have accumulated into software libraries that are so large that they can be both hard to navigate and rely on so many dependencies that they can be difficult to implement in software packages. As a result, the trade-off between time spent accessing and integrating these cheminformatics kits into a codebase and time spent on actual analyses is disproportionate for users who need to perform simple <i>in silico<\/i> analyses such as reading in SMILES, drawing a molecule, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_visualization\" title=\"Data visualization\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4a3b86cba74bc7bb7471aa3fc2fcccc3\">visualizing<\/a> a substructure. One popular open-source cheminformatics kit that suffers from this problem is RDKit.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> While RDKit is an incredibly fast and powerful library that supports an immense variety of possible chemical operations, its use of both Python and C++\u2009as programming languages, as well as the sheer number of dependencies it relies on, frequently causes compatibility issues when integrating RDKit into other programs, and disproportionately increases the number of libraries that need to be installed. Therefore, while RDKit is great for heavy-duty <i>in silico<\/i> analyses such as computing 3D conformers for a compound or constructing electron density maps, it is a bit too much for the basic operations that most researchers in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Bioinformatics\" title=\"Bioinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8f506695fdbb26e3f314da308f8c053b\">bioinformatics<\/a> and cheminformatics require.\n<\/p><p>A second widely-used cheminformatics kit is CDK.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> Written in Java, it is well-suited for implementation in web applications, and it has successfully been used for molecular processing in the COCONUT database<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>, the Cytoscape application chemViz2<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>, and the scientific workflow platform <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/KNIME\" title=\"KNIME\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"18360a3b4b22798e231d7b26365dff87\">KNIME<\/a> (Konstanz Information Miner).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> However, with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Python_(programming_language)\" title=\"Python (programming language)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ef6905a29cbb75d3c71e6bdf6e2915dd\">Python<\/a> becoming the programming language of choice for many scientists<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>, especially those working in the growing field of (deep) neural networks, CDK is not always an ideal fit.\n<\/p><p>To make basic cheminformatics processing more accessible for Python programmers, we therefore introduce PIKAChU: a Python-based Informatics Kit for Analysing Chemical Units. PIKAChU is a flexible cheminformatics tool with few dependencies. It can parse molecules from SMILES, visualize chemical structures and substructures in matplotlib, perform extended connectivity fingerprinting (ECFP)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> and Tanimoto similarity searches, and execute basic reactions with a focus on natural product chemistry. Therefore, we hope that PIKAChU can provide a convenient alternative for many Python-based bio- and cheminformatics tools and databases that only demand basic chemical processing.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Methods_and_implementations\">Methods and implementations<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Software_description\">Software description<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>PIKAChU is implemented in Python (v3.9.7). Its only dependency is the common Python package matplotlib (v3.4.3). PIKAChU can be run on Windows, MacOS, and Linux systems.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Parsing_molecules_from_SMILES\">Parsing molecules from SMILES<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>PIKAChU takes a SMILES string as input and from it builds a graph object, in which nodes represent atoms and edges represent bonds (Fig. 1). For each atom, PIKAChU initially stores information on chirality, aromaticity, charge, and connectivity. For each bond, it stores bond type (single, double, triple, quadruple, or aromatic), neighboring atoms, and cis\u2013trans stereochemistry for double bonds. Once all atoms, bonds, and their connections have been stored, electron shells and orbitals are constructed for each non-hydrogen atom. Next, we determine the valence for each non-hydrogen atom, taking into account atom charge. For atoms of variable valence such as sulfur (2, 4 or 6) and phosphorus (3 or 5), we select a valence that is equal to or higher than the sum of non-hydrogen bonds and explicit hydrogen bonds, prioritizing smaller valences. Double, triple, quadruple, and aromatic bonds contribute proportionally to this sum. If insufficient bonding orbitals are available to achieve the desired valence, the electrons in the valence shell are excited to higher-energy orbitals, such that each orbital contains at most one electron. Implicit hydrogens are then added to the structure such that the pre-determined valences are obeyed.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig1_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"fc17873b58c7924ede0217088864ba1c\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Terlouw JofCheminfo22 14.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/c\/cc\/Fig1_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 1.<\/b> Overview of the internal structure of PIKAChU's structure graphs. This example uses L-alanine, a small amino acid. The four bottom boxes in grey indicate attributes for each of PIKAChU's major classes: Structure, Atom, Bond, and Electron.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>An exception is made for nitrogen with valence 5, which is not chemically possible due to insufficient bonding orbitals but can sometimes be encountered in SMILES strings, especially in those describing compounds containing nitro groups. If such a valence 5 nitrogen is attached to at least one oxygen through a double bond, this double bond is interpreted as a single bond instead, the oxygen\u2019s charge is set to \u2212 1 and the nitrogen\u2019s charge is set to 1, such that the nitrogen\u2019s valence becomes 4 and bonding laws are obeyed.\n<\/p><p>Subsequently, electrons are allocated to the p-orbitals of \u03c0 bonds in double, triple, and quadruple bonds, and atom hybridization is determined from steric number. Then, all cycles in the graph are detected using an open-source Python implementation<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> of the simple cycle detection algorithm described by Johnson in 1975.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> PIKAChU removes all cycles smaller than three atoms and identifies the smallest set of unique smallest rings (SSSR).\n<\/p><p>Next, the SSSR is used for aromaticity detection. This is done recursively: in each round, each cycle that has not yet been added to the set of aromatic cycles is evaluated with H\u00fcckel\u2019s 4n\u2009+\u20092 rule on planar rings. We chose to assess aromatic cycles rather than systems; H\u00fcckel\u2019s rule is not always reliable for cyclic systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> First, the hybridization of all atoms in the cycle is examined. All atoms must be sp2-hybridised, or sp3-hybridised with a delocalizable lone pair that can be promoted to a p-orbital. If the cycle is planar and the sum of double bonds and lone pairs is odd, the cycle is considered aromatic. Aromatic bond stretches are locally kekulized, and double bonds are subsequently counted. When a cycle is considered aromatic, bonds and atoms in the cycle are set to aromatic, and lone pairs of sp3-hybridised atoms are promoted to p-orbitals such that the new hybridization is sp2. Recursion is needed in case double bonds in cyclic systems are defined in such a way that not all sub-cycles contain the required number of bonds to obey H\u00fcckel\u2019s rule: when adjacent bonds are updated to aromatic, they will be counted in the next round of aromaticity detection (Additional file 2: Fig. S1). When, after an iteration, the number of aromatic cycles no longer changes, all aromatic cycles have been detected. From these cycles, PIKAChU defines aromatic systems, where aromatic cycles are considered part of an aromatic system if they share a bond with at least one other aromatic cycle in the system.\n<\/p><p>Electrons involved in \u03c3 bonds and aromatic bonds are only allocated after aromaticity detection. As electrons involved in aromatic systems are not localized to specific atoms or bonds, the p-orbitals of atoms in aromatic systems are emptied and their electrons stored in an AromaticSystem object.\n<\/p><p>Finally, any unpaired electrons are dropped back to lower-energy orbitals. A structure object is returned which can be visualized, kekulized, analyzed through substructure matching and molecular fingerprinting, and altered through an assortment of built-in and custom chemical reactions.\n<\/p><p>If a SMILES string yields a structure object that is chemically incorrect due to too many or too few bonds being attached to an atom or valence shells not being filled appropriately in the case of organic atoms, PIKAChU gives a StructureError, informing the user that the parsed structure is chemically incorrect and gives a rough indication of why. Two examples of such StructureError messages are \"<i>Error parsing 'F\/C(\\Cl)=C(F)\/Cl': Conflicting double bond stereochemistry<\/i>\" and \"<i>Error parsing 'CN(=O)=O': Basic bonding laws have been violated<\/i>.\"\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Visualization_and_kekulization\">Visualization and kekulization<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Prior to visualization, aromatic systems within a structure are kekulized so that aromatic systems can be represented by alternating single and double bonds. PIKAChU kekulizes aromatic systems using a Python implementation<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> of Edmonds\u2019 Blossom Algorithm for maximum matching.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> Next, atoms are positioned using PIKAChU\u2019s drawing software. PIKAChU\u2019s Python-based drawing algorithm was adapted and improved from SmilesDrawer<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>, an open-source JavaScript library for molecular visualization. While written in different programming languages, the algorithms underlying the drawing software of PIKAChU and SmilesDrawer are largely identical. We will briefly recap this algorithm below; more detailed descriptions of the algorithm\u2019s elements can be found in the SmilesDrawer paper.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>First, if indicated, PIKAChU\u2019s drawing algorithm removes hydrogens from the graph. Next, it finds the smallest set of smallest rings in the structure graph. As SmilesDrawer\u2019s SSSR implementation sometimes failed to detect some rings, leading to unreadable structure renderings (Additional file 2: Fig. S2), we implemented the SSSR algorithm ourselves. Next, like SmilesDrawer, PIKAChU classifies all rings into one of three groups: simple rings, overlapping rings, and bridged rings. Simple rings are standalone rings that do not have any overlapping atoms with any other rings. Overlapping rings are rings that overlap with one or more other rings, where the overlap between any two rings can comprise at most two atoms, any atom in the overlap is part of at most two rings, and no atoms in the ring overlap with bridged rings. Finally, bridged rings are rings that share more than two atoms with another ring, contain atoms that are part of three or more rings, or share atoms with another bridged ring (Fig. 2a).\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig2_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"1774866c008f66f23c80da33e7fd446c\"><img alt=\"Fig2 Terlouw JofCheminfo22 14.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/3\/3f\/Fig2_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 2.<\/b> PIKAChU\u2019s drawing algorithm. (<b>a<\/b>) Examples of simple (blue), overlapping (red), and bridged (pink) rings. Note that the aromatic rings in pink become part of the bridged ring system because they overlap with bridged rings. (<b>b<\/b>) PIKAChU\u2019s \"finetuning\" algorithm. First, clashes are detected and the shortest path between them is found. The rotatable bond with the shortest distance to the center of the shortest path is chosen (indicated with numbers). Twelve rotations at incremental angles of 30\u00b0 are evaluated for clashes. The best rotation is chosen. (<b>c<\/b>) Determination of bond angles based on neighboring atoms. If an atom has three or fewer non-hydrogen neighbors, the angles default to 120\u00b0 (yellow). If an atom has four non-hydrogen neighbors, angles default to 90\u00b0 if three or more of the branches have a depth more than one, or three or four branches have a depth of exactly one (red). If however two of the branches have a depth of exactly one (blue), the angle is set to 120\u00b0 between the two longest branches, 90\u00b0 between any short branch and any long branch, and 60\u00b0 between the shortest branches. (<b>d<\/b>) Positioning of neighboring branches depends on the depth of each branch: the two longest branches (red and dark yellow, depths seven and six respectively) are always placed opposite one another.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>After ring systems have been identified, atoms are placed onto a 2D coordinate system. If the molecule contains rings, positioning starts with the placement of an atom in a ring, prioritizing bridged rings over simple and overlapping rings. Then, the graph is traversed one atom at a time in depth-first fashion. If an atom is part of a ring, the entire ring or ring system get placed at once. In the case of simple and overlapping rings, ring placement can be done using simple polygon geometry. For bridged rings, atoms are positioned using the force-spring model described by Kamada and Kawai<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>, where all atoms of the bridged system are initially placed in a circle, and then pulled towards their optimal positions by minimizing the difference between the desired bond length and the distance between neighboring atoms, and maximizing distances between non-neighboring atoms. Non-ring atoms are positioned a bond length away from the previous atom, where the angle with respect to the previous atom is determined by the number of neighbors the atom has (Fig. 2c), and the size of the molecular subtree behind each neighboring atom (Fig. 2d). Stereochemically restricted double bonds are always forced into the appropriate cis- or trans conformation. Unlike SmilesDrawer, which directly infers bond stereochemistry from the SMILES string, PIKAChU draws this information from bond objects stored in the molecular graph. As an improvement on SmilesDrawer, PIKAChU attempts to resolve wrongly depicted stereobonds in rings by mirroring one of the neighboring atoms into the ring. PIKAChU always selects the atom with the smallest protruding side chain for this purpose (Additional file 2: Fig. S3). When multiple consecutive stereobonds are found in a ring, PIKAChU adjusts them in order, never rotating a neighbor of the same bond twice.\n<\/p><p>Once all atoms have been assigned initial coordinates, atoms adjacent to rings are flipped outside of their ring where possible. Then, the drawing is checked for overlaps between atoms, and these overlaps are resolved by rotating branches of the molecule around single bonds. In PIKAChU, we have included an extra \"fine-tuning\" option that is not present in SmilesDrawer. When the fine-tuning flag is set to True, all pairs of clashing atoms are detected. Then, the shortest path is calculated between all clashing atoms. First, PIKAChU determines which bonds are rotatable: bonds are considered unrotatable when they are a chiral bond, are adjacent to a chiral bond, or are in a cycle. As rotations around bonds located equally far away from two clashing atoms likely have the greatest impact on clash resolution, PIKAChU selects the rotatable bond that is positioned as close to the center of the shortest path as possible. Next, PIKAChU takes the resulting set of bonds found for all clashes and rotates each at 30\u00b0 intervals, assessing and storing the number of clashes in the drawing after each iteration. The angle for which the number of steric clashes is minimized is chosen (Fig. 2b).\n<\/p><p>Finally, some bonds adjacent to chiral centers are replaced with backward and forward wedges. They are placed such that they do not neighbor more than one chiral center where possible, they are not part of a ring, and point in the direction of the shortest branch leading from a chiral center, in that order of priority. The resulting image is subsequently written to an .svg or .png file or displayed directly in matplotlib.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Structure_annotation\">Structure annotation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>PIKAChU provides the option to add custom annotations to structures. Each Atom instance contains an \"annotations\" attribute, which points to an AtomAnnotation instance. An AtomAnnotations instance can contain as many annotations as the user requires. Annotations can be added to all atoms in a structure at once by defining the name of the attribute with a string and, optionally, providing a default value for the attribute. Subsequently, specific values can be added and retrieved for specific atoms or atom sets. A manual providing an example can be found on the PIKAChU wiki.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Substructure_matching\">Substructure matching<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>PIKAChU detects occurrences of a substructure in a superstructure in five steps. In all steps, hydrogens are ignored. First, PIKAChU checks for each atom type in the substructure if enough atoms of these types are accounted for in the superstructure. Second, it assesses for each atom in the substructure whether an atom exists in the superstructure with the same connectivity, looking at directly neighboring bonds and atoms. Third, using the atom with the most diverse connectivity as a seed, it finds matches of the substructure in the superstructure using a depth-first search algorithm, ignoring stereochemistry. By first looking at atom type and atom connectivity, and by using atoms of diverse connectivity as seeds for substructure matching, the number of calls to the computationally expensive depth-first search function is minimized. Fourth, for each match, it determines if all chiral centers in the substructure have the same orientation as corresponding chiral centers in the superstructure. Fifth, PIKAChU checks if cis\u2013trans orientation of double bonds in the substructure matches that of double bonds in the superstructure. Chiral center and double bond stereochemistry checks can be toggled by the user independently of one another. If chirality of bonds and atoms are considered, substructures with undefined stereochemistry will still match to parent structures with defined stereochemistry. This does not apply in reverse: if a stereocenter or stereobond is defined for a substructure, it will not match to parent structures with undefined stereochemistry.\n<\/p><p>The algorithm described is somewhat similar to the Ullmann algorithm<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>, which first assesses if a candidate subgraph contains enough nodes of the correct degree prior to substructure matching and selects nodes of the most unique degree as seeds. A key difference is that PIKAChU\u2019s substructure matching algorithm also takes into account the identity of a node\u2019s neighbors, not just a node\u2019s degree.\n<\/p><p>Substructures can be easily visualized through a range of functions in PIKAChU\u2019s \"general\" 'library.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Fingerprinting\">Fingerprinting<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>PIKAChU uses extended connectivity fingerprinting (ECFP)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>, an improved version of the classical Morgan fingerprinting that also takes into account cycle membership, to perform similarity searches and convert molecules to bit vectors for machine learning features. Using Python\u2019s inbuilt hashlib library, PIKAChU initializes each atom to a 32-bit hash, derived from a tuple containing information on heavy neighbors, valence, atomic number, atomic weight, charge, hydrogen neighbors, and ring membership. Then, each atom hash is iteratively updated with hashes from its neighbors, as well as the distance from the neighbor to the atom and stereochemical information if the atom is a chiral center. The number of iterations depends on a radius which can be set to any number (default\u2009=\u20092 for ECFP-4 fingerprinting). (The ECFP algorithm was described in detail by Rogers and Hahn in 2010.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_15-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>) Finally, duplicate hashes are removed, as well as different hashes representing the same substructure, yielding a set of 32-bit hashes that constitutes a molecule\u2019s fingerprint.\n<\/p><p>Using ECFP, PIKAChU can calculate Jaccard\/Tanimoto distance and\/or similarity between any two molecules. Furthermore, PIKAChU can convert molecule libraries into bit vectors of varying lengths (default\u2009=\u20091024) and an accompanying list of substructures represented by those bit vectors that can be used in downstream machine learning algorithms.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Defining_reaction_targets\">Defining reaction targets<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In order to facilitate implementation of reactions and reaction pathways, PIKAChU lets users define target bonds or atoms within substructures with a set of dedicated functions. These functions take a SMILES string representing a substructure, and either one or two integers that define an atom or a bond between two atoms, respectively. For example, the SMILES string \"C(=\u2009O)NC,\" accompanied by the integers 0 (pointing to the first C atom) and 2 (pointing to the N atom), represents a peptide bond. The occurrences of these bonds\/atoms are then detected within a superstructure through a substructure search and are returned as a list of bonds\/atoms. Subsequently, the returned bonds\/atoms can be used as reaction targets, for instance for bond hydrolysis or atom methylation, using functions in PIKAChU for breaking or creating bonds and adding or removing atoms. Reactions currently have to be encoded manually using a library of functions included in PIKAChU, which include functions for creating bonds, breaking bonds, adding and removing atoms, and splitting disconnected graphs into separate structures. We provided in-built condensation and hydrolysis functions, as well as a more elaborate ketoreductase function, as examples on our GitHub page.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Characterization_and_visualization_of_the_polyketide_ketoreduction_reaction\">Characterization and visualization of the polyketide ketoreduction reaction<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>We demonstrated the implementation of reactions using PIKAChU by characterizing and visualizing a polyketide ketoreduction reaction. We built the ketoreduction reaction by first defining a reaction target as described above, in this case a \u03b2-keto bond, and detecting its position in a polyketide chain. Next, we wrote a function that reduces the double carbonyl bond to a single bond, which identifies and removes the \u03c0-electrons in the double bond, sets the bond type to single, adjusts the hybridization of the atoms involved and finally updates the structure object through PIKAChU\u2019s refresh functions. To finalize the reaction, two hydrogen atoms were added to the carbon and oxygen atoms of the former carbonyl bond using PIKAChU\u2019s <tt>add_atom<\/tt> function. Finally, to visualize the reaction, we highlighted the atoms and bonds of the newly formed hydroxyl group in red and drew the molecule.\n<\/p><p>Detailed instructions on how to make full use of PIKAChU\u2019s range of functionalities, as well as the script used to implement the ketoreduction reaction, can be found in the online documentation.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Validation\">Validation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To assess the correctness of PIKAChU\u2019s SMILES reading and writing software, we converted all SMILES strings from the NP Atlas database into PIKAChU Structure instances. Subsequently, we converted these structure instances back to SMILES strings. Next, we canonicalized the PIKAChU-generated SMILES and the original SMILES using RDKit (v2020.09.1.0), setting the \"isomericSmiles\" flag to \"True\" such that correct interpretation of cis\u2013trans bond configuration and the stereochemistry of chiral centers could also be assessed. If the two canonicalized SMILES were identical, a SMILES-to-structure-to-SMILES conversion was considered correct.\n<\/p><p>To measure PIKAChU\u2019s drawing readability, atom coordinates were computed with PIKAChU and RDKit\u2019s rdCoordGen module (v2020.09.1.0) for the 32,552 molecules in the NPAtlas database (v2021_08) and the 100,000 smallest molecules from the ChEMBL database (release 30). Next, all drawings were assessed for clashes. A clash was defined as two non-neighboring atoms sitting at less than half an average bond length distance from each other in Euclidean space. Total number of clashes, number of structures containing clashes, and the number of structures that gave drawing errors were recorded.\n<\/p><p>To assess PIKAChU\u2019s drawing accuracy, we included a MOL file writer into PIKAChU, which stores PIKAChU-computed atom coordinates and connections as a MOL file. We generated such MOL files for the entire NP Atlas database and the 100,000 smallest molecules from the ChEMBL database, read the resulting MOL files with RDKit\u2019s rdMolFiles module (v2020.09.1.0), stored the resulting molecules as SMILES strings, and using RDKit canonicalized both the original input SMILES and the SMILES produced from the PIKAChU-generated MOL files setting the \"isomericSmiles\" flag to \"True.\" If the SMILES were identical, a PIKAChU-generated drawing was considered \"correct.\"\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Speed_assessment\">Speed assessment<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>PIKAChU\u2019s speed was assessed with Python\u2019s \"time\" module. As we particularly designed PIKAChU with natural product chemistry in mind, which typically involves larger and more heavily cyclized compounds than most molecules stored in small-molecule databases, we decided to test drawing speed on two different databases: the NP Atlas database and the ChEMBL database. For each database, we randomly selected 10,000 molecules and timed drawing speed at 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10,000 drawn structures using Python\u2019s \"time\" module.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Results_and_discussion\">Results and discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>PIKAChU is a dependency-light cheminformatics kit implemented entirely in Python. With only matplotlib as dependency and an extensive readme, wiki, tutorials, and example scripts on its GitHub page, PIKAChU is easy to run and install, and suitable for integration into bioinformatics and cheminformatics pipelines. Below, we will first assess PIKAChU\u2019s ability to correctly interpret SMILES, draw structures accurately and readably, detect and visualize substructures, and perform ECFP. We also measured PIKAChU\u2019s SMILES reading and structure drawing speed. Next, we demonstrate how PIKAChU can be used to implement and visualize reactions. Finally, we compare PIKAChU to the state-of-the-art cheminformatics kits\/chemical drawing libraries RDKit, ChemDraw, and SmilesDrawer.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"SMILES_reading_and_writing\">SMILES reading and writing<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>We assessed PIKAChU\u2019s ability to parse and generate correct SMILES syntax by comparing the SMILES it converts to SMILES generated by RDKit, a well-established cheminformatics package. As PIKAChU was created with natural product chemistry in mind, which typically involves large and heavily cyclized molecules the function of which depends heavily on stereochemistry, we performed our validation with the NP Atlas database. This database contains 32,552 manually curated natural product structures and their corresponding isomeric SMILES strings. PIKAChU failed to convert one SMILES from NP Atlas (~\u20090.003%) to structure graphs, which was an erroneous SMILES describing a nitrogen atom with a valence of 5, which is impossible considering that nitrogen only has four electron orbitals available for bonding in its valence shell. This SMILES attempted to describe a nitro group, which PIKAChU tolerates even for valence 5 nitrogen types. However, this representation of a nitro group was unconventional and incorrect, with two superfluous hydrogen atoms attached to the nitrogen. This demonstrates how the detailed graph-based, object-oriented encoding of chemical structures down to the electron level in PIKACHU intrinsically ensures that all structures that are loaded are chemically valid. Of the remaining 32,551 SMILES-to-structure-graph-to-SMILES conversions, only one yielded a SMILES string that described different chemistry than the original: three carbon-13 atoms were interpreted as carbon-12 (Additional file 2: Table S1, third row). As PIKAChU does not yet support isotopic differentiation, this is not unexpected.\n<\/p><p>Additionally, we manually assessed the correctness of 22 SMILES-to-graph conversions by reading in and subsequently drawing the SMILES in PIKAChU. We chose the SMILES such that a variety of syntax representations and chemistries were represented, including rings, aromatic systems, charge, stereocenters, and bond stereochemistry. Some SMILES describe the same structures but use a different syntax. PIKAChU handled all SMILES correctly, accurately detecting and visualizing all aforementioned chemical properties (Fig. 3).\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig3_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"90f7ff2c2d286f060c7bec2bb06ac041\"><img alt=\"Fig3 Terlouw JofCheminfo22 14.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/e\/e0\/Fig3_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 3.<\/b> Assessment of PIKAChU's SMILES reader. Structures were drawn from the SMILES written beneath the molecule depictions. All 22 structures were correctly drawn.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>PIKAChU is not suitable for reading in molecules with a high number of recursive cycles, such as buckminsterfullerene. As PIKAChU detects all possible cycles within a molecule to determine aromaticity of cyclic systems, this step takes so long to compute that the program appears to get \"stuck.\" However, there exist only a handful of examples of such molecules, none of which have any real practical biological or chemical relevance.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Structure_visualization\">Structure visualization<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Another key feature of PIKAChU is molecular visualization from SMILES. PIKAChU\u2019s drawing software relies on similar logic to that of SmilesDrawer, a JavaScript SMILES drawing library. In our software, we added a few improvements: we fixed cis\u2013trans stereochemistry detection (Additional file 2: Fig. S3), included an extra overlap resolution step (Fig. 2b), and implemented an improved version for finding the smallest subset of smallest rings, a key step in correctly depicting cycles. There is always a bit of debate regarding the visualization of molecular macrocycles. Many organic chemists opt for a \"honeycomb\" architecture, as employed by ChemDraw and CDK, to better represent the 3D architecture of a molecule, hinting at long-distance interactions that may take place within the compound (Additional file 2: Fig. S4b). However, this representation does not instantly draw the eye to sites of cyclization, a drawback for natural product biologists and bioinformaticians who are often interested in the biosynthetic steps involved in a compound\u2019s assembly. As PIKAChU was created with natural product chemistry in mind, we chose to use a polygon representation for macrocycles, which clearly shows cyclization sites (Additional file 2: Fig. S4a).\n<\/p><p>While PIKAChU always detects and interprets aromaticity internally, it currently only supports drawing structures in a kekulized format.\n<\/p><p>The most important aspect of automated molecular visualization is accuracy: users need to be able to rely on the correctness of drawing software, especially when processing a large number of structures at once making it impossible to inspect each image independently. To this purpose, we visualized a chemically diverse set of structures from the ChEMBL and NP Atlas databases, and tested if RDKit could interpret correct chemistry from PIKAChU-generated atom coordinates. Out of the 32,552 structures in the NP Atlas database, only 40 (~\u20090.12%) were drawn incorrectly. Of these, 33 were drawn wrongly due to incorrect depiction of cis\u2013trans chemistry of double bonds adjacent to nested rings (Additional file 2: Table S1). Additionally, PIKAChU failed to convert eight structures to drawings (~\u20090.02%). One of these was the same incorrectly defined SMILES describing the valence 5 nitrogen that was found previously. The remaining failures largely resulted from ChiralityErrors: errors raised by PIKAChU when it cannot correctly depict cis-trans chemistry of a double bond. With 32,504 correctly drawn structures, PIKAChU achieves a drawing accuracy of 99.85%. PIKAChU performed comparably on the 100,000 smallest molecules from the ChEMBL database (99.21% accuracy, 0.16% incorrect drawings, 0.63% unsuccessful conversions; Fig. 4a). Comprehensive lists and example depictions of SMILES leading to incorrect interpretations can be found in Additional file 2: Table S1 and Additional file 1.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig4_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"1a9b0d3ad238087ff9f42533fc4509c9\"><img alt=\"Fig4 Terlouw JofCheminfo22 14.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/f\/f3\/Fig4_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 4.<\/b> PIKAChU\u2019s performance tested on the NP Atlas and ChEMBL databases. For drawing readability and accuracy assessment, the entire NPAtlas database and the 100,000 smallest molecules of the ChEMBL database were tested. For speed assessment, 10,000 random molecules from each database were used. (<b>a<\/b>) Structure readability expressed as the percentage of molecules with steric clashes. (<b>b<\/b>) Drawing accuracy expressed as the percentage of drawings correctly interpreted by RDKit upon writing PIKAChU-calculated atom coordinates to a .mol file. (<b>c<\/b>) PIKAChU\u2019s SMILES reading speed and drawing speed in molecules per minute.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>We additionally assessed the readability of these PIKAChU-rendered drawings by automatically detecting steric clashes from PIKAChU-generated atom coordinate sets. Only 4.95% of NP Atlas SMILES renderings contained steric clashes, with\u2009~\u20091.62 clashes per clashing structure. PIKAChU was better at processing the ChEMBL database, with only\u2009~\u20090.30% of drawings containing clashing atoms. This makes sense, as NP Atlas contains a higher proportion of highly cyclized systems and large molecules, properties which make it more difficult to readably depict a molecule in a plane. As the honeycomb approach of depicting molecules solves some of these issues, we hope to implement the option to visualize molecules using either the honeycomb or the polygon strategy in the future.\n<\/p><p>In Fig. 5, we show nine examples of structures rendered by PIKAChU. Due to the drawing algorithm that PIKAChU employs for complex ring systems, 5-membered and 6-membered rings often appear distorted, as observed for vancomycin and aplasmomycin B. Additionally, PIKAChU\u2019s overlap resolution step, while resolving a lot of steric clashes, sometimes results in carbon\u2013carbon bonds being placed at an 180\u00b0 angle which makes the structure less interpretable, as seen for PIKAChU\u2019s depiction of the molecule nanokid.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig5_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"48b603720455cffc2d488ad8d438fc7c\"><img alt=\"Fig5 Terlouw JofCheminfo22 14.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/77\/Fig5_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 5.<\/b> Various molecules rendered by PIKAChU<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Speed_assessment_2\">Speed assessment<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>We assessed PIKAChU\u2019s SMILES reading and structure drawing speed by drawing 10,000 random molecules from the NP Atlas database and the ChEMBL database (Fig. 4c). With an average reading speed of\u2009~\u20092,874 SMILES per minute and an average drawing speed of\u2009~\u2009279 molecules per minute for the NP Atlas database and\u2009~\u2009375 molecules per minute for the ChEMBL database on a single laptop core, it is clear that PIKAChU spends the bulk of its time rendering an image on atom positioning, not on SMILES reading. The discrepancy between the two databases can be explained by the nature of the molecules contained within them: typically, natural products are larger and more cyclized than the average small molecule. This makes PIKAChU\u2019s drawing speed one order of magnitude slower than RDKit\u2019s (Additional file 2: Table S2), which is expected considering that PIKAChU is a pure Python package while RDKit generates drawings with pre-compiled C++\u2009code. Also, PIKAChU\u2019s fine-tuning step is computationally expensive, likely leading to an increase in computational time. Still, PIKAChU is fast enough for integration into pure-Python bioinformatics and cheminformatics pipelines.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Substructure_detection\">Substructure detection<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A dedicated set of functions ensures that performing substructure searches using PIKAChU is straightforward. With a single line of code, users can visualize a single occurrence of a substructure, all occurrences of a substructure, or all occurrences of a range of substructures in a chemical compound (Fig. 6a). Substructure searches are fast due to several pre-processing steps, ensuring that the expensive graph matching algorithm is only executed when a match is likely. Stereochemistry matching, activated by default, can be toggled on and off.\n<\/p><p>With PIKAChU\u2019s substructure matching algorithm, we visualized the amino acid composition of the cyclic peptides daptomycin and vancomycin using only a single line of code for each (Fig. 6b). Colors are fully and easily customizable and can be provided as hex codes or as color names.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig6_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"3824bab58deb59b3bd7bc45f3ec49526\"><img alt=\"Fig6 Terlouw JofCheminfo22 14.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/7a\/Fig6_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 6.<\/b> Substructure matching with PIKAChU. (<b>a<\/b>) From left to right: examples of highlighting a single instance of a substructure, all instances of a substructure, or all instances of multiple substructures. In the example, occurrences of aspartic acid and tryptophan were searched in the superstructure daptomycin. The code used to generate the images is displayed underneath the panels. (<b>b<\/b>) PIKAChU\u2019s substructure matching algorithm using to visualize all amino acid components of the antibiotics daptomycin (left) and vancomycin (right). Code can be found at <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu\/blob\/main\/example_scripts\/amino_acid_composition.py\" target=\"_blank\">GitHub<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"ECFP_fingerprinting\">ECFP fingerprinting<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To quickly determine the approximate similarity between two molecules, PIKAChU employs ECFP.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_15-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> PIKAChU hashes each molecule into a set of unique identifiers, each of which represents a substructure. Collectively, these identifiers make up a molecule\u2019s fingerprint. Then, PIKAChU calculates the Jaccard\/Tanimoto similarity between two molecules by comparing their fingerprints, giving a measure of molecular similarity and\/or distance.\n<\/p><p>Here, we showcase PIKAChU\u2019s ECFP by calculating and subsequently constructing a tSNE plot of the molecular distances between 36 calcium-dependent lipopeptides. Lipopeptides of the same family grouped together (Additional file 2: Fig. S5), confirming that PIKAChU\u2019s ECFP yields reliable measures of chemical similarity.\n<\/p><p>Additionally, PIKAChU\u2019s ECFP makes it possible to generate bit vectors from molecule sets, where each element in the vector represents the presence\/absence of a specific substructure. These can subsequently be used as interpretable molecular features for machine learning.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Building_in_silico_reactions_using_PIKAChU\">Building <i>in silico<\/i> reactions using PIKAChU<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>PIKAChU provides a platform for the creation and visualization of reaction mechanisms by providing a range of reaction functions that can be used to make or break molecular bonds, add or remove atoms, and alter the chirality of stereocenters. In addition to these built-in reaction building blocks, PIKAChU allows users to easily define more complex reactions through the manipulation of atom and bond object attributes. Additionally, PIKAChU supports fully customizable structure annotation, which is useful for keeping track of reaction steps, reaction targets, or atom origin. As a proof of principle, we used PIKAChU to define and visualize a polyketide ketoreduction reaction, catalyzed by a ketoreductase polyketide synthase domain during polyketide synthesis, employing both built-in and custom reaction functions (Additional file 2: Fig. S6). This example, as well as a comprehensive guide containing instructions on how to build reaction mechanisms using PIKAChU, can be found in the online documentation.\n<\/p><p>While creating reaction pathways with PIKAChU enforces chemically correct conversions by checking at each step if a structure is chemically correct, it is more laborious than similar functionalities in other cheminformatics kits such as RDKit, which use reaction SMILES and atom mapping to perform chemical reactions. We intend to implement reaction SMILES and atom mapping into PIKAChU in the future.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"PIKAChU_compared_to_state-of-the-art_chemical_drawing_software\">PIKAChU compared to state-of-the-art chemical drawing software<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Finally, we assessed how PIKAChU performs compared to existing chemical drawing software. To this purpose, we visualized various structures in PIKAChU (v1.0.5), RDKit (v2020.09.1.0), ChemDraw (v20.1.0.112), and SmilesDrawer (v1,2.0), and manually assessed drawing quality and correctness (Fig. 7). Only SmilesDrawer occasionally produced an incorrect structure, confusing cis\u2013trans stereochemistry when stereochemistry is defined in or after a branch (Fig. 7a). For heavily cyclized molecules (Fig. 7b\u2013e), we see a difference between the \"honeycomb\" (RDKit and ChemDraw) and the \"polygon\" (PIKAChU and SmilesDrawer) approaches of cycle positioning. The honeycomb approach ensures minimal distortion of microcycles, even when they are part of larger systems; as such, RDKit and ChemDraw render molecules such as vancomycin with fewer distortions than SmilesDrawer and PIKAChU (Fig. 7b). However, when the honeycomb approach does not work because of steric constraints, forcing microcycles into regular polygons can distort the macrocyclic structure to the extent that the drawing becomes unreadable. This is the case for aplasmomycin B (Fig. 7c), which is drawn with fewer bond overlaps by SmilesDrawer and PIKAChU. In structures where microcycles and macrocycles are separate, there is little difference in structure rendering between the two approaches (Fig. 7d, e). It must be said that while readable, these depictions are still far from optimal, and chemists could produce better diagrams by manually tweaking the drawings of these molecules in ChemDraw. This demonstrates that even with state-of-the-art software, two-dimensional automatic visualization remains a challenge, particularly for constrained ring systems.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig7_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"0c2d15f1e938d0190b614197a0df3b23\"><img alt=\"Fig7 Terlouw JofCheminfo22 14.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/46\/Fig7_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 7.<\/b> Comparison of PIKAChU to various other chemical drawing software packages. (<b>a<\/b>) SmilesDrawer, ChemDraw, RDKit and PIKAChU drawings given the SMILES string \"C\/C=C(\\N)\/C.\" While ChemDraw, RDKit and PIKAChU all draw the cis\u2013trans stereochemistry of the double bond correctly, with the amino group cis of the methyl group, SmilesDrawer draws the stereobond in the wrong orientation. (<b>b<\/b>) SmilesDrawer, ChemDraw, RDKit and PIKAChU drawings of the heavily cyclized molecule vancomycin. (<b>c<\/b>) SmilesDrawer, ChemDraw, RDKit and PIKAChU drawings of the molecule aplasmomycin B, (<b>d<\/b>) epicolactone, and (<b>e<\/b>) paclitaxel.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>PIKAChU has a slight advantage over RDKit in drawing molecules of varying sizes, automatically adjusting the canvas size based on the size of the molecule to be drawn. This also means that PIKAChU\u2019s font size, bond length, and bond thickness maintain a constant ratio across different drawings, which is not the case for RDKit (Fig. 7d, e). While it is possible to manually adjust canvas size in RDKit, some extra coding steps are required to achieve this.\n<\/p><p>PIKAChU\u2019s visual output is far more customizable than that of SmilesDrawer, allowing for molecule rotation, drawing multiple molecules on a single canvas, and custom coloring of each individual bond and atom, supporting hex-codes as well as a range of descriptive strings.\n<\/p><p>While ChemDraw accommodates high-quality and highly customizable visualization, it is not open-source. This makes PIKAChU more suitable for integration into the automated open-source pipelines required by many projects.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conclusions\">Conclusions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We developed PIKAChU, a dependency-light cheminformatics library implemented entirely in Python. Having extensively validated our software, we conclude that, while RDKit heavily outperforms PIKAChU in terms of speed, PIKAChU performs sufficiently fast and reliably to be suitable for cheminformatics and bioinformatics pipelines. Backed by extensive online documentation, easy and straightforward installation, and state-of-the-art automated visualization software, we hope that PIKAChU can provide a convenient alternative for chem- and bioinformaticians programming in Python.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Abbreviations,_acronyms,_and_initialisms\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abbreviations.2C_acronyms.2C_and_initialisms\">Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>ECFP<\/b>: extended connectivity fingerprinting\n<\/p><p><b>PIKAChU<\/b>: Python-based Informatics Kit for Analysing Chemical Units\n<\/p><p><b>SMILES<\/b>: simplified molecular-input line-entry system\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Supplementary_information\">Supplementary information<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/esm\/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13321-022-00616-5\/MediaObjects\/13321_2022_616_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx\" target=\"_blank\">Additional file 1<\/a> (.xlsx): True failed SMILES. SMILES failed because of incorrect chemistry.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/esm\/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13321-022-00616-5\/MediaObjects\/13321_2022_616_MOESM2_ESM.docx\" target=\"_blank\">Additional file 2: Figure S1<\/a> (.docx): PIKAChU\u2019s recursive aromaticity detection. Aromatic cycles are individually and recursively detected and later joined into cyclic systems. <b>Figure S2.<\/b> Faulty ring detection by SmilesDrawer leads to unreadable structure renderings. SmilesDrawer\u2019s SSSR implementation fails to detect one of the macrocycles, leading to the unreadable structure shown on the right. PIKAChU\u2019s SSSR implementation (left) does recognize this ring and therefore renders the structure correctly. <b>Figure S3.<\/b> PIKAChU resolves incorrectly drawn chiral bonds in rings. PIKAChU (left) correctly depicts cis-trans chemistry of stereobonds in rings that SmilesDrawer (right) cannot visualize. <b>Figure S4.<\/b> Two approaches for visualizing macrocycles. (<b>a<\/b>) Daptomycin visualized using the 'polygon' approach in PIKAChU. (<b>b<\/b>) Daptomycin visualised using the \"honeycomb\" approach in ChemDraw. <b>Figure S5.<\/b> tSNE plot of 36 calcium-dependent lipopeptides drawn in a 2D plane based on the Tanimoto distances between their structures, as computed by PIKAChU. The script and structures used to draw this figure can be found in the \"example_scripts\" and \"example_structures\" folders in GitHub, respectively. <b>Figure S6.<\/b> Visualization of the polyketide ketoreduction reaction, built and visualized by PIKAChU. The reduced group is highlighted in red. The script performing this reaction can be found on GitHub. <b>Supplementary Table S1.<\/b> Examples of SMILES that PIKAChU does not draw correctly, compared to ChemDraw drawings drawn from the same SMILES. <b>Supplementary Table S2.<\/b> Drawing times of molecules rendered by RDKit and PIKAChU. Time is indicated in minutes.<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Daniel Probst for providing an in-depth explanation of the SmilesDrawer software; Rutger Bosch for reporting software bugs; Zach Reitz, Joris Louwen, Lotte Pronk, David Meijer, Hannah Augustijn, Kumar Singh, Huali Xie, Jiayi Jing, Mohammad Alanjary, Chrats Melkonian, Justin van der Hooft, and Catarina Sales E. Santos Loureiro for testing the PIKAChU software.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Author_contributions\">Author contributions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>BRT: Development and testing of the PIKAChU software, wrote the initial version of the manuscript and further edited it based on the suggestions of the other authors. SPJMV: Significant contributions to writing the manuscript, extensive testing and debugging of the PIKAChU software, writing and executing example scripts. MHM.: Significant contributions to writing the manuscript, suggestions for software features, research supervision. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Funding\">Funding<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This work was supported by the Novel Antibacterial Compounds and Therapies Antagonising Resistance program (NACTAR) from the Dutch Research Council (NWO; project number 16440).\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Availability_of_data_and_materials\">Availability of data and materials<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The PIKAChU software is made available under an open-source (MIT) license and can be found at <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu<\/a>. A wiki can be found at <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu\/wiki\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu\/wiki<\/a>. Scripts used for the results section of this paper are made available at <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu\/tree\/main\/example_scripts\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/BTheDragonMaster\/pikachu\/tree\/main\/example_scripts<\/a>. The NPAtlas database used in our analyses can be downloaded at <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npatlas.org\/download\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.npatlas.org\/download<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Competing_interests\">Competing interests<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>M.H.M. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Hexagon Bio and co-founder of Design Pharmaceuticals.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hastings, Janna; Owen, Gareth; Dekker, Adriano; Ennis, Marcus; Kale, Namrata; Muthukrishnan, Venkatesh; 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Shaw, Simon; Kloosterman, Alexander M; Charlop-Powers, Zach; van Wezel, Gilles P; Medema, Marnix H; Weber, Tilmann (2 July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article\/49\/W1\/W29\/6274535\" target=\"_blank\">\"antiSMASH 6.0: improving cluster detection and comparison capabilities\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nucleic Acids Research<\/i> <b>49<\/b> (W1): W29\u2013W35. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkab335\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/nar\/gkab335<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0305-1048\" target=\"_blank\">0305-1048<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8262755\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8262755<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33978755\" target=\"_blank\">33978755<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article\/49\/W1\/W29\/6274535\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article\/49\/W1\/W29\/6274535<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=antiSMASH+6.0%3A+improving+cluster+detection+and+comparison+capabilities&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.aulast=Blin&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Blin%2C%26%2332%3BKai&rft.au=Shaw%2C%26%2332%3BSimon&rft.au=Kloosterman%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander+M&rft.au=Charlop-Powers%2C%26%2332%3BZach&rft.au=van%C2%A0Wezel%2C%26%2332%3BGilles+P&rft.au=Medema%2C%26%2332%3BMarnix%C2%A0H&rft.au=Weber%2C%26%2332%3BTilmann&rft.date=2+July+2021&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=W1&rft.pages=W29%E2%80%93W35&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkab335&rft.issn=0305-1048&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8262755&rft_id=info:pmid\/33978755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fnar%2Farticle%2F49%2FW1%2FW29%2F6274535&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Skinnider, Michael A.; Johnston, Chad W.; Gunabalasingam, Mathusan; Merwin, Nishanth J.; Kieliszek, Agata M.; MacLellan, Robyn J.; Li, Haoxin; Ranieri, Michael R. M. <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-020-19986-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Comprehensive prediction of secondary metabolite structure and biological activity from microbial genome sequences\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature Communications<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (1): 6058. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19986-1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41467-020-19986-1<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2041-1723\" target=\"_blank\">2041-1723<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7699628\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7699628<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33247171\" target=\"_blank\">33247171<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-020-19986-1\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-020-19986-1<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+prediction+of+secondary+metabolite+structure+and+biological+activity+from+microbial+genome+sequences&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.aulast=Skinnider&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Skinnider%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+A.&rft.au=Johnston%2C%26%2332%3BChad+W.&rft.au=Gunabalasingam%2C%26%2332%3BMathusan&rft.au=Merwin%2C%26%2332%3BNishanth+J.&rft.au=Kieliszek%2C%26%2332%3BAgata+M.&rft.au=MacLellan%2C%26%2332%3BRobyn+J.&rft.au=Li%2C%26%2332%3BHaoxin&rft.au=Ranieri%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+R.+M.&rft.au=Webster%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+L.+H.&rft.date=1+December+2020&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6058&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19986-1&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7699628&rft_id=info:pmid\/33247171&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-020-19986-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Alvarsson, Jonathan; Lampa, Samuel; Schaal, Wesley; Andersson, Claes; Wikberg, Jarl E. S.; Spjuth, Ola (1 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-016-0151-5\" target=\"_blank\">\"Large-scale ligand-based predictive modelling using support vector machines\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cheminformatics<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (1): 39. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13321-016-0151-5\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s13321-016-0151-5<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1758-2946\" target=\"_blank\">1758-2946<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4980776\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4980776<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27516811\" target=\"_blank\">27516811<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-016-0151-5\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-016-0151-5<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Large-scale+ligand-based+predictive+modelling+using+support+vector+machines&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cheminformatics&rft.aulast=Alvarsson&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Alvarsson%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan&rft.au=Lampa%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel&rft.au=Schaal%2C%26%2332%3BWesley&rft.au=Andersson%2C%26%2332%3BClaes&rft.au=Wikberg%2C%26%2332%3BJarl+E.+S.&rft.au=Spjuth%2C%26%2332%3BOla&rft.date=1+December+2016&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs13321-016-0151-5&rft.issn=1758-2946&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4980776&rft_id=info:pmid\/27516811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcheminf.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs13321-016-0151-5&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Stokes, Jonathan M.; 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(1 August 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts310\" target=\"_blank\">\"DoGSiteScorer: a web server for automatic binding site prediction, analysis and druggability assessment\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Bioinformatics<\/i> <b>28<\/b> (15): 2074\u20132075. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbts310\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts310<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1367-4803\" target=\"_blank\">1367-4803<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts310\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts310<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DoGSiteScorer%3A+a+web+server+for+automatic+binding+site+prediction%2C+analysis+and+druggability+assessment&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.aulast=Volkamer&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Volkamer%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Kuhn%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.au=Rippmann%2C%26%2332%3BF.&rft.au=Rarey%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.date=1+August+2012&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2074%E2%80%932075&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbts310&rft.issn=1367-4803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbioinformatics%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbts310&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rdkit.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"RDKit: Open-Source Cheminformatics Software\"<\/a>. <i>GitHub<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rdkit.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.rdkit.org\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 07 November 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=RDKit%3A+Open-Source+Cheminformatics+Software&rft.atitle=GitHub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rdkit.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Willighagen, Egon L.; Mayfield, John W.; Alvarsson, Jonathan; Berg, Arvid; Carlsson, Lars; Jeliazkova, Nina; Kuhn, Stefan; Pluskal, Tom\u00e1\u0161 <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-017-0220-4\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) v2.0: atom typing, depiction, molecular formulas, and substructure searching\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cheminformatics<\/i> <b>9<\/b> (1): 33. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13321-017-0220-4\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s13321-017-0220-4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1758-2946\" target=\"_blank\">1758-2946<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5461230\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5461230<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29086040\" target=\"_blank\">29086040<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-017-0220-4\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-017-0220-4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+Development+Kit+%28CDK%29+v2.0%3A+atom+typing%2C+depiction%2C+molecular+formulas%2C+and+substructure+searching&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cheminformatics&rft.aulast=Willighagen&rft.aufirst=Egon+L.&rft.au=Willighagen%2C%26%2332%3BEgon+L.&rft.au=Mayfield%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+W.&rft.au=Alvarsson%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan&rft.au=Berg%2C%26%2332%3BArvid&rft.au=Carlsson%2C%26%2332%3BLars&rft.au=Jeliazkova%2C%26%2332%3BNina&rft.au=Kuhn%2C%26%2332%3BStefan&rft.au=Pluskal%2C%26%2332%3BTom%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft.au=Rojas-Chert%C3%B3%2C%26%2332%3BMiquel&rft.date=1+December+2017&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs13321-017-0220-4&rft.issn=1758-2946&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5461230&rft_id=info:pmid\/29086040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcheminf.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs13321-017-0220-4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rbvi.ucsf.edu\/cytoscape\/chemViz2\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"chemViz2: Cheminformatics App for Cytoscape\"<\/a>. <i>RBVI Cytoscape Apps<\/i>. Regents of the University of California. 23 February 2015<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rbvi.ucsf.edu\/cytoscape\/chemViz2\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.rbvi.ucsf.edu\/cytoscape\/chemViz2\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=chemViz2%3A+Cheminformatics+App+for+Cytoscape&rft.atitle=RBVI+Cytoscape+Apps&rft.date=23+February+2015&rft.pub=Regents+of+the+University+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbvi.ucsf.edu%2Fcytoscape%2FchemViz2%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Beisken, Stephan; Meinl, Thorsten; Wiswedel, Bernd; de Figueiredo, Luis F; Berthold, Michael; Steinbeck, Christoph (1 December 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2105-14-257\" target=\"_blank\">\"KNIME-CDK: Workflow-driven cheminformatics\"<\/a> (in en). <i>BMC Bioinformatics<\/i> <b>14<\/b> (1): 257. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2F1471-2105-14-257\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/1471-2105-14-257<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1471-2105\" target=\"_blank\">1471-2105<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3765822\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC3765822<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24103053\" target=\"_blank\">24103053<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2105-14-257\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2105-14-257<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=KNIME-CDK%3A+Workflow-driven+cheminformatics&rft.jtitle=BMC+Bioinformatics&rft.aulast=Beisken&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Beisken%2C%26%2332%3BStephan&rft.au=Meinl%2C%26%2332%3BThorsten&rft.au=Wiswedel%2C%26%2332%3BBernd&rft.au=de+Figueiredo%2C%26%2332%3BLuis+F&rft.au=Berthold%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.au=Steinbeck%2C%26%2332%3BChristoph&rft.date=1+December+2013&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=257&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2F1471-2105-14-257&rft.issn=1471-2105&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC3765822&rft_id=info:pmid\/24103053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2F1471-2105-14-257&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cass, S. 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Retrieved 07 November 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Top+Programming+Languages+2021&rft.atitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.aulast=Cass%2C+S.&rft.au=Cass%2C+S.&rft.date=24+August+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Ftop-programming-languages-2021&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_15-0\">15.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_15-1\">15.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_15-2\">15.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_15-3\">15.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rogers, David; Hahn, Mathew (24 May 2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20426451\" target=\"_blank\">\"Extended-connectivity fingerprints\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling<\/i> <b>50<\/b> (5): 742\u2013754. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Fci100050t\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/ci100050t<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1549-960X\" target=\"_blank\">1549-960X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20426451\" target=\"_blank\">20426451<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20426451\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20426451<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Extended-connectivity+fingerprints&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Information+and+Modeling&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Rogers%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Hahn%2C%26%2332%3BMathew&rft.date=24+May+2010&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=742%E2%80%93754&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Fci100050t&rft.issn=1549-960X&rft_id=info:pmid\/20426451&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20426451&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/qpwo\/python-simple-cycles\" target=\"_blank\">\"qpwo \/ python-simple-cycles\"<\/a>. <i>GitHub<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/qpwo\/python-simple-cycles\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/qpwo\/python-simple-cycles<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 21 August 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=qpwo+%2F+python-simple-cycles&rft.atitle=GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fqpwo%2Fpython-simple-cycles&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Johnson, Donald B. (1 March 1975). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/10.1137\/0204007\" target=\"_blank\">\"Finding All the Elementary Circuits of a Directed Graph\"<\/a> (in en). <i>SIAM Journal on Computing<\/i> <b>4<\/b> (1): 77\u201384. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1137%2F0204007\" target=\"_blank\">10.1137\/0204007<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0097-5397\" target=\"_blank\">0097-5397<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/10.1137\/0204007\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/10.1137\/0204007<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Finding+All+the+Elementary+Circuits+of+a+Directed+Graph&rft.jtitle=SIAM+Journal+on+Computing&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft.au=Johnson%2C%26%2332%3BDonald+B.&rft.date=1+March+1975&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77%E2%80%9384&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1137%2F0204007&rft.issn=0097-5397&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepubs.siam.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1137%2F0204007&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">H\u00fcckel, Erich (1 March 1931). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01339530\" target=\"_blank\">\"Quantentheoretische Beitr\u00e4ge zum Benzolproblem: I. Die Elektronenkonfiguration des Benzols und verwandter Verbindungen\"<\/a> (in de). <i>Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physik<\/i> <b>70<\/b> (3-4): 204\u2013286. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2FBF01339530\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/BF01339530<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1434-6001\" target=\"_blank\">1434-6001<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01339530\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01339530<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quantentheoretische+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zum+Benzolproblem%3A+I.+Die+Elektronenkonfiguration+des+Benzols+und+verwandter+Verbindungen&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCckel&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.au=H%C3%BCckel%2C%26%2332%3BErich&rft.date=1+March+1931&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3-4&rft.pages=204%E2%80%93286&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2FBF01339530&rft.issn=1434-6001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF01339530&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/yorkyer\/edmonds-blossom\" target=\"_blank\">\"yorkyer \/ edmonds-blossom\"<\/a>. <i>GitHub<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/yorkyer\/edmonds-blossom\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/yorkyer\/edmonds-blossom<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 24 August 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=yorkyer+%2F+edmonds-blossom&rft.atitle=GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fyorkyer%2Fedmonds-blossom&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Edmonds, Jack (1965). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0008414X00039419\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">\"Paths, Trees, and Flowers\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Canadian Journal of Mathematics<\/i> <b>17<\/b>: 449\u2013467. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4153%2FCJM-1965-045-4\" target=\"_blank\">10.4153\/CJM-1965-045-4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0008-414X\" target=\"_blank\">0008-414X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0008414X00039419\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0008414X00039419\/type\/journal_article<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paths%2C+Trees%2C+and+Flowers&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Mathematics&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Edmonds%2C%26%2332%3BJack&rft.date=1965&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=449%E2%80%93467&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4153%2FCJM-1965-045-4&rft.issn=0008-414X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0008414X00039419%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_21-0\">21.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_21-1\">21.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Probst, Daniel; Reymond, Jean-Louis (22 January 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jcim.7b00425\" target=\"_blank\">\"SmilesDrawer: Parsing and Drawing SMILES-Encoded Molecular Structures Using Client-Side JavaScript\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling<\/i> <b>58<\/b> (1): 1\u20137. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.jcim.7b00425\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acs.jcim.7b00425<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1549-9596\" target=\"_blank\">1549-9596<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jcim.7b00425\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jcim.7b00425<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SmilesDrawer%3A+Parsing+and+Drawing+SMILES-Encoded+Molecular+Structures+Using+Client-Side+JavaScript&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Information+and+Modeling&rft.aulast=Probst&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Probst%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.au=Reymond%2C%26%2332%3BJean-Louis&rft.date=22+January+2018&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facs.jcim.7b00425&rft.issn=1549-9596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jcim.7b00425&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kamada, Tomihisa; Kawai, Satoru (1 April 1989). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0020019089901026\" target=\"_blank\">\"An algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Information Processing Letters<\/i> <b>31<\/b> (1): 7\u201315. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2F0020-0190%2889%2990102-6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/0020-0190(89)90102-6<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0020019089901026\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0020019089901026<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+algorithm+for+drawing+general+undirected+graphs&rft.jtitle=Information+Processing+Letters&rft.aulast=Kamada&rft.aufirst=Tomihisa&rft.au=Kamada%2C%26%2332%3BTomihisa&rft.au=Kawai%2C%26%2332%3BSatoru&rft.date=1+April+1989&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7%E2%80%9315&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2F0020-0190%2889%2990102-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0020019089901026&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ullmann, J. R. (1 January 1976). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/321921.321925\" target=\"_blank\">\"An Algorithm for Subgraph Isomorphism\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of the ACM<\/i> <b>23<\/b> (1): 31\u201342. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145%2F321921.321925\" target=\"_blank\">10.1145\/321921.321925<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0004-5411\" target=\"_blank\">0004-5411<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/321921.321925\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/321921.321925<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Algorithm+for+Subgraph+Isomorphism&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+ACM&rft.aulast=Ullmann&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Ullmann%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+R.&rft.date=1+January+1976&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31%E2%80%9342&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1145%2F321921.321925&rft.issn=0004-5411&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F321921.321925&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original article lists references alphabetically, but this version \u2014 by design \u2014 lists them in order of appearance. The original URL for the Cass article concerning popular programming languages was found to be dead; a working URL was found and replaced for this version.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103180643\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.375 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.844 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 24887\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 216329\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 61043\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 57476\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 276.027 1 -total\n 82.96% 228.979 1 Template:Reflist\n 64.35% 177.619 23 Template:Citation\/core\n 59.72% 164.839 18 Template:Cite_journal\n 11.37% 31.397 1 Template:Infobox_journal_article\n 10.62% 29.325 20 Template:Date\n 10.15% 28.004 5 Template:Cite_web\n 10.00% 27.610 1 Template:Infobox\n 9.35% 25.819 55 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.50% 12.430 80 Template:Infobox\/row\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13487-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103180643 and revision id 48865. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:PIKAChU:_A_Python-based_informatics_kit_for_analyzing_chemical_units<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","e88a70a4050a93d9bf2a2f7eb9d8b336_images":["https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/c\/ca\/GA_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/c\/cc\/Fig1_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/3\/3f\/Fig2_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/e\/e0\/Fig3_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/f\/f3\/Fig4_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/77\/Fig5_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/7a\/Fig6_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/46\/Fig7_Terlouw_JofCheminfo22_14.png"],"e88a70a4050a93d9bf2a2f7eb9d8b336_timestamp":1672771710,"04b3c2be7f3cb0e400fed4f09bdaf482_type":"article","04b3c2be7f3cb0e400fed4f09bdaf482_title":"Elegancy: Digitizing the wisdom from laboratories to the cloud with free no-code platform (Huang et al. 2022)","04b3c2be7f3cb0e400fed4f09bdaf482_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Elegancy:_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform","04b3c2be7f3cb0e400fed4f09bdaf482_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:Elegancy: Digitizing the wisdom from laboratories to the cloud with free no-code platformFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nElegancy: Digitizing the wisdom from laboratories to the cloud with free no-code platformJournal\n \niScienceAuthor(s)\n \nHuang, Chih-Wei; Chuang, Wei-Hsuan; Lin, Chung-Yen; Chen, Chen, Shu-HwaAuthor affiliation(s)\n \nAcademia Sinica, Taipei Medical University, National Taiwan UniversityPrimary contact\n \nEmail: sophia0715 at tmu dot edu dot twYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n25(8)Article #\n \n104710DOI\n \n10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104710ISSN\n \n2589-0042Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2589004222009828Download\n \nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2589004222009828\/pdfft (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Results \n\n3.1 Great user experience and practical facilities \n3.2 An all-purpose notebook with special features aimed at biomedical laboratories \n3.3 Fully featured and free to use \n3.4 Optimized Docker image \n3.5 Data security and user authorization \n\n\n4 Discussion \n\n4.1 Limitations of the study \n\n\n5 Development resources and details \n\n5.1 Fundamental structure \n5.2 Installation and implementation \n5.3 Data and code availability \n\n\n6 Supplemental information \n7 Acknowledgements \n\n7.1 Author contributions \n7.2 Resource availability \n7.3 Competing interests \n\n\n8 References \n9 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nOne of the top priorities in any laboratory is archiving experimental data in the most secure, efficient, and errorless way. It is especially important to those in chemical and biological research, for it is more likely to damage experiment records. In addition, the transmission of experiment results from paper to electronic devices is time-consuming and redundant. Therefore, we introduce an open-source no-code electronic laboratory notebook (ELN), Elegancy, a cloud-based\/standalone web service distributed as a Docker image. Elegancy fits all laboratories but is specially equipped with several features benefitting biochemical laboratories. It can be accessed via various web browsers, allowing researchers to upload photos or audio recordings directly from their mobile devices. Elegancy also contains a meeting arrangement module, audit\/revision control, and laboratory supply management system. We believe Elegancy could help the scientific research community gather evidence, share information, reorganize knowledge, and digitize laboratory works with greater ease and security.\nKeywords: bioinformatics, computer science, applied computing in physical science, applied computing in medical science, electronic laboratory notebook\nGraphical abstract: \n\n\nIntroduction \nPaper-based laboratory notebooks have long been the dominant platform for recording experimental data in the scientific community. However, data written on paper cannot easily be searched, shared, or backed up and can easily be misplaced or lost. As stated in one study, up to 17 percent of non-digitized research data are lost yearly.[1] In addition, with the use of increasingly automated and modernized lab equipment, massive volumes of data are generated in a digital rather than physical format. These issues have given rise to electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs), software platforms capable of storing, organizing, searching, and sharing experimental data.[2] ELNs significantly reduce human error in data archiving, making sharing of data and information more convenient. Users can gain access to an ELN anytime and anywhere. Because ELNs can be saved locally or in the cloud, data are backed up multiple times. Many ELNs are in the market, each with its own merits.[3] For example, SciNote is fairly intuitive and installed locally or through Docker containers.\nSimilarly, eLabFTW[4] is open-source software that supports local and cloud hosting. eLabFTW also offers a Docker image. However, as with most commercial ELNs, they provide limited storage and only a few functions in their unpaid version.\nThus, we created a cloud-based ELN, Elegancy, which employs a hybrid system of Drupal and our developed modules. Users can install it on local machines or servers with no code at all, and they can access it using a web browser on any mobile device. It is open-source and easy to install and navigate, with all functions available in the same package. Most importantly, Elegancy is entirely free. Elegancy is suitable for laboratories of any type and size. Elegancy would, therefore, be of great use in information sharing and laboratory work management in the research community.\n\nResults \nElegancy is built with a handful of powerful tools that fulfill the basic needs of all kinds of laboratories, as illustrated in Figure 1. \n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1. The multi-functional modules and main features in Elegancy. It is equipped with all the necessities an ELN requires, from the basic functions such as text editor and file management to those specifically added for biomedical laboratories like chemical molecule drawing. Elegancy also guarantees data safety by following regulations on audit trials and providing data backup and restoration.\n\n\n\nElegancy has several advantages over other ELNs, described below. Elaboration on Elegancy\u2019s complete functions is provided in Supplementary information, Note S1.\n\nGreat user experience and practical facilities \nElegancy is easy to set up, with no code required. Users can build their ELN by following the simple instructions and tutorial videos provided on our website. The graphical user interface (GUI) is intuitive and uncluttered. Options are displayed on the top of the panel, including a calendar that also serves as a timestamp. Users can also track the consumption of either office supplies or chemical solvents. English is the default language of Elegancy, with Mandarin and Japanese as built-in options. Users who have the resources for translation may add other languages. We provide multiple background themes for users to choose.\nRegarding post-editing, the text editor is similar to commonly used software, such as Microsoft Word or Google Documents. Users can insert code, images, or tables and attach links to uploaded files, multimedia, or other posts (Figure 2).\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 2. Elegancy offers sufficient tools for content editing. A Aside from the fundamental text editing tools, users can embed multimedia information such as audio recordings or video links. B Users can even insert their code, chemical formulas, or mathematical equations.\n\n\n\nAll forum posts can also be exported as PDFs, and their source code is open for template modification if necessary. Elegancy has further been developed to facilitate collaboration. Users can share posts and meeting invitations with other users through e-mail from our ELN. Elegancy also includes a module that analyzes the interactivity between members, which can be presented in charts. Figure 3 is an example of a forum post. Lab members can comment under the main text and reply directly to each comment, thus creating a thread of discussion related to the topic.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 3. Example of a forum post. A Under each Forum, users can create posts with the text editor described in Figure 2. Multimedia and URL links could be attached to the main text. Information including author, forum name, and published time are shown on the top. A QR code is generated for each post at the bottom. Any alterations on this post are recorded in \u201cRevision Operations\u201d for safety measures. B Members with access to this forum can comment under the posts and reply to one another.\n\n\n\nAn all-purpose notebook with special features aimed at biomedical laboratories \nAlthough Elegancy fits all laboratories, it has features that are highly beneficial to experimental labs. We included Math-Type and Chem-Type plugins from CKEditor to create mathematical equations and chemical formulas. A module for drawing chemical structures is provided; users can also import chemical molecule JSON or CML files (Figure 4).\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. Features developed for biomedical researchers. A Users can sketch their scientific findings directly on their screens. B Users can either upload saved JSON or CML files of molecule structures or edit a new one using the panel\u2019s toolbox.\n\n\n\nWhat is more, we developed an optimized mobile device interface. Users can upload photos, drawings, or recordings to their ELNs directly from their phones, saving time and reducing human error in moving data from paper to computers (Figure 5). Elegancy also offers a platform for supply and property management. Although only site managers are granted the authority to create new inventories, all lab members can keep track of their property and supply usage by typing in information, e.g., property name, user, keeper, location, and purchased date (Figure 6). There is no limit on the number of inventories, and the entire supply and property record can be exported as CSV files. In short, Elegancy can be used to document both dry- and wet-lab investigations of any research project.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 5. The interface and special features of Elegancy on mobile devices. Three special features are developed for users utilizing Elegancy through their mobile devices. A Users can record an audio file or upload saved recordings from their devices. B Users can take photos directly from their camera or upload images saved on their devices. C Users can doodle or write on their screens and upload them directly.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6. Supply and property management. Members can search for supplies or properties by typing in keywords. Information regarding said supply or property will be displayed in a simplified list beneath the search bar. By clicking on the name, users can see a detailed view of the object similar to the image on the right, including a photo and QR code.\n\n\n\nFully featured and free to use \nMost ELNs on the market offer a variety of service plans, yet the free version usually includes limited functions, storage, and resources. This is not the case with Elegancy. All the necessary functionalities are included in the same package, free of charge. We compared Elegancy with other ELNs based on a recent review of the highest-ranked ELNs[5] and a comparison table between several ELNs[6], as well as the free version of SciNote and eLabFTW (as shown in Table 1). For example, although eLabFTW provides chemical drawing utilities, Elegancy is equipped with those, as well as mathematical and chemical tools. Generally speaking, Elegancy outshines these two ELNs in a handful of aspects. For a detailed comparison between Elegancy and the pricing plans for SciNote and eLabFTW, see Supplemental information, Table S1.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1. Comparing Elegancy with the free version of SciNote and eLabFTW.\r\n \r\na Follows time-stamp protocol of RFC 3161, and follows validation, audit trials, copies of records, and record retention but not legacy systems (the implementation of electronic signatures) of 21 CFR Part 11.\n\n\nAspect\n\nSciNote (Free)\n\neLabFTW (Free)\n\nElegancy\n\n\nNumber of users\n\nOne user\n\nUnlimited\n\nElegancy\n\n\nArrange meetings via ELN\n\nN\n\nN\n\nY\n\n\nProperties and supplies record\n\nN\n\nN\n\nUnlimited\n\n\nCode insertion\n\nY\n\nY\n\nY\n\n\nInsert Math-Type\n\nN\n\nN\n\nY\n\n\nChemical compound drawing\n\nN\n\nY\n\nY\n\n\nSuitable web interface for mobile devices\n\nY, but low performance in editing\n\nY\n\nY\n\n\nTake photos with mobile devices\n\nN\n\nY\n\nY\n\n\nRecord audio and scribble with mobile devices\n\nN\n\nN\n\nY\n\n\nOpen-source software\n\nY\n\nY\n\nY\n\n\nLocal hosting\n\nN\n\nY\n\nY\n\n\nCloud hosting\n\nPublic\n\nRequires own server\n\nRequires own server\n\n\nData backup and restoration\n\nY\n\nY\n\nY\n\n\nDocker image\n\nN\n\nY\n\nY\n\n\nAudit trails\n\nN\n\nRFC 3161-compliant\n\nRFC 3161\/21 CFR Part 11-complianta\n\n\n\nOptimized Docker image \nElegancy is built based on Drupal (Figure 7), allowing users to add personalized modules. It supports operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and several web browsers, including Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer, and Opera. We highly recommend choosing Elegancy\u2019s Docker image over local installation for several reasons. First, cloud backups can spare users the trouble of transferring or restoring databases between hardware storage devices. Second, it enhances data preservation security. Third, users can access their ELN from any device anytime and anywhere. \n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 7. The basic structure of Drupal. The first layer is the input of nodes as data. The second layer is modules, i.e., functional plugins that are either part of the Drupal core or are created by members of the Drupal community. Modules allow users to customize and rearrange the data on their nodes. The third layer is blocks and menus: Blocks provide the output from a module and can be configured to output in various ways, from only showing on certain pages to only for certain users. Menus are not only navigators in Drupal, defining the content coming on each defined menu path, but also a core element of Drupal, which provide links to all the pages created in Drupal. The last layer is user permissions, which determine what users can execute and read.\n\n\n\nThe full online resources of Elegancy are shown in Figure 8. The basic hardware requirements to install Elegancy are shown in Figure 9, and the basic instruction for setting up our Docker image with these control scripts is illustrated in Figure 10.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8. Online source for Elegancy.\n\n\n\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 9. System requirement for elegancy installation. The basic hardware criterion for Elegancy implementation is a system with at least 1.6 GHz CPU, 4 to 8 GB RAM, and a minimum of 300MB storage. We recommend leaving an additional 100GB to 1TB storage for uploaded data.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 10. Basic instructions for elegancy Docker setup. Elegancy has four steps: Downloading the Docker image, getting shell scripts, installing, and starting Elegancy. Here, we provide the required commands for Linux, MAC, and Windows systems.\n\n\n\nData security and user authorization \nSeveral aspects of the platform guarantee data security. First, we set up an SSL certificate upon installation to prevent unauthorized access and encrypt data during transmission. We allow only one web server portal to be opened and close all others to prevent any malicious invasion. We set the maximum number of login attempts to three times to prevent botnet attacks. Once surpassing this limitation, the user would be locked out for five minutes before signing into their ELN again. Secondly, user access is divided into different levels of authority: Guest, Lab Member, Project Leader, and Site Manager (see Supplemental information, Note S1, Section 3.1). Moreover, using the Docker images ensures remote data backup and easy database restoration. \nNot all ELNs address version control and time-stamping, but this functionality could greatly enhance data integrity.[7] We complied with the RFC 3161 Time-Stamp Protocol[8] and most of the main requirements regulated by 21 CFR Part 11.[9] The five specific requirements of 21 CFR Part 11 are validation, audit trails, legacy systems, copies of records, and record retention. We cannot fulfill the requirements for legacy systems and parts of audit trials as we do not currently provide an electronic signature service. However, the current version of Elegancy offers a computer-generated, time-stamped audit trail that includes all records, each indicating date, time, and actions such as create, modify, and delete. We believe these functions are sufficient for now as Elegancy is not commercial-oriented, and we do not profit from it. The free version of eLabFTW only complies with RFC 3161, while the free version of SciNote does not have audit trials. Nevertheless, we may include electronic signatures in future releases of Elegancy in the form of an optional function. For example, we are considering introducing a blockchain infrastructure for scientific research by adding Bloxberg as a module of Elegancy, to create a transparent footprint of each scientific record without revealing its content. Such an approach would comply with FDA or healthcare data privacy requirements.\nAll events and modifications are recorded according to username, date, and time, as illustrated in the prior Figure 7. It marks the current version in the \u201cstatus\u201d column. Only members assigned to this forum have access to these revision records. By clicking on the \u201cTrack\u201d icon in Figure 11, users can also view all records of interaction related to this specific forum post, i.e, which members viewed, edited, commented on, or shared this post. This list of records is available to site managers only by default but could be accessible to all lab members by choice. Finally, as we don\u2019t provide any form of data hosting or pricing service, data stored on the users\u2019 device, cloud or server should also warrant data security and confidentiality.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 11. Revision records and user interaction tracking on forum posts. Following RFC 3161 Time-Stamp Protocol and 21 CFR Part 11, Elegancy records any revision on a forum post, as displayed in the figure above, as well as revision time, revised by who, terms, and status. Only members with access to the forum can view this list of records. Another similar function is tracking any interaction related to this post, such as the time and person who visited this post, and so forth. This function is accessible to site managers only by default but could be open to all members.\n\n\n\nDiscussion \nIn summary, Elegancy offers many functions for all types of research labs, especially biomedical research. It supports both local and cloud hosting, which are available with a Docker image. The installation steps are simple, and the user interface is intuitive. Tutorials of Elegancy\u2019s basic functions and an introduction video of the overall features are provided online. Elegancy is compatible with several operating system layers and can be accessed anywhere through any electronic device. It also includes special features specifically for mobile device use. Most importantly, Elegancy is free to use for all users.\n\nLimitations of the study \nElegancy continues to develop and is expected to receive several feature improvements. First, our team plans to add an auto-reminder function for time-consuming programs or experiments. Second, modern laboratory equipment typically supports exporting results in a digital format. Therefore, we attempt to develop a function via an application programming interface (API) that directly inputs experiment data into the ELN under a folder specially created for this purpose. As it is impossible to conform to every kind of data format, we may start by extracting keywords such as the basic information shared by most formats (time, date, size, etc.) and then continue to customize them in the future. Third, Jupyter Notebook is widely used and indispensable to many laboratories, and as such, binding Jupyter Notebook to our ELN would benefit those highly dependent on it.\nMoreover, it is proved feasible to create semantic documentation for research data using ELN protocols from wet-lab experiments.[10] Similarly, our team hopes to be able to not only import protocols from web pages, such as Protocols.io, but sync the database to our ELN to assist in extremely complex experiments with numerous detailed steps. Finally, we plan on including electronic signatures as an optional function for audit trials. Users can enable this feature based on their needs.\n\nDevelopment resources and details \nDrupal 7, via Dries Buytaert\nMySQL 8.0.25, via Oracle Corporation\nApache HTTP Server 2.4.41, via Apache Software Foundation\nPHP 7.1.33, via The PHP Development Team, Zend Technologies, and PHP Foundation\nCKEditor, via CKSource\nDocker, via Dirk Merkel\nSSL Certificate, via SSL.com\nFundamental structure \nThe open-source content management platform Elegancy is developed based on Drupal 7. The entire platform of Drupal consists of four layers: nodes, modules, blocks and menus, and user permissions. It regards all content as a node, behind which many modules control its display, modification, arrangement, and classification. More deeply, Drupal also uses blocks and menus. Blocks often provide the output from a module or can be created to display whatever the user wants and then can be placed in various spots in customized template layouts. Menus are a core element of Drupal, providing links to all the pages created in Drupal. Finally, permissions determine what users are allowed to do and see. This design allows Drupal not only to create an ordinary blog site but control the way content is displayed and handle permissions with appropriate components. It can instantly become a forum, wiki, personal website, social network, and shopping site.\nA total of 190 operating modules are found in Elegancy, including core components, the management interface, content creation, data sharing, search engine capacity, panel construction, multilingual support, information safeguarding, and backup and restore capabilities. Among those modules, 170 are modified from the built-in modules, and 20 are constructed by our research and development team. MySQL 8.0.25 was used to establish the database, and Apache HTTP Server 2.4.41 was used to set up the webserver. The programming languages implemented here are PHP 7.1.33, HTML, and CSS. CKEditor, a WYSIWYG text editor specially used on web pages and available as open-source, is the main module implemented in Elegancy. It aims to be lightweight and can be used without over-complicated installation steps. There are a handful of plugins that can be used together with CKEditor. All is possible within a single editing framework from editors similar to Google Docs or Twitter-like applications. Users can add text, programming code, chemical formulas, math equations, hyperlinks, handwriting, table, image, audio, video, or other file types. We also added some customized plugins to the default settings, i.e., the three features developed for mobile devices: audio recording, photo uploads, and doodling on screen. These additional customized features are compatible with all versions of CKEditor.\n\nInstallation and implementation \nTo ensure that even users without a background in computer science can easily navigate Elegancy, our team focused on developing an ELN that can be swiftly installed by following simple instructions. Elegancy supports both local and cloud installation. With Inno Setup as the foundation for local installation, we wrapped software packages like Apache, MySQL, and PHP into our installation program. We also included JRE in the package because Java was used in writing programs related to ELN management, which are required for initiating and shutting down ELNs. Local download is currently available for Windows only. However, with the Docker image we provide, the prior-mentioned software is wrapped with the Docker developer, allowing users to install and build their ELNs on different operating systems (e.g., Linux and Windows), DOCKER environments, NAS drives, or cloud computing platforms. To save users from learning complicated Docker commands, we offer a Shell Script with the required commands for installation written inside with no code. For more detailed tutorials, please visit the website housing our user guide.\n\nData and code availability \nThe Docker image of Elegancy is freely accessible at both Docker.com and GitHub.com. Upon each download of Elegancy, we collect the basic information of our users, i.e., download time, IP address, user name, affiliation, and e-mail, via a questionnaire survey. The results are shown in the Supplemental information.\nWe also provide a demo website for potential users, as well as a thorough user guide. A brief introduction video of Elegancy is available on YouTube. Detailed information about deployment, installation, setting, and system management is described in the Supplemental information.\n\nSupplemental information \nDocument S1. Notes S1\u2013S3, Figures S1\u2013S28, and Table S1\nAcknowledgements \nThe authors thank the fund 110-2320-B-038 -087 -, 110-2314-B-001-006 - and 110-2311-B-001-020 - by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, and partly sponsored by a grant from Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, for financially supporting this research and publication. We also thank Nai-Hsuan Huang, Teng-Chieh Huang, and Shih-Chieh Ilya Li for participating in developing the platform of Elegancy and providing valuable suggestions. Finally, we thank the National Center for High-performance Computing (NCHC), which kindly provided cloud resource for developing the ELN in the cloud.\n\nAuthor contributions \nSystem development \u2013 C.W.H. and C.Y.L.; article writing \u2013 W.H.C. and C.W.H.; article review & editing \u2013 C.Y.L. and S.H.C.\n\nResource availability \nFurther information and requests for resources should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the lead contact, Chung-Yen Lin (cylin at iis dot sinica dot edu dot tw).\n\nCompeting interests \nThe authors declare no competing interests.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Vines, Timothy H.; Albert, Arianne Y.K.; Andrew, Rose L.; D\u00e9barre, Florence; Bock, Dan G.; Franklin, Michelle T.; Gilbert, Kimberly J.; Moore, Jean-S\u00e9bastien et al. (1 January 2014). \"The Availability of Research Data Declines Rapidly with Article Age\" (in en). Current Biology 24 (1): 94\u201397. doi:10.1016\/j.cub.2013.11.014. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960982213014000 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Riley, Erin M.; Hattaway, Holly Z.; Felse, P. Arthur (1 December 2017). \"Implementation and use of cloud-based electronic lab notebook in a bioprocess engineering teaching laboratory\" (in en). Journal of Biological Engineering 11 (1): 40. doi:10.1186\/s13036-017-0083-2. ISSN 1754-1611. PMC PMC5701295. PMID 29201138. https:\/\/jbioleng.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13036-017-0083-2 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Huchet, B. (30 March 2021). \"2021 Review of the Best Electronic Laboratory Notebooks\". Labs Explorer. https:\/\/www.labsexplorer.com\/c\/2021-review-of-the-best-electronic-laboratory-notebooks_222 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hewera, Michael; H\u00e4nggi, Daniel; Gerlach, Bj\u00f6rn; Kahlert, Ulf Dietrich (2 August 2021). \"eLabFTW as an Open Science tool to improve the quality and translation of preclinical research\" (in en). F1000Research 10: 292. doi:10.12688\/f1000research.52157.3. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC PMC8323070. PMID 34381592. https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-292\/v3 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kovac, K. (26 May 2021). \"Best Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) Review for Your Lab in 2021\". SPLICE. Biosistemika, LLC. https:\/\/www.splice-bio.com\/best-eln-review-for-your-lab-2021\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Harvard Longwood Medical Area Research Data Management Working Group (19 May 2021). \"Electronic Lab Notebook Comparison Matrix\" (in en). Zenodo. doi:10.5281\/ZENODO.4723753. https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/4723753 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Higgins, Stuart G.; Nogiwa-Valdez, Akemi A.; Stevens, Molly M. (1 February 2022). \"Considerations for implementing electronic laboratory notebooks in an academic research environment\" (in en). Nature Protocols 17 (2): 179\u2013189. doi:10.1038\/s41596-021-00645-8. ISSN 1754-2189. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-021-00645-8 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Adams, C.; Cain, P.; Pinkas, D.; Zuccherato, R. (1 August 2001) (in en). Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Time-Stamp Protocol (TSP). pp. RFC3161. doi:10.17487\/rfc3161. https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/info\/rfc3161 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Part 11 - Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures\". Code of Federal Regulations. National Archives. 2020. https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-A\/part-11 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Schr\u00f6der, Max; Staehlke, Susanne; Groth, Paul; Nebe, J. Barbara; Spors, Sascha; Kr\u00fcger, Frank (1 December 2022). \"Structure-based knowledge acquisition from electronic lab notebooks for research data provenance documentation\" (in en). Journal of Biomedical Semantics 13 (1): 4. doi:10.1186\/s13326-021-00257-x. ISSN 2041-1480. PMC PMC8802522. PMID 35101121. https:\/\/jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13326-021-00257-x .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with minor changes to presentation; grammar and spelling required more cleanup for improved readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original article listed references in alphabetical order; this version lists them in order of appearance, by design. The original has images out of place; they were rearranged to make the most sense for this version. Nothing else was changed in accordance with the NoDerivatives portion of the license.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Elegancy:_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Elegancy:_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform<\/a>\nCategories: LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2022)LIMSwiki journal articles (all)LIMSwiki journal articles on bioinformaticsLIMSwiki journal articles on softwareNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageEncyclopedic articlesRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationPopular publications\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 31 October 2022, at 21:24.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 107 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","04b3c2be7f3cb0e400fed4f09bdaf482_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-206 ns-subject page-Journal_Elegancy_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform rootpage-Journal_Elegancy_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:Elegancy: Digitizing the wisdom from laboratories to the cloud with free no-code platform<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>One of the top priorities in any <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratory<\/a> is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Archival_informatics\" title=\"Archival informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4447a2573f231b1e5e6641d8e5df8aa6\">archiving<\/a> experimental data in the most secure, efficient, and errorless way. It is especially important to those in chemical and biological research, for it is more likely to damage experiment records. In addition, the transmission of experiment results from paper to electronic devices is time-consuming and redundant. Therefore, we introduce an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Open-source_software\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Open-source software\" data-key=\"c64f7db2bde1cdf753044221b64c0909\">open-source<\/a> no-code <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Electronic_laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Electronic laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a9fbbd5e0807980106763fab31f1e72f\">electronic laboratory notebook<\/a> (ELN), Elegancy, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cloud_computing\" title=\"Cloud computing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fcfe5882eaa018d920cedb88398b604f\">cloud-based<\/a>\/standalone web service distributed as a Docker image. Elegancy fits all laboratories but is specially equipped with several features benefitting biochemical laboratories. It can be accessed via various web browsers, allowing researchers to upload photos or audio recordings directly from their mobile devices. Elegancy also contains a meeting arrangement module, audit\/revision control, and laboratory supply management system. We believe Elegancy could help the scientific research community gather evidence, share information, reorganize knowledge, and digitize laboratory works with greater ease and security.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: bioinformatics, computer science, applied computing in physical science, applied computing in medical science, electronic laboratory notebook\n<\/p><p><b>Graphical abstract<\/b>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:GA1_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"20221f7f95db200919228444531fdb1a\"><img alt=\"GA1 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/be\/GA1_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Paper-based <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"be60c7be96aba8e9a84537fd8835fa54\">laboratory notebooks<\/a> have long been the dominant platform for recording experimental data in the scientific community. However, data written on paper cannot easily be searched, shared, or backed up and can easily be misplaced or lost. As stated in one study, up to 17 percent of non-digitized research data are lost yearly.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, with the use of increasingly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_automation\" title=\"Laboratory automation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0061880849aeaca05f8aa27ae171f331\">automated<\/a> and modernized lab equipment, massive volumes of data are generated in a digital rather than physical format. These issues have given rise to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Electronic_laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Electronic laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a9fbbd5e0807980106763fab31f1e72f\">electronic laboratory notebooks<\/a> (ELNs), software platforms capable of storing, organizing, searching, and sharing experimental data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> ELNs significantly reduce human error in data archiving, making <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_sharing\" title=\"Data sharing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a99d5fda27f755c693c65864d9286130\">sharing<\/a> of data and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information\" title=\"Information\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6300a14d9c2776dcca0999b5ed940e7d\">information<\/a> more convenient. Users can gain access to an ELN anytime and anywhere. Because ELNs can be saved locally or in the cloud, data are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Backup\" title=\"Backup\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e12548e6bf5f28bfee99099fe8662dde\">backed up<\/a> multiple times. Many ELNs are in the market, each with its own merits.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/SciNote\" title=\"SciNote\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fcafe5e3de96d8ba319b70f089a53ea0\">SciNote<\/a> is fairly intuitive and installed locally or through Docker containers.\n<\/p><p>Similarly, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/ELabFTW\" title=\"ELabFTW\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"155590ac366985a7ee3cf74ade1df84a\">eLabFTW<\/a><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Open-source_software\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Open-source software\" data-key=\"c64f7db2bde1cdf753044221b64c0909\">open-source software<\/a> that supports local and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cloud_computing\" title=\"Cloud computing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fcfe5882eaa018d920cedb88398b604f\">cloud<\/a> hosting. eLabFTW also offers a Docker image. However, as with most commercial ELNs, they provide limited storage and only a few functions in their unpaid version.\n<\/p><p>Thus, we created a cloud-based ELN, Elegancy, which employs a hybrid system of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Drupal\" title=\"Drupal\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3a16d047dbab4537c8e1ae2b6f674450\">Drupal<\/a> and our developed modules. Users can install it on local machines or servers with no code at all, and they can access it using a web browser on any mobile device. It is open-source and easy to install and navigate, with all functions available in the same package. Most importantly, Elegancy is entirely free. Elegancy is suitable for laboratories of any type and size. Elegancy would, therefore, be of great use in information sharing and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratory<\/a> work management in the research community.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Results\">Results<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Elegancy is built with a handful of powerful tools that fulfill the basic needs of all kinds of laboratories, as illustrated in Figure 1. \n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig1_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"6008146b5375948a29253073d04050ca\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/7b\/Fig1_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 1.<\/b> The multi-functional modules and main features in Elegancy. It is equipped with all the necessities an ELN requires, from the basic functions such as text editor and file management to those specifically added for biomedical laboratories like chemical molecule drawing. Elegancy also guarantees data safety by following regulations on audit trials and providing data backup and restoration.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Elegancy has several advantages over other ELNs, described below. Elaboration on Elegancy\u2019s complete functions is provided in Supplementary information, Note S1.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Great_user_experience_and_practical_facilities\">Great user experience and practical facilities<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Elegancy is easy to set up, with no code required. Users can build their ELN by following the simple instructions and tutorial videos provided on our website. The graphical user interface (GUI) is intuitive and uncluttered. Options are displayed on the top of the panel, including a calendar that also serves as a timestamp. Users can also track the consumption of either office supplies or chemical solvents. English is the default language of Elegancy, with Mandarin and Japanese as built-in options. Users who have the resources for translation may add other languages. We provide multiple background themes for users to choose.\n<\/p><p>Regarding post-editing, the text editor is similar to commonly used software, such as Microsoft Word or Google Documents. Users can insert code, images, or tables and attach links to uploaded files, multimedia, or other posts (Figure 2).\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig2_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"679b40fdf079b94e7c6a830f7a919d3a\"><img alt=\"Fig2 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/8\/82\/Fig2_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 2.<\/b> Elegancy offers sufficient tools for content editing. <b>A<\/b> Aside from the fundamental text editing tools, users can embed multimedia information such as audio recordings or video links. <b>B<\/b> Users can even insert their code, chemical formulas, or mathematical equations.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>All forum posts can also be exported as PDFs, and their source code is open for template modification if necessary. Elegancy has further been developed to facilitate collaboration. Users can share posts and meeting invitations with other users through e-mail from our ELN. Elegancy also includes a module that analyzes the interactivity between members, which can be presented in charts. Figure 3 is an example of a forum post. Lab members can comment under the main text and reply directly to each comment, thus creating a thread of discussion related to the topic.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig3_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"053c000e473cad49b618f73915da1f57\"><img alt=\"Fig3 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/0\/06\/Fig3_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 3.<\/b> Example of a forum post. <b>A<\/b> Under each Forum, users can create posts with the text editor described in Figure 2. Multimedia and URL links could be attached to the main text. Information including author, forum name, and published time are shown on the top. A QR code is generated for each post at the bottom. Any alterations on this post are recorded in \u201cRevision Operations\u201d for safety measures. <b>B<\/b> Members with access to this forum can comment under the posts and reply to one another.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"An_all-purpose_notebook_with_special_features_aimed_at_biomedical_laboratories\">An all-purpose notebook with special features aimed at biomedical laboratories<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Although Elegancy fits all laboratories, it has features that are highly beneficial to experimental labs. We included Math-Type and Chem-Type plugins from CKEditor to create mathematical equations and chemical formulas. A module for drawing chemical structures is provided; users can also import chemical molecule JSON or CML files (Figure 4).\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig4_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"c1e7eb7edcf03de07899469f0247ec4c\"><img alt=\"Fig4 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/7c\/Fig4_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 4.<\/b> Features developed for biomedical researchers. <b>A<\/b> Users can sketch their scientific findings directly on their screens. <b>B<\/b> Users can either upload saved JSON or CML files of molecule structures or edit a new one using the panel\u2019s toolbox.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>What is more, we developed an optimized mobile device interface. Users can upload photos, drawings, or recordings to their ELNs directly from their phones, saving time and reducing human error in moving data from paper to computers (Figure 5). Elegancy also offers a platform for supply and property management. Although only site managers are granted the authority to create new inventories, all lab members can keep track of their property and supply usage by typing in information, e.g., property name, user, keeper, location, and purchased date (Figure 6). There is no limit on the number of inventories, and the entire supply and property record can be exported as CSV files. In short, Elegancy can be used to document both dry- and wet-lab investigations of any research project.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig5_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"e7e63c05e32b545b81d237e366ddc0e5\"><img alt=\"Fig5 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/b8\/Fig5_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 5.<\/b> The interface and special features of Elegancy on mobile devices. Three special features are developed for users utilizing Elegancy through their mobile devices. <b>A<\/b> Users can record an audio file or upload saved recordings from their devices. <b>B<\/b> Users can take photos directly from their camera or upload images saved on their devices. <b>C<\/b> Users can doodle or write on their screens and upload them directly.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig6_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"e4221a9e5aa62d0179c2d4914db39da4\"><img alt=\"Fig6 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/2f\/Fig6_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 6.<\/b> Supply and property management. Members can search for supplies or properties by typing in keywords. Information regarding said supply or property will be displayed in a simplified list beneath the search bar. By clicking on the name, users can see a detailed view of the object similar to the image on the right, including a photo and QR code.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Fully_featured_and_free_to_use\">Fully featured and free to use<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Most ELNs on the market offer a variety of service plans, yet the free version usually includes limited functions, storage, and resources. This is not the case with Elegancy. All the necessary functionalities are included in the same package, free of charge. We compared Elegancy with other ELNs based on a recent review of the highest-ranked ELNs<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> and a comparison table between several ELNs<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>, as well as the free version of SciNote and eLabFTW (as shown in Table 1). For example, although eLabFTW provides chemical drawing utilities, Elegancy is equipped with those, as well as mathematical and chemical tools. Generally speaking, Elegancy outshines these two ELNs in a handful of aspects. For a detailed comparison between Elegancy and the pricing plans for SciNote and eLabFTW, see Supplemental information, Table S1.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Comparing Elegancy with the free version of SciNote and eLabFTW.<br \/> <br \/><sup>a<\/sup> Follows time-stamp protocol of RFC 3161, and follows validation, audit trials, copies of records, and record retention but not legacy systems (the implementation of electronic signatures) of 21 CFR Part 11.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Aspect\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">SciNote (Free)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">eLabFTW (Free)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#dddddd; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Elegancy\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Number of users\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">One user\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Unlimited\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Elegancy\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Arrange meetings via ELN\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Properties and supplies record\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Unlimited\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Code insertion\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Insert Math-Type\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Chemical compound drawing\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Suitable web interface for mobile devices\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y, but low performance in editing\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Take photos with mobile devices\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Record audio and scribble with mobile devices\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Open-source software\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Local hosting\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Cloud hosting\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Public\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Requires own server\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Requires own server\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Data backup and restoration\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Docker image\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Y\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Audit trails\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">N\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">RFC 3161-compliant\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">RFC 3161\/21 CFR Part 11-compliant<sup>a<\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Optimized_Docker_image\">Optimized Docker image<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Elegancy is built based on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Drupal\" title=\"Drupal\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3a16d047dbab4537c8e1ae2b6f674450\">Drupal<\/a> (Figure 7), allowing users to add personalized modules. It supports operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and several web browsers, including Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer, and Opera. We highly recommend choosing Elegancy\u2019s Docker image over local installation for several reasons. First, cloud backups can spare users the trouble of transferring or restoring databases between hardware storage devices. Second, it enhances data preservation security. Third, users can access their ELN from any device anytime and anywhere. \n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig9_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"af4d8624932398fda4d620ee8fa25634\"><img alt=\"Fig9 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/1\/1d\/Fig9_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 7.<\/b> The basic structure of Drupal. The first layer is the input of nodes as data. The second layer is modules, i.e., functional plugins that are either part of the Drupal core or are created by members of the Drupal community. Modules allow users to customize and rearrange the data on their nodes. The third layer is blocks and menus: Blocks provide the output from a module and can be configured to output in various ways, from only showing on certain pages to only for certain users. Menus are not only navigators in Drupal, defining the content coming on each defined menu path, but also a core element of Drupal, which provide links to all the pages created in Drupal. The last layer is user permissions, which determine what users can execute and read.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The full online resources of Elegancy are shown in Figure 8. The basic hardware requirements to install Elegancy are shown in Figure 9, and the basic instruction for setting up our Docker image with these control scripts is illustrated in Figure 10.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig8_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"a22445b743469eb32bc5957c13c8e169\"><img alt=\"Fig8 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/46\/Fig8_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 8.<\/b> Online source for Elegancy.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig10_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"32ad83fc22a75773689129dd88249980\"><img alt=\"Fig10 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/b5\/Fig10_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 9.<\/b> System requirement for elegancy installation. The basic hardware criterion for Elegancy implementation is a system with at least 1.6 GHz CPU, 4 to 8 GB RAM, and a minimum of 300MB storage. We recommend leaving an additional 100GB to 1TB storage for uploaded data.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig11_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"7049adb8e2b730176f0a34fbce38ac62\"><img alt=\"Fig11 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/c\/cf\/Fig11_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 10.<\/b> Basic instructions for elegancy Docker setup. Elegancy has four steps: Downloading the Docker image, getting shell scripts, installing, and starting Elegancy. Here, we provide the required commands for Linux, MAC, and Windows systems.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Data_security_and_user_authorization\">Data security and user authorization<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Several aspects of the platform guarantee data security. First, we set up an SSL certificate upon installation to prevent unauthorized access and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Encryption\" title=\"Encryption\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"86a503652ed5cc9d8e2b0252a480b5e1\">encrypt<\/a> data during transmission. We allow only one web server portal to be opened and close all others to prevent any malicious invasion. We set the maximum number of login attempts to three times to prevent botnet attacks. Once surpassing this limitation, the user would be locked out for five minutes before signing into their ELN again. Secondly, user access is divided into different levels of authority: Guest, Lab Member, Project Leader, and Site Manager (see Supplemental information, Note S1, Section 3.1). Moreover, using the Docker images ensures remote data <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Backup\" title=\"Backup\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e12548e6bf5f28bfee99099fe8662dde\">backup<\/a> and easy database restoration. \n<\/p><p>Not all ELNs address version control and time-stamping, but this functionality could greatly enhance <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_integrity\" title=\"Data integrity\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"382a9bb77ee3e36bb3b37c79ed813167\">data integrity<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> We complied with the RFC 3161 Time-Stamp Protocol<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> and most of the main requirements regulated by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/21_CFR_Part_11\" title=\"21 CFR Part 11\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0ec495c20a8f17894bd0c1388eda8e7a\">21 CFR Part 11<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> The five specific requirements of 21 CFR Part 11 are validation, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Audit_trail\" title=\"Audit trail\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"96a617b543c5b2f26617288ba923c0f0\">audit trails<\/a>, legacy systems, copies of records, and record retention. We cannot fulfill the requirements for legacy systems and parts of audit trials as we do not currently provide an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Electronic_signature\" title=\"Electronic signature\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"dd6997760552a80c6babaf1174c092f4\">electronic signature<\/a> service. However, the current version of Elegancy offers a computer-generated, time-stamped audit trail that includes all records, each indicating date, time, and actions such as create, modify, and delete. We believe these functions are sufficient for now as Elegancy is not commercial-oriented, and we do not profit from it. The free version of eLabFTW only complies with RFC 3161, while the free version of SciNote does not have audit trials. Nevertheless, we may include electronic signatures in future releases of Elegancy in the form of an optional function. For example, we are considering introducing a blockchain infrastructure for scientific research by adding <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bloxberg.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bloxberg<\/a> as a module of Elegancy, to create a transparent footprint of each scientific record without revealing its content. Such an approach would comply with FDA or healthcare data privacy requirements.\n<\/p><p>All events and modifications are recorded according to username, date, and time, as illustrated in the prior Figure 7. It marks the current version in the \u201cstatus\u201d column. Only members assigned to this forum have access to these revision records. By clicking on the \u201cTrack\u201d icon in Figure 11, users can also view all records of interaction related to this specific forum post, i.e, which members viewed, edited, commented on, or shared this post. This list of records is available to site managers only by default but could be accessible to all lab members by choice. Finally, as we don\u2019t provide any form of data hosting or pricing service, data stored on the users\u2019 device, cloud or server should also warrant data security and confidentiality.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig7_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"97a1e6ffeafd117315bbccd197988a7a\"><img alt=\"Fig7 Huang iScience2022 25-8.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/1\/17\/Fig7_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 11.<\/b> Revision records and user interaction tracking on forum posts. Following RFC 3161 Time-Stamp Protocol and 21 CFR Part 11, Elegancy records any revision on a forum post, as displayed in the figure above, as well as revision time, revised by who, terms, and status. Only members with access to the forum can view this list of records. Another similar function is tracking any interaction related to this post, such as the time and person who visited this post, and so forth. This function is accessible to site managers only by default but could be open to all members.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Discussion\">Discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In summary, Elegancy offers many functions for all types of research labs, especially biomedical research. It supports both local and cloud hosting, which are available with a Docker image. The installation steps are simple, and the user interface is intuitive. Tutorials of Elegancy\u2019s basic functions and an introduction video of the overall features are provided online. Elegancy is compatible with several operating system layers and can be accessed anywhere through any electronic device. It also includes special features specifically for mobile device use. Most importantly, Elegancy is free to use for all users.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Limitations_of_the_study\">Limitations of the study<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Elegancy continues to develop and is expected to receive several feature improvements. First, our team plans to add an auto-reminder function for time-consuming programs or experiments. Second, modern laboratory equipment typically supports exporting results in a digital format. Therefore, we attempt to develop a function via an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Application_programming_interface\" title=\"Application programming interface\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"36fc319869eba4613cb0854b421b0934\">application programming interface<\/a> (API) that directly inputs experiment data into the ELN under a folder specially created for this purpose. As it is impossible to conform to every kind of data format, we may start by extracting keywords such as the basic information shared by most formats (time, date, size, etc.) and then continue to customize them in the future. Third, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Jupyter_Notebook\" title=\"Jupyter Notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"26fd35430c10e009a142bbab5dbf617a\">Jupyter Notebook<\/a> is widely used and indispensable to many laboratories, and as such, binding Jupyter Notebook to our ELN would benefit those highly dependent on it.\n<\/p><p>Moreover, it is proved feasible to create semantic documentation for research data using ELN protocols from wet-lab experiments.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Similarly, our team hopes to be able to not only import protocols from web pages, such as <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.protocols.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">Protocols.io<\/a>, but sync the database to our ELN to assist in extremely complex experiments with numerous detailed steps. Finally, we plan on including electronic signatures as an optional function for audit trials. Users can enable this feature based on their needs.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Development_resources_and_details\">Development resources and details<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.drupal.org\/drupal-7.0\" target=\"_blank\">Drupal 7<\/a>, via Dries Buytaert<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mysql.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">MySQL 8.0.25<\/a>, via Oracle Corporation<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/httpd.apache.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Apache HTTP Server 2.4.41<\/a>, via Apache Software Foundation<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.php.net\/\" target=\"_blank\">PHP 7.1.33<\/a>, via The PHP Development Team, Zend Technologies, and PHP Foundation<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ckeditor.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">CKEditor<\/a>, via CKSource<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/2600239.2600241\" target=\"_blank\">Docker<\/a>, via Dirk Merkel<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssl.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">SSL Certificate<\/a>, via SSL.com<\/li><\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Fundamental_structure\">Fundamental structure<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The open-source content management platform Elegancy is developed based on Drupal 7. The entire platform of Drupal consists of four layers: nodes, modules, blocks and menus, and user permissions. It regards all content as a node, behind which many modules control its display, modification, arrangement, and classification. More deeply, Drupal also uses blocks and menus. Blocks often provide the output from a module or can be created to display whatever the user wants and then can be placed in various spots in customized template layouts. Menus are a core element of Drupal, providing links to all the pages created in Drupal. Finally, permissions determine what users are allowed to do and see. This design allows Drupal not only to create an ordinary blog site but control the way content is displayed and handle permissions with appropriate components. It can instantly become a forum, wiki, personal website, social network, and shopping site.\n<\/p><p>A total of 190 operating modules are found in Elegancy, including core components, the management interface, content creation, data sharing, search engine capacity, panel construction, multilingual support, information safeguarding, and backup and restore capabilities. Among those modules, 170 are modified from the built-in modules, and 20 are constructed by our research and development team. MySQL 8.0.25 was used to establish the database, and Apache HTTP Server 2.4.41 was used to set up the webserver. The programming languages implemented here are PHP 7.1.33, HTML, and CSS. CKEditor, a WYSIWYG text editor specially used on web pages and available as open-source, is the main module implemented in Elegancy. It aims to be lightweight and can be used without over-complicated installation steps. There are a handful of plugins that can be used together with CKEditor. All is possible within a single editing framework from editors similar to Google Docs or Twitter-like applications. Users can add text, programming code, chemical formulas, math equations, hyperlinks, handwriting, table, image, audio, video, or other file types. We also added some customized plugins to the default settings, i.e., the three features developed for mobile devices: audio recording, photo uploads, and doodling on screen. These additional customized features are compatible with all versions of CKEditor.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Installation_and_implementation\">Installation and implementation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To ensure that even users without a background in computer science can easily navigate Elegancy, our team focused on developing an ELN that can be swiftly installed by following simple instructions. Elegancy supports both local and cloud installation. With Inno Setup as the foundation for local installation, we wrapped software packages like Apache, MySQL, and PHP into our installation program. We also included JRE in the package because Java was used in writing programs related to ELN management, which are required for initiating and shutting down ELNs. Local download is currently available for Windows only. However, with the Docker image we provide, the prior-mentioned software is wrapped with the Docker developer, allowing users to install and build their ELNs on different operating systems (e.g., Linux and Windows), DOCKER environments, NAS drives, or cloud computing platforms. To save users from learning complicated Docker commands, we offer a Shell Script with the required commands for installation written inside with no code. For more detailed tutorials, please visit the website <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/elncloud.iis.sinica.edu.tw\/eln_document\/\" target=\"_blank\">housing our user guide<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Data_and_code_availability\">Data and code availability<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Docker image of Elegancy is freely accessible at both <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hub.docker.com\/r\/lsbnb\/eln\" target=\"_blank\">Docker.com<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/lsbnb\/eln\" target=\"_blank\">GitHub.com<\/a>. Upon each download of Elegancy, we collect the basic information of our users, i.e., download time, IP address, user name, affiliation, and e-mail, via a questionnaire survey. The results are shown in the Supplemental information.\n<\/p><p>We also provide a <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/elncloud.iis.sinica.edu.tw\/elndemo\/en\/home\" target=\"_blank\">demo website<\/a> for potential users, as well as a thorough <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/elncloud.iis.sinica.edu.tw\/eln_document\/\" target=\"_blank\">user guide<\/a>. A brief introduction video of Elegancy is available <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KXOa5WNytCM\" target=\"_blank\">on YouTube<\/a>. Detailed information about deployment, installation, setting, and system management is described in the Supplemental information.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Supplemental_information\">Supplemental information<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S2589004222009828-mmc1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Document S1. Notes S1\u2013S3, Figures S1\u2013S28, and Table S1<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The authors thank the fund 110-2320-B-038 -087 -, 110-2314-B-001-006 - and 110-2311-B-001-020 - by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, and partly sponsored by a grant from Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, for financially supporting this research and publication. We also thank Nai-Hsuan Huang, Teng-Chieh Huang, and Shih-Chieh Ilya Li for participating in developing the platform of Elegancy and providing valuable suggestions. Finally, we thank the National Center for High-performance Computing (NCHC), which kindly provided cloud resource for developing the ELN in the cloud.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Author_contributions\">Author contributions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>System development \u2013 C.W.H. and C.Y.L.; article writing \u2013 W.H.C. and C.W.H.; article review & editing \u2013 C.Y.L. and S.H.C.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Resource_availability\">Resource availability<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Further information and requests for resources should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the lead contact, Chung-Yen Lin (cylin at iis dot sinica dot edu dot tw).\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Competing_interests\">Competing interests<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The authors declare no competing interests.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Vines, Timothy H.; Albert, Arianne Y.K.; Andrew, Rose L.; D\u00e9barre, Florence; Bock, Dan G.; Franklin, Michelle T.; Gilbert, Kimberly J.; Moore, Jean-S\u00e9bastien <i>et al.<\/i> (1 January 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960982213014000\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Availability of Research Data Declines Rapidly with Article Age\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Current Biology<\/i> <b>24<\/b> (1): 94\u201397. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.11.014\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.cub.2013.11.014<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960982213014000\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960982213014000<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Availability+of+Research+Data+Declines+Rapidly+with+Article+Age&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.aulast=Vines&rft.aufirst=Timothy%C2%A0H.&rft.au=Vines%2C%26%2332%3BTimothy%C2%A0H.&rft.au=Albert%2C%26%2332%3BArianne%C2%A0Y.K.&rft.au=Andrew%2C%26%2332%3BRose%C2%A0L.&rft.au=D%C3%A9barre%2C%26%2332%3BFlorence&rft.au=Bock%2C%26%2332%3BDan%C2%A0G.&rft.au=Franklin%2C%26%2332%3BMichelle%C2%A0T.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C%26%2332%3BKimberly%C2%A0J.&rft.au=Moore%2C%26%2332%3BJean-S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Renaut%2C%26%2332%3BS%C3%A9bastien&rft.date=1+January+2014&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94%E2%80%9397&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.11.014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982213014000&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Elegancy:_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Riley, Erin M.; Hattaway, Holly Z.; Felse, P. 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(1 August 2001) (in en). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/info\/rfc3161\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Time-Stamp Protocol (TSP)<\/i><\/a>. pp. RFC3161. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17487%2Frfc3161\" target=\"_blank\">10.17487\/rfc3161<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/info\/rfc3161\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/info\/rfc3161<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+X.509+Public+Key+Infrastructure+Time-Stamp+Protocol+%28TSP%29&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.au=Cain%2C%26%2332%3BP.&rft.au=Pinkas%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.au=Zuccherato%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.date=1+August+2001&rft.pages=pp.+RFC3161&rft_id=info:doi\/10.17487%2Frfc3161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Finfo%2Frfc3161&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Elegancy:_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-A\/part-11\" target=\"_blank\">\"Part 11 - Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures\"<\/a>. <i>Code of Federal Regulations<\/i>. National Archives. 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-A\/part-11\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-A\/part-11<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Part+11+-+Electronic+Records%3B+Electronic+Signatures&rft.atitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.date=2020&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcurrent%2Ftitle-21%2Fchapter-I%2Fsubchapter-A%2Fpart-11&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Elegancy:_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Schr\u00f6der, Max; Staehlke, Susanne; Groth, Paul; Nebe, J. Barbara; Spors, Sascha; Kr\u00fcger, Frank (1 December 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13326-021-00257-x\" target=\"_blank\">\"Structure-based knowledge acquisition from electronic lab notebooks for research data provenance documentation\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Biomedical Semantics<\/i> <b>13<\/b> (1): 4. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13326-021-00257-x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s13326-021-00257-x<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2041-1480\" target=\"_blank\">2041-1480<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8802522\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8802522<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35101121\" target=\"_blank\">35101121<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13326-021-00257-x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13326-021-00257-x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Structure-based+knowledge+acquisition+from+electronic+lab+notebooks+for+research+data+provenance+documentation&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biomedical+Semantics&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C%26%2332%3BMax&rft.au=Staehlke%2C%26%2332%3BSusanne&rft.au=Groth%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.au=Nebe%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+Barbara&rft.au=Spors%2C%26%2332%3BSascha&rft.au=Kr%C3%BCger%2C%26%2332%3BFrank&rft.date=1+December+2022&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs13326-021-00257-x&rft.issn=2041-1480&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8802522&rft_id=info:pmid\/35101121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs13326-021-00257-x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Elegancy:_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with minor changes to presentation; grammar and spelling required more cleanup for improved readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original article listed references in alphabetical order; this version lists them in order of appearance, by design. The original has images out of place; they were rearranged to make the most sense for this version. Nothing else was changed in accordance with the NoDerivatives portion of the license.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103184830\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.265 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.801 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 11529\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 90486\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 28562\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 22072\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 138.974 1 -total\n 74.49% 103.528 1 Template:Reflist\n 55.35% 76.926 10 Template:Citation\/core\n 48.38% 67.232 7 Template:Cite_journal\n 18.73% 26.028 1 Template:Infobox_journal_article\n 16.45% 22.861 1 Template:Infobox\n 12.97% 18.018 3 Template:Cite_web\n 10.33% 14.362 10 Template:Date\n 9.04% 12.565 80 Template:Infobox\/row\n 7.95% 11.048 17 Template:Citation\/identifier\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13800-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103184829 and revision id 50173. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Elegancy:_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Elegancy:_Digitizing_the_wisdom_from_laboratories_to_the_cloud_with_free_no-code_platform<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","04b3c2be7f3cb0e400fed4f09bdaf482_images":["https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/be\/GA1_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/7b\/Fig1_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/8\/82\/Fig2_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/0\/06\/Fig3_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/7c\/Fig4_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/b8\/Fig5_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/2f\/Fig6_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/1\/1d\/Fig9_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/4\/46\/Fig8_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/b5\/Fig10_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/c\/cf\/Fig11_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/1\/17\/Fig7_Huang_iScience2022_25-8.jpg"],"04b3c2be7f3cb0e400fed4f09bdaf482_timestamp":1672771709,"cad7be6396652dad724d905ee470f378_type":"article","cad7be6396652dad724d905ee470f378_title":"Implementing an institution-wide electronic laboratory notebook initiative (Foster et al. 2022)","cad7be6396652dad724d905ee470f378_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative","cad7be6396652dad724d905ee470f378_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:Implementing an institution-wide electronic laboratory notebook initiativeFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nImplementing an institution-wide electronic laboratory notebook initiativeJournal\n \nJournal of the Medical Library AssociationAuthor(s)\n \nFoster, Erin D.; Whipple, Elizabeth C.; Rios, Gabriel R.Author affiliation(s)\n \nUniversity of California Berkeley, Indiana University School of MedicinePrimary contact\n \nEmail: grrios at iu dot eduYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n110 (2)Page(s)\n \n222\u20137DOI\n \n10.5195\/jmla.2022.1407ISSN\n \n1558-9439Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/jmla.pitt.edu\/ojs\/jmla\/article\/view\/1407Download\n \nhttps:\/\/jmla.pitt.edu\/ojs\/jmla\/article\/view\/1407\/2055 (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Background \n3 Case presentation \n\n3.1 Pilot phase (September 2018\u2013March 2019) \n3.2 Launch (April 2019) \n\n\n4 Discussion \n5 Limitations \n\n5.1 Changing a research culture \n5.2 Closing \n\n\n6 Supplemental material \n7 Acknowledgements \n\n7.1 Author contributions \n7.2 Data availability \n\n\n8 References \n9 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nBackground: To strengthen institutional research data management practices, the Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) licensed an electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) to improve the organization, security, and shareability of information and data generated by the school\u2019s researchers. The Ruth Lilly Medical Library led implementation on behalf of the IUSM\u2019s Office of Research Affairs.\nCase presentation: This article describes the pilot and full-scale implementation of an ELN at IUSM. The initial pilot of the ELN in late 2018 involved 15 research labs, with access expanded in 2019 to all academic medical school constituents. The Ruth Lilly Medical Library supports researchers using the ELN by (1) delivering trainings that cover strategies for adopting an ELN and a hands-on demo of the licensed ELN, (2) providing one-on-one consults with research laboratories or groups as needed, and (3) developing best practice guidance and template notebooks to assist in adoption of the ELN. The library also communicates availability of the ELN to faculty, students, and staff through presentations delivered at department meetings and write-ups in the institution's newsletter, as appropriate.\nConclusion: As of August 2021, there are 829 users at IUSM. Ongoing challenges include determining what support to offer beyond the existing training, sustaining adoption of the ELN within research labs, and defining \u201csuccessful\u201d adoption at the institution level. By leading the development of this service, the library is more strongly integrated and visible in the research activities of the institution, particularly as related to information and data management. \nKeywords: electronic laboratory notebook, institutional collaborations, information management\n\nBackground \nResearch institutions are currently facing a variety of information and data management challenges, such as increasing amounts of data regenerated, a greater need for data storage, demand for replicability and reproducibility, funder mandates for data sharing, and acts of research misconduct. Within university settings, electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs) are marketed as an improvement to paper notebooks, including improved information retrieval and data sharing.[1][2][3][4][5] Additionally, ELNs can ingest and store large(r) amounts of data, with many also offering integrated options fordata backup and data security.[6] Lastly, ELNs may promote research reproducibility by providing improved documentation of research processes, particularly through features such as versioning and revision tracking.[6][7][8]\nDespite these purported advantages, numerous barriers may discourage researchers from transitioning from paper notebooks to ELNs. One primary challenge is cost; unless these tools are licensed by their home institutions, research laboratories or groups find themselves shouldering the cost of a license for these products. For some, this is a possibility via research funds; however, most find themselves unable or unwilling to cover such a cost.[3][7][8][9] While many ELN products offer a \u201cfreemium\u201d model whereby a given number of people or a given amount of storage is free, the limitations of the free versions rarely meet the needs of researchers over time. Additionally, features like institutional single sign-on and integration with an institution's cloud storage subscriptions (e.g., Google Drive, Box, Microsoft OneDrive) are often only available with institutional licensing. This is particularly notable for providing additional data security measures important to protecting research information, as well as enabling retention of this information and data by academic institutions.\nDue to research universities' growing concerns over institutional cybersecurity and protecting data assets, universities increasingly require their researchers to ensure the security of their research data. This emphasis on data security\u2014which includes guidance on entering, storing, and retaining data with third parties\u2014can further complicate ELN adoption since these products often process and store data in the cloud.[6][10] This highlights the importance of auditing an ELN product to ensure that third-party companies' data practices are compliant with university standards. This step is easily overlooked when individual research labs or groups purchase licenses for ELN use outside of institutional units (e.g., Procurement Office) or use the free version of an ELN for academic research. Communicating the importance of the institutional security review and its function to protect research data and information long-term for both researchers and the institution is crucial, as is ensuring that the security review process itself is well-documented and timely in its completion.\nThe learning curves posed by integrating new software into researcher workflows create additional barriers to widespread ELN adoption. For researchers accustomed to paper notebooks, taking the time to implement and learn a new method of doing something as fundamental as recording and entering data may seem daunting. As with any tool, different tools and user interface learning curves contribute to the difficulty of adopting use of ELNs consistently across research labs or groups. As Argento notes, \"One challenge that remains for the success of data management is the slow adoption of the ELN by research staff, partly because the ELN is still a work in progress, partly because old working habits are slow to change.\"[10] ELNs are promoted as improving efficiency in access to research data, data management, communication, and information sharing, but often these efficiencies are not immediately evident, especially if the adoption of an ELN within a research group or lab is not thoughtfully and systematically approached.\nMany researchers expect that ELNs must prove easier than using paper in order to justify changing an established workflow. However, an evaluation that only views ELNs through their functions for recordkeeping is incomplete, as ELNs offer functionality beyond documenting experiments and observations. Others have addressed this point by suggesting that ELNs should be viewed as a supplement to print lab notebooks but more dynamic.[8]\nA last point made by Rudolphi and Goossen is that academia tends to be more decentralized and diverse, which is something that many ELNs don't take into account; also, IT in academia is diverse with many storage\/operating systems.[11] While this will likely be an ongoing challenge with ELN adoption in academia, libraries may offer assistance, particularly when it comes to helping researchers integrate an ELN into their research groups or labs from a research workflow and institutional policy perspective. The role that libraries play in supporting ELNs within academia is not well documented, even less so when it comes to academic medical libraries. A 2018 scan by Sayre et al. of 35 top academic research institutions found that 10 libraries out of the 35 institutions provided ELN support of some kind.[12] Support came in the forms of instruction and consultations, library (or non-library) developed guides or web pages about a particular ELN product, or ELNs in general. For those libraries that support research data services, Sayre et al. noted that ELNs provide a way of expanding support to encompass other areas, such as intellectual property, licensing, and digital preservation.[12]\nThis was a perspective also shared by Grynoch, who compared 25 academic institutional policies related to data retention and data transferal, specifically in how these policies referenced ELNs.[13] In particular, their paper mentioned how the University of Massachusetts Medical Library worked closely with university IT to develop language around ELN transferal, as well as a process for retaining ELNs when researchers depart the institution. This guidance is intended to clearly communicate how researchers can \u201ctake\u201d a copy of their ELN and research data and information with them, while also ensuring the university retains the original. While this type of partnership with IT and development of policy and procedure (P&P) is not inherently built into many library research data services, it is natural in many ways by balancing the user-facing interaction of the library with the technical ability and infrastructure support offered by IT. Libraries engaging with campus ELN efforts can play a large role in contributing to decision-making on campus infrastructure and policy, as these areas are highly relevant to the adoption and use of an ELN at an institution.\nIn order to provide a solution to the information and data management challenges facing the institution and their researchers, the Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) adopted an ELN system. LabArchives was the ELN selected for an institutional license, chosen based on an assessment of six other major universities. The identified universities in the assessment support (or supported) institutional licenses of LabArchives. IUSM is the largest medical school in the United States and supports a large research enterprise across its nine campuses in Indiana. The ELN initiative is led by the Ruth Lilly Medical Library and its librarians, who serve all campuses of IUSM and are based in Indianapolis. The medical library was chosen to lead this initiative due to the presence of a library data services program and a data librarian position, as well as the library's role supporting researchers across all disciplines at IUSM.\n\nCase presentation \n Pilot phase (September 2018\u2013March 2019) \nUpon identifying LabArchives for piloting, 15 principal investigators (PIs) volunteered to test out LabArchives in their respective labs following a call for early adopters from the IUSM Office of Research Affairs. From September 2018 to March 2019, these labs were trained in the use of LabArchives and began the process of adopting the ELN within their labs. Initial trainings were held by the vendor (i.e., LabArchives), with the Ruth Lilly Medical Library staff taking over training beginning in October 2018.\nA user survey to these early adopter groups was distributed in March 2019 (Supplement 1). The survey was anonymous and distributed to the 15 labs (consisting of 67 individual users), with 21 users fully completing the survey (31% response rate). Of the respondents, the majority (67%, n = 14) used LabArchives 50% to 100% of the time as opposed to another notebook (e.g., paper, other ELN). Twenty of the respondents (95%) also indicated that they adopted specific information and data management practices in their use of LabArchives, including:\n\nTemplates for consistently documenting activities like experiments (Supplement 2);\nShared protocols in LabArchives notebooks;\nNaming convention adoption and establishment; and\nWidget use for routine entries (e.g., calculating amounts, etc.).\nLastly, 16 respondents (73%) agreed that use of LabArchives improved their labs' efficiency.\n\n Launch (April 2019) \nIn April 2019, LabArchives was made available to the entire School of Medicine\u2014including faculty, students, and staff\u2014across all nine regional campuses. As the largest medical school in the country, IUSM has a full time equivalent (FTE) of nearly 7,000 full-time, part-time, and volunteer faculty; 1,265 residents and fellows; and an average class size of 360 medical students. While much of the school's research takes place on the Indianapolis campus, active research occurs on all nine campuses; however, the Ruth Lilly Medical Library and its librarians serve all campuses of IUSM while being based in Indianapolis.\nAs in the pilot phase, the same user survey was distributed again in October 2019 to assess both the use of LabArchives as well as perceptions of impact. In its second round, the survey was distributed to 233 users of LabArchives who were affiliated with research labs; 60 users submitted complete responses (26% response rate). Some highlights included the following: Of the respondents, 50% (n = 30) used LabArchives 50% to 100% of the time (as opposed to another notebook). Additionally, 70% (n = 42) of respondents agreed that lab leadership (i.e., PIs, lab managers) encouraged use of LabArchives. Forty of the respondents (67%) indicated that they adopted specific information and data management practices in their use of LabArchives, such as implementing templates for documenting experiments, sharing protocols, or establishing naming conventions. Lastly, 32 respondents (53%) agreed that use of LabArchives improved their labs' efficiency.\nOver the two years since the launch of LabArchives at IUSM, LabArchives user accounts have increased month over month (Figure 1). As of August 2021, there are 829 accounts across 22 (out of 25) IUSM departments. While there are individual users of LabArchives, most of the users are affiliated with a research group or lab. The continued adoption within IUSM is supported by monthly training sessions delivered through the Ruth Lilly Medical Library, individual consults, and email correspondence.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1. Number of LabArchives users May 2019\u2013May 2021\n\n\n\nDiscussion \nAs the ELN pilot progressed, the data services librarian's role and time commitment increased and prompted the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's director to meet with IUSM Research Affairs leadership to negotiate FTE for the library's role. As a result of the negotiations, the medical library received funding for 1.0 FTE to focus on IUSM research initiatives, including the rollout of the ELN. Acquiring this extra position was a big win for the library and a commitment to the long-term partnership between the medical library and the school's research office.\nAs the library assumed a leadership role for the ELN, with support from IUSM Research Affairs, an Information Management Advisory Board (IMAB) was established with representatives from research affairs administration, marketing and communications, information technology, prominent PIs from the school, and the medical library. The IMAB was formed to guide the implementation and long-term support of the ELN, as well as other IUSM information and data management initiatives. Additionally, a representative from the medical library actively participates in a monthly Lab Optimization group focused on IUSM lab efficiency and lab space considerations, which often dovetails well with information management and ELN usage. Involvement with this group has led to a broader understanding of IUSM lab optimization priorities, alignment of mutual interests, and good information sharing. This group often works with faculty who may also be interested in help with data management and use of an ELN, which results in interested researchers being referred to the library.\nThe establishment of the IMAB in particular is a critical component to this initiative's success. The IMAB has given credence to the establishment and sustainability of the ELN initiative. IMAB members provided key feedback on the rollout and promotion of the ELN. Furthermore, PIs on the board have created models for other labs to follow. In addition to ELNs, the IMAB is examining information management issues (e.g., institutional data management plans) at IUSM on a much broader scale than lab notebooks. The board has allowed for important conversations related to policy and infrastructure development that may impact use of ELNs, as well as other information and data management practices of researchers.\nOne important discussion held by the IMAB related to establishing data retention expectations for IUSM. As noted in the literature, the expectations around data retention are not often clear or detailed enough when it comes to ELNs at institutions; existing guidance (if any) is geared toward paper lab notebooks.[13] This discussion led to the drafting of a data retention policy by campus library partners that includes minimum expectations for research data retention at IUSM, which explicitly mentions ELNs under the definition of \"research data,\" to be retained when PIs depart the school. This policy was approved July 1, 2021, and formally adopted on October 8, 2021.[14] Moving forward, both IMAB and Lab Optimization members will be key groups to assist in raising awareness about this new policy and its expectations.\n\nLimitations \nResponsibilities for supporting the ELN are currently divided among three librarians who directly support research at IUSM. This roughly equates to 1.5 FTEs. While a significant impact of this work involved the gain of an entire (1.0) FTE, the unforeseen onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 created challenges and delayed additional enhancements to ELN support at IUSM. For example, in 2020, the library anticipated more active promotion of LabArchives through planned outreach, such as conducting in-depth follow-ups with individual labs using LabArchives, adding additional seasonal training on new features, and targeted training of new staff brought onto research labs or groups. The pandemic and the transition of research at IUSM effectively put these plans on hold. Future plans include surveying IUSM LabArchives users again to inform current use practices and promotion activities.\nAdditionally, there is a need to identify metrics that accurately capture use and adoption of LabArchives. Currently, LabArchives provides metrics on users' \"activities,\" which are classified as anything from logging in and looking at notebook pages to actually adding information and data or making comments on notebook pages. These are a wide range of actions to group under a single metric category. As such, having more granular metrics would better inform to what degree ELNs are utilized by users. For example, more visibility as to which users are solely logging in versus those who are logging in and adding content would assist with identifying outreach and support activities by the library to raise awareness on functionality and potential use of an ELN.\nThe question of adoption among IUSM LabArchives users continues to be discussed as well. To date, adoption has primarily been defined by increasing user numbers; however, those numbers do not tell the full story, namely because those users have varying degrees of engagement with LabArchives. Better integration of LabArchives' provided metrics and the user survey responses may assist with painting a richer picture of what \"adoption\" means at the school. Also, working with the IMAB and other campus partners to define what successful adoption of LabArchives looks like moving into the future would assist with these efforts.\n\nChanging a research culture \nOverall, implementation of the ELN initiative at IUSM has involved introducing changes to the research culture of the school. ELN products are tools that exist in a broader (research) ecosystem, and their use impacts not just the researchers but the broader administration of research at an institution. Brian Nosek, a researcher in open science, has identified five distinct steps institutions can take to begin to change a research culture, particularly if the interest is in retaining research data and enhancing the reproducibility of institutionally produced research.[15] The approach at IUSM (unwittingly) follows the steps outlined by Nosek in many ways (Figure 2).\n\nInfrastructure has been created by providing the centralized licensing of LabArchives by IUSM to allow for free access to affiliated researchers.\nUser interface\/experience is subjective in terms of ease of use; however, in the last user survey, the majority of respondents at IUSM reported that LabArchives made their work more efficient, which may correlate with \"ease\" of experience.\nCommunities have been created through the early adopters of LabArchives at IUSM, which continue to grow each month. Use of ELNs may become normative naturally if adoption continues to rise. However, building communities will require additional effort, including reaching out to new faculty or creating spaces for IUSM users to showcase their use of LabArchives with peers. Beyond the researchers, the development of the IMAB and Lab Optimization groups have established another form of community between research faculty and staff; these spaces allow the school to address challenges that exist across areas of research.\nIncentives are an area of ongoing development; much of the incentivization so far has been centered around the improved efficiency of ELNs over paper notebooks. While responses from user surveys have supported that, it is important to more clearly elucidate what forms these efficiencies take in order to set expectations and incentivize users moving forward.\nPolicy changes so far have been reflected in the changes to the institution's redefined expectations around research data retention. In the case of changing research culture, any policy that addresses ELN usage must ideally make clear how use of such a tool will result in a net benefit to the school, its researchers, and those who support the research enterprise.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 2. Strategy for culture and behavior change. Image by Brian Nosek, retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cos.io\/blog\/strategy-for-culture-change on October 8, 2021. Creative Commons License associated: https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/.\n\n\n\nClosing \nThis initiative at IUSM has moved forward in many significant ways\u2014with the continued support from administration and engagement with researchers at IUSM\u2014and users (and use) of LabArchives are likely to steadily increase at the school. The success of the ELN initiative is just one piece of the research landscape at IUSM; this paper demonstrates the integral role libraries can have in supporting, growing, and shaping the information and data management priorities to move research reproducibility forward.\n\nSupplemental material \nThe supplemental material for this study is found here. It includes the following:\n\nSupplement1_LabArchives_UserSurvey-Format.pdf\nSupplement2_ELN_Template.tif\nSupplement3_LabArchivesTraining_SlideDeck-template.pdf\nAcknowledgements \nAuthor contributions \nEDF: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, project administration, writing \u2013 original draft, writing \u2013 review & editing. ECW: conceptualization, project administration, writing \u2013 original draft, writing \u2013 review & editing. GRR: conceptualization, writing\u2014original draft, writing\u2014review & editing.\n\nData availability \nData associated with this article are available here: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7912\/D2\/29. Supplemental materials (Supplement 1: User survey form, Supplement 2: Template structure, Supplement 3: Class training slides\/outline) can be found here: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1805\/27739.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Harvard Longwood Medical Area Research Data Management Working Group (19 May 2021). \"Electronic Lab Notebook Comparison Matrix\" (in en). Zenodo. doi:10.5281\/ZENODO.4723753. https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/4723753 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kloeckner, Frederik; Farkas, Robert; Franken, Tobias; Schmitz-Rode, Thomas (1 January 2014). \"Development of a prediction model on the acceptance of electronic laboratory notebooks in academic environments\". Biomedical Engineering \/ Biomedizinische Technik 59 (2). doi:10.1515\/bmt-2013-0023. ISSN 1862-278X. https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bmt-2013-0023\/html .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 Machina, Hari K.; Wild, David J. (1 August 2013). \"Electronic Laboratory Notebooks Progress and Challenges in Implementation\" (in en). SLAS Technology 18 (4): 264\u2013268. doi:10.1177\/2211068213484471. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2472630322016284 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Marvin, Michael C. (1 September 2020). \"Microsoft OneNote provides continuity for undergraduate biochemistry lab during a pandemic\" (in en). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 48 (5): 523\u2013525. doi:10.1002\/bmb.21437. ISSN 1470-8175. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bmb.21437 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Voegele, Catherine; Bouchereau, Baptiste; Robinot, Nivonirina; McKay, James; Damiecki, Philippe; Alteyrac, Lucile (1 July 2013). \"A universal open-source Electronic Laboratory Notebook\" (in en). Bioinformatics 29 (13): 1710\u20131712. doi:10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt253. ISSN 1367-4803. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt253 .   \n \n\n\u2191 6.0 6.1 6.2 Guerrero, Santiago; Dujardin, Gwendal; Cabrera-Andrade, Alejandro; Paz-y-Mi\u00f1o, C\u00e9sar; Indacochea, Alberto; Ingl\u00e9s-Ferr\u00e1ndiz, Marta; Nadimpalli, Hima Priyanka; Collu, Nicola et al. (1 August 2016). Martens, Lennart. ed. \"Analysis and Implementation of an Electronic Laboratory Notebook in a Biomedical Research Institute\" (in en). PLOS ONE 11 (8): e0160428. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0160428. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC PMC4968837. PMID 27479083. https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0160428 .   \n \n\n\u2191 7.0 7.1 Badiola, Katrina A.; Bird, Colin; Brocklesby, William S.; Casson, John; Chapman, Richard T.; Coles, Simon J.; Cronshaw, James R.; Fisher, Adam et al. (2015). \"Experiences with a researcher-centric ELN\" (in en). Chemical Science 6 (3): 1614\u20131629. doi:10.1039\/C4SC02128B. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC PMC5639792. PMID 29308130. http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C4SC02128B .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 8.2 Kanza, Samantha; Willoughby, Cerys; Gibbins, Nicholas; Whitby, Richard; Frey, Jeremy Graham; Erjavec, Jana; Zupan\u010di\u010d, Klemen; Hren, Matja\u017e et al. (1 December 2017). \"Electronic lab notebooks: can they replace paper?\" (in en). Journal of Cheminformatics 9 (1): 31. doi:10.1186\/s13321-017-0221-3. ISSN 1758-2946. PMC PMC5443717. PMID 29086051. https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-017-0221-3 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wright, Jerry M (2009). \"Make it better but don't change anything\" (in en). Automated Experimentation 1 (1): 5. doi:10.1186\/1759-4499-1-5. ISSN 1759-4499. PMC PMC2810290. PMID 20098591. http:\/\/aejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1759-4499-1-5 .   \n \n\n\u2191 10.0 10.1 Argento, Nicolas (4 March 2020). \"Institutional ELN\/LIMS deployment: Highly customizable ELN\/LIMS platform as a cornerstone of digital transformation for life sciences research institutes\" (in en). EMBO reports 21 (3). doi:10.15252\/embr.201949862. ISSN 1469-221X. PMC PMC7054672. PMID 32129000. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.15252\/embr.201949862 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rudolphi, Felix; Goossen, Lukas J. (27 February 2012). \"Electronic Laboratory Notebook: The Academic Point of View\" (in en). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 52 (2): 293\u2013301. doi:10.1021\/ci2003895. ISSN 1549-9596. https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/ci2003895 .   \n \n\n\u2191 12.0 12.1 Sayre, Franklin; Bakker, Caitlin; Kelly, Julie; Kocher, Megan; Lafferty, Meghan (19 October 2018). \"Support for Electronic Lab Notebooks at Top American Research Universities\". Journal of eScience Librarianship \/ (\/): e1140. doi:10.7191\/jeslib.2018.1140. https:\/\/publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu\/jeslib\/article\/id\/325\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 13.0 13.1 Grynoch, Catherine T. (19 January 2021). \"Finding Connections in Policies Covering Electronic Laboratory Notebook Retention and Transferal\". Journal of eScience Librarianship 10 (1): 1190. doi:10.7191\/jeslib.2021.1190. https:\/\/publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu\/jeslib\/article\/id\/447\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Indiana University School of Medicine (8 October 2021). \"IUSM Research Data Ownership and Retention Policy\". Indiana University. https:\/\/policies.medicine.iu.edu\/policies\/ra-adm-0001\/index.html . Retrieved 04 January 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Nosek, B. (11 June 2019). \"Strategy for Culture Change\". Center for Open Science. https:\/\/www.cos.io\/blog\/strategy-for-culture-change . Retrieved 08 October 2021 .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative<\/a>\nCategories: LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2022)LIMSwiki journal articles (all)LIMSwiki journal articles on data management and sharingLIMSwiki journal articles on laboratory informaticsLIMSwiki journal articles on softwareNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageEncyclopedic articlesRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationPopular publications\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 24 October 2022, at 19:52.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 180 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","cad7be6396652dad724d905ee470f378_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-206 ns-subject page-Journal_Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative rootpage-Journal_Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:Implementing an institution-wide electronic laboratory notebook initiative<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Background<\/b>: To strengthen institutional research <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_management\" title=\"Information management\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f8672d270c0750a858ed940158ca0a73\">data management<\/a> practices, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Indiana_University_%E2%80%93_Purdue_University_Indianapolis\" title=\"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"caf9f1993676d69d9b8c55786cfd8b1e\">Indiana University School of Medicine<\/a> (IUSM) licensed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Electronic_laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Electronic laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a9fbbd5e0807980106763fab31f1e72f\">electronic laboratory notebook<\/a> (ELN) to improve the organization, security, and shareability of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information\" title=\"Information\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6300a14d9c2776dcca0999b5ed940e7d\">information<\/a> and data generated by the school\u2019s researchers. The Ruth Lilly Medical Library led implementation on behalf of the IUSM\u2019s Office of Research Affairs.\n<\/p><p><b>Case presentation<\/b>: This article describes the pilot and full-scale implementation of an ELN at IUSM. The initial pilot of the ELN in late 2018 involved 15 research labs, with access expanded in 2019 to all academic medical school constituents. The Ruth Lilly Medical Library supports researchers using the ELN by (1) delivering trainings that cover strategies for adopting an ELN and a hands-on demo of the licensed ELN, (2) providing one-on-one consults with research <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratories<\/a> or groups as needed, and (3) developing best practice guidance and template notebooks to assist in adoption of the ELN. The library also communicates availability of the ELN to faculty, students, and staff through presentations delivered at department meetings and write-ups in the institution's newsletter, as appropriate.\n<\/p><p><b>Conclusion<\/b>: As of August 2021, there are 829 users at IUSM. Ongoing challenges include determining what support to offer beyond the existing training, sustaining adoption of the ELN within research labs, and defining \u201csuccessful\u201d adoption at the institution level. By leading the development of this service, the library is more strongly integrated and visible in the research activities of the institution, particularly as related to information and data management. \n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: electronic laboratory notebook, institutional collaborations, information management\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Background\">Background<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Research institutions are currently facing a variety of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_management\" title=\"Information management\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f8672d270c0750a858ed940158ca0a73\">information and data management<\/a> challenges, such as increasing amounts of data regenerated, a greater need for data storage, demand for replicability and reproducibility, funder mandates for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_sharing\" title=\"Data sharing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a99d5fda27f755c693c65864d9286130\">data sharing<\/a>, and acts of research misconduct. Within university settings, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Electronic_laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Electronic laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a9fbbd5e0807980106763fab31f1e72f\">electronic laboratory notebooks<\/a> (ELNs) are marketed as an improvement to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"be60c7be96aba8e9a84537fd8835fa54\">paper notebooks<\/a>, including improved information retrieval and data sharing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, ELNs can ingest and store large(r) amounts of data, with many also offering integrated options for<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Backup\" title=\"Backup\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e12548e6bf5f28bfee99099fe8662dde\">data backup<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_security\" title=\"Information security\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9eff362d944224ff1d4ffe3a149d7cff\">data security<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Lastly, ELNs may promote research reproducibility by providing improved documentation of research processes, particularly through features such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Version_control\" title=\"Version control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"81823f6b21d385f8db9ac0a17b571cc1\">versioning and revision tracking<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Despite these purported advantages, numerous barriers may discourage researchers from transitioning from paper notebooks to ELNs. One primary challenge is cost; unless these tools are licensed by their home institutions, research <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratories<\/a> or groups find themselves shouldering the cost of a license for these products. For some, this is a possibility via research funds; however, most find themselves unable or unwilling to cover such a cost.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> While many ELN products offer a \u201cfreemium\u201d model whereby a given number of people or a given amount of storage is free, the limitations of the free versions rarely meet the needs of researchers over time. Additionally, features like institutional single sign-on and integration with an institution's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cloud_computing\" title=\"Cloud computing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fcfe5882eaa018d920cedb88398b604f\">cloud storage<\/a> subscriptions (e.g., Google Drive, Box, Microsoft OneDrive) are often only available with institutional licensing. This is particularly notable for providing additional data security measures important to protecting research <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information\" title=\"Information\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6300a14d9c2776dcca0999b5ed940e7d\">information<\/a>, as well as enabling <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_retention\" title=\"Data retention\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d77533b92d003d39cee958a82b62391a\">retention<\/a> of this information and data by academic institutions.\n<\/p><p>Due to research universities' growing concerns over institutional <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cybersecurity\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Cybersecurity\" data-key=\"ba653dc2a1384e5f9f6ac9dc1a740109\">cybersecurity<\/a> and protecting data assets, universities increasingly require their researchers to ensure the security of their research data. This emphasis on data security\u2014which includes guidance on entering, storing, and retaining data with third parties\u2014can further complicate ELN adoption since these products often process and store data in the cloud.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> This highlights the importance of auditing an ELN product to ensure that third-party companies' data practices are compliant with university standards. This step is easily overlooked when individual research labs or groups purchase licenses for ELN use outside of institutional units (e.g., Procurement Office) or use the free version of an ELN for academic research. Communicating the importance of the institutional security review and its function to protect research data and information long-term for both researchers and the institution is crucial, as is ensuring that the security review process itself is well-documented and timely in its completion.\n<\/p><p>The learning curves posed by integrating new software into researcher <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Workflow\" title=\"Workflow\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"92bd8748272e20d891008dcb8243e8a8\">workflows<\/a> create additional barriers to widespread ELN adoption. For researchers accustomed to paper notebooks, taking the time to implement and learn a new method of doing something as fundamental as recording and entering data may seem daunting. As with any tool, different tools and user interface learning curves contribute to the difficulty of adopting use of ELNs consistently across research labs or groups. As Argento notes, \"One challenge that remains for the success of data management is the slow adoption of the ELN by research staff, partly because the ELN is still a work in progress, partly because old working habits are slow to change.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> ELNs are promoted as improving efficiency in access to research data, data management, communication, and information sharing, but often these efficiencies are not immediately evident, especially if the adoption of an ELN within a research group or lab is not thoughtfully and systematically approached.\n<\/p><p>Many researchers expect that ELNs must prove easier than using paper in order to justify changing an established workflow. However, an evaluation that only views ELNs through their functions for recordkeeping is incomplete, as ELNs offer functionality beyond documenting experiments and observations. Others have addressed this point by suggesting that ELNs should be viewed as a supplement to print lab notebooks but more dynamic.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>A last point made by Rudolphi and Goossen is that academia tends to be more decentralized and diverse, which is something that many ELNs don't take into account; also, IT in academia is diverse with many storage\/operating systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> While this will likely be an ongoing challenge with ELN adoption in academia, libraries may offer assistance, particularly when it comes to helping researchers integrate an ELN into their research groups or labs from a research workflow and institutional policy perspective. The role that libraries play in supporting ELNs within academia is not well documented, even less so when it comes to academic medical libraries. A 2018 scan by Sayre <i>et al.<\/i> of 35 top academic research institutions found that 10 libraries out of the 35 institutions provided ELN support of some kind.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Support came in the forms of instruction and consultations, library (or non-library) developed guides or web pages about a particular ELN product, or ELNs in general. For those libraries that support research data services, Sayre <i>et al.<\/i> noted that ELNs provide a way of expanding support to encompass other areas, such as intellectual property, licensing, and digital preservation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>This was a perspective also shared by Grynoch, who compared 25 academic institutional policies related to data retention and data transferal, specifically in how these policies referenced ELNs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> In particular, their paper mentioned how the University of Massachusetts Medical Library worked closely with university IT to develop language around ELN transferal, as well as a process for retaining ELNs when researchers depart the institution. This guidance is intended to clearly communicate how researchers can \u201ctake\u201d a copy of their ELN and research data and information with them, while also ensuring the university retains the original. While this type of partnership with IT and development of policy and procedure (P&P) is not inherently built into many library research data services, it is natural in many ways by balancing the user-facing interaction of the library with the technical ability and infrastructure support offered by IT. Libraries engaging with campus ELN efforts can play a large role in contributing to decision-making on campus infrastructure and policy, as these areas are highly relevant to the adoption and use of an ELN at an institution.\n<\/p><p>In order to provide a solution to the information and data management challenges facing the institution and their researchers, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Indiana_University_%E2%80%93_Purdue_University_Indianapolis\" title=\"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"caf9f1993676d69d9b8c55786cfd8b1e\">Indiana University School of Medicine<\/a> (IUSM) adopted an ELN system. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LabArchives,_LLC\" title=\"LabArchives, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a5bb3fd02213c041f2b90dd24a4ac606\">LabArchives<\/a> was the ELN selected for an institutional license, chosen based on an assessment of six other major universities. The identified universities in the assessment support (or supported) institutional licenses of LabArchives. IUSM is the largest medical school in the United States and supports a large research enterprise across its nine campuses in Indiana. The ELN initiative is led by the Ruth Lilly Medical Library and its librarians, who serve all campuses of IUSM and are based in Indianapolis. The medical library was chosen to lead this initiative due to the presence of a library data services program and a data librarian position, as well as the library's role supporting researchers across all disciplines at IUSM.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Case_presentation\">Case presentation<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Pilot_phase_(September_2018\u2013March_2019)\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Pilot_phase_.28September_2018.E2.80.93March_2019.29\">Pilot phase (September 2018\u2013March 2019)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Upon identifying LabArchives for piloting, 15 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Principal_investigator\" title=\"Principal investigator\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fc46a2d8fd6731c64dab335a424a06dc\">principal investigators<\/a> (PIs) volunteered to test out LabArchives in their respective labs following a call for early adopters from the IUSM Office of Research Affairs. From September 2018 to March 2019, these labs were trained in the use of LabArchives and began the process of adopting the ELN within their labs. Initial trainings were held by the vendor (i.e., LabArchives), with the Ruth Lilly Medical Library staff taking over training beginning in October 2018.\n<\/p><p>A user survey to these early adopter groups was distributed in March 2019 (Supplement 1). The survey was anonymous and distributed to the 15 labs (consisting of 67 individual users), with 21 users fully completing the survey (31% response rate). Of the respondents, the majority (67%, <i>n<\/i> = 14) used LabArchives 50% to 100% of the time as opposed to another notebook (e.g., paper, other ELN). Twenty of the respondents (95%) also indicated that they adopted specific information and data management practices in their use of LabArchives, including:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Templates for consistently documenting activities like experiments (Supplement 2);<\/li>\n<li>Shared protocols in LabArchives notebooks;<\/li>\n<li>Naming convention adoption and establishment; and<\/li>\n<li>Widget use for routine entries (e.g., calculating amounts, etc.).<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Lastly, 16 respondents (73%) agreed that use of LabArchives improved their labs' efficiency.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Launch_(April_2019)\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Launch_.28April_2019.29\">Launch (April 2019)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In April 2019, LabArchives was made available to the entire School of Medicine\u2014including faculty, students, and staff\u2014across all nine regional campuses. As the largest medical school in the country, IUSM has a full time equivalent (FTE) of nearly 7,000 full-time, part-time, and volunteer faculty; 1,265 residents and fellows; and an average class size of 360 medical students. While much of the school's research takes place on the Indianapolis campus, active research occurs on all nine campuses; however, the Ruth Lilly Medical Library and its librarians serve all campuses of IUSM while being based in Indianapolis.\n<\/p><p>As in the pilot phase, the same user survey was distributed again in October 2019 to assess both the use of LabArchives as well as perceptions of impact. In its second round, the survey was distributed to 233 users of LabArchives who were affiliated with research labs; 60 users submitted complete responses (26% response rate). Some highlights included the following: Of the respondents, 50% (<i>n<\/i> = 30) used LabArchives 50% to 100% of the time (as opposed to another notebook). Additionally, 70% (<i>n<\/i> = 42) of respondents agreed that lab leadership (i.e., PIs, lab managers) encouraged use of LabArchives. Forty of the respondents (67%) indicated that they adopted specific information and data management practices in their use of LabArchives, such as implementing templates for documenting experiments, sharing protocols, or establishing naming conventions. Lastly, 32 respondents (53%) agreed that use of LabArchives improved their labs' efficiency.\n<\/p><p>Over the two years since the launch of LabArchives at IUSM, LabArchives user accounts have increased month over month (Figure 1). As of August 2021, there are 829 accounts across 22 (out of 25) IUSM departments. While there are individual users of LabArchives, most of the users are affiliated with a research group or lab. The continued adoption within IUSM is supported by monthly training sessions delivered through the Ruth Lilly Medical Library, individual consults, and email correspondence.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig1_Foster_JoMedLibAss22_110-2.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"b4423ea3b519ba4010dad4a32be7f728\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Foster JoMedLibAss22 110-2.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/2b\/Fig1_Foster_JoMedLibAss22_110-2.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 1.<\/b> Number of LabArchives users May 2019\u2013May 2021<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Discussion\">Discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>As the ELN pilot progressed, the data services librarian's role and time commitment increased and prompted the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's director to meet with IUSM Research Affairs leadership to negotiate FTE for the library's role. As a result of the negotiations, the medical library received funding for 1.0 FTE to focus on IUSM research initiatives, including the rollout of the ELN. Acquiring this extra position was a big win for the library and a commitment to the long-term partnership between the medical library and the school's research office.\n<\/p><p>As the library assumed a leadership role for the ELN, with support from IUSM Research Affairs, an Information Management Advisory Board (IMAB) was established with representatives from research affairs administration, marketing and communications, information technology, prominent PIs from the school, and the medical library. The IMAB was formed to guide the implementation and long-term support of the ELN, as well as other IUSM information and data management initiatives. Additionally, a representative from the medical library actively participates in a monthly Lab Optimization group focused on IUSM lab efficiency and lab space considerations, which often dovetails well with information management and ELN usage. Involvement with this group has led to a broader understanding of IUSM lab optimization priorities, alignment of mutual interests, and good information sharing. This group often works with faculty who may also be interested in help with data management and use of an ELN, which results in interested researchers being referred to the library.\n<\/p><p>The establishment of the IMAB in particular is a critical component to this initiative's success. The IMAB has given credence to the establishment and sustainability of the ELN initiative. IMAB members provided key feedback on the rollout and promotion of the ELN. Furthermore, PIs on the board have created models for other labs to follow. In addition to ELNs, the IMAB is examining information management issues (e.g., institutional data management plans) at IUSM on a much broader scale than lab notebooks. The board has allowed for important conversations related to policy and infrastructure development that may impact use of ELNs, as well as other information and data management practices of researchers.\n<\/p><p>One important discussion held by the IMAB related to establishing data retention expectations for IUSM. As noted in the literature, the expectations around data retention are not often clear or detailed enough when it comes to ELNs at institutions; existing guidance (if any) is geared toward paper lab notebooks.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> This discussion led to the drafting of a data retention policy by campus library partners that includes minimum expectations for research data retention at IUSM, which explicitly mentions ELNs under the definition of \"research data,\" to be retained when PIs depart the school. This policy was approved July 1, 2021, and formally adopted on October 8, 2021.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> Moving forward, both IMAB and Lab Optimization members will be key groups to assist in raising awareness about this new policy and its expectations.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Limitations\">Limitations<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Responsibilities for supporting the ELN are currently divided among three librarians who directly support research at IUSM. This roughly equates to 1.5 FTEs. While a significant impact of this work involved the gain of an entire (1.0) FTE, the unforeseen onset of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/COVID-19\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"COVID-19\" data-key=\"da9bd20c492b2a17074ad66c2fe25652\">COVID-19<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pandemic\" title=\"Pandemic\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bd9a48e6c6e41b6d603ee703836b01f1\">pandemic<\/a> in March 2020 created challenges and delayed additional enhancements to ELN support at IUSM. For example, in 2020, the library anticipated more active promotion of LabArchives through planned outreach, such as conducting in-depth follow-ups with individual labs using LabArchives, adding additional seasonal training on new features, and targeted training of new staff brought onto research labs or groups. The pandemic and the transition of research at IUSM effectively put these plans on hold. Future plans include surveying IUSM LabArchives users again to inform current use practices and promotion activities.\n<\/p><p>Additionally, there is a need to identify metrics that accurately capture use and adoption of LabArchives. Currently, LabArchives provides metrics on users' \"activities,\" which are classified as anything from logging in and looking at notebook pages to actually adding information and data or making comments on notebook pages. These are a wide range of actions to group under a single metric category. As such, having more granular metrics would better inform to what degree ELNs are utilized by users. For example, more visibility as to which users are solely logging in versus those who are logging in and adding content would assist with identifying outreach and support activities by the library to raise awareness on functionality and potential use of an ELN.\n<\/p><p>The question of adoption among IUSM LabArchives users continues to be discussed as well. To date, adoption has primarily been defined by increasing user numbers; however, those numbers do not tell the full story, namely because those users have varying degrees of engagement with LabArchives. Better integration of LabArchives' provided metrics and the user survey responses may assist with painting a richer picture of what \"adoption\" means at the school. Also, working with the IMAB and other campus partners to define what successful adoption of LabArchives looks like moving into the future would assist with these efforts.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Changing_a_research_culture\">Changing a research culture<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Overall, implementation of the ELN initiative at IUSM has involved introducing changes to the research culture of the school. ELN products are tools that exist in a broader (research) ecosystem, and their use impacts not just the researchers but the broader administration of research at an institution. Brian Nosek, a researcher in open science, has identified five distinct steps institutions can take to begin to change a research culture, particularly if the interest is in retaining research data and enhancing the reproducibility of institutionally produced research.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> The approach at IUSM (unwittingly) follows the steps outlined by Nosek in many ways (Figure 2).\n<\/p>\n<ol><li><b>Infrastructure<\/b> has been created by providing the centralized licensing of LabArchives by IUSM to allow for free access to affiliated researchers.<\/li>\n<li><b>User interface\/experience<\/b> is subjective in terms of ease of use; however, in the last user survey, the majority of respondents at IUSM reported that LabArchives made their work more efficient, which may correlate with \"ease\" of experience.<\/li>\n<li><b>Communities<\/b> have been created through the early adopters of LabArchives at IUSM, which continue to grow each month. Use of ELNs may become normative naturally if adoption continues to rise. However, building communities will require additional effort, including reaching out to new faculty or creating spaces for IUSM users to showcase their use of LabArchives with peers. Beyond the researchers, the development of the IMAB and Lab Optimization groups have established another form of community between research faculty and staff; these spaces allow the school to address challenges that exist across areas of research.<\/li>\n<li><b>Incentives<\/b> are an area of ongoing development; much of the incentivization so far has been centered around the improved efficiency of ELNs over paper notebooks. While responses from user surveys have supported that, it is important to more clearly elucidate what forms these efficiencies take in order to set expectations and incentivize users moving forward.<\/li>\n<li><b>Policy<\/b> changes so far have been reflected in the changes to the institution's redefined expectations around research data retention. In the case of changing research culture, any policy that addresses ELN usage must ideally make clear how use of such a tool will result in a net benefit to the school, its researchers, and those who support the research enterprise.<\/li><\/ol>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig2_Foster_JoMedLibAss22_110-2.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"115a37b8816fee0f8263ff65bf9c3045\"><img alt=\"Fig2 Foster JoMedLibAss22 110-2.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/0\/07\/Fig2_Foster_JoMedLibAss22_110-2.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 2.<\/b> Strategy for culture and behavior change. Image by Brian Nosek, retrieved from: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cos.io\/blog\/strategy-for-culture-change\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cos.io\/blog\/strategy-for-culture-change<\/a> on October 8, 2021. Creative Commons License associated: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Closing\">Closing<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This initiative at IUSM has moved forward in many significant ways\u2014with the continued support from administration and engagement with researchers at IUSM\u2014and users (and use) of LabArchives are likely to steadily increase at the school. The success of the ELN initiative is just one piece of the research landscape at IUSM; this paper demonstrates the integral role libraries can have in supporting, growing, and shaping the information and data management priorities to move research reproducibility forward.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Supplemental_material\">Supplemental material<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The supplemental material for this study is <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1805\/27739\" target=\"_blank\">found here<\/a>. It includes the following:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Supplement1_LabArchives_UserSurvey-Format.pdf<\/li>\n<li>Supplement2_ELN_Template.tif<\/li>\n<li>Supplement3_LabArchivesTraining_SlideDeck-template.pdf<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Author_contributions\">Author contributions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>EDF: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, project administration, writing \u2013 original draft, writing \u2013 review & editing. ECW: conceptualization, project administration, writing \u2013 original draft, writing \u2013 review & editing. GRR: conceptualization, writing\u2014original draft, writing\u2014review & editing.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Data_availability\">Data availability<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Data associated with this article are available here: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7912\/D2\/29\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7912\/D2\/29<\/a>. Supplemental materials (Supplement 1: User survey form, Supplement 2: Template structure, Supplement 3: Class training slides\/outline) can be found here: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1805\/27739\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1805\/27739<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Harvard Longwood Medical Area Research Data Management Working Group (19 May 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/4723753\" target=\"_blank\">\"Electronic Lab Notebook Comparison Matrix\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Zenodo<\/i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5281%2FZENODO.4723753\" target=\"_blank\">10.5281\/ZENODO.4723753<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/4723753\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/4723753<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electronic+Lab+Notebook+Comparison+Matrix&rft.jtitle=Zenodo&rft.aulast=Harvard+Longwood+Medical+Area+Research+Data+Management+Working+Group&rft.au=Harvard+Longwood+Medical+Area+Research+Data+Management+Working+Group&rft.date=19+May+2021&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5281%2FZENODO.4723753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F4723753&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kloeckner, Frederik; Farkas, Robert; Franken, Tobias; Schmitz-Rode, Thomas (1 January 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bmt-2013-0023\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Development of a prediction model on the acceptance of electronic laboratory notebooks in academic environments\"<\/a>. <i>Biomedical Engineering \/ Biomedizinische Technik<\/i> <b>59<\/b> (2). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1515%2Fbmt-2013-0023\" target=\"_blank\">10.1515\/bmt-2013-0023<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1862-278X\" target=\"_blank\">1862-278X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bmt-2013-0023\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bmt-2013-0023\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+prediction+model+on+the+acceptance+of+electronic+laboratory+notebooks+in+academic+environments&rft.jtitle=Biomedical+Engineering+%2F+Biomedizinische+Technik&rft.aulast=Kloeckner&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft.au=Kloeckner%2C%26%2332%3BFrederik&rft.au=Farkas%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.au=Franken%2C%26%2332%3BTobias&rft.au=Schmitz-Rode%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.date=1+January+2014&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1515%2Fbmt-2013-0023&rft.issn=1862-278X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fbmt-2013-0023%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Machina, Hari K.; Wild, David J. (1 August 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2472630322016284\" target=\"_blank\">\"Electronic Laboratory Notebooks Progress and Challenges in Implementation\"<\/a> (in en). <i>SLAS Technology<\/i> <b>18<\/b> (4): 264\u2013268. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F2211068213484471\" target=\"_blank\">10.1177\/2211068213484471<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2472630322016284\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2472630322016284<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electronic+Laboratory+Notebooks+Progress+and+Challenges+in+Implementation&rft.jtitle=SLAS+Technology&rft.aulast=Machina&rft.aufirst=Hari+K.&rft.au=Machina%2C%26%2332%3BHari+K.&rft.au=Wild%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+J.&rft.date=1+August+2013&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=264%E2%80%93268&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1177%2F2211068213484471&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2472630322016284&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Marvin, Michael C. (1 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bmb.21437\" target=\"_blank\">\"Microsoft OneNote provides continuity for undergraduate biochemistry lab during a pandemic\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education<\/i> <b>48<\/b> (5): 523\u2013525. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbmb.21437\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bmb.21437<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1470-8175\" target=\"_blank\">1470-8175<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bmb.21437\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bmb.21437<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Microsoft+OneNote+provides+continuity+for+undergraduate+biochemistry+lab+during+a+pandemic&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology+Education&rft.aulast=Marvin&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.au=Marvin%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+C.&rft.date=1+September+2020&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=523%E2%80%93525&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbmb.21437&rft.issn=1470-8175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbmb.21437&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Voegele, Catherine; Bouchereau, Baptiste; Robinot, Nivonirina; McKay, James; Damiecki, Philippe; Alteyrac, Lucile (1 July 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt253\" target=\"_blank\">\"A universal open-source Electronic Laboratory Notebook\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Bioinformatics<\/i> <b>29<\/b> (13): 1710\u20131712. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtt253\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt253<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1367-4803\" target=\"_blank\">1367-4803<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt253\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt253<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+universal+open-source+Electronic+Laboratory+Notebook&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.aulast=Voegele&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Voegele%2C%26%2332%3BCatherine&rft.au=Bouchereau%2C%26%2332%3BBaptiste&rft.au=Robinot%2C%26%2332%3BNivonirina&rft.au=McKay%2C%26%2332%3BJames&rft.au=Damiecki%2C%26%2332%3BPhilippe&rft.au=Alteyrac%2C%26%2332%3BLucile&rft.date=1+July+2013&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1710%E2%80%931712&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtt253&rft.issn=1367-4803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbioinformatics%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtt253&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_6-2\">6.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Guerrero, Santiago; Dujardin, Gwendal; Cabrera-Andrade, Alejandro; Paz-y-Mi\u00f1o, C\u00e9sar; Indacochea, Alberto; Ingl\u00e9s-Ferr\u00e1ndiz, Marta; Nadimpalli, Hima Priyanka; Collu, Nicola <i>et al.<\/i> (1 August 2016). 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class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4968837\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4968837<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27479083\" target=\"_blank\">27479083<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0160428\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0160428<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis+and+Implementation+of+an+Electronic+Laboratory+Notebook+in+a+Biomedical+Research+Institute&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft.au=Guerrero%2C%26%2332%3BSantiago&rft.au=Dujardin%2C%26%2332%3BGwendal&rft.au=Cabrera-Andrade%2C%26%2332%3BAlejandro&rft.au=Paz-y-Mi%C3%B1o%2C%26%2332%3BC%C3%A9sar&rft.au=Indacochea%2C%26%2332%3BAlberto&rft.au=Ingl%C3%A9s-Ferr%C3%A1ndiz%2C%26%2332%3BMarta&rft.au=Nadimpalli%2C%26%2332%3BHima+Priyanka&rft.au=Collu%2C%26%2332%3BNicola&rft.au=Dublanche%2C%26%2332%3BYann&rft.date=1+August+2016&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e0160428&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0160428&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4968837&rft_id=info:pmid\/27479083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0160428&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Badiola, Katrina A.; Bird, Colin; Brocklesby, William S.; Casson, John; Chapman, Richard T.; Coles, Simon J.; Cronshaw, James R.; Fisher, Adam <i>et al.<\/i> (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C4SC02128B\" target=\"_blank\">\"Experiences with a researcher-centric ELN\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Chemical Science<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (3): 1614\u20131629. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1039%2FC4SC02128B\" target=\"_blank\">10.1039\/C4SC02128B<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2041-6520\" target=\"_blank\">2041-6520<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5639792\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5639792<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29308130\" target=\"_blank\">29308130<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C4SC02128B\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C4SC02128B<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experiences+with+a+researcher-centric+ELN&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Science&rft.aulast=Badiola&rft.aufirst=Katrina+A.&rft.au=Badiola%2C%26%2332%3BKatrina+A.&rft.au=Bird%2C%26%2332%3BColin&rft.au=Brocklesby%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+S.&rft.au=Casson%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.au=Chapman%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+T.&rft.au=Coles%2C%26%2332%3BSimon+J.&rft.au=Cronshaw%2C%26%2332%3BJames+R.&rft.au=Fisher%2C%26%2332%3BAdam&rft.au=Frey%2C%26%2332%3BJeremy+G.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1614%E2%80%931629&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1039%2FC4SC02128B&rft.issn=2041-6520&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5639792&rft_id=info:pmid\/29308130&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxlink.rsc.org%2F%3FDOI%3DC4SC02128B&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-2\">8.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kanza, Samantha; Willoughby, Cerys; Gibbins, Nicholas; Whitby, Richard; Frey, Jeremy Graham; Erjavec, Jana; Zupan\u010di\u010d, Klemen; Hren, Matja\u017e <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-017-0221-3\" target=\"_blank\">\"Electronic lab notebooks: can they replace paper?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cheminformatics<\/i> <b>9<\/b> (1): 31. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13321-017-0221-3\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s13321-017-0221-3<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1758-2946\" target=\"_blank\">1758-2946<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5443717\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5443717<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29086051\" target=\"_blank\">29086051<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-017-0221-3\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jcheminf.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13321-017-0221-3<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electronic+lab+notebooks%3A+can+they+replace+paper%3F&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cheminformatics&rft.aulast=Kanza&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Kanza%2C%26%2332%3BSamantha&rft.au=Willoughby%2C%26%2332%3BCerys&rft.au=Gibbins%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&rft.au=Whitby%2C%26%2332%3BRichard&rft.au=Frey%2C%26%2332%3BJeremy+Graham&rft.au=Erjavec%2C%26%2332%3BJana&rft.au=Zupan%C4%8Di%C4%8D%2C%26%2332%3BKlemen&rft.au=Hren%2C%26%2332%3BMatja%C5%BE&rft.au=Kova%C4%8D%2C%26%2332%3BKatarina&rft.date=1+December+2017&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs13321-017-0221-3&rft.issn=1758-2946&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5443717&rft_id=info:pmid\/29086051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcheminf.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs13321-017-0221-3&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wright, Jerry M (2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/aejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1759-4499-1-5\" target=\"_blank\">\"Make it better but don't change anything\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Automated Experimentation<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (1): 5. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2F1759-4499-1-5\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/1759-4499-1-5<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1759-4499\" target=\"_blank\">1759-4499<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2810290\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC2810290<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20098591\" target=\"_blank\">20098591<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/aejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1759-4499-1-5\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/aejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1759-4499-1-5<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Make+it+better+but+don%27t+change+anything&rft.jtitle=Automated+Experimentation&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jerry+M&rft.au=Wright%2C%26%2332%3BJerry+M&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2F1759-4499-1-5&rft.issn=1759-4499&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC2810290&rft_id=info:pmid\/20098591&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faejournal.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2F1759-4499-1-5&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Argento, Nicolas (4 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.15252\/embr.201949862\" target=\"_blank\">\"Institutional ELN\/LIMS deployment: Highly customizable ELN\/LIMS platform as a cornerstone of digital transformation for life sciences research institutes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>EMBO reports<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (3). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15252%2Fembr.201949862\" target=\"_blank\">10.15252\/embr.201949862<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1469-221X\" target=\"_blank\">1469-221X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7054672\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7054672<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32129000\" target=\"_blank\">32129000<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.15252\/embr.201949862\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.15252\/embr.201949862<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Institutional+ELN%2FLIMS+deployment%3A+Highly+customizable+ELN%2FLIMS+platform+as+a+cornerstone+of+digital+transformation+for+life+sciences+research+institutes&rft.jtitle=EMBO+reports&rft.aulast=Argento&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Argento%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.date=4+March+2020&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft_id=info:doi\/10.15252%2Fembr.201949862&rft.issn=1469-221X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7054672&rft_id=info:pmid\/32129000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.15252%2Fembr.201949862&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rudolphi, Felix; Goossen, Lukas J. (27 February 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/ci2003895\" target=\"_blank\">\"Electronic Laboratory Notebook: The Academic Point of View\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling<\/i> <b>52<\/b> (2): 293\u2013301. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Fci2003895\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/ci2003895<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1549-9596\" target=\"_blank\">1549-9596<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/ci2003895\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/ci2003895<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electronic+Laboratory+Notebook%3A+The+Academic+Point+of+View&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Information+and+Modeling&rft.aulast=Rudolphi&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Rudolphi%2C%26%2332%3BFelix&rft.au=Goossen%2C%26%2332%3BLukas+J.&rft.date=27+February+2012&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293%E2%80%93301&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Fci2003895&rft.issn=1549-9596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fci2003895&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_12-0\">12.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_12-1\">12.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Sayre, Franklin; Bakker, Caitlin; Kelly, Julie; Kocher, Megan; Lafferty, Meghan (19 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu\/jeslib\/article\/id\/325\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Support for Electronic Lab Notebooks at Top American Research Universities\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of eScience Librarianship<\/i> <b>\/<\/b> (\/): e1140. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.7191%2Fjeslib.2018.1140\" target=\"_blank\">10.7191\/jeslib.2018.1140<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu\/jeslib\/article\/id\/325\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu\/jeslib\/article\/id\/325\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Support+for+Electronic+Lab+Notebooks+at+Top+American+Research+Universities&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+eScience+Librarianship&rft.aulast=Sayre&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft.au=Sayre%2C%26%2332%3BFranklin&rft.au=Bakker%2C%26%2332%3BCaitlin&rft.au=Kelly%2C%26%2332%3BJulie&rft.au=Kocher%2C%26%2332%3BMegan&rft.au=Lafferty%2C%26%2332%3BMeghan&rft.date=19+October+2018&rft.volume=%2F&rft.issue=%2F&rft.pages=e1140&rft_id=info:doi\/10.7191%2Fjeslib.2018.1140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu%2Fjeslib%2Farticle%2Fid%2F325%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_13-0\">13.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_13-1\">13.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Grynoch, Catherine T. (19 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu\/jeslib\/article\/id\/447\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Finding Connections in Policies Covering Electronic Laboratory Notebook Retention and Transferal\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of eScience Librarianship<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (1): 1190. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.7191%2Fjeslib.2021.1190\" target=\"_blank\">10.7191\/jeslib.2021.1190<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu\/jeslib\/article\/id\/447\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu\/jeslib\/article\/id\/447\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Finding+Connections+in+Policies+Covering+Electronic+Laboratory+Notebook+Retention+and+Transferal&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+eScience+Librarianship&rft.aulast=Grynoch&rft.aufirst=Catherine+T.&rft.au=Grynoch%2C%26%2332%3BCatherine+T.&rft.date=19+January+2021&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1190&rft_id=info:doi\/10.7191%2Fjeslib.2021.1190&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu%2Fjeslib%2Farticle%2Fid%2F447%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Indiana University School of Medicine (8 October 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/policies.medicine.iu.edu\/policies\/ra-adm-0001\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"IUSM Research Data Ownership and Retention Policy\"<\/a>. Indiana University<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/policies.medicine.iu.edu\/policies\/ra-adm-0001\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/policies.medicine.iu.edu\/policies\/ra-adm-0001\/index.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 04 January 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IUSM+Research+Data+Ownership+and+Retention+Policy&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Indiana+University+School+of+Medicine&rft.au=Indiana+University+School+of+Medicine&rft.date=8+October+2021&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicies.medicine.iu.edu%2Fpolicies%2Fra-adm-0001%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Nosek, B. (11 June 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cos.io\/blog\/strategy-for-culture-change\" target=\"_blank\">\"Strategy for Culture Change\"<\/a>. Center for Open Science<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cos.io\/blog\/strategy-for-culture-change\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cos.io\/blog\/strategy-for-culture-change<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 October 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Strategy+for+Culture+Change&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Nosek%2C+B.&rft.au=Nosek%2C+B.&rft.date=11+June+2019&rft.pub=Center+for+Open+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cos.io%2Fblog%2Fstrategy-for-culture-change&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103181014\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.263 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.359 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 16689\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 139334\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 41626\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 37488\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 215.523 1 -total\n 77.37% 166.751 1 Template:Reflist\n 59.92% 129.134 15 Template:Citation\/core\n 59.10% 127.373 13 Template:Cite_journal\n 16.13% 34.761 1 Template:Infobox_journal_article\n 14.40% 31.034 1 Template:Infobox\n 11.00% 23.704 15 Template:Date\n 9.29% 20.023 32 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 7.52% 16.217 80 Template:Infobox\/row\n 6.84% 14.749 2 Template:Cite_web\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13751-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103181014 and revision id 50035. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Implementing_an_institution-wide_electronic_laboratory_notebook_initiative<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","cad7be6396652dad724d905ee470f378_images":["https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/2b\/Fig1_Foster_JoMedLibAss22_110-2.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/0\/07\/Fig2_Foster_JoMedLibAss22_110-2.png"],"cad7be6396652dad724d905ee470f378_timestamp":1672771709,"09554659f38003c0f51fa184a49f2893_type":"article","09554659f38003c0f51fa184a49f2893_title":"Recommendations for achieving interoperable and shareable medical data in the USA (Szarfman et al. 2022)","09554659f38003c0f51fa184a49f2893_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA","09554659f38003c0f51fa184a49f2893_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:Recommendations for achieving interoperable and shareable medical data in the USAFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nRecommendations for achieving interoperable and shareable medical data in the USAJournal\n \nCommunications MedicineAuthor(s)\n \nSzarfman, Ana; Levine, Jonathan G.; Tonning, Joseph M.; Weichold, Frank; Bloom, John C.; Soreth, Janice M.; Geanacopoulos, Mark; Callahan, Lawrence; Spotnitz, Matthew; Ryan, Qin; Pease-Fye, Meg; Brownstein, John S. ; Hammond, W. Ed; Reich, Christian; Altman, Russ B.Author affiliation(s)\n \nU.S. Food and Drug Administration, independent researcher\/contractor, Your Health Concierge, Purdue University, Columbia University, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Duke Clinical & Translational Science Institute, Stanford University School of MedicinePrimary contact\n \nEmail: ana dot szarfman at fda dot hhs dot govYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n2Article #\n \n86 (2022)DOI\n \n10.1038\/s43856-022-00148-xISSN\n \n2730-664XDistribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-022-00148-xDownload\n \nhttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-022-00148-x.pdf (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 The lack of universal and harmonized data collection and transmission standards \n4 Issues requiring prompt attention \n\n4.1 Lack of ascertainment of unique patients \n4.2 Lack of information about patient mortality \n4.3 Poorly codified and calibrated clinical laboratory data \n4.4 Business practices that hinder modernization \n4.5 Improving the processing of laboratory data linked to the regulatory activities of the FDA \n\n\n5 Returns on investment \n6 Conclusions \n7 Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \n8 Acknowledgements \n\n8.1 Author contributions \n8.2 Peer review \n8.3 Competing interests \n\n\n9 References \n10 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nEasy access to large quantities of accurate health data is required to understand medical and scientific information in real time; evaluate public health measures before, during, and after times of crisis; and prevent medical errors. Introducing a system in the United States of America that allows for efficient access to such health data and ensures auditability of data facts, while avoiding data silos, will require fundamental changes in current practices. Here, we recommend the implementation of standardized data collection and transmission systems, universal identifiers for individual patients and end users, a reference standard infrastructure to support calibration and integration of laboratory results from equivalent tests, and modernized working practices. Requiring comprehensive and binding standards, rather than incentivizing voluntary and often piecemeal efforts for data exchange, will allow us to achieve the analytical information environment that patients need.\nKeywords: drug development, public health, interoperability, data exchange, health informatics, clinical laboratory data\n\nIntroduction \nReported worldwide mortality from COVID-19 has surpassed six million people, with over 16% of those deaths found in the United States of America alone.[1] Despite our vaccination efforts against COVID-19, the analytical deficiencies of the country's health information systems uncovered by the pandemic remain largely unresolved.[2] We still cannot answer basic questions that should be answerable by a simple query of the data, such as \"what is the mortality rate according to patient variables?\" Also, public health systems and practitioners are still forced to rely on outmoded forms of communication (e.g., paper and fax) which do not provide rapid access to needed information.\nAlthough recognized as a leader in advancing cutting-edge biomedical research and medical technology, the US continues to rely on multiple, independent healthcare systems and versions that cannot seamlessly communicate with each other. This lack of interoperability within and across hospital systems, laboratories, public health programs, physicians\u2019 offices, and regulatory and research data resources hinders rapid improvements in medical treatment, public health, decision-making, and research. The main reason for the failure to achieve interoperability\u2014and for the information loss, inefficient operations, and huge (and frequently hidden) costs that result\u2014is the lack of comprehensive, centrally coordinated, fully validated, traceable, and enforceable medical data collection and transmission standards.[3] Bi- and multi-directional feedback loops that are needed for prompt access to ancillary data, for clarifications, and for quickly reporting and addressing system and data errors are also lacking. Without easy access to this additional information, electronic health records (EHRs) cannot be made portable[4], and the full potential of those records to support research and innovation cannot be realized.\nData that can be easily exchanged is a goal that many parties have long been advocating for. The COVID-19 pandemic has made this issue more urgent than before, as we have \u201cto move faster than the virus\u201d (personal communication from Dr. Mirta Roses). Unfortunately, to date the COVID-19 pandemic has only underscored the consequences of having information systems that rely on non-binding standards for data management and exchange, standards that are themselves based on multiple, unreconciled data models. In principle, a data model should provide universal definitions of data elements (i.e., units of data having a precise meaning and interpretation) for users of heterogeneous data sites that want to share or aggregate data, to allow them to speak a common language.[5]\nEmerging technologies that promise to revolutionize healthcare add additional urgency to efforts to achieve interoperability in our health information systems. In a decade, there will be more sources of data[6], for example from wearable devices such as the Apple Watch and Fitbit, that patients will use to record information. By combining these data with artificial intelligence and machine learning, in which machines are able to automatically process the data, diagnosis and prediction of patient outcomes could be improved. However, the successful use of these computational tools strongly depends on accurate collection and exchange of massive amounts of complex data derived from next-generation sequencing, imaging devices, laboratory assays, and many other sources. Unfortunately, the data being collected remain predominantly in local silos, and frequently the data are neither standardized nor of the quality required by these advanced automated approaches.[7][8] The promise of all of these technological and scientific advances will be unrealized without interoperable standards that are fully representative of real-world clinical data (not just based on theoretical examples), and are fit-for-purpose for data collection, exchange, integration, and analysis, and traceable to the original information.\nPerhaps the most challenging roadblock for implementing interoperability for data collection is the tolerance for highly customized, proprietary health information systems and their unique versions. The inconsistencies created by unnecessary customization creates a state of confusion that makes it impossible to reliably identify in a timely fashion critical data facts and inconsistencies that must be communicated to those making critical decisions about how these systems should be designed and implemented. These decision makers include those in government organizations, the system vendors, software developers, and other stakeholders, including patients and patient advocates.\nBy presenting the following description of deficiencies in the US health information system and recommendations for addressing them at their root causes, we hope to stimulate constructive dialog among multiple stakeholders and inform policy changes in the US and other countries where such measures are needed. Recognizing our ethical responsibility to rapidly provide the best information to help patients[9], we propose building an alternative, more transparent system based on interoperability that starts at the data collection stage. This alternative system would be one in which the benefits of new computational technologies can be realized, where patients are able to take control of their data, and where accurate and timely data can be rapidly shared to advance medical research and improve public health.\n\nThe lack of universal and harmonized data collection and transmission standards \nTo date, policies to increase interoperability in our health information systems have been based on downstream transactions, for example they seek to improve e-prescribing, billing, health information exchange, certification of EHRs[10][11], and regulatory submissions. These policies do not enforce a universal standard for the collection and transmission of defined variables and values for each data element, even for straightforward information such as demographic data.[5] Lacking universal standards, most health data exchange is therefore subject to the custom constraints of a multitude of unique, proprietary health information technologies, and the non-interoperable, disparate versions of the data elements in these systems. For example, proprietary health information systems modify most lab data received in their databases by mapping them to built-in terms. This results in a multitude of data conversion cycles that are difficult to document and untangle, because they are not traceable to the original data elements. Mapping and remapping from the irregular internal codes of each system version to the standardized versions needed for exchanging data is an error-prone, inefficient, and costly process that is repeated in reverse at the receiving end(s) when integrating the exchanged data back into the internal codes of the system version in which they were received.\nThere are ongoing efforts by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in the US to support data exchange via Health Level 7's (HL7's) secure Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard and associated application programming interfaces (APIs) (i.e., software exchange engines created by The Health Level Seven International healthcare standards organization).[12] However, without common, enforceable, and well-documented data structure and coding across pertinent health information systems and APIs, data exchange may still require manual and frequently blinded mapping, which makes rapid transfer of information unfeasible.\nTo achieve a health system that enables continuous improvements, we need systems that collect the data that are most important for patient care, for accomplishing critical analyses, for enhancing the level of evidence, and for addressing public health challenges.[13][14][15][16] Therefore, we must focus on developing universal standards for the collection and validation of the most clinically important data as they are created (e.g., results from centrally calibrated laboratory tests during the entire course of clinical care). Only when such standards are in place can we ensure that valid information is being correctly captured and delivered. We must also ensure that the diverse software, transfer engines, and information technology systems can correctly interpret these standards, and process standard nomenclatures and notations without corruption. Redundant backup systems, feedback loops for prompt and early identification and communication of problems, and automated data verification processes will be needed to ensure data integrity and identify and correct the sources of transmission errors. Options should be provided for the public to monitor the accuracy of their medical data throughout all encounters (e.g., prescriptions, diagnosis, procedures), in the same way they can monitor their interactions with the Social Security System or banking institutions.\nA recent collaborative effort between HL7 International, which provides common standards for exchange of data in healthcare, and the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) collaborative, which defines and maintains the common data model known as OMOP for international observational research studies, seeks to implement a unique data model for assembling and sharing information gathered in clinical care. This undertaking should enable us to integrate clinical data within huge repositories for advanced analytics, without the information loss caused by sequential mapping and remapping from and to a multitude of untraceable data models.[17] However, HL7 and OHDSI are not providing interoperable standards for the collection of factual data into EHRs. Without strong legislative support, funding, and enforcement, an interoperable model for data collection at the source that can fully address our most critical health information needs will not become a reality.\nAlthough recommendations for addressing data interoperability in our health information systems are described in the policy documents of organizations involved in oversight[11] and in the scientific literature[18], much of the medical and scientific community remains insufficiently aware of the limitations of these systems, and tackling our widespread usability problems has not become a universally shared priority. We suggest that recent failures in disease prediction models[19][20][21] can be attributed in part to irregularities in how data are captured, exchanged, and maintained, and our inability to systematically access and compare these data across multiple EHR systems and versions over time.\nTo build quality data systems, we must have reliable enforcement mechanisms in place to monitor the implementation of and adherence to interoperable data standards. To monitor such process, we need to conduct good clinical practice (GCP) inspections and adopt reliable monitoring tools and enforcement mechanisms (analogous to those used by the Treasury Department to assure honesty of monetary transactions). These inspections will require highly trained professionals capable of detecting inaccurate data, improper coding, and failures of prediction models that clinicians rely on.\nThere are limits to the time healthcare professionals can (and should) spend entering data. A core principle of informatics is that data should only be entered once, and whenever possible by the device collecting the data. In the scenarios where automated entry is not possible, an interoperable system should facilitate data entry and coding by providing automated, interactive graphic representations of the data already in the system and smarter options with standard terminology for outcomes for given symptoms, diseases, medications, and patient profiles. Establishing high-quality hardware and software systems for collecting and delivering interoperable and fully traceable healthcare data to users would also create a dynamic in which it would be easier to assess the value and cost of data, and what additional data should be captured. Furthermore, the creation and support with reimbursable billing codes of large numbers of positions for scientifically trained clinical information professionals to manage health information systems will increase the value of these systems for caregivers, researchers, and patients.\n\nIssues requiring prompt attention \nLack of ascertainment of unique patients \nAlthough the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) initially required the creation of a health identifier in 1996[22], federal funds for unique universal patient identifiers have been banned since Congress prohibited their use due to privacy concerns.[23] Our failure to implement national, unique identifiers linking a patient\u2019s data to their healthcare professionals and their health information systems leads to unlinked, incomplete, and often duplicated records, and is another significant source of data quality problems that have been avoided in countries that have implemented unique identifiers.[23] In addition, it is still nearly impossible for a person to access their own vaccination records if they are in databases separate from their EHR records or were submitted by paper or fax. It is also difficult or impossible to carry out early cancer prevention studies[24] that require that complete clinical information be linked to the correct patients even when they change health providers.\nAlthough the prospect of unique patient identifiers raises valid privacy concerns, it can be argued that it would be easier to monitor and protect privacy with a single, properly encoded universal identifier than with a multitude of poorly documented ones. The absence of a unique identifier is actually one of the greatest causes of invasion of privacy, because typically over half of the EHRs in an institution will mistakenly include someone else\u2019s data (personal communication by Dr. W. Ed Hammond) that may be identifiable.\nThe current reliance on data aggregation techniques to protect patient privacy significantly delays our access to the information and impedes our understanding of the trajectory of diseases in individual patients, with potentially adverse consequences for their medical care and for identifying critical patient-level variables for subsequent research studies. We must therefore invest in better and updated privacy protection systems and law enforcement solutions. As data scientists, we are concerned about the limitations of HIPAA for privacy protection, due to the ease that such data can be re-identified. Our laws and regulations need to balance individual privacy protection with making data available for improving health outcomes. At a minimum, the approach to governance we adopt must ensure the following: \n\nthe system is able to identify and control who can have the authorized level of access to the medical records;\nevery user has a unique ID and a secure password;\naudit trails are used to track every user activity, and to provide accountability;\nonly authorized personnel can access audit trails, and assess who has accessed or modified a record; and\nthe data storage provider is not able to access personal identifiable information.\nA single patient identifier also has health equity ramifications in its favor. Patients who are poorer typically have less insurance coverage or none at all and often switch healthcare systems. They are underrepresented in health information systems and research studies, and less likely to have their specific needs understood. A unique identifier should improve the representation of these patients in our systems and thus our ability to address health inequities.\n\nLack of information about patient mortality \nThe inadequacy of our current system for data collection is well illustrated by our failure to collect data as fundamental as mortality in a standardized fashion. Fatal outcomes are not incorporated into the medical record unless death occurs during hospitalization. When needed for public health measures, epidemiological studies, and other research, data on death may be obtained from private services that collect information from funeral homes and obituaries, disease registries unconnected to EHRs, or from the National Death Index website. This website is typically late in gathering mortality information, as it is collected by a multitude of disparate local and state systems before being reported to the National Center for Health Statistics. Comprehensive data on mortality and cause of death should be methodically linked to clinical data for the over 330 million individuals in the US (as we have begun to do for COVID-19 cases). This information will allow for the creation of focused decision support systems for clinical data that are better designed to prevent serious and fatal medical errors, one of the top causes of death in US hospitals.[25]\n\nPoorly codified and calibrated clinical laboratory data \nClinical laboratories began collecting digitized data in the 1960s. Although these data support 60 to 70 percent of decisions related to diagnosis, treatment, hospital admission, and discharge, they remain poorly codified, complicated to process, and are underused for medical decision-making and research.\nUS-based programs that defined the minimum government standards for EHRs have offered laboratories incentives to adopt proposed standards for messaging and encoding laboratory data. Unfortunately, serious functional problems still exist with the coding of laboratory test identifiers. There are multiple ways for the same analytes to be represented by different labs and instruments, and this results in improper assessments of coded terms and incorrect code selection and categorization. Moreover, coding systems often do not allow for transparent incorporation and transmission of the limits of detection of a test, the presence of interfering substances, and how a particular analyte is measured. Also, failure to enforce the use of consistent quantitative units of measure is a frequent source of data errors.\nThere is a pressing need for an expanded infrastructure to support the collection and distribution of the stable reference standards needed to support the accurate calibration and safe integration of the results from equivalent tests measuring the same analyte, performed by different instrument platforms or laboratories.[26][27] The ONC recognizes this problem as such: \n\nHarmonization status indicates calibration equivalencies of tests and is required to verify clinical interoperability of results. Tests that are harmonized may be interpreted and trended together, and may use the same calculations, decision support rules, and machine learning models. Tests that are not harmonized should be interpreted and processed individually, not in aggregate with other tests.[3]\nThis infrastructure will simplify the identification of a natural functional interoperability pathway that can be used as a backbone for integrating the currently unwieldy, inconsistent, and incomplete data coding standards for laboratory data. An illustration of the consequences of the failure to fully standardize laboratory data collection and calibration of the results is the limited understanding of the evolving prevalence of COVID-19, due to the inability to account for the performance differences of the over 1,000 SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics that are listed worldwide.[28] We also need to understand their performance characteristics according to the particular purpose for which a test is being performed (e.g., permission to travel, to access specific facilities, etc.).[29]\n\nBusiness practices that hinder modernization \nThe World Wide Web and online business transaction systems such as Amazon\u2019s e-commerce system were built with a clear understanding of the value of interoperability. These systems ensure that the correct data are collected and stored in an organized, automatically aligned format that is optimized to address new communication requirements and analytical functions. Realizing this scenario for health data will require changes in current practices. Since individual enterprises have built one-of-a-kind systems, there are often strong financial reasons not to share proprietary information. Current laws prohibiting information blocking have not accomplished their purpose, as it is now impossible to effectively oversee the thousands of unique versions of health information systems.\nGiven this scenario, it would be useful, once the needed information and data routes are identified and categorized, to develop prototype systems to demonstrate the benefits of profound change in how we manage health information. The development, testing, and validation of these prototypes for addressing the various requirements of patient care and research and development should be based on the integrity, completeness, traceability, and usability of the data; on the avoidance of preventable medical errors; and on measurable improvements in health outcomes.\n\nImproving the processing of laboratory data linked to the regulatory activities of the FDA \nIn contrast to other data transactions for which federal regulations are seeking to increase interoperability (e.g., using ICD-10 coding for billing), in the US there is no clear business model that incentivizes standardization of laboratory data coding and its integration across medical encounters. Nor is there a single coordinated authority in the US to monitor and enforce the adoption of, and adherence to, such standards, or the transmission of intact laboratory data to end users. Interoperable standards for laboratory data are still highly immature (paper and faxed lab submissions are still commonplace), and still rely on billing codes for managing and understanding this information, despite their limited scope. For example, there are only 12 Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes used for billing reimbursement that identify the COVID-19 or SARS-COV-2 infectious agent or their antibody response[30], while the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists 357 identifiers for COVID-19 testing.[31]\nTherefore, we suggest that one area that we should use as a model for how to achieve interoperability of patient data, and where favorable incentives for reform may already exist, is in the processing of clinical laboratory data in drug marketing applications submitted to the FDA. Currently, such data undergo multiple transformation steps before regulatory submission, and although results in a given new drug application may be calibrated, the results for many equivalent analytes coming from different sponsors, laboratories, and instruments are not necessarily calibrated the same way.[3][26][27]\nWe propose to begin the process of prototype development by creating a centralized calibration process for routine and critical analytes so that results collected during clinical trials will be equivalent regardless of the instrument or the laboratory. The aim is to eliminate the severe problems that result from customized data systems and demonstrate that time-consuming mapping and translation errors, and the associated loss of information, can be avoided while adding traceability and clarity to the clinical laboratory data in marketing applications. The recent phenomenon of increased mergers between central labs supporting pharmaceutical company sponsors and labs that support hospital networks will enable the systematic identification and removal of many deficiencies that derived from multiple sources of lab data, and help implementation of robust and universal data standards. We expect that the time and cost savings, as well as the gains in accuracy, demonstrated by a prototype system for clinical laboratory data will be welcomed by the pharmaceutical and device industries, the research and public health communities, and patients. In its processing of lab data, this initiative will include all the standardized data elements needed for analysis of regulatory data submissions, including those related to demographics, diagnosis, medical history, laboratory tests, death, and cause of death. Such standards will greatly enhance regulatory review of marketing applications across multiple sponsors and facilitate comparison of clinical trial lab results across applications, providing valuable feedback to the pharma sponsors.\nWhen it reaches a level of maturity, the prototype for handling laboratory and other clinical data in regulatory submissions could be expanded to non-regulatory contexts, including routine patient care. The lessons learned could eventually be applied to the evaluation and certification of EHRs and decision support systems. The knowledge gained in how to create a truly interoperable system could also be used to address the analytical needs of other data resources including registries, repositories of real-world data, and regional data exchanges.\n\nReturns on investment \nAdoption of our recommendations will simplify the continual enhancement, maintenance, oversight, and analytical functions of a fully interoperable, public health and medical data system. The savings achieved through interoperability across the research and development value chain would expedite the discovery and development of safe and effective vaccines, treatments, and the identification of marketed drugs that can be repurposed to treat patients. Analysts will be able to discover consistent and reproducible efficacy and safety signals within and across multiple data resources and perform meta-analyses of all selected data rather than focusing on limited, static summary reports.[32][33] Automated analytical tools will remain securely linked to the original data, making it possible to quickly complete additional evaluations of emerging issues. In support of these predictions, countries that have more interconnected health information systems have been able to analyze their medical data more efficiently, and have provided important findings. For example, the rapid completion of the dexamethasone study in the United Kingdom in patients with COVID-19[34][35] would have been very difficult to achieve in the US with our highly customized and uncoordinated systems for capturing patient-level data. Also, Israel\u2014with its standardized, highly interoperable medical information system and a universal patient identifier\u2014has provided critical information about breakthrough infections in patients who were considered to be fully vaccinated.[36][37]\nIn a fully interoperable health information system, patients will receive improved medical care based on the ability of clinicians to detect, troubleshoot, and prevent critical and costly medical and system errors and benefit from public health measures that are based on information that is reliable, complete, and up-to-date. Although the deconstruction and rebuilding that we are proposing may be costly, it will be even more expensive to continue to undertake never-ending customization and processing of data to fit the unpredictable, continuously changing constraints of multiple, incompatible silos. To generate popular support for transforming our health information systems, we must inform the public of the risks of medical errors associated with a failure to accurately transmit critical information to the correct patient record and the risks for data quality posed by the current methods of maintaining data confidentially and privacy. Once we achieve true interoperability, it will become obvious that all health data are important, and we are ethically bound to adopt data retention policies that will preserve this information for our needs and for future generations.\n\nConclusions \nIn conclusion, the COVID-19 crisis is another wake-up call that reminds us that we cannot continue to use outdated data solutions that jeopardize our ability to advance research capabilities[4], and can lead to medical errors and loss of life. Boxes 1 and 2 offer a set of summary recommendations that, if adopted, would help achieve needed solutions to the problems being described in this paper.\nIf Amazon can track packages, international banks can track money, and weather maps can track complex weather patterns, we can also learn how to track and analyze complex health data. Our recommendations are intended to create the conditions in which we can address an entrenched and highly complex problem that will only become worse if unaddressed. This problem will not be cheap to fix, but it will be much costlier to ignore.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBox 1. Recommended steps for legislative action\n\n\n\r\n• Empower an oversight and enforcement agency with a qualified advisory board representing all stakeholders to identify and address critical usability requirements for building an interoperable and interconnected health information system in the US\n• Enforce the creation and maintenance of a thorough common data model for clinical data\n• Prohibit unwieldy data customization by enforcing interoperable and interconnected standards for medical data collection for every organization and system that collects or processes medical data (e.g., hospitals, laboratory information systems)\n• Establish automated data verification processes to confirm that the data collected are transmitted without distortion to correct patient records and end users, identify problems through feedback loops, and correct the sources of any data errors\n• Enforce a standard, certifiable calibration process that ensures that different tests for a given analyte give equivalent results regardless of the instrument used or the laboratory performing the test\n• Implement a universal, unique patient identifier secured by the strongest privacy-enhancing technology and supported by a security infrastructure\n• Authorize a central body to collect death and cause of death information for all individuals in the US, with the federal government defining the requirements and precautions needed to avoid fraud\n• Require CMS to create reimbursable billing codes for clinical informatics professionals who can make informed decisions about health information system selection, optimization of analytical and decision support functions, and maintenance\n• Establish GCP with adequate inspections of the analytical clinical data processes and facilities\n• Create incentives aligned with patients\u2019 and public health needs in which healthcare vendors are rewarded for documenting and avoiding medical errors and unnecessary processing costs\n• Identify and correct gaps and inconsistencies in current regulatory requirements\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBox 2. Recommended steps for public-private partnership action\n\n\n\r\n• Catalog the information required for building the decision support systems needed to improve the quality of patient care and maintain updated information\n• Authorize an advisory board representing all stakeholders, subject matter experts, and patient advocates to identify and address current roadblocks for collecting and transmitting interoperable clinical data in a fully traceable manner\n• Work with standards development organizations to determine how best to codify clinical data at the point of data collection, and maintain continuous quality improvements in coding\n• Identify the shortest pathways for information to reach the correct patient record and authorized end users\n• Adopt data collection systems that are fully traceable to the original data facts and thus make it possible to locate the sources of medical and system errors to avoid their recurrence\n• Identify and link important health information data that are currently not connected to hospitals, including death, cause of death, data collected by registries, and vaccinations\n• Implement a pilot system for collection of standardized, calibrated clinical laboratory data, and ancillary information, starting with the clinical data submitted to the FDA by drug companies\n• Assess progress based on measurable improvements in data integrity and completeness, analytics, healthcare delivery, and auditability, as well as reduced operating costs\n• Make the data elements and documentation of the mature prototype(s) available in a public repository for testing and feedback from users\n\n\n\n\n Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \nAPI: application programming interface\nCMS: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services\nCPT: Current Procedural Terminology\nEHR: electronic health record\nFDA: Food and Drug Administration\nFHIR: Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources\nGCP: good clinical practice\nHIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act\nHL7: Health Level 7\nOHDSI: Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics\nONC: Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology\nAcknowledgements \nThe views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or of the other institutions. The authors wish to acknowledge the valuable insights and discussions with Norman Stockbridge, Robert Temple, Mitra Rocca, Helena Sviglin, Frank Pucino, and Gregory Pappas from the FDA; Ingeborg Holt, informatician; Andrea Pitkus, Laboratory Informaticist and Clinical Terminology expert; Riki Merrick, Association of Public Laboratories; Sharona Hoffman, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; Nanguneri Nirmala, Director, Center for Clinical Evidence Synthesis, Tufts Medical Center; Mirta Roses Periago, World Health Organization Special Envoy on COVID-19 for Latin America and the Caribbean and Sir George Alleyne, both Directors Emeritus of the Pan American Health Organization; and Sean Khozin, Chief Executive Officer, CancerLinQ and former Associate Director of the FDA Oncology Center of Excellence.\n\nAuthor contributions \nA.S., J.G.L., J.M.T., F.W., J.C.B., J.M.S., M.G., L.C., M.P. designed the study, developed critical concepts, and wrote the paper; C.R., W.E.H., J.C.B., R.B.A. added clarity to critical concepts; M.S., Q.R. contributed to the work methodology; all authors read, edited, and approved the final version of the paper.\n\nPeer review \nCommunications Medicine thanks Joe Ledsam, David Bates, Francesca Cerreta, Rebecca Kush and the other, anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports (PDF) are available as supplementary information.\n\nCompeting interests \nThe authors declare no competing interests.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Reported Cases and Deaths by Country or Territory\". Coronavirus Worldometer. Worldometers.info. 2022. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/#countries .   \n \n\n\u2191 The Associated Press (27 January 2022). \"Government watchdog says key federal health agency is failing on crises\". NBC News. https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/politics\/politics-news\/government-watchdog-says-key-federal-health-agency-failing-crises-n1288154 .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 3.2 Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (2022). \"2022 Interoperability Standards Advisory\" (PDF). pp. 269. https:\/\/www.healthit.gov\/isa\/sites\/isa\/files\/inline-files\/2022-ISA-Reference-Edition.pdf .   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 Denny, Joshua C.; Collins, Francis S. 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FIND. 2022. https:\/\/www.finddx.org\/covid-19\/pipeline\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Statement on the tenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic\". WHO News. World Health Organization. 19 January 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/19-01-2022-statement-on-the-tenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"COVID-19 CPT coding and guidance\". CPT. American Medical Association. 21 February 2022. https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/cpt\/covid-19-cpt-coding-and-guidance .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"COVID-19 Tests and Collection Kits Authorized by the FDA: Infographic\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 17 September 2021. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices\/covid-19-tests-and-collection-kits-authorized-fda-infographic .   \n \n\n\u2191 Woodcock, J.; Abernathy, A. (3 March 2021). \"FDA\u2019s Data Modernization Action Plan: Putting Data to Work for Public Health\". FDA Voices. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/fda-voices\/fdas-data-modernization-action-plan-putting-data-work-public-health\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Announcement: Towards greater reproducibility for life-sciences research in Nature\" (in en). Nature 546 (7656): 8\u20138. 1 June 2017. doi:10.1038\/546008a. ISSN 0028-0836. http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/546008a .   \n \n\n\u2191 The RECOVERY Collaborative Group (25 February 2021). \"Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19\" (in en). New England Journal of Medicine 384 (8): 693\u2013704. doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC PMC7383595. PMID 32678530. http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Spine\". NHS Digital. National Health Service. 2022. https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/services\/spine .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bar-On, Yinon M.; Goldberg, Yair; Mandel, Micha; Bodenheimer, Omri; Freedman, Laurence; Kalkstein, Nir; Mizrahi, Barak; Alroy-Preis, Sharon et al. (7 October 2021). \"Protection of BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster against Covid-19 in Israel\" (in en). New England Journal of Medicine 385 (15): 1393\u20131400. doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa2114255. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC PMC8461568. PMID 34525275. http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2114255 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee September 17, 2021 Meeting Announcement\". Advisory Committee Meeting. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 17 September 2021. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/advisory-committees\/advisory-committee-calendar\/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-september-17-2021-meeting-announcement .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation and grammar to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. Citation 30 originally linked to an Excel file, which is no longer available; an alternative live web page was found for this version.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA<\/a>\nCategories: LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2022)LIMSwiki journal articles on data management and sharingLIMSwiki journal articles (all)Navigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageEncyclopedic articlesRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationPopular publications\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 23:55.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 101 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","09554659f38003c0f51fa184a49f2893_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-206 ns-subject page-Journal_Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA rootpage-Journal_Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:Recommendations for achieving interoperable and shareable medical data in the USA<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Easy access to large quantities of accurate health data is required to understand medical and scientific <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information\" title=\"Information\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6300a14d9c2776dcca0999b5ed940e7d\">information<\/a> in real time; evaluate public health measures before, during, and after times of crisis; and prevent medical errors. Introducing a system in the United States of America that allows for efficient access to such health data and ensures auditability of data facts, while avoiding data silos, will require fundamental changes in current practices. Here, we recommend the implementation of standardized data collection and transmission systems, universal identifiers for individual patients and end users, a reference standard infrastructure to support calibration and integration of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratory<\/a> results from equivalent tests, and modernized working practices. Requiring comprehensive and binding <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Technical_standard\" title=\"Technical standard\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"05c0e624f7f6a126d85e6b27bad44c49\">standards<\/a>, rather than incentivizing voluntary and often piecemeal efforts for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_exchange\" title=\"Data exchange\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7f41f95d4835a37b958fa9e870357f66\">data exchange<\/a>, will allow us to achieve the analytical information environment that patients need.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: drug development, public health, interoperability, data exchange, health informatics, clinical laboratory data\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Reported worldwide mortality from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/COVID-19\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"COVID-19\" data-key=\"da9bd20c492b2a17074ad66c2fe25652\">COVID-19<\/a> has surpassed six million people, with over 16% of those deaths found in the United States of America alone.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Despite our vaccination efforts against COVID-19, the analytical deficiencies of the country's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Health_information_technology\" title=\"Health information technology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9c8ef822470559f757db89f3fa234cc0\">health information systems<\/a> uncovered by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pandemic\" title=\"Pandemic\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bd9a48e6c6e41b6d603ee703836b01f1\">pandemic<\/a> remain largely unresolved.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> We still cannot answer basic questions that should be answerable by a simple query of the data, such as \"what is the mortality rate according to patient variables?\" Also, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Public_health\" title=\"Public health\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"81092e25c0bd359cedd1b9f9dc350c86\">public health systems<\/a> and practitioners are still forced to rely on outmoded forms of communication (e.g., paper and fax) which do not provide rapid access to needed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information\" title=\"Information\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6300a14d9c2776dcca0999b5ed940e7d\">information<\/a>.\n<\/p><p>Although recognized as a leader in advancing cutting-edge biomedical research and medical technology, the US continues to rely on multiple, independent healthcare systems and versions that cannot seamlessly communicate with each other. This lack of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/System_integration\" title=\"System integration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"65c80aae9714da73905a2a343d8e6a81\">interoperability<\/a> within and across <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Hospital\" title=\"Hospital\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b8f070c66d8123fe91063594befebdff\">hospital<\/a> systems, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratories<\/a>, public health programs, physicians\u2019 offices, and regulatory and research data resources hinders rapid improvements in medical treatment, public health, decision-making, and research. The main reason for the failure to achieve interoperability\u2014and for the information loss, inefficient operations, and huge (and frequently hidden) costs that result\u2014is the lack of comprehensive, centrally coordinated, fully validated, traceable, and enforceable medical data collection and transmission <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Technical_standard\" title=\"Technical standard\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"05c0e624f7f6a126d85e6b27bad44c49\">standards<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Bi- and multi-directional feedback loops that are needed for prompt access to ancillary data, for clarifications, and for quickly reporting and addressing system and data errors are also lacking. Without easy access to this additional information, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Electronic_health_record\" title=\"Electronic health record\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f2e31a73217185bb01389404c1fd5255\">electronic health records<\/a> (EHRs) cannot be made portable<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>, and the full potential of those records to support research and innovation cannot be realized.\n<\/p><p>Data that can be easily <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_exchange\" title=\"Data exchange\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7f41f95d4835a37b958fa9e870357f66\">exchanged<\/a> is a goal that many parties have long been advocating for. The COVID-19 pandemic has made this issue more urgent than before, as we have \u201cto move faster than the virus\u201d (personal communication from Dr. Mirta Roses). Unfortunately, to date the COVID-19 pandemic has only underscored the consequences of having information systems that rely on non-binding standards for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_management\" title=\"Information management\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f8672d270c0750a858ed940158ca0a73\">data management<\/a> and exchange, standards that are themselves based on multiple, unreconciled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_model\" title=\"Data model\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed204a6f07bb837acff68291549ac278\">data models<\/a>. In principle, a data model should provide universal definitions of data elements (i.e., units of data having a precise meaning and interpretation) for users of heterogeneous data sites that want to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_sharing\" title=\"Data sharing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a99d5fda27f755c693c65864d9286130\">share<\/a> or aggregate data, to allow them to speak a common language.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Emerging technologies that promise to revolutionize healthcare add additional urgency to efforts to achieve interoperability in our health information systems. In a decade, there will be more sources of data<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>, for example from wearable devices such as the Apple Watch and Fitbit, that patients will use to record information. By combining these data with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Artificial_intelligence\" title=\"Artificial intelligence\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0c45a597361ca47e1cd8112af676276e\">artificial intelligence<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Machine_learning\" title=\"Machine learning\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"79aab39cfa124c958cd1dbcab3dde122\">machine learning<\/a>, in which machines are able to automatically process the data, diagnosis and prediction of patient outcomes could be improved. However, the successful use of these computational tools strongly depends on accurate collection and exchange of massive amounts of complex data derived from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Next-generation_sequencing\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Next-generation sequencing\" data-key=\"c9d965c11eed1543f2a7e5f1abed4bb7\">next-generation sequencing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Imaging\" class=\"mw-disambig wiki-link\" title=\"Imaging\" data-key=\"c99dd47b045eb67ecc822556afcbda57\">imaging<\/a> devices, laboratory assays, and many other sources. Unfortunately, the data being collected remain predominantly in local silos, and frequently the data are neither standardized nor of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_(business)\" title=\"Quality (business)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c4ac43430d1c3a3a15d1255257aaea37\">quality<\/a> required by these advanced automated approaches.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> The promise of all of these technological and scientific advances will be unrealized without interoperable standards that are fully representative of real-world clinical data (not just based on theoretical examples), and are fit-for-purpose for data collection, exchange, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_integration\" title=\"Data integration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fd01c635859e1d5b9583e43e31ef6718\">integration<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_analysis\" title=\"Data analysis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"545c95e40ca67c9e63cd0a16042a5bd1\">analysis<\/a>, and traceable to the original information.\n<\/p><p>Perhaps the most challenging roadblock for implementing interoperability for data collection is the tolerance for highly customized, proprietary health information systems and their unique versions. The inconsistencies created by unnecessary customization creates a state of confusion that makes it impossible to reliably identify in a timely fashion critical data facts and inconsistencies that must be communicated to those making critical decisions about how these systems should be designed and implemented. These decision makers include those in government organizations, the system vendors, software developers, and other stakeholders, including patients and patient advocates.\n<\/p><p>By presenting the following description of deficiencies in the US health information system and recommendations for addressing them at their root causes, we hope to stimulate constructive dialog among multiple stakeholders and inform policy changes in the US and other countries where such measures are needed. Recognizing our ethical responsibility to rapidly provide the best information to help patients<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>, we propose building an alternative, more transparent system based on interoperability that starts at the data collection stage. This alternative system would be one in which the benefits of new computational technologies can be realized, where patients are able to take control of their data, and where accurate and timely data can be rapidly shared to advance medical research and improve public health.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"The_lack_of_universal_and_harmonized_data_collection_and_transmission_standards\">The lack of universal and harmonized data collection and transmission standards<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To date, policies to increase interoperability in our health information systems have been based on downstream transactions, for example they seek to improve e-prescribing, billing, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Health_information_exchange\" title=\"Health information exchange\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7ea2eaa504cfa533dd9340169625c4ba\">health information exchange<\/a>, certification of EHRs<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>, and regulatory submissions. These policies do not enforce a universal standard for the collection and transmission of defined variables and values for each data element, even for straightforward information such as demographic data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Lacking universal standards, most health data exchange is therefore subject to the custom constraints of a multitude of unique, proprietary health information technologies, and the non-interoperable, disparate versions of the data elements in these systems. For example, proprietary health information systems modify most lab data received in their databases by mapping them to built-in terms. This results in a multitude of data conversion cycles that are difficult to document and untangle, because they are not traceable to the original data elements. Mapping and remapping from the irregular internal codes of each system version to the standardized versions needed for exchanging data is an error-prone, inefficient, and costly process that is repeated in reverse at the receiving end(s) when integrating the exchanged data back into the internal codes of the system version in which they were received.\n<\/p><p>There are ongoing efforts by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services\" title=\"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"654b4449e4816e190325b420c264df1a\">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services<\/a> (CMS) in the US to support data exchange via <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Health_Level_7\" title=\"Health Level 7\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e0bf845fb58d2bae05a846b47629e86f\">Health Level 7<\/a>'s (HL7's) secure Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard and associated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Application_programming_interface\" title=\"Application programming interface\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"36fc319869eba4613cb0854b421b0934\">application programming interfaces<\/a> (APIs) (i.e., software exchange engines created by The Health Level Seven International healthcare standards organization).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> However, without common, enforceable, and well-documented data structure and coding across pertinent health information systems and APIs, data exchange may still require manual and frequently blinded mapping, which makes rapid transfer of information unfeasible.\n<\/p><p>To achieve a health system that enables <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Continual_improvement_process\" title=\"Continual improvement process\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fd7b54be3f6cdd0e8ed84d501486d668\">continuous improvements<\/a>, we need systems that collect the data that are most important for patient care, for accomplishing critical analyses, for enhancing the level of evidence, and for addressing public health challenges.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, we must focus on developing universal standards for the collection and validation of the most clinically important data as they are created (e.g., results from centrally calibrated laboratory tests during the entire course of clinical care). Only when such standards are in place can we ensure that valid information is being correctly captured and delivered. We must also ensure that the diverse software, transfer engines, and information technology systems can correctly interpret these standards, and process standard nomenclatures and notations without corruption. Redundant backup systems, feedback loops for prompt and early identification and communication of problems, and automated data verification processes will be needed to ensure <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_integrity\" title=\"Data integrity\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"382a9bb77ee3e36bb3b37c79ed813167\">data integrity<\/a> and identify and correct the sources of transmission errors. Options should be provided for the public to monitor the accuracy of their medical data throughout all encounters (e.g., prescriptions, diagnosis, procedures), in the same way they can monitor their interactions with the Social Security System or banking institutions.\n<\/p><p>A recent collaborative effort between HL7 International, which provides common standards for exchange of data in healthcare, and the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) collaborative, which defines and maintains the common data model known as OMOP for international observational research studies, seeks to implement a unique data model for assembling and sharing information gathered in clinical care. This undertaking should enable us to integrate clinical data within huge repositories for advanced analytics, without the information loss caused by sequential mapping and remapping from and to a multitude of untraceable data models.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> However, HL7 and OHDSI are not providing interoperable standards for the collection of factual data into EHRs. Without strong legislative support, funding, and enforcement, an interoperable model for data collection at the source that can fully address our most critical health information needs will not become a reality.\n<\/p><p>Although recommendations for addressing data interoperability in our health information systems are described in the policy documents of organizations involved in oversight<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> and in the scientific literature<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>, much of the medical and scientific community remains insufficiently aware of the limitations of these systems, and tackling our widespread usability problems has not become a universally shared priority. We suggest that recent failures in disease prediction models<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> can be attributed in part to irregularities in how data are captured, exchanged, and maintained, and our inability to systematically access and compare these data across multiple EHR systems and versions over time.\n<\/p><p>To build quality data systems, we must have reliable enforcement mechanisms in place to monitor the implementation of and adherence to interoperable data standards. To monitor such process, we need to conduct good clinical practice (GCP) inspections and adopt reliable monitoring tools and enforcement mechanisms (analogous to those used by the Treasury Department to assure honesty of monetary transactions). These inspections will require highly trained professionals capable of detecting inaccurate data, improper coding, and failures of prediction models that clinicians rely on.\n<\/p><p>There are limits to the time healthcare professionals can (and should) spend entering data. A core principle of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Informatics_(academic_field)\" title=\"Informatics (academic field)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0391318826a5d9f9a1a1bcc88394739f\">informatics<\/a> is that data should only be entered once, and whenever possible by the device collecting the data. In the scenarios where automated entry is not possible, an interoperable system should facilitate data entry and coding by providing automated, interactive graphic representations of the data already in the system and smarter options with standard terminology for outcomes for given symptoms, diseases, medications, and patient profiles. Establishing high-quality hardware and software systems for collecting and delivering interoperable and fully traceable healthcare data to users would also create a dynamic in which it would be easier to assess the value and cost of data, and what additional data should be captured. Furthermore, the creation and support with reimbursable billing codes of large numbers of positions for scientifically trained clinical information professionals to manage health information systems will increase the value of these systems for caregivers, researchers, and patients.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Issues_requiring_prompt_attention\">Issues requiring prompt attention<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Lack_of_ascertainment_of_unique_patients\">Lack of ascertainment of unique patients<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Although the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act\" title=\"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b70673a0117c21576016cb7498867153\">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act<\/a> (HIPAA) initially required the creation of a health identifier in 1996<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>, federal funds for unique universal patient identifiers have been banned since Congress prohibited their use due to privacy concerns.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> Our failure to implement national, unique identifiers linking a patient\u2019s data to their healthcare professionals and their health information systems leads to unlinked, incomplete, and often duplicated records, and is another significant source of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_quality\" title=\"Data quality\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7fe43b05eae4dfa9b5c0547cc8cfcceb\">data quality<\/a> problems that have been avoided in countries that have implemented unique identifiers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, it is still nearly impossible for a person to access their own vaccination records if they are in databases separate from their EHR records or were submitted by paper or fax. It is also difficult or impossible to carry out early cancer prevention studies<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> that require that complete clinical information be linked to the correct patients even when they change health providers.\n<\/p><p>Although the prospect of unique patient identifiers raises valid privacy concerns, it can be argued that it would be easier to monitor and protect privacy with a single, properly encoded universal identifier than with a multitude of poorly documented ones. The absence of a unique identifier is actually one of the greatest causes of invasion of privacy, because typically over half of the EHRs in an institution will mistakenly include someone else\u2019s data (personal communication by Dr. W. Ed Hammond) that may be identifiable.\n<\/p><p>The current reliance on data aggregation techniques to protect patient privacy significantly delays our access to the information and impedes our understanding of the trajectory of diseases in individual patients, with potentially adverse consequences for their medical care and for identifying critical patient-level variables for subsequent research studies. We must therefore invest in better and updated privacy protection systems and law enforcement solutions. As data scientists, we are concerned about the limitations of HIPAA for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_privacy\" title=\"Information privacy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"185f6d9f874e48914b5789317408f782\">privacy protection<\/a>, due to the ease that such data can be re-identified. Our laws and regulations need to balance individual privacy protection with making data available for improving health outcomes. At a minimum, the approach to governance we adopt must ensure the following: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>the system is able to identify and control who can have the authorized level of access to the medical records;<\/li>\n<li>every user has a unique ID and a secure password;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Audit_trail\" title=\"Audit trail\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"96a617b543c5b2f26617288ba923c0f0\">audit trails<\/a> are used to track every user activity, and to provide accountability;<\/li>\n<li>only authorized personnel can access audit trails, and assess who has accessed or modified a record; and<\/li>\n<li>the data storage provider is not able to access personal identifiable information.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>A single patient identifier also has health equity ramifications in its favor. Patients who are poorer typically have less insurance coverage or none at all and often switch healthcare systems. They are underrepresented in health information systems and research studies, and less likely to have their specific needs understood. A unique identifier should improve the representation of these patients in our systems and thus our ability to address health inequities.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Lack_of_information_about_patient_mortality\">Lack of information about patient mortality<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The inadequacy of our current system for data collection is well illustrated by our failure to collect data as fundamental as mortality in a standardized fashion. Fatal outcomes are not incorporated into the medical record unless death occurs during hospitalization. When needed for public health measures, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Epidemiology\" title=\"Epidemiology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"123badb8bf0b37a513182dbcfc3875bc\">epidemiological<\/a> studies, and other research, data on death may be obtained from private services that collect information from funeral homes and obituaries, disease registries unconnected to EHRs, or from the National Death Index website. This website is typically late in gathering mortality information, as it is collected by a multitude of disparate local and state systems before being reported to the National Center for Health Statistics. Comprehensive data on mortality and cause of death should be methodically linked to clinical data for the over 330 million individuals in the US (as we have begun to do for COVID-19 cases). This information will allow for the creation of focused <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_decision_support_system\" title=\"Clinical decision support system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"095141425468d057aa977016869ca37d\">decision support systems<\/a> for clinical data that are better designed to prevent serious and fatal medical errors, one of the top causes of death in US hospitals.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Poorly_codified_and_calibrated_clinical_laboratory_data\">Poorly codified and calibrated clinical laboratory data<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_laboratory\" title=\"Clinical laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"307bcdf1bdbcd1bb167cee435b7a5463\">Clinical laboratories<\/a> began collecting digitized data in the 1960s. Although these data support 60 to 70 percent of decisions related to diagnosis, treatment, hospital admission, and discharge, they remain poorly codified, complicated to process, and are underused for medical decision-making and research.\n<\/p><p>US-based programs that defined the minimum government standards for EHRs have offered laboratories incentives to adopt proposed standards for messaging and encoding laboratory data. Unfortunately, serious functional problems still exist with the coding of laboratory test identifiers. There are multiple ways for the same analytes to be represented by different labs and instruments, and this results in improper assessments of coded terms and incorrect code selection and categorization. Moreover, coding systems often do not allow for transparent incorporation and transmission of the limits of detection of a test, the presence of interfering substances, and how a particular analyte is measured. Also, failure to enforce the use of consistent quantitative units of measure is a frequent source of data errors.\n<\/p><p>There is a pressing need for an expanded infrastructure to support the collection and distribution of the stable reference standards needed to support the accurate calibration and safe integration of the results from equivalent tests measuring the same analyte, performed by different instrument platforms or laboratories.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup> The ONC recognizes this problem as such: \n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Harmonization status indicates calibration equivalencies of tests and is required to verify clinical interoperability of results. Tests that are harmonized may be interpreted and trended together, and may use the same calculations, decision support rules, and machine learning models. Tests that are not harmonized should be interpreted and processed individually, not in aggregate with other tests.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This infrastructure will simplify the identification of a natural functional interoperability pathway that can be used as a backbone for integrating the currently unwieldy, inconsistent, and incomplete data coding standards for laboratory data. An illustration of the consequences of the failure to fully standardize laboratory data collection and calibration of the results is the limited understanding of the evolving prevalence of COVID-19, due to the inability to account for the performance differences of the over 1,000 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2\" title=\"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"beddd8bfa6022d0f538d26cdefb7df5c\">SARS-CoV-2<\/a> diagnostics that are listed worldwide.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> We also need to understand their performance characteristics according to the particular purpose for which a test is being performed (e.g., permission to travel, to access specific facilities, etc.).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Business_practices_that_hinder_modernization\">Business practices that hinder modernization<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The World Wide Web and online business transaction systems such as Amazon\u2019s e-commerce system were built with a clear understanding of the value of interoperability. These systems ensure that the correct data are collected and stored in an organized, automatically aligned format that is optimized to address new communication requirements and analytical functions. Realizing this scenario for health data will require changes in current practices. Since individual enterprises have built one-of-a-kind systems, there are often strong financial reasons not to share proprietary information. Current laws prohibiting information blocking have not accomplished their purpose, as it is now impossible to effectively oversee the thousands of unique versions of health information systems.\n<\/p><p>Given this scenario, it would be useful, once the needed information and data routes are identified and categorized, to develop prototype systems to demonstrate the benefits of profound change in how we manage health information. The development, testing, and validation of these prototypes for addressing the various requirements of patient care and research and development should be based on the integrity, completeness, traceability, and usability of the data; on the avoidance of preventable medical errors; and on measurable improvements in health outcomes.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Improving_the_processing_of_laboratory_data_linked_to_the_regulatory_activities_of_the_FDA\">Improving the processing of laboratory data linked to the regulatory activities of the FDA<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In contrast to other data transactions for which federal regulations are seeking to increase interoperability (e.g., using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/ICD-10_Procedure_Coding_System\" title=\"ICD-10 Procedure Coding System\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"42d6145f20f3340fd7b2cd51ad553412\">ICD-10 coding<\/a> for billing), in the US there is no clear business model that incentivizes standardization of laboratory data coding and its integration across medical encounters. Nor is there a single coordinated authority in the US to monitor and enforce the adoption of, and adherence to, such standards, or the transmission of intact laboratory data to end users. Interoperable standards for laboratory data are still highly immature (paper and faxed lab submissions are still commonplace), and still rely on billing codes for managing and understanding this information, despite their limited scope. For example, there are only 12 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Current_Procedural_Terminology\" title=\"Current Procedural Terminology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c5cc3e305001a68af1f9c5aa568d6260\">Current Procedural Terminology<\/a> (CPT) codes used for billing reimbursement that identify the COVID-19 or SARS-COV-2 infectious agent or their antibody response<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>, while the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Food_and_Drug_Administration\" title=\"Food and Drug Administration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e2be8927071ac419c0929f7aa1ede7fe\">Food and Drug Administration<\/a> (FDA) lists 357 identifiers for COVID-19 testing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Therefore, we suggest that one area that we should use as a model for how to achieve interoperability of patient data, and where favorable incentives for reform may already exist, is in the processing of clinical laboratory data in drug marketing applications submitted to the FDA. Currently, such data undergo multiple transformation steps before regulatory submission, and although results in a given new drug application may be calibrated, the results for many equivalent analytes coming from different sponsors, laboratories, and instruments are not necessarily calibrated the same way.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>We propose to begin the process of prototype development by creating a centralized calibration process for routine and critical analytes so that results collected during clinical trials will be equivalent regardless of the instrument or the laboratory. The aim is to eliminate the severe problems that result from customized data systems and demonstrate that time-consuming mapping and translation errors, and the associated loss of information, can be avoided while adding traceability and clarity to the clinical laboratory data in marketing applications. The recent phenomenon of increased mergers between central labs supporting pharmaceutical company sponsors and labs that support hospital networks will enable the systematic identification and removal of many deficiencies that derived from multiple sources of lab data, and help implementation of robust and universal data standards. We expect that the time and cost savings, as well as the gains in accuracy, demonstrated by a prototype system for clinical laboratory data will be welcomed by the pharmaceutical and device industries, the research and public health communities, and patients. In its processing of lab data, this initiative will include all the standardized data elements needed for analysis of regulatory data submissions, including those related to demographics, diagnosis, medical history, laboratory tests, death, and cause of death. Such standards will greatly enhance regulatory review of marketing applications across multiple sponsors and facilitate comparison of clinical trial lab results across applications, providing valuable feedback to the pharma sponsors.\n<\/p><p>When it reaches a level of maturity, the prototype for handling laboratory and other clinical data in regulatory submissions could be expanded to non-regulatory contexts, including routine patient care. The lessons learned could eventually be applied to the evaluation and certification of EHRs and decision support systems. The knowledge gained in how to create a truly interoperable system could also be used to address the analytical needs of other data resources including registries, repositories of real-world data, and regional data exchanges.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Returns_on_investment\">Returns on investment<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Adoption of our recommendations will simplify the continual enhancement, maintenance, oversight, and analytical functions of a fully interoperable, public health and medical data system. The savings achieved through interoperability across the research and development value chain would expedite the discovery and development of safe and effective vaccines, treatments, and the identification of marketed drugs that can be repurposed to treat patients. Analysts will be able to discover consistent and reproducible efficacy and safety signals within and across multiple data resources and perform meta-analyses of all selected data rather than focusing on limited, static summary reports.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup> Automated analytical tools will remain securely linked to the original data, making it possible to quickly complete additional evaluations of emerging issues. In support of these predictions, countries that have more interconnected health information systems have been able to analyze their medical data more efficiently, and have provided important findings. For example, the rapid completion of the dexamethasone study in the United Kingdom in patients with COVID-19<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> would have been very difficult to achieve in the US with our highly customized and uncoordinated systems for capturing patient-level data. Also, Israel\u2014with its standardized, highly interoperable medical information system and a universal patient identifier\u2014has provided critical information about breakthrough infections in patients who were considered to be fully vaccinated.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In a fully interoperable health information system, patients will receive improved medical care based on the ability of clinicians to detect, troubleshoot, and prevent critical and costly medical and system errors and benefit from public health measures that are based on information that is reliable, complete, and up-to-date. Although the deconstruction and rebuilding that we are proposing may be costly, it will be even more expensive to continue to undertake never-ending customization and processing of data to fit the unpredictable, continuously changing constraints of multiple, incompatible silos. To generate popular support for transforming our health information systems, we must inform the public of the risks of medical errors associated with a failure to accurately transmit critical information to the correct patient record and the risks for data quality posed by the current methods of maintaining data confidentially and privacy. Once we achieve true interoperability, it will become obvious that all health data are important, and we are ethically bound to adopt data retention policies that will preserve this information for our needs and for future generations.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conclusions\">Conclusions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In conclusion, the COVID-19 crisis is another wake-up call that reminds us that we cannot continue to use outdated data solutions that jeopardize our ability to advance research capabilities<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>, and can lead to medical errors and loss of life. Boxes 1 and 2 offer a set of summary recommendations that, if adopted, would help achieve needed solutions to the problems being described in this paper.\n<\/p><p>If Amazon can track packages, international banks can track money, and weather maps can track complex weather patterns, we can also learn how to track and analyze complex health data. Our recommendations are intended to create the conditions in which we can address an entrenched and highly complex problem that will only become worse if unaddressed. This problem will not be cheap to fix, but it will be much costlier to ignore.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Box 1.<\/b> Recommended steps for legislative action\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><br \/>• Empower an oversight and enforcement agency with a qualified advisory board representing all stakeholders to identify and address critical usability requirements for building an interoperable and interconnected health information system in the US\n<p>• Enforce the creation and maintenance of a thorough common data model for clinical data\n<\/p><p>• Prohibit unwieldy data customization by enforcing interoperable and interconnected standards for medical data collection for every organization and system that collects or processes medical data (e.g., hospitals, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_information_system\" title=\"Laboratory information system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"37add65b4d1c678b382a7d4817a9cf64\">laboratory information systems<\/a>)\n<\/p><p>• Establish automated data verification processes to confirm that the data collected are transmitted without distortion to correct patient records and end users, identify problems through feedback loops, and correct the sources of any data errors\n<\/p><p>• Enforce a standard, certifiable calibration process that ensures that different tests for a given analyte give equivalent results regardless of the instrument used or the laboratory performing the test\n<\/p><p>• Implement a universal, unique patient identifier secured by the strongest privacy-enhancing technology and supported by a security infrastructure\n<\/p><p>• Authorize a central body to collect death and cause of death information for all individuals in the US, with the federal government defining the requirements and precautions needed to avoid fraud\n<\/p><p>• Require CMS to create reimbursable billing codes for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Health_informatics\" title=\"Health informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"055eb51f53cfdbacc08ed150b266c9f4\">clinical informatics<\/a> professionals who can make informed decisions about health information system selection, optimization of analytical and decision support functions, and maintenance\n<\/p><p>• Establish GCP with adequate inspections of the analytical clinical data processes and facilities\n<\/p><p>• Create incentives aligned with patients\u2019 and public health needs in which healthcare vendors are rewarded for documenting and avoiding medical errors and unnecessary processing costs\n<\/p><p>• Identify and correct gaps and inconsistencies in current regulatory requirements\n<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Box 2.<\/b> Recommended steps for public-private partnership action\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><br \/>• Catalog the information required for building the decision support systems needed to improve the quality of patient care and maintain updated information\n<p>• Authorize an advisory board representing all stakeholders, subject matter experts, and patient advocates to identify and address current roadblocks for collecting and transmitting interoperable clinical data in a fully traceable manner\n<\/p><p>• Work with standards development organizations to determine how best to codify clinical data at the point of data collection, and maintain continuous quality improvements in coding\n<\/p><p>• Identify the shortest pathways for information to reach the correct patient record and authorized end users\n<\/p><p>• Adopt data collection systems that are fully traceable to the original data facts and thus make it possible to locate the sources of medical and system errors to avoid their recurrence\n<\/p><p>• Identify and link important health information data that are currently not connected to hospitals, including death, cause of death, data collected by registries, and vaccinations\n<\/p><p>• Implement a pilot system for collection of standardized, calibrated clinical laboratory data, and ancillary information, starting with the clinical data submitted to the FDA by drug companies\n<\/p><p>• Assess progress based on measurable improvements in data integrity and completeness, analytics, healthcare delivery, and auditability, as well as reduced operating costs\n<\/p><p>• Make the data elements and documentation of the mature prototype(s) available in a public repository for testing and feedback from users\n<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h2><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Abbreviations,_acronyms,_and_initialisms\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abbreviations.2C_acronyms.2C_and_initialisms\">Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><b>API<\/b>: application programming interface<\/li>\n<li><b>CMS<\/b>: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services<\/li>\n<li><b>CPT<\/b>: Current Procedural Terminology<\/li>\n<li><b>EHR<\/b>: electronic health record<\/li>\n<li><b>FDA<\/b>: Food and Drug Administration<\/li>\n<li><b>FHIR<\/b>: Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources<\/li>\n<li><b>GCP<\/b>: good clinical practice<\/li>\n<li><b>HIPAA<\/b>: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act<\/li>\n<li><b>HL7<\/b>: Health Level 7<\/li>\n<li><b>OHDSI<\/b>: Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics<\/li>\n<li><b>ONC<\/b>: Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or of the other institutions. The authors wish to acknowledge the valuable insights and discussions with Norman Stockbridge, Robert Temple, Mitra Rocca, Helena Sviglin, Frank Pucino, and Gregory Pappas from the FDA; Ingeborg Holt, informatician; Andrea Pitkus, Laboratory Informaticist and Clinical Terminology expert; Riki Merrick, Association of Public Laboratories; Sharona Hoffman, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; Nanguneri Nirmala, Director, Center for Clinical Evidence Synthesis, Tufts Medical Center; Mirta Roses Periago, World Health Organization Special Envoy on COVID-19 for Latin America and the Caribbean and Sir George Alleyne, both Directors Emeritus of the Pan American Health Organization; and Sean Khozin, Chief Executive Officer, CancerLinQ and former Associate Director of the FDA Oncology Center of Excellence.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Author_contributions\">Author contributions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A.S., J.G.L., J.M.T., F.W., J.C.B., J.M.S., M.G., L.C., M.P. designed the study, developed critical concepts, and wrote the paper; C.R., W.E.H., J.C.B., R.B.A. added clarity to critical concepts; M.S., Q.R. contributed to the work methodology; all authors read, edited, and approved the final version of the paper.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Peer_review\">Peer review<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><i>Communications Medicine<\/i> thanks Joe Ledsam, David Bates, Francesca Cerreta, Rebecca Kush and the other, anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/esm\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs43856-022-00148-x\/MediaObjects\/43856_2022_148_MOESM1_ESM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Peer reviewer reports<\/a> (PDF) are available as supplementary information.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Competing_interests\">Competing interests<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The authors declare no competing interests.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"#countries\">\"Reported Cases and Deaths by Country or Territory\"<\/a>. <i>Coronavirus Worldometer<\/i>. 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(13 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.healthcareitnews.com\/news\/onc-cdc-want-fix-fragmented-public-health-system-covid-19-exposed\" target=\"_blank\">\"ONC, CDC want to fix the fragmented public health system COVID-19 exposed\"<\/a>. <i>Healthcare IT News<\/i>. HIMSS Media<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.healthcareitnews.com\/news\/onc-cdc-want-fix-fragmented-public-health-system-covid-19-exposed\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.healthcareitnews.com\/news\/onc-cdc-want-fix-fragmented-public-health-system-covid-19-exposed<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ONC%2C+CDC+want+to+fix+the+fragmented+public+health+system+COVID-19+exposed&rft.atitle=Healthcare+IT+News&rft.aulast=Comstock%2C+J.&rft.au=Comstock%2C+J.&rft.date=13+August+2021&rft.pub=HIMSS+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthcareitnews.com%2Fnews%2Fonc-cdc-want-fix-fragmented-public-health-system-covid-19-exposed&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Achenbach, J.; Abutaleb, Y. (30 September 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/health\/2021\/09\/30\/inadequate-us-data-pandemic-response\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Messy, incomplete U.S. data hobbles pandemic response\"<\/a>. <i>The Washington Post<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/health\/2021\/09\/30\/inadequate-us-data-pandemic-response\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/health\/2021\/09\/30\/inadequate-us-data-pandemic-response\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Messy%2C+incomplete+U.S.+data+hobbles+pandemic+response&rft.atitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.aulast=Achenbach%2C+J.%3B+Abutaleb%2C+Y.&rft.au=Achenbach%2C+J.%3B+Abutaleb%2C+Y.&rft.date=30+September+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhealth%2F2021%2F09%2F30%2Finadequate-us-data-pandemic-response%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Montague, Elizabeth; Day, T Eugene; Barry, Dwight; Brumm, Maria; McAdie, Aaron; Cooper, Andrew B; Wignall, Julia; Erdman, Steve <i>et al.<\/i> (1 March 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/28\/3\/650\/6065836\" target=\"_blank\">\"The case for information fiduciaries: The implementation of a data ethics checklist at Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association<\/i> <b>28<\/b> (3): 650\u2013652. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjamia%2Focaa307\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa307<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1527-974X\" target=\"_blank\">1527-974X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7936507\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7936507<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33404593\" target=\"_blank\">33404593<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/28\/3\/650\/6065836\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/28\/3\/650\/6065836<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+case+for+information+fiduciaries%3A+The+implementation+of+a+data+ethics+checklist+at+Seattle+Children%E2%80%99s+Hospital&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Informatics+Association&rft.aulast=Montague&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Montague%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth&rft.au=Day%2C%26%2332%3BT+Eugene&rft.au=Barry%2C%26%2332%3BDwight&rft.au=Brumm%2C%26%2332%3BMaria&rft.au=McAdie%2C%26%2332%3BAaron&rft.au=Cooper%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+B&rft.au=Wignall%2C%26%2332%3BJulia&rft.au=Erdman%2C%26%2332%3BSteve&rft.au=N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez%2C%26%2332%3BDiahnna&rft.date=1+March+2021&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=650%E2%80%93652&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fjamia%2Focaa307&rft.issn=1527-974X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7936507&rft_id=info:pmid\/33404593&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjamia%2Farticle%2F28%2F3%2F650%2F6065836&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/newsroom\/fact-sheets\/interoperability-and-patient-access-fact-sheet\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Interoperability and Patient Access Fact Sheet\"<\/a>. <i>CMS Newsroom<\/i>. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 9 March 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/newsroom\/fact-sheets\/interoperability-and-patient-access-fact-sheet\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/newsroom\/fact-sheets\/interoperability-and-patient-access-fact-sheet\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Interoperability+and+Patient+Access+Fact+Sheet&rft.atitle=CMS+Newsroom&rft.date=9+March+2020&rft.pub=Centers+for+Medicare+%26+Medicaid+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cms.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Ffact-sheets%2Finteroperability-and-patient-access-fact-sheet%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_11-0\">11.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_11-1\">11.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Regulations-and-Guidance\/Legislation\/EHRIncentivePrograms\/Basics\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medicare and Medicaid Promoting Interoperability Program Basics\"<\/a>. <i>CMS Regulations & Guidance<\/i>. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 3 March 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Regulations-and-Guidance\/Legislation\/EHRIncentivePrograms\/Basics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Regulations-and-Guidance\/Legislation\/EHRIncentivePrograms\/Basics<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medicare+and+Medicaid+Promoting+Interoperability+Program+Basics&rft.atitle=CMS+Regulations+%26+Guidance&rft.date=3+March+2022&rft.pub=Centers+for+Medicare+%26+Medicaid+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cms.gov%2FRegulations-and-Guidance%2FLegislation%2FEHRIncentivePrograms%2FBasics&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Frieden, J. (6 May 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.medpagetoday.com\/practicemanagement\/informationtechnology\/92459\" target=\"_blank\">\"Q&A: Talking Health IT With Micky Tripathi\"<\/a>. <i>MedPage Today<\/i>. MedPage Today, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.medpagetoday.com\/practicemanagement\/informationtechnology\/92459\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.medpagetoday.com\/practicemanagement\/informationtechnology\/92459<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Q%26A%3A+Talking+Health+IT+With+Micky+Tripathi&rft.atitle=MedPage+Today&rft.aulast=Frieden%2C+J.&rft.au=Frieden%2C+J.&rft.date=6+May+2021&rft.pub=MedPage+Today%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medpagetoday.com%2Fpracticemanagement%2Finformationtechnology%2F92459&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Institute of Medicine (US) Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine (2007). Olsen, LeighAnne; Aisner, Dara; McGinnis, J. Michael. eds. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK53494\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Learning Healthcare System: Workshop Summary<\/i><\/a>. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-0-309-10300-8. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21452449\" target=\"_blank\">21452449<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK53494\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK53494\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Learning+Healthcare+System%3A+Workshop+Summary&rft.aulast=Institute+of+Medicine+%28US%29+Roundtable+on+Evidence-Based+Medicine&rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine+%28US%29+Roundtable+on+Evidence-Based+Medicine&rft.date=2007&rft.place=Washington+%28DC%29&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.isbn=978-0-309-10300-8&rft_id=info:pmid\/21452449&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK53494%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hartley, David M.; Seid, Michael (1 July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34277947\" target=\"_blank\">\"Collaborative learning health systems: Science and practice\"<\/a>. <i>Learning Health Systems<\/i> <b>5<\/b> (3): e10286. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Flrh2.10286\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/lrh2.10286<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2379-6146\" target=\"_blank\">2379-6146<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/8278439\/\" target=\"_blank\">8278439<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34277947\" target=\"_blank\">34277947<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34277947\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34277947<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Collaborative+learning+health+systems%3A+Science+and+practice&rft.jtitle=Learning+Health+Systems&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Hartley%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+M.&rft.au=Seid%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.date=1+July+2021&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e10286&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Flrh2.10286&rft.issn=2379-6146&rft_id=info:pmc\/8278439&rft_id=info:pmid\/34277947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F34277947&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Parsons, Allison; Unaka, Ndidi I.; Stewart, Constance; Foster, Jennifer; Perez, Valerie; Jones, Nana\u2010Hawa Yayah; Kahn, Robert; Beck, Andrew F. <i>et al.<\/i> (22 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8278437\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Seven practices for pursuing equity through learning health systems: Notes from the field\"<\/a>. <i>Learning Health Systems<\/i> <b>5<\/b> (3). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Flrh2.10279\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/lrh2.10279<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2379-6146\" target=\"_blank\">2379-6146<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/8278437\/\" target=\"_blank\">8278437<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34277945\" target=\"_blank\">34277945<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8278437\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8278437\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seven+practices+for+pursuing+equity+through+learning+health+systems%3A+Notes+from+the+field&rft.jtitle=Learning+Health+Systems&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft.au=Parsons%2C%26%2332%3BAllison&rft.au=Unaka%2C%26%2332%3BNdidi+I.&rft.au=Stewart%2C%26%2332%3BConstance&rft.au=Foster%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer&rft.au=Perez%2C%26%2332%3BValerie&rft.au=Jones%2C%26%2332%3BNana%E2%80%90Hawa+Yayah&rft.au=Kahn%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.au=Beck%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+F.&rft.au=Riley%2C%26%2332%3BCarley&rft.date=22+June+2021&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Flrh2.10279&rft.issn=2379-6146&rft_id=info:pmc\/8278437&rft_id=info:pmid\/34277945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8278437%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ros, Francisco; Kush, Rebecca; Friedman, Charles; Gil Zorzo, Esther; Rivero Corte, Pablo; Rubin, Joshua C.; Sanchez, Borja; Stocco, Paolo <i>et al.<\/i> (1 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lrh2.10253\" target=\"_blank\">\"Addressing the Covid\u201019 pandemic and future public health challenges through global collaboration and a data\u2010driven systems approach\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Learning Health Systems<\/i> <b>5<\/b> (1). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Flrh2.10253\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/lrh2.10253<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2379-6146\" target=\"_blank\">2379-6146<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7744897\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7744897<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33349796\" target=\"_blank\">33349796<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lrh2.10253\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lrh2.10253<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Addressing+the+Covid%E2%80%9019+pandemic+and+future+public+health+challenges+through+global+collaboration+and+a+data%E2%80%90driven+systems+approach&rft.jtitle=Learning+Health+Systems&rft.aulast=Ros&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Ros%2C%26%2332%3BFrancisco&rft.au=Kush%2C%26%2332%3BRebecca&rft.au=Friedman%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.au=Gil+Zorzo%2C%26%2332%3BEsther&rft.au=Rivero+Corte%2C%26%2332%3BPablo&rft.au=Rubin%2C%26%2332%3BJoshua+C.&rft.au=Sanchez%2C%26%2332%3BBorja&rft.au=Stocco%2C%26%2332%3BPaolo&rft.au=Van+Houweling%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas&rft.date=1+January+2021&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Flrh2.10253&rft.issn=2379-6146&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7744897&rft_id=info:pmid\/33349796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Flrh2.10253&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Health Level Seven International (1 March 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hl7.org\/documentcenter\/public\/pressreleases\/HL7_PRESS_20210301.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"HL7 International and OHDSI Announce Collaboration to Provide Single Common Data Model for Sharing Information in Clinical Care and Observational Research\"<\/a> (PDF). Health Level Seven International<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hl7.org\/documentcenter\/public\/pressreleases\/HL7_PRESS_20210301.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.hl7.org\/documentcenter\/public\/pressreleases\/HL7_PRESS_20210301.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=HL7+International+and+OHDSI+Announce+Collaboration+to+Provide+Single+Common+Data+Model+for+Sharing+Information+in+Clinical+Care+and+Observational+Research&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Health+Level+Seven+International&rft.au=Health+Level+Seven+International&rft.date=1+March+2021&rft.pub=Health+Level+Seven+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hl7.org%2Fdocumentcenter%2Fpublic%2Fpressreleases%2FHL7_PRESS_20210301.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Conway, Jake R.; Warner, Jeremy L.; Rubinstein, Wendy S.; Miller, Robert S. (1 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/PO.19.00232\" target=\"_blank\">\"Next-Generation Sequencing and the Clinical Oncology Workflow: Data Challenges, Proposed Solutions, and a Call to Action\"<\/a> (in en). <i>JCO Precision Oncology<\/i> (3): 1\u201310. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1200%2FPO.19.00232\" target=\"_blank\">10.1200\/PO.19.00232<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2473-4284\" target=\"_blank\">2473-4284<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7446333\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7446333<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32923847\" target=\"_blank\">32923847<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/PO.19.00232\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/PO.19.00232<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Next-Generation+Sequencing+and+the+Clinical+Oncology+Workflow%3A+Data+Challenges%2C+Proposed+Solutions%2C+and+a+Call+to+Action&rft.jtitle=JCO+Precision+Oncology&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Jake+R.&rft.au=Conway%2C%26%2332%3BJake+R.&rft.au=Warner%2C%26%2332%3BJeremy+L.&rft.au=Rubinstein%2C%26%2332%3BWendy+S.&rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+S.&rft.date=1+December+2019&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9310&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1200%2FPO.19.00232&rft.issn=2473-4284&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7446333&rft_id=info:pmid\/32923847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascopubs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1200%2FPO.19.00232&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wong, Andrew; Otles, Erkin; Donnelly, John P.; Krumm, Andrew; McCullough, Jeffrey; DeTroyer-Cooley, Olivia; Pestrue, Justin; Phillips, Marie <i>et al.<\/i> (1 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/2781307\" target=\"_blank\">\"External Validation of a Widely Implemented Proprietary Sepsis Prediction Model in Hospitalized Patients\"<\/a> (in en). <i>JAMA Internal Medicine<\/i> <b>181<\/b> (8): 1065. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2021.2626\" target=\"_blank\">10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.2626<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2168-6106\" target=\"_blank\">2168-6106<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8218233\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8218233<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34152373\" target=\"_blank\">34152373<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/2781307\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/2781307<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=External+Validation+of+a+Widely+Implemented+Proprietary+Sepsis+Prediction+Model+in+Hospitalized+Patients&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Internal+Medicine&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Wong%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.au=Otles%2C%26%2332%3BErkin&rft.au=Donnelly%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+P.&rft.au=Krumm%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.au=McCullough%2C%26%2332%3BJeffrey&rft.au=DeTroyer-Cooley%2C%26%2332%3BOlivia&rft.au=Pestrue%2C%26%2332%3BJustin&rft.au=Phillips%2C%26%2332%3BMarie&rft.au=Konye%2C%26%2332%3BJudy&rft.date=1+August+2021&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1065&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2021.2626&rft.issn=2168-6106&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8218233&rft_id=info:pmid\/34152373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2Fjournals%2Fjamainternalmedicine%2Ffullarticle%2F2781307&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Habib, Anand R.; Lin, Anthony L.; Grant, Richard W. (1 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/2781313\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Epic Sepsis Model Falls Short\u2014The Importance of External Validation\"<\/a> (in en). <i>JAMA Internal Medicine<\/i> <b>181<\/b> (8): 1040. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2021.3333\" target=\"_blank\">10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.3333<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2168-6106\" target=\"_blank\">2168-6106<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/2781313\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/2781313<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Epic+Sepsis+Model+Falls+Short%E2%80%94The+Importance+of+External+Validation&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Internal+Medicine&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Anand+R.&rft.au=Habib%2C%26%2332%3BAnand+R.&rft.au=Lin%2C%26%2332%3BAnthony+L.&rft.au=Grant%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+W.&rft.date=1+August+2021&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1040&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2021.3333&rft.issn=2168-6106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2Fjournals%2Fjamainternalmedicine%2Ffullarticle%2F2781313&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ross, C. (26 July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2021\/07\/26\/epic-hospital-algorithms-sepsis-investigation\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Epic\u2019s AI algorithms, shielded from scrutiny by a corporate firewall, are delivering inaccurate information on seriously ill patients\"<\/a>. <i>STAT<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2021\/07\/26\/epic-hospital-algorithms-sepsis-investigation\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2021\/07\/26\/epic-hospital-algorithms-sepsis-investigation\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Epic%E2%80%99s+AI+algorithms%2C+shielded+from+scrutiny+by+a+corporate+firewall%2C+are+delivering+inaccurate+information+on+seriously+ill+patients&rft.atitle=STAT&rft.aulast=Ross%2C+C.&rft.au=Ross%2C+C.&rft.date=26+July+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2021%2F07%2F26%2Fepic-hospital-algorithms-sepsis-investigation%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/PLAW-104publ191\/pdf\/PLAW-104publ191.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996\"<\/a> (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. 21 August 1996<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/PLAW-104publ191\/pdf\/PLAW-104publ191.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/PLAW-104publ191\/pdf\/PLAW-104publ191.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Health+Insurance+Portability+and+Accountability+Act+of+1996&rft.atitle=&rft.date=21+August+1996&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FPLAW-104publ191%2Fpdf%2FPLAW-104publ191.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_23-0\">23.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_23-1\">23.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Sood, H.S.; Bates, D.W.; Halamka, J.D.; Sheikh, A. (21 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/catalyst.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/CAT.18.0252\" target=\"_blank\">\"Has the Time Come for a Unique Patient Identifier for the U.S.?\"<\/a>. <i>NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery<\/i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1056%2FCAT.18.0252\" target=\"_blank\">10.1056\/CAT.18.0252<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/catalyst.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/CAT.18.0252\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/catalyst.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/CAT.18.0252<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Has+the+Time+Come+for+a+Unique+Patient+Identifier+for+the+U.S.%3F&rft.jtitle=NEJM+Catalyst+Innovations+in+Care+Delivery&rft.aulast=Sood%2C+H.S.%3B+Bates%2C+D.W.%3B+Halamka%2C+J.D.%3B+Sheikh%2C+A.&rft.au=Sood%2C+H.S.%3B+Bates%2C+D.W.%3B+Halamka%2C+J.D.%3B+Sheikh%2C+A.&rft.date=21+February+2018&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1056%2FCAT.18.0252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalyst.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1056%2FCAT.18.0252&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Friends of Cancer Research (29 March 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=J_G0C7vN724\" target=\"_blank\">\"Friends of Cancer Research Virtual Meeting - A Path for Early Detection\"<\/a>. <i>YouTube<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=J_G0C7vN724\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=J_G0C7vN724<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Friends+of+Cancer+Research+Virtual+Meeting+-+A+Path+for+Early+Detection&rft.atitle=YouTube&rft.aulast=Friends+of+Cancer+Research&rft.au=Friends+of+Cancer+Research&rft.date=29+March+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJ_G0C7vN724&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America (2000). Kohn, Linda T.; Corrigan, Janet M.; Donaldson, Molla S.. eds. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK225182\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System<\/i><\/a>. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-0-309-06837-6. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25077248\" target=\"_blank\">25077248<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK225182\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK225182\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Err+is+Human%3A+Building+a+Safer+Health+System&rft.aulast=Institute+of+Medicine+%28US%29+Committee+on+Quality+of+Health+Care+in+America&rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine+%28US%29+Committee+on+Quality+of+Health+Care+in+America&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Washington+%28DC%29&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.isbn=978-0-309-06837-6&rft_id=info:pmid\/25077248&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK225182%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_26-0\">26.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_26-1\">26.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Paxton, A. (November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.captodayonline.com\/new-hope-for-lab-data-interoperability\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"New hope for lab data interoperability\"<\/a>. <i>CAP Today<\/i>. College of American Pathologists<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.captodayonline.com\/new-hope-for-lab-data-interoperability\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.captodayonline.com\/new-hope-for-lab-data-interoperability\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+hope+for+lab+data+interoperability&rft.atitle=CAP+Today&rft.aulast=Paxton%2C+A.&rft.au=Paxton%2C+A.&rft.date=November+2021&rft.pub=College+of+American+Pathologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.captodayonline.com%2Fnew-hope-for-lab-data-interoperability%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_27-0\">27.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_27-1\">27.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Levenson, D. (1 December 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aacc.org\/cln\/articles\/2021\/december\/untangling-laboratory-datas-twisted-journey\" target=\"_blank\">\"Untangling Laboratory Data's Twisted Journey\"<\/a>. <i>Clinical Laboratory News<\/i>. American Association for Clinical Chemistry<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aacc.org\/cln\/articles\/2021\/december\/untangling-laboratory-datas-twisted-journey\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aacc.org\/cln\/articles\/2021\/december\/untangling-laboratory-datas-twisted-journey<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Untangling+Laboratory+Data%27s+Twisted+Journey&rft.atitle=Clinical+Laboratory+News&rft.aulast=Levenson%2C+D.&rft.au=Levenson%2C+D.&rft.date=1+December+2021&rft.pub=American+Association+for+Clinical+Chemistry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacc.org%2Fcln%2Farticles%2F2021%2Fdecember%2Funtangling-laboratory-datas-twisted-journey&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.finddx.org\/covid-19\/pipeline\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"SARS-Cov-2 Diagnostic Pipeline\"<\/a>. FIND. 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.finddx.org\/covid-19\/pipeline\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.finddx.org\/covid-19\/pipeline\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=SARS-Cov-2+Diagnostic+Pipeline&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2022&rft.pub=FIND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finddx.org%2Fcovid-19%2Fpipeline%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/19-01-2022-statement-on-the-tenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">\"Statement on the tenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic\"<\/a>. <i>WHO News<\/i>. World Health Organization. 19 January 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/19-01-2022-statement-on-the-tenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/19-01-2022-statement-on-the-tenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Statement+on+the+tenth+meeting+of+the+International+Health+Regulations+%282005%29+Emergency+Committee+regarding+the+coronavirus+disease+%28COVID-19%29+pandemic&rft.atitle=WHO+News&rft.date=19+January+2022&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F19-01-2022-statement-on-the-tenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-%282005%29-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-%28covid-19%29-pandemic&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/cpt\/covid-19-cpt-coding-and-guidance\" target=\"_blank\">\"COVID-19 CPT coding and guidance\"<\/a>. <i>CPT<\/i>. American Medical Association. 21 February 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/cpt\/covid-19-cpt-coding-and-guidance\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/cpt\/covid-19-cpt-coding-and-guidance<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=COVID-19+CPT+coding+and+guidance&rft.atitle=CPT&rft.date=21+February+2022&rft.pub=American+Medical+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fpractice-management%2Fcpt%2Fcovid-19-cpt-coding-and-guidance&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices\/covid-19-tests-and-collection-kits-authorized-fda-infographic\" target=\"_blank\">\"COVID-19 Tests and Collection Kits Authorized by the FDA: Infographic\"<\/a>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 17 September 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices\/covid-19-tests-and-collection-kits-authorized-fda-infographic\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices\/covid-19-tests-and-collection-kits-authorized-fda-infographic<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=COVID-19+Tests+and+Collection+Kits+Authorized+by+the+FDA%3A+Infographic&rft.atitle=&rft.date=17+September+2021&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fmedical-devices%2Fcoronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices%2Fcovid-19-tests-and-collection-kits-authorized-fda-infographic&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Woodcock, J.; Abernathy, A. (3 March 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/fda-voices\/fdas-data-modernization-action-plan-putting-data-work-public-health\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"FDA\u2019s Data Modernization Action Plan: Putting Data to Work for Public Health\"<\/a>. <i>FDA Voices<\/i>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/fda-voices\/fdas-data-modernization-action-plan-putting-data-work-public-health\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/fda-voices\/fdas-data-modernization-action-plan-putting-data-work-public-health\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA%E2%80%99s+Data+Modernization+Action+Plan%3A+Putting+Data+to+Work+for+Public+Health&rft.atitle=FDA+Voices&rft.aulast=Woodcock%2C+J.%3B+Abernathy%2C+A.&rft.au=Woodcock%2C+J.%3B+Abernathy%2C+A.&rft.date=3+March+2021&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Ffda-voices%2Ffdas-data-modernization-action-plan-putting-data-work-public-health%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/546008a\" target=\"_blank\">\"Announcement: Towards greater reproducibility for life-sciences research in Nature\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature<\/i> <b>546<\/b> (7656): 8\u20138. 1 June 2017. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2F546008a\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/546008a<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-0836\" target=\"_blank\">0028-0836<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/546008a\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/546008a<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Announcement%3A+Towards+greater+reproducibility+for+life-sciences+research+in+Nature&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=1+June+2017&rft.volume=546&rft.issue=7656&rft.pages=8%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2F546008a&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F546008a&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-34\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">The RECOVERY Collaborative Group (25 February 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436\" target=\"_blank\">\"Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19\"<\/a> (in en). <i>New England Journal of Medicine<\/i> <b>384<\/b> (8): 693\u2013704. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2021436\" target=\"_blank\">10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-4793\" target=\"_blank\">0028-4793<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7383595\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7383595<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32678530\" target=\"_blank\">32678530<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dexamethasone+in+Hospitalized+Patients+with+Covid-19&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=The+RECOVERY+Collaborative+Group&rft.au=The+RECOVERY+Collaborative+Group&rft.date=25+February+2021&rft.volume=384&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=693%E2%80%93704&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2021436&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7383595&rft_id=info:pmid\/32678530&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa2021436&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/services\/spine\" target=\"_blank\">\"Spine\"<\/a>. <i>NHS Digital<\/i>. National Health Service. 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/services\/spine\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/services\/spine<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Spine&rft.atitle=NHS+Digital&rft.date=2022&rft.pub=National+Health+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.nhs.uk%2Fservices%2Fspine&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bar-On, Yinon M.; Goldberg, Yair; Mandel, Micha; Bodenheimer, Omri; Freedman, Laurence; Kalkstein, Nir; Mizrahi, Barak; Alroy-Preis, Sharon <i>et al.<\/i> (7 October 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2114255\" target=\"_blank\">\"Protection of BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster against Covid-19 in Israel\"<\/a> (in en). <i>New England Journal of Medicine<\/i> <b>385<\/b> (15): 1393\u20131400. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2114255\" target=\"_blank\">10.1056\/NEJMoa2114255<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-4793\" target=\"_blank\">0028-4793<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8461568\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8461568<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34525275\" target=\"_blank\">34525275<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2114255\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2114255<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protection+of+BNT162b2+Vaccine+Booster+against+Covid-19+in+Israel&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Yinon+M.&rft.au=Bar-On%2C%26%2332%3BYinon+M.&rft.au=Goldberg%2C%26%2332%3BYair&rft.au=Mandel%2C%26%2332%3BMicha&rft.au=Bodenheimer%2C%26%2332%3BOmri&rft.au=Freedman%2C%26%2332%3BLaurence&rft.au=Kalkstein%2C%26%2332%3BNir&rft.au=Mizrahi%2C%26%2332%3BBarak&rft.au=Alroy-Preis%2C%26%2332%3BSharon&rft.au=Ash%2C%26%2332%3BNachman&rft.date=7+October+2021&rft.volume=385&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1393%E2%80%931400&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2114255&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8461568&rft_id=info:pmid\/34525275&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa2114255&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/advisory-committees\/advisory-committee-calendar\/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-september-17-2021-meeting-announcement\" target=\"_blank\">\"Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee September 17, 2021 Meeting Announcement\"<\/a>. <i>Advisory Committee Meeting<\/i>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 17 September 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/advisory-committees\/advisory-committee-calendar\/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-september-17-2021-meeting-announcement\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/advisory-committees\/advisory-committee-calendar\/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-september-17-2021-meeting-announcement<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Vaccines+and+Related+Biological+Products+Advisory+Committee+September+17%2C+2021+Meeting+Announcement&rft.atitle=Advisory+Committee+Meeting&rft.date=17+September+2021&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fadvisory-committees%2Fadvisory-committee-calendar%2Fvaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-september-17-2021-meeting-announcement&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation and grammar to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. Citation 30 originally linked to an Excel file, which is no longer available; an alternative live web page was found for this version.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103002020\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.358 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.378 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 32920\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 264431\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 95674\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 74422\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 335.770 1 -total\n 84.37% 283.289 1 Template:Reflist\n 66.35% 222.799 37 Template:Citation\/core\n 38.66% 129.803 23 Template:Cite_web\n 28.61% 96.051 12 Template:Cite_journal\n 13.21% 44.353 37 Template:Date\n 9.57% 32.122 1 Template:Infobox_journal_article\n 8.85% 29.721 1 Template:Infobox\n 5.86% 19.681 44 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.88% 16.374 2 Template:Cite_book\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13834-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103002020 and revision id 50320. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Recommendations_for_achieving_interoperable_and_shareable_medical_data_in_the_USA<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","09554659f38003c0f51fa184a49f2893_images":[],"09554659f38003c0f51fa184a49f2893_timestamp":1672771708,"9a52a3e6baa6077108a34c66fd9aed71_type":"article","9a52a3e6baa6077108a34c66fd9aed71_title":"Quality and environmental management systems as business tools to enhance ESG performance: A cross-regional empirical study (Ronalter et al. 2022)","9a52a3e6baa6077108a34c66fd9aed71_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study","9a52a3e6baa6077108a34c66fd9aed71_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:Quality and environmental management systems as business tools to enhance ESG performance: A cross-regional empirical studyFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nQuality and environmental management systems as business tools to enhance ESG performance: A cross-regional empirical studyJournal\n \nEnvironment, Development and SustainabilityAuthor(s)\n \nRonalter, Louis M.; Bernardo, Merce; Roman\u00ed, Javier M.Author affiliation(s)\n \nUniversitat de BarcelonaPrimary contact\n \nEmail: ronalterlouis at gmail comYear published\n \n2022Article #\n \n660DOI\n \n10.1007\/s10668-022-02425-0ISSN\n \n1573-2975Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10668-022-02425-0Download\n \nhttps:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10668-022-02425-0.pdf (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Literature review \n\n3.1 Stakeholder theory \n3.2 Management systems \n3.3 ESG ratings and scores \n3.4 ESG-related benefits of management system implementation \n\n3.4.1 Benefits regarding the environmental pillar \n3.4.2 Benefits regarding the social pillar \n3.4.3 Benefits regarding the governance pillar \n3.4.4 Benefits of operating both management systems simultaneously \n\n\n\n\n4 Methodology \n\n4.1 Sampling process \n4.2 Sample description \n4.3 Data analysis \n\n\n5 Findings \n\n5.1 Descriptive analysis \n5.2 Cluster analysis \n\n\n6 Discussion \n7 Conclusions \n\n7.1 Managerial implications \n7.2 Policy implications \n7.3 Academic implications \n7.4 Limitations and future research \n\n\n8 Acknowledgements \n\n8.1 Funding \n8.2 Data availability \n8.3 Conflict of interest \n\n\n9 References \n10 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nThe growing societal and political focus on sustainability at the global level is pressuring companies to enhance their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance to satisfy respective stakeholder needs and ensure sustained business success. With a data sample of 4,292 companies from Europe, East Asia, and North America, this work aims to prove through a cross-regional empirical study that quality management systems (QMSs) and environmental management systems (EMSs) represent powerful business tools to achieve this enhanced ESG performance. Descriptive and cluster analyses reveal that firms with QMSs and\/or EMSs accomplish statistically significant higher ESG scores than companies without such management systems. Furthermore, the results indicate that operating both types of management systems simultaneously increases performance in the environmental and social pillar even further, while the governance dimension appears to be affected mainly by the adoption of EMSs alone. \nTo the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, such large-scale, cross-regional analysis of the impact of QMSs and EMSs on ESG performance is absent from the literature, thus paving the way for pioneering academic research. The study is grounded in stakeholder theory and demonstrates to managers how the implementation of management systems can assist in successfully translating stakeholders\u2019 sustainability concerns into actionable business practice. Furthermore, it allows decision-makers to gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of QMSs and EMSs for tackling specific ESG issues and highlights the performance advantages of combining both management systems. The work also depicts to policymakers how corporate sustainable performance (CSP) can be improved by fostering management systems adoption, thereby emphasizing the importance of supporting and facilitating the diffusion of these systems.\nKeywords: corporate sustainable performance, environmental management systems, ESG performance, quality management systems, sustainability\n\nIntroduction \nA significant number of companies worldwide rely on management systems[1] to improve corporate operations[2][3] and address stakeholders\u2019 needs systematically.[4] Given that achieving \u201cdevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs\u201d[5] nowadays represents a normative concept[6], corporate executives are under increasing pressure to fulfil one particular stakeholder demand: making their companies more sustainable.[7][8][9][10]\nFor example, consumer attitudes towards sustainable products and services are increasingly positive[11][12] and investors are placing increasing value on data on sustainability-related issues for financial commitments.[13][14][15] In this context, such stakeholders often consider firms\u2019 environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores in their decision-making process[16][17] and, in return, companies that apply ESG practices can improve stakeholders\u2019 trust by accumulating social capital and strengthening attachment to the firm.[18] Scholars also devote a great deal of attention to the ESG concept[19], which has emerged as a measure of companies\u2019 corporate sustainable performance (CSP).[16][17][20]\nWhen it comes to researching CSP in relation to management systems, however, academics focus more on investigating the benefits related to specific issues such as reduced emissions[21] and sustainable supply chains[22], as opposed to connecting management systems with the broader ESG concept as a framework for the various CSP demands of stakeholders. Few studies consider ESG ratings alongside management systems. Broadstock et al.[23], for example, state that to achieve higher scores in the environmental pillar, companies must perform well in environmental management systems (EMS) certification. Furthermore, Schmid et al.[24] conclude that ESG themes may be anchored in quality management systems (QMSs), and Chams et al.[25] deduce that firms with QMSs are less reliant on financial capital to improve ESG ratings. Nevertheless, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, there is a shortage of academic studies that connect management systems to ESG performance and empirically analyze their relationship, which is evidenced by the lack of corresponding search results in databases like Web of Science and Scopus.\nSuch studies would provide valuable insight into the strengths and weaknesses of individual management systems in terms of meeting specific environmental, social, and\/or governance needs. This knowledge would make it possible to draw managerial conclusions regarding which management systems to implement and combine to satisfy certain stakeholder CSP demands. Thus, the aim of this work is to start filling this research gap by empirically proving that QMSs and EMSs, which are the most widely adopted management systems on a global level[1], represent powerful business tools to achieve enhanced ESG performance, by answering the following three research questions (RQs):\n\nRQ1: Do companies that operate QMSs and\/or EMSs achieve statistically significant higher ESG scores than firms without such management systems?\nRQ2: Which ESG issues are positively impacted by the implementation of QMSs and\/or EMSs?\nRQ3: Do companies that apply both QMSs and EMSs simultaneously achieve higher ESG performance than firms that operate with only one of these management systems?\nTo answer these RQs, this study presents a comprehensive exploratory literature review and both descriptive and cluster analyses of ESG data from 2019 for 4,292 companies spread among the three leading global economic areas: Europe, East Asia, and North America. Refinitiv Eikon is used as the data source. The descriptive analysis describes the fundamental characteristics of the data and measures central tendencies among the sample groups with or without management systems.[26] The cluster analysis gradually classifies the sample based on similarities[27][28], thus allowing patterns to be defined between companies with QMSs, EMSs, or no such management systems.\nThis paper contributes to the academic literature by directly connecting QMSs and EMSs to the ESG concept and by empirically proving at a global level that both management system types serve as powerful business tools for enhancing ESG scores. The study helps corporate executives to understand the ESG-related strengths inherent in QMSs and EMSs and, in addition, highlights how combining these management systems can impact a corporation\u2019s sustainable performance in different ESG categories. Furthermore, the results give policymakers an insight into the positive relationship between management systems and CSP, as well as the regional and industrial differences in ESG scores, thus emphasizing the importance of pushing forward with the international standardization of best practices in management as well as their global diffusion.\nThe paper continues in six sections. The next section provides extensive background information on management systems and ESG ratings. Then the data sampling process and methodologies applied are explained, followed by the findings. The paper closes with discussion and some final conclusions.\n\nLiterature review \nStakeholder theory \nIn accordance with the increasing stakeholder focus on CSP, this paper follows the reasoning that companies must not only fulfil obligations to their shareholders in order to be successful, but that the interests of multiple parties with stakes in the social and financial performance of the firm must be taken into account.[29] This aligns with the concept of management systems, which are directed at satisfying specific stakeholder needs (as outlined in the management system's underlying standards), as well as the ESG concept, which is linked to numerous stakeholders, including society, suppliers, employees, and shareholders.[18][30] Thus, this study is grounded in stakeholder theory, which goes beyond simply maximizing the wealth of owners to acknowledging \u201cany group or individual who is affected by or can affect the achievement of an organization\u2019s objectives\u201d[31], while addressing \u201cmorals and values explicitly as a central feature of managing organizations.\u201d[32]\nIn general, Freeman\u2019s[31] stakeholder theory offers a pragmatic approach to a strategy that urges firms to be aware of their relationships with all stakeholders in order to become more successful.[33][34] At the moment, the stakeholder theory appears to be the prevailing theory in CSP-related research.[35] Thereby, it should be acknowledged that (i) different stakeholders influence organizations in different ways; (ii) some stakeholders have more influence over organizations than others; (iii) not all stakeholders might be regarded as legitimate stakeholders by organizations\u2014in this regard, stakeholder theory is closely related to legitimacy and institutional theories \u201cin the sense that only those with legitimate claims and institutional identification can be considered stakeholders\u201d[35]\u2014and (iv) existing organization\/stakeholder relations are not static but can change.[36] \nDevelopments in relationships in any direction might be induced by changes in material interests of either side, emergence of contingent factors, changes in the sets of ideas held by stakeholders and\/or organizations, or institutional support changes.[36] Nowadays, we witness increasing contingent factors such as those related to global climate change or pandemics, causing more and more stakeholder groups, including shareholders, to adjust their material interests and to value sustainable development as an increasingly important aspect. In alignment, the institutional support for CSP increases as visible in policy making and media coverage. Hence, to ensure sustained business success, this study argues that companies must be aware of the environmental, social, and governance demands of stakeholders and address them accordingly by using suitable business tools. Therefore, the following exploratory literature review on management systems and ESG ratings emphasizes the stakeholder focus inherent in both concepts.\n\nManagement systems \nManagement systems are a set of procedures to be followed to achieve stakeholder satisfaction concerning specific demands, thus a \u201cprocess of systemizing how things are done.\u201d[37] They are implemented to handle stakeholders\u2019 needs systematically in both internal and external organizational contexts[4][38] and are aimed at the continuous improvement of operations and procedures.[2][3] Management systems can be classified as quality, environmental, or occupational health and safety (OHS) systems, among others, depending on their objective.[39] The core elements of management systems are often defined in management system standards (MSSs), and compliant companies can receive certification if the standard allows it.[40][41] These MSSs are developed and published by national and international bodies, the most famous being the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)[42]; its ISO 9001 for QMSs and ISO 14001 for EMSs are the most commonly implemented and certified MSSs worldwide.[1]\nIn general, a QMS is the means by which quality management practices\u2014including quality planning, quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement\u2014are turned into an integral part of an organization that directly affects the way it conducts business.[43] An EMS, on the other hand, seeks to make organizations both more competitive and more environmentally responsible by adapting techniques aimed at reducing environmental impacts such as waste reduction and process\/product redesign.[44] The implementation of such management systems results in various benefits.[45][46][47] For example, QMSs are positively correlated with business performance, as companies improve the efficiency of their processes, provide their customers with added value, enhance customer satisfaction and, ultimately, generate more revenue.[47][48][49] Similarly, EMSs positively impact the performance of firms due to savings in resource input and energy consumption, increased efficiency, and better profitability.[47][50] However, the adoption benefits depend on the individual circumstances of firms. Operating management systems alongside comparable practices, for example, might be less beneficial for companies\u2019 financial performance due to the redundancy of different processes aimed at similar goals related to stakeholder satisfaction.[51]\n\nESG ratings and scores \nESG ratings are company assessments based on an evaluation of environmental, social, and governance matters whose individual weightings result in an overall score.[52] They are provided by specialized rating agencies, whose expertise makes them a key reference point for firms, financial markets, and scholars regarding CSP data[53] and which emerged in response to an increased demand for social and environmental information.[54] Rating agencies typically use their own research methodologies[16] , which are based mainly on publicly available information, third-party research, and corporate reports.[55][56]\nApplying ESG practices is generally aligned with stakeholder theory[34], as the concept is linked to numerous stakeholders.[18][30] Furthermore, ESG scores play a crucial role \u201cin helping stakeholders apprehend, evaluate, and manage the increasingly complex, multi-faceted nature of business ethics and sustainability.\u201d[52] They serve as a standard for comparison and set benchmarks for further improvement.[17][57] Managing ESG issues responsibly increases companies\u2019 integrity within society and stakeholders\u2019 trust, thus influencing the economic performance of firms.[58] Therefore, companies with high ESG ratings might enjoy better market and financial performance[59][60][61], although there is no univocal consensus on how that should be approached.[62][63][64] Due to increasing public awareness of sustainability issues and the corresponding corporate acknowledgement, the number of firms disclosing ESG data is rapidly increasing.[65]\nHowever, ESG ratings also face criticism. As the concept has no fixed boundaries, the validity of ratings is questioned, since the various rating agencies view the ESG pillars differently and, moreover, use different weighting strategies to compile the final scores.[66][67] Another set of criticism concerns the quality of the data underlying the scores.[52][55] To mitigate these key concerns related to ESG ratings, this study utilizes data from Thomson Reuters, whose ESG database is one of the market leaders and is both used and accepted by fellow scholars.[10][17][68][69]\n\nESG-related benefits of management system implementation \nTo justify researching the role of QMSs and EMSs as business tools to enhance ESG ratings, this work clusters their adoption benefits by ESG pillar (see Table 1) and, subsequently, derives corresponding hypotheses about their impact on ESG performance.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1. Benefits of QMS and EMS Adoption sorted by ESG Dimensions (source: own elaboration based on Eikon database)\n\n\nESG dimension\n\nESG issues\n\nQMS\n\nEMS\n\nReferences\n\n\nEnvironmental\n\nResource use\n\n- Waste reduction\n\n- Enhanced use of resources\r\n- Reduction in resource use\r\n- Supports implementation of environmental management practices regarding green product design, procurement, production, logistics, and packaging\n\nTan (2005)[70]; Schylander and Martinuzzi (2007)[71]; Gavronski et al. (2008)[72]; Comoglio and Botta (2012)[73]; Wong et al. (2020)[74]; Zimon et al. (2021)[22]\n\n\nEmissions\n\n\n\n- Reduced emissions, water contamination, and air pollution\r\n- Reduced risk of environmental accidents\r\n- Improved environmental performance\n\nPotoski and Prakash (2005)[75]; Tan (2005)[70]; Russo (2009)[21]; Comoglio and Botta (2012)[73]; Boiral et al. (2018)[76]; Shi et al. (2019)[77]; Bravi et al. (2020)[78]\n\n\nEnvironmental innovation\n\n- Improved innovation capability for supply chains\r\n- Positive impact on environmental process innovations\n\n- Increased environmental innovation capabilities\r\n- Enhanced problem-solving regarding technologies and procedures\r\n- Greening of supply chain\n\nAnn et al. (2006)[79]; Ziegler (2015)[80]; Manders et al. (2016)[81]; Boiral et al. (2018)[76]; Montobbio and Solito (2018)[82]; Papagiannakis et al. (2019)[83]; M. Bu, Liu, et al. (2020)[27], Bu, Qiao, et al. (2020)[28]; Erauskin\u2010Tolosa et al. (2020)[84]\n\n\nSocial\n\nWorkforce\n\n- Improved teamwork\r\n- Better commitment\r\n- Enhanced internal communication\r\n- Improved employee motivation and involvement\r\n- Increased work satisfaction\r\n- Reduced incidents, rejections, and complaints\n\n- Enhanced risk prevention and improved safety procedures\r\n- Enhanced internal communication\r\n- Improved employee motivation\r\n- Improved work culture\r\n- Increased employee discretion\n\nGotzamani and Tsiotras (2002)[85]; Arauz and Suzuki (2004)[86]; Casades\u00fas and Karapetrovic (2005)[87]; Tan (2005)[70]; Link and Naveh (2006)[88]; Zaramdini (2007)[49]; Gavronski et al. (2008)[72]; Sampaio et al. (2009)[3]; Tar\u00ed et al. (2012)[47]; Shi et al. (2019)[77]; Bravi et al. (2020)[78]\n\n\nHuman rights\n\n\n\n- Increased compliance with legal and regulatory requirements\n\nMorrow and Rondinelli (2002)[89]; Ratiu and Mortan (2014)[90]; Boiral et al. (2018)[76]; Pesce et al. (2018)[91]; Bravi et al. (2020)[78]\n\n\nCommunity\n\n- Improved relationship with suppliers\r\n- Helps supplier selection\r\n- Improved relationships with authorities and other stakeholders\n\n- Improved relationship with suppliers\r\n- Improved relationships with authorities and other stakeholders\r\n- Improved relations with communities\r\n- Enhanced corporate image\r\n- Increased Transparency\n\nMagd and Curry (2003)[92]; Pan (2003)[93]; Casades\u00fas and Karapetrovic (2005)[87]; Tan (2005)[70]; Zeng et al. (2005)[94]; Schylander and Martinuzzi (2007)[71]; Gavronski et al. (2008)[72]; Tar\u00ed et al. (2012)[47]; Bernardo et al. (2015)[46]; Boiral et al. (2018)[76]\n\n\nProduct responsibility\n\n- Improved customer satisfaction\r\n- Improved customer communication\r\n- Improved customer relationships\r\n- Improved product\/service quality\n\n- Improved customer satisfaction\r\n- Improved customer communication\r\n- Improved customer relationships\r\n- Improved product\/service quality\n\nGotzamani and Tsiotras (2002)[85]; Magd and Curry (2003)[92]; Melnyk et al. (2003)[95]; Pan (2003)[93]; Casades\u00fas and Karapetrovic (2005)[87]; Zaramdini (2007)[49]; Padma et al. (2008)[96]; Sampaio et al. (2009)[3]; Tar\u00ed et al. (2012)[47]; Siva et al. (2016)[97]\n\n\nGovernance\n\nManagement\n\n- Enhanced internal organization and operations\r\n- Increased commitment in moving towards best quality practices\r\n- Improved employee-management relationships\n\n- Increased top management commitment\r\n- Adherence of EMS MSSs to best corporate governance principles\r\n- Enhanced internal organization\r\n- Increased top management and awareness for environmental issues\r\n- Increased employee awareness for environmental issues\n\nGotzamani and Tsiotras (2002)[85]; Arauz and Suzuki (2004)[86]; Schylander and Martinuzzi (2007)[71]; Sampaio et al. (2009)[3]; Comoglio and Botta (2012)[73]; Tar\u00ed et al. (2012)[47]; Boiral et al. (2018)[76]; Grotta et al. (2020)[98]\n\n\nShareholders\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCSR strategy\n\n- Provides (infra)structural framework to adopt and develop CSR policy, strategy, and activities\n\n- Improved CSR activities\r\n- Statistically significant relationship between incorporating CSR and incorporating EMS\n\nCastka and Balzarova (2008)[99]; Benavides-Velasco et al. (2014)[100]; Frolova and Lapina (2015)[101]; Ikram et al. (2019)[102]; Dubravsk\u00e1 et al. (2020)[103]\n\n\n\nBenefits regarding the environmental pillar \nEMS adoption leads to various environmental-related benefits, such as decreased and more efficient use of resources[70][72], and facilitates the implementation of environmental management practices regarding green product design, procurement, production, logistics, and packaging.[74] Furthermore, EMSs enable companies to reduce emissions[21][75] and the risk of environmental accidents.[78] Environmental innovation capabilities[27][28][82] and enhanced problem solving with regard to technologies and procedures might also evolve.[79] With regard to QMSs, these can reduce waste[22] and, furthermore, positively impact environmental process innovations[80], especially for supply chain management[77], a crucial organizational element of CSP. In addition, quality management \u201ccan help support necessary stakeholder management in sustainable development.\u201d[97] In conclusion, the following hypotheses are derived:\n\nH1: Companies operating with QMSs achieve higher performance scores in the environmental pillar than firms without QMSs.\nH2: Companies operating with EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the environmental pillar than firms without EMSs.\nBenefits regarding the social pillar \nBoth management systems present several positive effects when it comes to workforce, community, and product responsibility. Regarding human rights, no specific academic research was discovered. However, EMS implementation increases legal and regulatory compliance[78], which implies a certain level of conformity with basic human rights. Important benefits related to the workforce are increased employee motivation[49][72] and better internal communication.[3][70] With respect to community, both management systems result in improved relationships with suppliers and other key stakeholders, as stated in the standards[46][87][94], among others. Regarding product responsibility, management systems increase customer satisfaction, communication, and relationships, as well as product and service quality.[47][85][87] Hence, the hypotheses related to this pillar are as follows:\n\nH3: Companies operating with QMSs achieve higher performance scores in the social pillar than firms without QMSs.\nH4: Companies operating with EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the social pillar than firms without EMSs.\nBenefits regarding the governance pillar \nPositive links have been revealed between management systems and the management of organizations. QMSs enhance internal organization and operations[3], increase the commitment of management to best quality practices[86], and improve management-employee relationships.[85] EMSs result in better awareness of environmental issues among both management and employees, as well as enhanced internal organization.[71][85] Regarding corporations\u2019 effectiveness with respect to the equal treatment of shareholders, no academic studies revealing specific relationships were found. Regarding CSR strategies, EMS adoption leads to improved CSR activities[102] (as incorporating CSR principles is closely related to EMS principles[103]), and QMSs provide a structural framework that facilitates the adoption of CSR policies, strategies, and activities.[101] Thus, hypotheses five and six are deduced:\n\nH5: Companies operating with QMSs achieve higher performance scores in the governance pillar than firms without QMSs.\nH6: Companies operating with EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the governance pillar than firms without EMSs.\nBenefits of operating both management systems simultaneously \nTable 1 reveals that QMSs and EMSs lead to distinct CSP benefits. Consequently, operating both management systems simultaneously should enable firms to cover an even broader range of ESG issues. Moreover, having EMSs alongside QMSs could give rise to synergy effects[22][104], and both management systems together could lead to stronger business performance.[105] In addition, the benefits of integrating the management systems[46] might also play a pivotal role. Although the sample used in this study does not reveal information regarding the integration level, integration benefits should be taken into account, as most organizations with multiple management systems do actually integrate them.[106] ESG-related integration advantages include the improved adoption of cleaner production technologies[107], greater motivation among staff[108], better partnerships with key stakeholders[109], and improvements in the organizational culture.[110] Therefore, the literature makes it possible to hypothesize the following:\n\nH7: Companies operating with both QMSs and EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the environmental pillar than firms with only either QMSs or EMSs.\nH8: Companies operating with both QMSs and EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the social pillar than firms with only either QMSs or EMSs.\nH9: Companies operating with both QMSs and EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the governance pillar than firms with only either QMSs or EMSs.\nFigure 1 offers a graphic summary of the nine hypotheses outlined in this section and reveals their connection to the RQs formulated in the introduction. The ESG variables displayed (V1 to V16), as well as the statistical methods used for testing the hypotheses, are further explained in the following section.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1. Hypotheses about QMSs and EMSs adoption on ESG performance scores (source: own elaboration)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 2. Applied methodology (source: own elaboration)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 3. Boxplots for the ESG overall score and the three pillar scores (source: own elaboration)\n\n\n\nMethodology \nTo test the hypotheses, ESG data from companies located in Europe (i.e., E.U., U.K., and European Free Trade Association [EFTA] states), East Asia (i.e., China, Japan, and four tiger states), and North America (i.e., U.S. and Canada) were retrieved and analyzed. The country clustering considers geographic regions with comparable economic and human development status, shared commercial relationships, and common regulatory environments.[111][112][113] The analyses consider the 19 variables listed in Table 2. Of those variables, 16 aim to measure ESG performance (V1 to V16) and three serve as control variables (CV1 to CV3), as empirical studies on both ESG ratings and management systems have shown that results are likely to be influenced by industrial sector[114][115], region[70][116], and company size.[55][74][86]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 2. Variables used in the analysis (source: adapted from Refinitiv [2020][117])\n\n\nCode\n\nVariable\n\nESG dimension\n\nDescription\n\n\nV1\n\nESG Score\n\n\/\n\nOverall company score based on the self-reported information in the environmental, social, and corporate governance pillars\n\n\nV2\n\nESG Combined Score\n\n\/\n\nOverall company score ESG Controversies overlay\n\n\nV3\n\nESG Controversies Score\n\n\/\n\nMeasures a company's exposure to ESG controversies and negative events reflected in global media\n\n\nV4\n\nEnvironment Pillar Score\n\nEnvironmental\n\nMeasures a company's impact on living and non-living natural systems, including the air, land, and water, as well as complete ecosystem; reflects how well a company uses best management practices to avoid environmental risks and capitalize on environmental opportunities in order to generate long-term shareholder value\n\n\nV5\n\nResource Use Score\n\nEnvironmental\n\nReflects a company's performance and capacity to reduce the use of materials, energy, or water, and to find more eco-efficient solutions by improving supply chain management\n\n\nV6\n\nEmissions Score\n\nEnvironmental\n\nMeasures a company's commitment and effectiveness towards reducing environmental emissions in production and operational processes\n\n\nV7\n\nEnvironmental Innovation Score\n\nEnvironmental\n\nReflects a company's capacity to reduce the environmental costs and burdens for its customers, thereby creating new market opportunities through new environmental technologies and processes or eco-designed products\n\n\nV8\n\nSocial Pillar Score\n\nSocial\n\nMeasures a company's capacity to generate trust and loyalty with its workforce, customers, and society, through its use of best management practices; a reflection of the company's reputation and the health of its license to operate, which are key factors in determining its ability to generate long-term shareholder value\n\n\nV9\n\nWorkforce Score\n\nSocial\n\nMeasures a company's effectiveness towards job satisfaction, healthy and safe workplace, maintaining diversity and equal opportunities, and development opportunities for its workforce\n\n\nV10\n\nHuman Rights Score\n\nSocial\n\nMeasures a company's effectiveness towards respecting the fundamental human rights conventions\n\n\nV11\n\nCommunity Score\n\nSocial\n\nMeasures the company's commitment towards being a good citizen, protecting public health and respecting business ethics\n\n\nV12\n\nProduct Responsibility Score\n\nSocial\n\nReflects a company's capacity to produce quality goods and services integrating the customer's health and safety, integrity, and data privacy\n\n\nV13\n\nGovernance Pillar Score\n\nGovernance\n\nMeasures a company's systems and processes, which ensure that its board members and executives act in the best interests of its long-term shareholders; reflects a company's capacity, through its use of best management practices, to direct and control its rights and responsibilities through the creation of incentives, as well as checks and balances in order to generate long-term shareholder value\n\n\nV14\n\nManagement Score\n\nGovernance\n\nMeasures a company's commitment and effectiveness towards following best practice corporate governance principles\n\n\nV15\n\nShareholders Score\n\nGovernance\n\nMeasures a company's effectiveness towards equal treatment of shareholders and the use of anti-takeover devices\n\n\nV16\n\nCSR Strategy Score\n\nGovernance\n\nReflects a company's practices to communicate that it integrates the economic (financial), social, and environmental dimensions into its day-to-day decision-making processes\n\n\nCV1\n\nMarket Capitalization\n\n\/\n\nMarket capitalization of the company\n\n\nCV2\n\nCountry of Headquarters\n\n\/\n\nCountry in which the company\u00b4s headquarters is located\n\n\nCV3\n\nIndustry\n\n\/\n\nIndustry in which the company operates\n\n\n\nSampling process \nThe first step in the sampling process involves searching for reliable ESG data. Therefore, Thomson Reuters Eikon, also known as Refinitiv Eikon (formerly ASSET4), is used, as it offers one of the largest ESG databases with ratings for over 10,000 companies worldwide. Refinitiv Eikon calculates 10 ESG category scores, which evaluate the environmental (V5, V6, V7), social (V9, V10, V11, V12), and governance (V14, V15, V16) dimensions. The category scores are based on numerous data points and summarized in the respective pillar scores (V4, V8, V13), which together result in the overall score. (V1) In addition, the ESG combined score (V2) takes into account scandals relating to any of Refinitiv Eikon\u2019s twenty-three ESG controversy topics (V3). All scores are expressed in values between 0 (worst) and 100 (best).[117]\nThe second step consists of retrieving the aforementioned data for companies headquartered in the regions of interest. Refinitiv Eikon allows users to filter by companies that use QMSs and EMS-certified organizations. The third step involves filtering these data for 2015 through to 2019 to ensure that the companies have been running their management systems for at least five consecutive years. This is done to ensure that the sample firms have accumulated experience of working with management systems to avoid distorting the ESG data with short-term influences that might occur straight after implementing management systems.[87][118] In addition, the filtering by time considers the renewal of certified management systems after a three-year period. To ensure data quality, the fourth step consists of removing all companies that lack information, i.e., that present no value for any of the 19 variables.\n\nSample description \nThe sampling process was performed on November 15, 2020, resulting in data on 4,292 companies, which are classified into the following four sample groups:\n\nGroup 1: Companies without a QMS or an EMS\nGroup 2: Companies with a QMS but no EMS\nGroup 3: Companies with an EMS but no QMS\nGroup 4: Companies with both a QMS and an EMS\nAs illustrated in Table 3, most companies in the sample have not been operating any QMS or EMS (74.5%) consecutively between 2015 and 2019. Firms operating both management systems represent the second largest group (17.4%), and corporations with either a QMS (2.9%) or an EMS (5.1%) constitute less than 10% of the sample.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 3. Sample clustered by control variables (source: own elaboration)\n\n\nControl variable\n\nTotal\n\nIn %\n\nGroup 1\n\nIn %\n\nGroup 2\n\nIn %\n\nGroup 3\n\nIn %\n\nGroup 4\n\nIn %\n\n\nIndustry\n\n\nAcademic and educational services\n\n17\n\n0.4\n\n16\n\n0.5\n\n\u2013\n\n0.0\n\n1\n\n0.5\n\n\u2013\n\n0.0\n\n\nBasic materials\n\n259\n\n6.0\n\n109\n\n3.4\n\n7\n\n5.6\n\n23\n\n10.4\n\n120\n\n16.0\n\n\nConsumer cyclicals\n\n654\n\n15.2\n\n511\n\n16.0\n\n16\n\n12.9\n\n36\n\n16.3\n\n91\n\n12.2\n\n\nConsumer non-cyclicals\n\n247\n\n5.8\n\n146\n\n4.6\n\n18\n\n14.5\n\n12\n\n5.4\n\n71\n\n9.5\n\n\nEnergy\n\n200\n\n4.7\n\n147\n\n4.6\n\n10\n\n8.1\n\n4\n\n1.8\n\n39\n\n5.2\n\n\nFinancials\n\n1182\n\n27.5\n\n1097\n\n34.3\n\n9\n\n7.3\n\n57\n\n25.8\n\n19\n\n2.5\n\n\nHealthcare\n\n474\n\n11.0\n\n395\n\n12.3\n\n19\n\n15.3\n\n9\n\n4.1\n\n51\n\n6.8\n\n\nIndustrials\n\n579\n\n13.5\n\n305\n\n9.5\n\n26\n\n21.0\n\n37\n\n16.7\n\n211\n\n28.2\n\n\nTechnology\n\n514\n\n12.0\n\n366\n\n11.4\n\n17\n\n13.7\n\n14\n\n6.3\n\n117\n\n15.6\n\n\nTelecommunications services\n\n67\n\n1.6\n\n43\n\n1.3\n\n1\n\n0.8\n\n8\n\n3.6\n\n15\n\n2.0\n\n\nUtilities\n\n99\n\n2.3\n\n64\n\n2.0\n\n1\n\n0.8\n\n20\n\n9.0\n\n14\n\n1.9\n\n\nRegion\n\n\nEurope\n\n1003\n\n23.4\n\n549\n\n17.2\n\n32\n\n25.8\n\n93\n\n42.1\n\n329\n\n44.0\n\n\nEast Asia\n\n978\n\n22.8\n\n599\n\n18.7\n\n21\n\n16.9\n\n83\n\n37.6\n\n275\n\n36.8\n\n\nNorth America\n\n2311\n\n53.8\n\n2051\n\n64.1\n\n71\n\n57.3\n\n45\n\n20.4\n\n144\n\n19.3\n\n\nMarket capitalization\n\n\nSmall\n\n1328\n\n30.9\n\n1196\n\n37.4\n\n31\n\n25.0\n\n19\n\n8.6\n\n82\n\n11.0\n\n\nMedium\n\n1544\n\n36.0\n\n1192\n\n37.3\n\n30\n\n24.2\n\n66\n\n29.9\n\n256\n\n34.2\n\n\nLarge\n\n1420\n\n33.1\n\n811\n\n25.4\n\n63\n\n50.8\n\n136\n\n61.5\n\n410\n\n54.8\n\n\nTotal\n\n4292\n\n100.0\n\n3199\n\n74.5\n\n124\n\n2.9\n\n221\n\n5.1\n\n748\n\n17.4\n\n\n\nRegarding sectors, most firms are engaged in finance (27.5%), consumer cyclicals (15.2%), industry (13.5%), technology (12.0%), or healthcare (11.0%). The geographical distribution shows that the majority of the companies is from North America (53.8%), while the number of European (23.4%) and East Asian (22.8%) enterprises is roughly equal. The percentage shares of the four sample groups per region reveal that, whereas a significant portion of the sample in Europe (45.3%) and East Asia (38.8%) runs management systems, companies in North America are much more likely to operate without them (88.7%). This is consistent with the fact that the 10 countries with the most ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certifications are based predominantly in Europe and East Asia, while neither the U.S. nor Canada appear in the top 10 ranking.[1] Furthermore, the sample presents a well-distributed cross section of company sizes, which are measured by market capitalization.[119] Small (market capitalization\u2009<\u2009USD 1 billion), medium (<\u20095 billion) and large companies (>\u20095 billion) each make up about one third of the sample.\n\nData analysis \nThe sample is analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and StataSE 16. First, a descriptive analysis is performed to describe the basic features and characteristics of the dataset.[26] This makes it possible to explain and validate the research findings and serves as a basis for further quantitative analysis, which is carried out in the framework of a cluster analysis. The cluster analysis is designed to produce a logical structure concerning ESG performance that is easy to read and interpret so that similarities can be analyzed.[27][28]\nThe descriptive analysis consists of four steps. First, the full sample is analyzed to describe the ESG performance of all four sample groups in comparison. Second, data normality is tested with the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test and the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test. As the sample does not present a normal distribution of data, the nonparametric Kruskal\u2013Wallis test is performed in the third step to evaluate the statistical significance of differences. Moreover, the Dunn\u2013Bonferroni post hoc test is conducted and Cohen\u2019s d is calculated to determine the sample groups between which these statistically significant differences exist and to what extent. Fourth, the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, the Dunn\u2013Bonferroni test, and Cohen\u2019s d are performed and analyzed for the single control variables; each company size, each region, and each sector (except for the academic and educational services sector due to the small sample size). This is done to detect possible influences and potential biases of the control variables. The descriptive analysis is presented in the next section.\nThe cluster analysis considers the 10 ESG category scores and is conducted in three subsequent steps. First, the single-linkage method is applied to detect and exclude outliers that might distort the classification; furthermore, hierarchical methods are applied to produce a small number of clusters and distances are measured to evaluate similarities and dissimilarities. To obtain homogeneous groups with minimum variances, the Ward method is used. Such hierarchical clustering is the most widely applied methodology in cluster analysis.[27][28] This first step results in two clusters. Second, the Mann\u2013Whitney U test is performed to verify the clustering after ensuring that the cluster analysis samples are also not normally distributed via the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test and the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test. Third, the clusters are analyzed. This cluster analysis is presented in the next section.\nThe prior Figure 2 summarizes these methodological steps, their application, and how they fit into the structure of the paper.\n\nFindings \nDescriptive analysis \nStep 1: Descriptive analysis of the full sample\nThe descriptive analysis of the full sample is summarized in Table 4. As shown, Group 4 reveals the best performance as measured by the mean and median of the ESG score (V1) and the ESG combined score (V2), whereas Group 3 performs second best, Group 2 third best, and Group 1 exhibits the lowest values. With respect to the controversy score (V3), Group 1 presents the highest mean. However, this outperformance might be due to the fact that Group 1 has the highest percentage of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) (74.7%), which are less likely than their bigger counterparts to feature in the global media. The environmental (V4) and social pillars (V8) show the same performance pattern as the overall score, while Group 3 performs best in the governance dimension (V13). The sample groups rank nearly the same for most ESG category scores as for the respective ESG pillar scores. The only exceptions are emissions (V3) and workforce (V9) matters, which are highest in Group 3. The overall score and pillar scores are illustrated in the prior Fig. 3 in the form of four box plots.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 4. Descriptive analysis for ESG performance variables by sample group (source: own elaboration)\n\n\nVariable\n\nn\n\nMean\n\nSD\n\nMinimum\n\n25th Perc\n\nMedian\n\n75th Perc\n\nMaximum\n\n\nGroup 1\n\n\nV1\n\n3199\n\n33.23\n\n16.69\n\n1.06\n\n20.70\n\n30.41\n\n43.25\n\n88.06\n\n\nV2\n\n3199\n\n32.67\n\n16.08\n\n1.06\n\n20.57\n\n30.19\n\n42.56\n\n88.06\n\n\nV3\n\n3199\n\n95.04\n\n17.29\n\n0.60\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n\nV4\n\n3199\n\n17.63\n\n23.14\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n6.26\n\n28.85\n\n96.13\n\n\nV5\n\n3199\n\n19.21\n\n27.30\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n34.19\n\n99.88\n\n\nV6\n\n3199\n\n20.74\n\n27.41\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n6.67\n\n36.34\n\n99.43\n\n\nV7\n\n3199\n\n11.65\n\n23.74\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n5.86\n\n99.38\n\n\nV8\n\n3199\n\n34.11\n\n18.94\n\n0.35\n\n19.82\n\n31.86\n\n45.73\n\n92.44\n\n\nV9\n\n3199\n\n38.25\n\n25.84\n\n0.11\n\n16.85\n\n34.07\n\n57.16\n\n99.94\n\n\nV10\n\n3199\n\n14.94\n\n25.46\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n22.50\n\n98.91\n\n\nV11\n\n3199\n\n44.72\n\n26.27\n\n0.59\n\n22.80\n\n45.06\n\n64.57\n\n99.89\n\n\nV12\n\n3199\n\n30.62\n\n23.08\n\n0.00\n\n16.11\n\n30.47\n\n41.67\n\n99.84\n\n\nV13\n\n3199\n\n42.76\n\n21.77\n\n0.31\n\n24.93\n\n41.96\n\n60.66\n\n97.55\n\n\nV14\n\n3199\n\n46.28\n\n28.51\n\n0.15\n\n21.02\n\n44.49\n\n70.09\n\n99.98\n\n\nV15\n\n3199\n\n47.81\n\n29.05\n\n0.02\n\n21.85\n\n46.53\n\n73.05\n\n99.92\n\n\nV16\n\n3199\n\n17.57\n\n27.33\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n28.83\n\n99.89\n\n\nGroup 2\n\n\nV1\n\n124\n\n51.86\n\n18.79\n\n8.48\n\n38.09\n\n51.39\n\n65.31\n\n90.80\n\n\nV2\n\n124\n\n49.88\n\n17.41\n\n8.48\n\n37.07\n\n48.76\n\n61.91\n\n88.38\n\n\nV3\n\n124\n\n90.85\n\n22.72\n\n7.81\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n\nV4\n\n124\n\n41.48\n\n26.53\n\n0.00\n\n18.00\n\n41.87\n\n62.84\n\n95.76\n\n\nV5\n\n124\n\n46.53\n\n30.95\n\n0.00\n\n21.37\n\n45.47\n\n72.74\n\n99.66\n\n\nV6\n\n124\n\n43.77\n\n31.82\n\n0.00\n\n16.34\n\n40.08\n\n70.91\n\n99.09\n\n\nV7\n\n124\n\n27.87\n\n30.41\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n18.18\n\n50.42\n\n95.57\n\n\nV8\n\n124\n\n57.10\n\n22.01\n\n5.43\n\n40.09\n\n56.39\n\n76.06\n\n96.98\n\n\nV9\n\n124\n\n58.56\n\n25.79\n\n1.22\n\n39.98\n\n61.72\n\n79.99\n\n99.80\n\n\nV10\n\n124\n\n39.16\n\n34.47\n\n0.00\n\n4.93\n\n28.06\n\n74.19\n\n97.08\n\n\nV11\n\n124\n\n58.91\n\n29.45\n\n0.79\n\n34.26\n\n65.20\n\n84.18\n\n99.81\n\n\nV12\n\n124\n\n72.95\n\n19.56\n\n21.47\n\n60.37\n\n77.41\n\n88.73\n\n99.53\n\n\nV13\n\n124\n\n53.05\n\n20.35\n\n11.79\n\n37.01\n\n55.12\n\n69.25\n\n90.16\n\n\nV14\n\n124\n\n56.76\n\n26.40\n\n2.98\n\n34.64\n\n59.96\n\n77.46\n\n99.75\n\n\nV15\n\n124\n\n50.66\n\n26.88\n\n1.12\n\n29.26\n\n49.91\n\n72.25\n\n99.42\n\n\nV16\n\n124\n\n38.05\n\n33.52\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n37.06\n\n68.82\n\n97.44\n\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nV1\n\n221\n\n62.11\n\n17.06\n\n12.28\n\n51.61\n\n63.80\n\n76.59\n\n89.54\n\n\nV2\n\n221\n\n58.67\n\n16.73\n\n12.28\n\n47.54\n\n58.82\n\n72.54\n\n89.41\n\n\nV3\n\n221\n\n85.91\n\n27.52\n\n0.44\n\n90.91\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n\nV4\n\n221\n\n62.66\n\n22.13\n\n1.41\n\n47.43\n\n68.00\n\n81.48\n\n98.89\n\n\nV5\n\n221\n\n68.35\n\n25.54\n\n0.00\n\n50.12\n\n73.61\n\n90.48\n\n99.80\n\n\nV6\n\n221\n\n71.95\n\n24.55\n\n0.00\n\n55.70\n\n79.91\n\n91.76\n\n99.88\n\n\nV7\n\n221\n\n42.88\n\n31.48\n\n0.00\n\n11.86\n\n47.89\n\n62.88\n\n99.08\n\n\nV8\n\n221\n\n61.56\n\n20.95\n\n2.96\n\n47.40\n\n65.33\n\n79.37\n\n95.02\n\n\nV9\n\n221\n\n72.00\n\n23.58\n\n2.63\n\n59.21\n\n79.41\n\n90.12\n\n99.86\n\n\nV10\n\n221\n\n54.39\n\n31.16\n\n0.00\n\n30.00\n\n60.48\n\n79.73\n\n97.47\n\n\nV11\n\n221\n\n61.90\n\n29.10\n\n4.03\n\n35.94\n\n68.58\n\n88.22\n\n99.75\n\n\nV12\n\n221\n\n50.10\n\n30.23\n\n0.00\n\n23.19\n\n47.65\n\n78.75\n\n98.90\n\n\nV13\n\n221\n\n61.87\n\n20.93\n\n6.53\n\n46.42\n\n65.51\n\n77.74\n\n95.82\n\n\nV14\n\n221\n\n63.83\n\n26.67\n\n2.08\n\n42.03\n\n67.62\n\n88.71\n\n99.67\n\n\nV15\n\n221\n\n55.11\n\n26.45\n\n0.22\n\n34.47\n\n57.95\n\n75.10\n\n99.38\n\n\nV16\n\n221\n\n62.25\n\n28.27\n\n0.00\n\n41.10\n\n67.26\n\n86.29\n\n99.66\n\n\nGroup 4\n\n\nV1\n\n748\n\n64.32\n\n16.83\n\n4.47\n\n53.82\n\n67.23\n\n77.04\n\n93.72\n\n\nV2\n\n748\n\n60.05\n\n16.34\n\n4.47\n\n49.31\n\n61.58\n\n72.41\n\n93.72\n\n\nV3\n\n748\n\n84.25\n\n28.57\n\n0.93\n\n82.53\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n\nV4\n\n748\n\n64.36\n\n22.15\n\n0.00\n\n51.87\n\n68.50\n\n81.52\n\n98.68\n\n\nV5\n\n748\n\n69.82\n\n24.93\n\n0.00\n\n54.60\n\n77.28\n\n89.65\n\n99.85\n\n\nV6\n\n748\n\n69.34\n\n26.45\n\n0.00\n\n54.21\n\n77.43\n\n90.68\n\n99.85\n\n\nV7\n\n748\n\n50.20\n\n32.21\n\n0.00\n\n26.35\n\n50.00\n\n79.74\n\n99.84\n\n\nV8\n\n748\n\n67.09\n\n20.24\n\n5.63\n\n54.61\n\n71.79\n\n83.11\n\n97.84\n\n\nV9\n\n748\n\n71.65\n\n23.67\n\n0.95\n\n57.03\n\n77.45\n\n91.75\n\n99.81\n\n\nV10\n\n748\n\n59.94\n\n29.61\n\n0.00\n\n40.12\n\n66.72\n\n86.71\n\n98.12\n\n\nV11\n\n748\n\n65.66\n\n27.39\n\n0.55\n\n47.48\n\n73.29\n\n88.51\n\n99.77\n\n\nV12\n\n748\n\n73.03\n\n21.60\n\n5.98\n\n59.64\n\n78.95\n\n90.75\n\n99.87\n\n\nV13\n\n748\n\n59.74\n\n20.49\n\n3.02\n\n44.78\n\n61.85\n\n77.30\n\n97.76\n\n\nV14\n\n748\n\n61.19\n\n26.10\n\n0.86\n\n41.57\n\n63.33\n\n84.33\n\n99.72\n\n\nV15\n\n748\n\n54.29\n\n28.61\n\n0.32\n\n29.74\n\n57.54\n\n79.81\n\n99.85\n\n\nV16\n\n748\n\n60.68\n\n29.45\n\n0.00\n\n40.39\n\n66.68\n\n85.37\n\n99.67\n\n\n\n\r\n\nStep 2: Test of data normality\nData normality is tested with the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov and Shapiro\u2013Wilk tests. Only variables V1, V2, and V13 have an approximately normal distribution for Group 2, as assessed by the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test (p\u2009>\u20090.05). However, as assessed by the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test, only V1 and V2 have an approximately normal distribution for Group 2 (p\u2009>\u20090.05). When testing data normality for the full sample rather than for the four sample groups, the results of both tests indicate that the data are in fact not normally distributed.\n\r\n\nStep 3: Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, Dunn\u2013Bonferroni post hoc test and Cohen\u2019s d\nTherefore, the nonparametric Kruskal\u2013Wallis test is used to analyze the statistical significance of the differences between sample groups. As demonstrated in Table 5, there are differences for all 16 ESG indicators regarding the central tendencies between the four sample groups (p\u2009<\u20090.05).\nThe Dunn\u2013Bonferroni test is used to reveal the sample groups, between which there are statistically significant differences. Table 6 provides an overview of the post hoc test. In addition, the effect size is quantitatively measured by Cohen\u2019s d to evaluate the magnitude of these differences, as shown in Table 7.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 5. Independent-samples Kruskal\u2013Wallis Test (source: own elaboration). Asymptotic significances are displayed. The confidence level is 0.095, the significance level is 0.05. Null Hypothesis: The distribution of the indicator is the same across the sample groups.\n\n\n\n\nV1\n\nV2\n\nV3\n\nV4\n\nV5\n\nV6\n\nV7\n\nV8\n\n\nSignificance\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nDecision\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\n\n\n\nV9\n\nV10\n\nV11\n\nV12\n\nV13\n\nV14\n\nV15\n\nV16\n\n\nSignificance\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nDecision\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\nReject\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 6. Post hoc test for Kruskal\u2013Wallis Test (Dunn\u2013Bonferroni Test) (source: own elaboration). Each row tests the null hypothesis that the Sample 1 and Sample 2 distributions are the same. Asymptotic significances (two-sided tests) are displayed. The significance level is 0.05. Significance values have been adjusted by the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests.\n\n\nSample 1\u2013Sample 2\n\nV1\n\nV2\n\nV3\n\nV4\n\nV5\n\nV6\n\nV7\n\nV8\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 2\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.018\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 3\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 4\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nGroup 2\u2013Group 3\n\n0.000\n\n0.007\n\n0.093\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.749\n\n\nGroup 2\u2013Group 4\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.005\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.002\n\n\nGroup 3\u2013Group 4\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n0.095\n\n0.117\n\n\nSample 1\u2013Sample 2\n\nV9\n\nV10\n\nV11\n\nV12\n\nV13\n\nV14\n\nV15\n\nV16\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 2\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n1.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 3\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 4\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nGroup 2\u2013Group 3\n\n0.001\n\n0.003\n\n1.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.005\n\n0.173\n\n1.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nGroup 2\u2013Group 4\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.087\n\n1.000\n\n0.022\n\n0.686\n\n1.000\n\n0.000\n\n\nGroup 3\u2013Group 4\n\n1.000\n\n0.386\n\n0.446\n\n0.000\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 7. Cohen\u2019s d (source: own elaboration). 95% Confidence Level.\n\n\nSample 1\u2013Sample 2\n\nV1\n\nV2\n\nV3\n\nV4\n\nV5\n\nV6\n\nV7\n\nV8\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 2\n\n\u2212 1.110\n\n\u2212 1.067\n\n0.239\n\n\u2212 1.025\n\n\u2212 0.995\n\n\u2212 0.835\n\n\u2212 0.675\n\n\u2212 1.206\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 3\n\n\u2212 1.728\n\n\u2212 1.613\n\n0.504\n\n\u2212 1.951\n\n\u2212 1.807\n\n\u2212 1.880\n\n\u2212 1.284\n\n\u2212 1.440\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 4\n\n\u2212 1.860\n\n\u2212 1.697\n\n0.542\n\n\u2212 2.036\n\n\u2212 1.883\n\n\u2212 1.784\n\n\u2212 1.508\n\n\u2212 1.719\n\n\nGroup 2\u2013Group 3\n\n\u2212 0.579\n\n\u2212 0.518\n\n0.191\n\n\u2212 0.889\n\n\u2212 0.791\n\n\u2212 1.030\n\n\u2212 0.482\n\n\u2212 0.209\n\n\nGroup 2\u2013Group 4\n\n\u2212 0.728\n\n\u2212 0.617\n\n0.237\n\n\u2212 1.002\n\n\u2212 0.900\n\n\u2212 0.937\n\n\u2212 0.699\n\n\u2212 0.487\n\n\nGroup 3\u2013Group 4\n\n\u2212 0.131\n\n\u2212 0.084\n\n0.059\n\n\u2212 0.077\n\n\u2212 0.058\n\n0.101\n\n\u2212 0.229\n\n\u2212 0.271\n\n\nSample 1\u2013Sample 2\n\nV9\n\nV10\n\nV11\n\nV12\n\nV13\n\nV14\n\nV15\n\nV16\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 2\n\n\u2212 0.786\n\n\u2212 0.937\n\n\u2212 0.537\n\n\u2212 1.843\n\n\u2212 0.474\n\n\u2212 0.369\n\n\u2212 0.098\n\n\u2212 0.742\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 3\n\n\u2212 1.314\n\n\u2212 1.526\n\n\u2212 0.649\n\n\u2212 0.825\n\n\u2212 0.880\n\n\u2212 0.618\n\n\u2212 0.253\n\n\u2212 1.631\n\n\nGroup 1\u2013Group 4\n\n\u2212 1.313\n\n\u2212 1.711\n\n\u2212 0.790\n\n\u2212 1.859\n\n\u2212 0.789\n\n\u2212 0.531\n\n\u2212 0.224\n\n\u2212 1.553\n\n\nGroup 2\u2013Group 3\n\n\u2212 0.551\n\n\u2212 0.470\n\n\u2212 0.102\n\n0.849\n\n\u2212 0.426\n\n\u2212 0.266\n\n\u2212 0.167\n\n\u2212 0.800\n\n\nGroup 2\u2013Group 4\n\n\u2212 0.546\n\n\u2212 0.685\n\n\u2212 0.244\n\n\u2212 0.004\n\n\u2212 0.327\n\n\u2212 0.169\n\n\u2212 0.128\n\n\u2212 0.753\n\n\nGroup 3\u2013Group 4\n\n0.015\n\n\u2212 0.185\n\n\u2212 0.135\n\n\u2212 0.962\n\n0.104\n\n0.101\n\n0.029\n\n0.054\n\n\n\nThe Dunn\u2013Bonferroni test confirms H1 to H6, as companies with QMSs or EMSs achieve statistically significant higher performance scores in the environmental (V4), social (V8), and governance (V13) pillars than firms without these management systems. Furthermore, groups two, three, and four present statistically significant higher overall ESG scores (V1, V2) as compared to Group 1, thereby making it possible to answer RQ1 positively. With respect to RQ2, the descriptive analysis of the full data sample reveals that Group 2 has significantly higher ratings for nine areas (except V15), while groups three and four present enhanced performance in all 10 ESG category scores, again compared to Group 1. The values for Cohen\u2019s d confirm these statements.\nFurthermore, Group 3 achieves significantly higher ESG scores (V1, V2) than Group 2 due to significant outperformance in the environmental (V4) and governance (V13) dimensions; even though the management (V14) and shareholder (V15) scores do not differ significantly, companies with EMSs achieve considerably better values in the CSR strategy category (V16), which causes the outperformance in the pillar\u2019s rating. Although the consolidated social pillar score (V8) is not significantly different between groups two and three, companies with QMSs significantly outperform their counterparts with EMSs in terms of product responsibility (V12), while underperforming in the workforce (V9) and human rights (V10) categories. Thus, to answer RQ1 more precisely, it is concluded that EMSs appear to represent more effective business tools for enhanced ESG performance than QMSs. With respect to RQ2, it is important to mention that both management systems apparently share common strengths (V11, V14, V15), but also possess individual advantages (QMS: V12; EMS: V5, V6, V7, V9, V10, V16).\nIn terms of RQ3, Group 4 statistically outperforms Group 2 in the overall (V1, V2) and pillar (V4, V8, V9) scores, thus confirming H7 to H9 with respect to companies with QMSs only. There are no significant differences compared to Group 3; nonetheless, the mean and median values for Group 4 are higher in the overall scores (V1, V2) as well as the environmental (V4) and social (V8) dimensions, except for emissions (V6) and workforce (V9) matters. However, for the governance categories and pillar score (V13, V14, V15, V16), companies with EMSs alone present the highest mean and median values. In summary, H7 to H9 are confirmed with respect to firms with QMSs only, but not with respect to companies with EMSs only.\n\r\n\nStep 4: Descriptive analysis of the control variables' sub-samples\nCompany size (CV1) appears to affect the magnitude of differences, as the Dunn\u2013Bonferroni test reveals far more statistically significant differences between the four sample groups when it comes to large companies as opposed to SMEs. Furthermore, it is noticeable that large companies on average achieve higher ESG ratings than small firms. Nonetheless, companies with QMSs and\/or EMSs significantly outperform firms without management systems in the overall ESG scores (V1, V2), regardless of their size. The same is true for the environmental (V4) and social (V8) dimensions, thus confirming H1 to H4. However, in the governance pillar (V13), small firms with EMSs and medium-sized firms with QMSs lack this statistically significant outperformance, thereby only partially supporting H5 and H6.\nOn average, European companies achieve higher ESG ratings than East Asian or North American firms, but companies with QMSs or EMSs achieve significantly better ESG performance (V1, V2) than companies without these management systems, regardless of the location (CV2). This outperformance also holds true for the social dimension (V8). However, European firms with QMSs lack this statistically significant outperformance in the governance dimension (V13) and, in East Asia, also in the environmental dimension (V4). For East Asia, the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test even retains its null hypothesis for the shareholders score (V15). Hence, the analysis fully confirms H2, H3, H4, and H6, while only partially supporting H1 and H5.\nMoreover, the nature of business operations (CV3) impacts ESG performance per sample group. For basic materials, consumer (non-)cyclicals, energy, industry, and telecommunication services, the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test retains its null hypothesis for the shareholders score (V15) and for the utilities sector also for the management category (V14) and, conclusively, the whole governance pillar score (V13). The statistically significant higher ESG performance (V1, V2) of companies with management systems holds true for all sectors except for energy, telecommunication, and utilities, in which companies with QMSs do not present significantly better performance than companies without management systems. The same pattern appears for the same sectors as well as for basic materials for the environmental (V4) and social (V8) dimensions. For the energy sector, even companies with EMSs fail to outperform in the social pillar (V8). Regarding the governance pillar (V13), there are numerous sectors in which Group 2 (consumer (non-)cyclicals, energy, finance, industry, technology, telecommunications, utilities) and Group 3 (consumer non-cyclicals, technology, utilities) do not show statistically significant higher values than Group 1. Hence, the analysis fully confirms H2 and only partially supports H1 and H3 to H6.\nAlthough H7 to H9 are confirmed with respect to QMSs in the full sample analysis, the analyses of control variables deliver a mixed picture. Despite the fact that H7 holds true for medium and large firms (CV1) and all three regions (CV2) against Group 2, statistically significant higher ESG scores in the environmental pillar (V4) are revealed only for industrial companies when it comes to business sectors (CV3). H8 does not hold true against Group 2 when location is considered (CV2). Significant outperformance in the social pillar (V8) is visible only in the analysis of large firms (CV1) and companies classified as industrial (CV3). The same (CV1, CV2) accounts for H9 related to the governance dimension (V13), but for technology companies (CV3). Thus, although the full sample analysis confirms H7 to H9 with respect to firms with QMSs only, the analyses of the control variables reveal numerous exceptions, which calls for more detailed research in the future.\nTable 8 shows the sample group with the highest mean value for the overall and pillar scores per control variable. This overview strengthens the tendency observed in Group 4 to perform best in terms of the ESG score (V1) and the environmental (V4) and social pillars score (V8), regardless of the control variables, while the governance pillar (V13) appears to be affected most by the adoption of EMSs alone. Thus, Table 8 supports the findings of the full dataset analysis.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 8. Highest mean value by sample group for ESG Score and ESG Pillar Scores (source: own elaboration)\n\n\nControl variable\n\nV1\n\nV4\n\nV8\n\nV13\n\n\nIndustry\n\n\nAcademic and educational services\n\nn\/a\n\nn\/a\n\nn\/a\n\nn\/a\n\n\nBasic materials\n\nGroup 3\n\nGroup 3\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 2\n\n\nConsumer cyclicals\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nConsumer non-cyclicals\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\n\nEnergy\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nFinancials\n\nGroup 3\n\nGroup 3\n\nGroup 3\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nHealthcare\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nIndustrials\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nTechnology\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\n\nTelecommunications services\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 2\n\nGroup 2\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nUtilities\n\nGroup 2\n\nGroup 2\n\nGroup 2\n\nGroup 2\n\n\nRegion\n\n\nEurope\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nEast Asia\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\n\nNorth America\n\nGroup 3\n\nGroup 3\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nMarket capitalization\n\n\nSmall\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\n\nMedium\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 3\n\n\nLarge\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 3\n\n\n\nTo summarize the findings of the descriptive analysis, Table 9 provides an overview of the confirmation status of the nine hypotheses, as well as exceptions detected in relation to the control variables.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 9. Findings from the descriptive analysis (source: own elaboration)\n\n\nHypotheses\n\nResult (full sample)\n\nExceptions (control variables)\n\n\nSize\n\nLocation\n\nIndustry\n\n\nH1\n\nConfirmed\n\n\/\n\nEast Asia\n\nBasic materials, Energy, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n\n\nH2\n\nConfirmed\n\n\/\n\n\/\n\n\/\n\n\nH3\n\nConfirmed\n\n\/\n\n\/\n\nBasic materials, Energy, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n\n\nH4\n\nConfirmed\n\n\/\n\n\/\n\nEnergy\n\n\nH5\n\nConfirmed\n\nMedium\n\nEast Asia, Europe\n\nConsumer (non-)cyclicals, Energy, Financials, Industrials, Technology, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n\n\nH6\n\nConfirmed\n\nSmall\n\n\/\n\nConsumer (non-)cyclicals, Technology, Utilities\n\n\nH7\n\nOnly confirmed against QMS\n\nSmall\n\n\/\n\nBasic materials, Consumer (non-)cyclicals, Energy, Financials, Healthcare, Technology, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n\n\nH8\n\nOnly confirmed against QMS\n\nSmall, Medium\n\nNo confirmation\n\nBasic materials, Consumer (non-)cyclicals, Energy, Financials, Healthcare, Technology, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n\n\nH9\n\nOnly confirmed against QMS\n\nSmall, Medium\n\nNo confirmation\n\nBasic materials, Consumer (non-)cyclicals, Energy, Financials, Healthcare, Industrials, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n\n\n\nCluster analysis \nStep 1: Single-linkage method and ward method\nCluster analysis considers the 10 ESG category scores. To detect outliers, the single-linkage method is applied. Therefore, nine data points are eliminated, which reduces the sample size from 4,292 to 4,283 companies. The outliers excluded are from all three regions and operate across various industries, and seven outliers have a large market capitalization. No outlier operates any QMSs or EMSs, and each company presents extremely low values for at least one ESG issue. The Ward method is applied to obtain homogenous groups with minimum variance. The resulting dendrogram, shown in Fig. 4, indicates clustering with two groups.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. Retrieved dendrogram (source: own elaboration)\n\n\n\n\r\n\nStep 2: Test of data normality and Mann\u2013Whitney U test\nBoth the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test and the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test disprove data normality for the reduced sample with 4,283 companies and for the two clusters. The Mann\u2013Whitney U test verifies the clustering. Table 10 illustrates that there are indeed statistically significant differences in the central tendencies of all ESG indicators (p\u2009<\u20090.05).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 10. Independent-Samples Mann\u2013Whitney U test (source: own elaboration)\n\n\nCluster 1\u2013Cluster 2\n\nV1\n\nV2\n\nV3\n\nV4\n\nV5\n\nV6\n\nV7\n\nV8\n\n\nMann\u2013Whitney U\n\n114,023\n\n162,081\n\n1,627,708\n\n120,488\n\n145,009\n\n155,507\n\n818,921\n\n259,465\n\n\nWilcoxon W\n\n3,946,319\n\n3,994,377\n\n2,776,078\n\n3,952,784\n\n3,977,305\n\n3,987,803\n\n4,651,217\n\n4,091,761\n\n\nZ\n\n\u2212 51.244\n\n\u2212 50.002\n\n\u2212 19.432\n\n\u2212 51.631\n\n\u2212 51.962\n\n\u2212 51.299\n\n\u2212 37.541\n\n\u2212 47.485\n\n\nAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n\n\n\nV9\n\nV10\n\nV11\n\nV12\n\nV13\n\nV14\n\nV15\n\nV16\n\n\nMann\u2013Whitney U\n\n340,245\n\n370,305\n\n1,051,221\n\n739,630\n\n919,584\n\n1,273,263\n\n1,687,330\n\n211,470\n\n\nWilcoxon W\n\n4,172,541\n\n4,202,601\n\n4,883,517\n\n4,571,926\n\n4,751,880\n\n5,105,559\n\n5,519,626\n\n4,043,766\n\n\nZ\n\n\u2212 45.397\n\n\u2212 47.600\n\n\u2212 27.023\n\n\u2212 35.126\n\n\u2212 30.424\n\n\u2212 21.283\n\n\u2212 10.582\n\n\u2212 51.097\n\n\nAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n0.000\n\n\n\n\r\n\nStep 3: Analysis of clusters\nThe cluster compositions are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Cluster 1 contains 1,515 companies, i.e., 35.4% of the full sample. The majority of Cluster 1 has at least one management system in place. More specifically, 4.9% run QMSs, 12.5% EMSs, and 42.0% operate both management systems simultaneously. Although 40.7% of the cluster does not have any management systems, the disproportionally low presence of companies without management systems is more obvious when looking at the horizontal distribution. Only 19.3% of the companies without any management systems make it into Cluster 1, whereas the respective figures for companies with QMSs, EMSs, and both management systems amount to 59.7%, 85.5%, and 85.0%, respectively. Therefore, Cluster 1 is clearly dominated by companies operating management systems. Cluster 2, on the other hand, with 2,768 organizations, is clearly overpopulated by companies without any management systems (93.0%).\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 5. Description of Cluster 1 (source: own elaboration)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6. Description of Cluster 2 (source: own elaboration)\n\n\n\nRegarding company size, Cluster 1 in particular contains organizations with large market capitalizations (55.7%) and only a few small companies (11.6%). This tendency is underlined by figures from the horizontal analysis. Whereas 59.7% of all large companies are in Cluster 1, only 13.3% of the small companies can be found there. This is clearly an anomaly, given that each company size represents approximately one-third of the full sample. The vertical (32.7%) and horizontal (32.1%) share of medium-sized companies is reasonable, in light of the fact that Cluster 1 makes up only around a third of the full sample. Thus, Cluster 1 is dominated by large companies and, in turn, Cluster 2 is characterized by small companies (41.6%) and an underrepresentation of large organizations (20.6%). This is in line with the observations and remarks concerning firm size and ESG ratings presented above.\nWhen it comes to geography, North American (29.2%) and East Asian (27.9%) firms have almost the same weight in Cluster 1, while companies from Europe are noticeably overrepresented (42.9%). Cluster 2 presents the opposite composition, with more than two-thirds of enterprises located in North America (67.4%) and much smaller shares for East Asian (19.9%) and European firms (12.6%). The horizontal analysis reveals that 65.0% of European enterprises make it into Cluster 1, whereas the respective figures for East Asia and North America are only 43.4% and 19.1%, respectively. This is consistent with the observations and remarks about location and ESG ratings mentioned above.\nWith respect to sectors, most organizations in Cluster 1 operate in industry (17.0%), consumer cyclicals (17.2%), or finance (20.9%). Considering that this cluster represents only about one-third of the full sample, it is noticeable that 60.2% of the companies engaged in basic materials, 49.8% in consumer non-cyclicals, and 44.6% in industry can be found here. Most organizations in Cluster 2 are engaged in healthcare (14.1%), consumer cyclicals (14.2%), or finance (31.1%).\nIn addition to the numerous contrasts between the compositions of the clusters, there are also major ESG performance differences between Clusters 1 and 2. As shown in Fig. 7, the mean values for the ESG indicators (V1 to V16) are higher for Cluster 1 than for Cluster 2, except for the ESG controversy score (V3). The smallest performance gap between the two clusters is detected in the shareholder score (V15).\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 7. Mean ESG performance, by cluster (source: own elaboration)\n\n\n\nCluster 1 clearly presents higher ESG performance ratings. The overall ESG score (V1) achieves a mean of 63.73 and a median of 63.80; both values are more than 35 points higher than for Cluster 2. The scores are comparably high with respect to the environmental (V4), social (V8), and governance (V13) pillars. At the level of single ESG issues, Cluster 1 reveals particularly strong outperformance in terms of resource use (V5) and emissions (V6) in the environmental dimension; workforce (V9) and human rights (V10) in the social pillar; and CSR strategy (V16) in the governance pillar (see Table 11).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 11. Descriptive analysis for ESG performance variables, by cluster (source: own elaboration)\n\n\nIndicator\n\nn\n\nMean\n\nSD\n\nMinimum\n\n25th percentile\n\nMedian\n\n75th percentila\n\nMaximum\n\n\nCluster 1\n\n\nV1\n\n1,515\n\n63.73\n\n13.61\n\n26.75\n\n53.77\n\n63.80\n\n74.23\n\n93.72\n\n\nV2\n\n1,515\n\n60.12\n\n13.55\n\n26.09\n\n50.26\n\n59.62\n\n70.74\n\n93.72\n\n\nV3\n\n1,515\n\n85.69\n\n27.58\n\n0.44\n\n87.50\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n\nV4\n\n1,515\n\n62.54\n\n20.19\n\n3.17\n\n48.00\n\n64.22\n\n79.05\n\n98.89\n\n\nV5\n\n1,515\n\n69.46\n\n22.31\n\n0.00\n\n54.71\n\n73.32\n\n87.84\n\n99.88\n\n\nV6\n\n1,515\n\n70.28\n\n22.30\n\n0.00\n\n55.52\n\n75.00\n\n88.68\n\n99.88\n\n\nV7\n\n1,515\n\n43.51\n\n33.52\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n49.38\n\n76.32\n\n99.84\n\n\nV8\n\n1,515\n\n65.66\n\n17.35\n\n13.30\n\n53.03\n\n67.57\n\n79.80\n\n97.84\n\n\nV9\n\n1,515\n\n74.08\n\n19.15\n\n6.05\n\n62.22\n\n77.75\n\n89.85\n\n99.94\n\n\nV10\n\n1,515\n\n56.97\n\n29.38\n\n0.00\n\n35.80\n\n60.26\n\n82.12\n\n98.91\n\n\nV11\n\n1,515\n\n65.47\n\n27.19\n\n0.55\n\n45.06\n\n71.88\n\n88.93\n\n99.89\n\n\nV12\n\n1,515\n\n62.43\n\n27.50\n\n0.00\n\n35.42\n\n68.41\n\n86.51\n\n99.87\n\n\nV13\n\n1,515\n\n61.42\n\n19.34\n\n5.85\n\n47.67\n\n63.22\n\n77.01\n\n97.76\n\n\nV14\n\n1,515\n\n62.70\n\n25.68\n\n0.35\n\n43.83\n\n65.70\n\n85.10\n\n99.72\n\n\nV15\n\n1,515\n\n55.75\n\n27.77\n\n0.22\n\n32.82\n\n59.38\n\n79.58\n\n99.85\n\n\nV16\n\n1,515\n\n63.55\n\n25.03\n\n0.00\n\n46.72\n\n67.39\n\n85.37\n\n99.89\n\n\nCluster 2\n\n\nV1\n\n2,768\n\n28.02\n\n11.89\n\n1.06\n\n19.23\n\n27.02\n\n36.03\n\n66.90\n\n\nV2\n\n2,768\n\n27.83\n\n11.77\n\n1.06\n\n19.14\n\n26.84\n\n35.69\n\n66.90\n\n\nV3\n\n2,768\n\n96.32\n\n14.89\n\n0.60\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n100.00\n\n\nV4\n\n2,768\n\n10.22\n\n14.51\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n2.90\n\n16.41\n\n82.28\n\n\nV5\n\n2,768\n\n10.42\n\n17.41\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n16.33\n\n95.17\n\n\nV6\n\n2,768\n\n11.77\n\n17.84\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n19.73\n\n92.86\n\n\nV7\n\n2,768\n\n7.72\n\n18.68\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n99.38\n\n\nV8\n\n2,768\n\n28.90\n\n14.83\n\n0.35\n\n17.56\n\n28.25\n\n38.92\n\n85.09\n\n\nV9\n\n2,768\n\n31.18\n\n21.19\n\n0.11\n\n13.78\n\n27.75\n\n44.93\n\n98.40\n\n\nV10\n\n2,768\n\n8.22\n\n17.93\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n3.10\n\n94.84\n\n\nV11\n\n2,768\n\n41.01\n\n24.49\n\n0.59\n\n20.25\n\n42.18\n\n61.57\n\n98.91\n\n\nV12\n\n2,768\n\n28.09\n\n21.21\n\n0.00\n\n14.72\n\n28.89\n\n35.29\n\n99.60\n\n\nV13\n\n2,768\n\n39.11\n\n20.41\n\n0.31\n\n22.96\n\n37.13\n\n55.22\n\n87.41\n\n\nV14\n\n2,768\n\n43.17\n\n27.92\n\n0.15\n\n18.70\n\n40.24\n\n66.01\n\n99.98\n\n\nV15\n\n2,768\n\n45.99\n\n28.93\n\n0.02\n\n20.54\n\n43.61\n\n69.92\n\n99.92\n\n\nV16\n\n2,768\n\n8.46\n\n17.36\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n0.00\n\n6.96\n\n99.45\n\n\n\nCluster 2 shows relatively low ESG ratings. In concrete terms, the overall score (V1) is only 28.02 on average, with a median value of 27.02. The respective values for the three ESG dimensions are especially low for the environmental (V4) and social (V8) dimensions, while the highest scores are detected in the governance pillar (V13). With respect to the numerous ESG issues, Cluster 2 presents its highest performance in the management (V14) and shareholder categories (V15). These two indicators are also those with the lowest underperformance as opposed to Cluster 1 (see Table 11).\nIn summary, the cluster analysis produces two large clusters; most of the companies with QMSs (59.7%), EMSs (85.5%), or both management systems (85.0%) are grouped in Cluster 1, whereas most companies without management systems (80.7%) populate Cluster 2. In addition, Cluster 1 is characterized by a high percentage of large organizations and European companies. The first cluster shows significantly higher values for the 10 ESG category scores, the three ESG pillar scores, and the (combined) ESG score than the second cluster. In conclusion, the patterns detected through the cluster analysis support H1 to H6 and make it possible to answer RQ1 positively. The analysis offers insight into RQ2 by showing that Cluster 1 outperforms Cluster 2 regarding all ESG issues, while revealing the smallest performance gap for the shareholder category (V15). Referring to RQ3, the composition of the clusters supports H7 to H9 with respect to companies with QMSs only.\n\nDiscussion \nThe statistically significant outperformance of firms with QMSs and\/or EMSs as opposed to companies without such management systems for all ESG category scores (except for V15 for Group 2) aligns with previous research that revealed the positive impacts of these management systems on several issues in all three ESG pillars, including waste reduction (E) and improvements in customer (S) and internal (G) communication for QMSs[3][22], and improved resources consumption (E), enhanced stakeholder relationships (S), and better manager involvement (G) for EMSs.[76] Therefore, the results support the literature review summarized in Table 1 and contribute to the debate regarding the positive relationship between QMSs\/EMSs and CSP.[120] Furthermore, it is noteworthy that although both management systems have comparable benefits for areas such as workforce (V9), product responsibility (V12), and management (V13) (see Table 1), the empirical results reveal varying magnitudes for these benefits as measured by ESG category scores, with Group 2 significantly underperforming compared to Group 3 for V9, outperforming it for V12 and presenting comparable results for V13. This contributes valuable in-depth information to the existing literature reviews about the benefits of implementing QMSs and EMSs that do not mention data-based, magnitude-related differences between both types of management systems.[45][47] Furthermore, in regard to stakeholder theory, this study evidences the management systems focus on specific stakeholder groups, such as QMSs\u2019 overperformance in V12 being mainly beneficial for customers and EMSs\u2019 V9 overperformance being favorable for employees.\nIn addition to discussing the results of the full sample, more light should be shed on the deviations detected in relation to the control variables. The descriptive analysis reveals more statistically significant differences between the four sample groups for large companies than for SMEs. Furthermore, Cluster 1 presents strong underrepresentation of small firms, thus demonstrating that large companies are more likely to achieve higher ESG scores. These findings relating to company size are consistent with previous research on ESG ratings[55] and might be due to the fact that SMEs have fewer resources to implement environmental strategies[121], and because firm size moderates issues such as stakeholder pressure and impacts media coverage[122][123], which in turn affects quality and environmental disclosure.[124][125][126] Furthermore, the analyses confirmed that European companies tend to achieve higher ESG ratings than firms from East Asia or North America, a finding that is generally aligned with previous cross-regional sustainability research.[116] The geographic heatmap of ESG performances for 2018, as presented by Daugaard and Ding[35], visualizes the ESG scores around the globe and shows that other providers of ESG data (these authors used Sustainalytics as data source) also confirm the European ESG-related superiority. Such geographical differences in CSP might be due to different sociocultural systems, legal frameworks, and stakeholder pressure for sustainability in the three regions.[127][128][129][130][131] Furthermore, it should be noted that such formal and informal institutional frameworks also play a pivotal role in facilitating or obstructing the diffusion of standards[132][133], including promotional, informational, financial, and legal measures[134], which in turn impacts ESG scores, as demonstrated by this study. Therefore, it is worth noting that the European and Asian countries included in the sample experience greater QMS and EMS diffusion rates than North American countries.[1]\nComparable normative and coercive pressures might also contribute to the deviations detected regarding sectors. Business sectors have varying levels of competition and stakeholder pressure[135][136], as well as varying needs, motivations, and barriers regarding management systems implementation. As indicated in ISO's 2020 survey results[1], the tendency to adopt QMSs and EMSs does indeed differ among sectors. Moreover, the documented impact of the nature of business operations on ESG scores might be partially explained by the differing degree of ESG transparency among sectors.[137] The cluster analysis, however, with its two distinctive clusters of ESG performance patterns, clearly reveals that Cluster 1 is overpopulated by companies with management systems, which holds true for every control variable (except for the industrial sector). However, even though companies without QMSs or EMSs are found in the cluster with the higher ESG scores, this likelihood appears to be connected to the sector type, location, and firm size. Future research should seek to gather more data on the variances identified in relation to the control variables, as well as on possible interdependencies among these.\nIn summary, the cluster composition supports the proposed ESG-related advantages of adopting management systems. Furthermore, companies with EMSs or both management systems are more likely to be in Cluster 1 (on average 85.5% and 85%, respectively) than firms operating with QMSs only (59.7%) for most control variable inputs. This is in-line with both the descriptive analysis of the full sample, which shows that Group 3 outperforms Group 2 in several ESG categories (see Tables 4 and 6), as well as the summarized literature review (see Table 1), which only reveals ESG-related benefits of EMSs for some areas, such as emissions[21] and regulatory compliance.[78][89] Hence, it appears reasonable that combining both management systems is significantly more favorable than operating with QMSs alone (thus confirming H7 to H9 for QMSs). However, this combination leads to slight decline in performance in the governance dimension as opposed to running EMSs only (thus refuting H7 to H9 for EMSs). This might be due to the duplication of tasks and the suboptimal use of resources when multiple separate management systems are in place[138] or the negative effects of carrying out practices with comparable goals (compare, for example, the work of Franco et al.[51]) outweighing the potential benefits of combining the systems. This contributes to the line of discussion related to complementarities in the capabilities required for QMS and EMS adoption and their impact on business performance.[105][139] Moreover, this result calls for more detailed studies on the ESG-related impacts of having multiple management systems, while distinguishing if companies simply add or actually integrate these systems[140], as integration can lead to a reduction in administrative burdens and progress in the sustainable development of corporations[39], among other benefits. \nRegrettably, it is not possible to draw any conclusions from the study sample about either the integration level (none, partial, or full)[141][142] nor the corresponding integration strategies (QMS or EMS implemented first or simultaneous implementation).[143] Therefore, addressing the integration maturity level[144], which evidently affects CSP[4][145], would contribute additional knowledge related to the results of this work.\n\nConclusions \nThe literature suggests that ESG themes may be anchored in management systems[24], thus leading to increased scores in certain pillars[23], and this paper aims to empirically prove that quality and environmental management systems are indeed suitable business tools to achieve significantly higher performance in the environmental, social, and governance dimensions.\nThe analysis reveals two major clusters, which demonstrate quite different ESG score patterns for firms with and without the aforementioned management systems. The findings support hypotheses H1 to H6 as well as H7 to H9 for firms with QMSs, while revealing some exceptions related to the control variables. In summary, the work concludes that both QMSs and EMSs enable companies to achieve enhanced ESG performances (RQ1), thus being suitable business tools for addressing sustainability-related stakeholder demands. It is further demonstrated that, despite sharing certain comparable sustainability-related benefits, management systems present varying strengths and weaknesses when it comes to tackling specific ESG categories, while, overall, EMSs achieve a greater impact than QMSs on ESG pillar scores (RQ2). Consequently, combining both management systems leads to statistically significant improved ESG performance compared to operating QMSs alone, whereas the combination leads to slightly, albeit not significantly, improved scores in the environmental and social pillars and minor performance losses in the governance dimension compared to operating EMSs only (RQ3). \nThrough these conclusions, this work makes three key contributions to the literature and allows to derive several academic, managerial, and policy-related implications aimed at satisfying stakeholders\u2019 needs for greater CSP. First, this paper contributes to the literature on the impact of QMSs and EMSs on companies\u2019 ESG performance[25][63] by directly linking the concept of ESG ratings to quality and environmental management systems. As such, the focus is on all three pillars simultaneously as opposed to one dimension alone.[21][65][101] In this context, sorting the benefits of implementing QMSs and EMSs by a detailed ESG classification, which is broadly used and accepted by practitioners, represents a valuable step. \nSecond, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first study to quantitatively investigate the relationship between management system implementation and ESG scores. Thus, it contributes to the academic literature by empirically proving the positive impact of QMS and EMS implementation on ESG performance through a large-scale, cross-regional analysis.\nFinally, this study sheds some additional light on the advantages of management systems in the context of stakeholder theory, as it shows that their adoption leads to positive developments in CSP-relevant organization\/stakeholder relations such as workforce, customers, and community, as well as in the environmental dimension.\n\nManagerial implications \nThe results show corporate executives that management systems adoption represents a way of successfully responding to the increasing CSP demands of stakeholders in areas such as product responsibility, which is best addressed by QMSs, and resource use and emissions, which are best addressed by EMSs. Decision-makers find out about the single ESG-related benefits of QMSs and EMSs with respect to the numerous stakeholder issues, as well as how combining them can impact CSP. This enables them to implement management systems in accordance with their firm\u2019s individual sustainability needs. In view of the global green awakening and its influence on business success[146][147], such knowledge will likely become a competitive advantage for enterprises and a benefit for their stakeholders.[148][149][150]\n\nPolicy implications \nThe findings of this work support studies that declare management systems to foster CSP (see Table 1), thus emphasizing the importance of their international diffusion.[151] Therefore, regulators should take advantage of the fact that companies view regulators as the stakeholder group with the strongest influence on organizations\u2019 environmental sustainability efforts.[152] The differences detected in ESG scores across regions and company sizes call for greater standardization in sustainability reporting.[153] In addition, to encourage CSP across all industries, policymakers must closely monitor which sectors are shifting towards greater sustainability due to pressure from certain stakeholder groups, and which sectors require additional institutional pressure to increase ESG practices, thus allowing coercive and regulatory forces to be balanced to foster the global diffusion of standards.[132][154]\n\nAcademic implications \nThe relationship identified allows deepening the research on which management systems can lead to a better ESG performance. Thus, the importance and impact of management systems implementation, as well as their internalization, is still crucial to make companies more efficient and sustainable. Also, the stakeholder theory framework has been identified as important as stakeholders can be the drivers for implementing more sustainable practices, such as management systems.\n\nLimitations and future research \nFuture research should be directed at overcoming this study\u2019s limitations as well as enlarging and\/or specifying the research scope. Firstly, the chosen database and its ESG classification\u2014ESG database providers use their own methodologies[16], thus conceptualizing the ESG dimensions differently[67]\u2014impact the availability and quality of data. Hence, subsequent research should consider different databases to support the outcomes. Secondly, the study is intentionally directed at QMSs and EMSs in general, thus providing space for both either restricting this focus to specific MSSs (such as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001) or expanding it to other types of management systems (such as OHS) or related practices. Thirdly, the study\u2019s data sample makes no statements regarding the integration level[155] of companies with both management systems or if other management-related practices are in place[51], which is why future investigations should shed light on the degree of integration, firm-specific circumstances, and their impacts. Fourthly, albeit the country-clustering considers common economic, cultural, and regulatory features, there are nevertheless likely to be certain management systems-related differences among countries from the same regions[93], which is why more in-detail research is needed for single countries. Fifthly, the chosen methodology implies certain limitations. Despite conducting a time filtering, this study is not longitudinal, only depicting the year 2019, thus demanding to verify the outcomes for other time periods (see, for example, the longitudinal panel data analysis applied by Hernandez-Vivanco et al.[156] for combinations of MSSs and firm financial performance). Moreover, applying other methodologies such as the mentioned panel data analysis[157][158] and structural equation modelling (SEM)[159] might enable researchers to draw additional or adjusted conclusions and give a broader picture of the relationship between management systems implementation and ESG performance.\n\nAcknowledgements \nThe database used has been funded by the Catalan Government program \u201cAjuts a Grups de Recerca. SGR 2017,\u201d specifically for the project 2017SGR1641. Further, Javier Roman\u00ed acknowledges support from Grant PID2020-114896RB-I00 (Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n, AEI \/ 10.13039\/501100011033; Spanish State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2017-2020).\n\nFunding \nOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Catalan Government program \u201cAjuts a Grups de Recerca. SGR 2017.\u201d\n\nData availability \nThe data that support the findings of this study are available from Refinitiv Eikon, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under licence for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of Refinitiv Eikon.\n\nConflict of interest \nNone stated.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 International Organization for Standardization (2021). \"1. 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Zorpas, Antonis (1 December 2018). \"Boosting Regulations Legislation Reliefs Regarding Environmental Management Systems in the Framework of EMAS and ISO 14001: Case Study of Cyprus\". International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering 17 (1): 19\u201327. doi:10.5383\/ijtee.17.01.003. https:\/\/iasks.org\/articles\/ijtee-v17-i1-pp-19-27.pdf .   \n \n\n\u2191 Betts, Teresa K.; Wiengarten, Frank; Tadisina, Suresh K. (1 April 2015). \"Exploring the impact of stakeholder pressure on environmental management strategies at the plant level: what does industry have to do with it?\" (in en). Journal of Cleaner Production 92: 282\u2013294. doi:10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.01.002. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652615000062 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Yalabik, Baris; Fairchild, Richard J. (1 June 2011). \"Customer, regulatory, and competitive pressure as drivers of environmental innovation\" (in en). 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ISSN 1556-5068. https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=3191035 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Weidinger, Christina (2014), Weidinger, Christina; Fischler, Franz; Schmidpeter, Ren\u00e9, eds., \"Business Success Through Sustainability\", Sustainable Entrepreneurship (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg): 287\u2013301, doi:10.1007\/978-3-642-38753-1_26, ISBN 978-3-642-38752-4, http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-38753-1_26 . Retrieved 2022-09-11   \n \n\n\u2191 Cantele, Silvia; Zardini, Alessandro (1 May 2018). \"Is sustainability a competitive advantage for small businesses? An empirical analysis of possible mediators in the sustainability\u2013financial performance relationship\" (in en). 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ISBN 978-1-351-27832-4. https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781351278317 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Heras-Saizarbitoria, I\u00f1aki; Boiral, Olivier (1 January 2013). \"ISO 9001 and ISO 14001: Towards a Research Agenda on Management System Standards*: Research Agenda on Management System Standards\" (in en). International Journal of Management Reviews 15 (1): 47\u201365. doi:10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2012.00334.x. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2012.00334.x .   \n \n\n\u2191 Deloitte (2021). \"2021 Climate Check: Business\u2019 Views on Environmental Sustainability\" (PDF). Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited.. https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/pt\/Documents\/about-deloitte\/2021%20Climate%20Check_Report.pdf .   \n \n\n\u2191 Mynhardt, Henry; Makarenko, Inna; Plastun, Alex (29 May 2017). \"Standardization of sustainability reporting: rationale for better investment decision-making\". Public and Municipal Finance 6 (2): 7\u201315. doi:10.21511\/pmf.06(2).2017.01. https:\/\/businessperspectives.org\/journals\/public-and-municipal-finance\/issue-250\/standardization-of-sustainability-reporting-rationale-for-better-investment-decision-making .   \n \n\n\u2191 Braun, B. (2019). \"Building Global Institutions: The Diffusion of Management Standards in the World Economy \u2013 An Institutional Perspective\". In Alvstam, C.G.; Schamp, E.W.. Linking Industries Across the World: Processes of Global Networking. Routledge. pp. 3\u201328. ISBN 9781351153928. https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Linking-Industries-Across-the-World-Processes-of-Global-Networking\/Schamp\/p\/book\/9780815390244 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Karapetrovic, Stanislav (1 February 2002). \"Strategies for the integration of management systems and standards\" (in en). The TQM Magazine 14 (1): 61\u201367. doi:10.1108\/09544780210414254. ISSN 0954-478X. https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544780210414254\/full\/html .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hernandez-Vivanco, Alfonso; Domingues, Pedro; Sampaio, Paulo; Bernardo, Merce; Cruz-C\u00e1zares, Claudio (1 December 2019). \"Do multiple certifications leverage firm performance? A dynamic approach\" (in en). International Journal of Production Economics 218: 386\u2013399. doi:10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.07.016. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527319302531 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Homburg, Christian; Klarmann, Martin; Vomberg, Arnd, eds. (2020) (in en). Handbook of Market Research. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-05542-8. ISBN 978-3-319-05542-8. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-05542-8 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Hasan Huseyin (2021), Ad\u0131g\u00fczel Mercang\u00f6z, Burcu, ed., \"Panel Data Analysis\" (in en), Handbook of Research on Emerging Theories, Models, and Applications of Financial Econometrics (Cham: Springer International Publishing): 375\u2013396, doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-54108-8_16, ISBN 978-3-030-54107-1, https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-54108-8_16 . Retrieved 2022-09-11   \n \n\n\u2191 Barrett, Paul (1 May 2007). \"Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit\" (in en). Personality and Individual Differences 42 (5): 815\u2013824. doi:10.1016\/j.paid.2006.09.018. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0191886906003837 .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation, spelling, and grammar. We also added PMCID and DOI when they were missing from the original reference. Several reference URLs were dead; a more current URL or archived version was substituted for dead URLs for this version. Dang et al. 2018 is cited inline but not included in the references section; the presumed article from the Journal of Banking & Finance was added for this version.The original article lists references in alphabetical order; however, this version lists them in order of appearance, by design.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study<\/a>\nCategories: LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2022)LIMSwiki journal articles (all)LIMSwiki journal articles on quality managementNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageEncyclopedic articlesRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationPopular publications\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 11 September 2022, at 17:02.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 522 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","9a52a3e6baa6077108a34c66fd9aed71_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-206 ns-subject page-Journal_Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance_A_cross-regional_empirical_study rootpage-Journal_Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance_A_cross-regional_empirical_study skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:Quality and environmental management systems as business tools to enhance ESG performance: A cross-regional empirical study<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The growing societal and political focus on sustainability at the global level is pressuring companies to enhance their <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Environmental, social, and corporate governance\" data-key=\"6c7338323a539157106a74d9a7bd6a49\">environmental, social, and governance<\/a> (ESG) performance to satisfy respective stakeholder needs and ensure sustained business success. With a data sample of 4,292 companies from Europe, East Asia, and North America, this work aims to prove through a cross-regional empirical study that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_management_system\" title=\"Quality management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"dfecf3cd6f18d4a5e9ac49ca360b447d\">quality management systems<\/a> (QMSs) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Environmental_management_system\" title=\"Environmental management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4260ba849a7450f0ac726d08b9252e8b\">environmental management systems<\/a> (EMSs) represent powerful business tools to achieve this enhanced ESG performance. Descriptive and cluster analyses reveal that firms with QMSs and\/or EMSs accomplish statistically significant higher ESG scores than companies without such management systems. Furthermore, the results indicate that operating both types of management systems simultaneously increases performance in the environmental and social pillar even further, while the governance dimension appears to be affected mainly by the adoption of EMSs alone. \n<\/p><p>To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, such large-scale, cross-regional analysis of the impact of QMSs and EMSs on ESG performance is absent from the literature, thus paving the way for pioneering academic research. The study is grounded in stakeholder theory and demonstrates to managers how the implementation of management systems can assist in successfully translating stakeholders\u2019 sustainability concerns into actionable business practice. Furthermore, it allows decision-makers to gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of QMSs and EMSs for tackling specific ESG issues and highlights the performance advantages of combining both management systems. The work also depicts to policymakers how corporate sustainable performance (CSP) can be improved by fostering management systems adoption, thereby emphasizing the importance of supporting and facilitating the diffusion of these systems.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: corporate sustainable performance, environmental management systems, ESG performance, quality management systems, sustainability\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A significant number of companies worldwide rely on management systems<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> to improve corporate operations<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> and address stakeholders\u2019 needs systematically.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Given that achieving \u201cdevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs\u201d<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> nowadays represents a normative concept<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>, corporate executives are under increasing pressure to fulfil one particular stakeholder demand: making their companies more sustainable.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>For example, consumer attitudes towards sustainable products and services are increasingly positive<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> and investors are placing increasing value on data on sustainability-related issues for financial commitments.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> In this context, such stakeholders often consider firms\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Environmental, social, and corporate governance\" data-key=\"6c7338323a539157106a74d9a7bd6a49\">environmental, social, and governance<\/a> (ESG) scores in their decision-making process<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> and, in return, companies that apply ESG practices can improve stakeholders\u2019 trust by accumulating social capital and strengthening attachment to the firm.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Scholars also devote a great deal of attention to the ESG concept<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>, which has emerged as a measure of companies\u2019 corporate sustainable performance (CSP).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>When it comes to researching CSP in relation to management systems, however, academics focus more on investigating the benefits related to specific issues such as reduced emissions<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> and sustainable supply chains<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:16_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>, as opposed to connecting management systems with the broader ESG concept as a framework for the various CSP demands of stakeholders. Few studies consider ESG ratings alongside management systems. Broadstock <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:41_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:41-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>, for example, state that to achieve higher scores in the environmental pillar, companies must perform well in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Environmental_management_system\" title=\"Environmental management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4260ba849a7450f0ac726d08b9252e8b\">environmental management systems<\/a> (EMS) certification. Furthermore, Schmid <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:42_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:42-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> conclude that ESG themes may be anchored in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_management_system\" title=\"Quality management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"dfecf3cd6f18d4a5e9ac49ca360b447d\">quality management systems<\/a> (QMSs), and Chams <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:43_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:43-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> deduce that firms with QMSs are less reliant on financial capital to improve ESG ratings. Nevertheless, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, there is a shortage of academic studies that connect management systems to ESG performance and empirically analyze their relationship, which is evidenced by the lack of corresponding search results in databases like Web of Science and Scopus.\n<\/p><p>Such studies would provide valuable insight into the strengths and weaknesses of individual management systems in terms of meeting specific environmental, social, and\/or governance needs. This knowledge would make it possible to draw managerial conclusions regarding which management systems to implement and combine to satisfy certain stakeholder CSP demands. Thus, the aim of this work is to start filling this research gap by empirically proving that QMSs and EMSs, which are the most widely adopted management systems on a global level<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>, represent powerful business tools to achieve enhanced ESG performance, by answering the following three research questions (RQs):\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>RQ1<\/b>: Do companies that operate QMSs and\/or EMSs achieve statistically significant higher ESG scores than firms without such management systems?<\/li>\n<li><b>RQ2<\/b>: Which ESG issues are positively impacted by the implementation of QMSs and\/or EMSs?<\/li>\n<li><b>RQ3<\/b>: Do companies that apply both QMSs and EMSs simultaneously achieve higher ESG performance than firms that operate with only one of these management systems?<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>To answer these RQs, this study presents a comprehensive exploratory literature review and both descriptive and cluster analyses of ESG data from 2019 for 4,292 companies spread among the three leading global economic areas: Europe, East Asia, and North America. Refinitiv Eikon is used as the data source. The descriptive analysis describes the fundamental characteristics of the data and measures central tendencies among the sample groups with or without management systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:44_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:44-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> The cluster analysis gradually classifies the sample based on similarities<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>, thus allowing patterns to be defined between companies with QMSs, EMSs, or no such management systems.\n<\/p><p>This paper contributes to the academic literature by directly connecting QMSs and EMSs to the ESG concept and by empirically proving at a global level that both management system types serve as powerful business tools for enhancing ESG scores. The study helps corporate executives to understand the ESG-related strengths inherent in QMSs and EMSs and, in addition, highlights how combining these management systems can impact a corporation\u2019s sustainable performance in different ESG categories. Furthermore, the results give policymakers an insight into the positive relationship between management systems and CSP, as well as the regional and industrial differences in ESG scores, thus emphasizing the importance of pushing forward with the international standardization of best practices in management as well as their global diffusion.\n<\/p><p>The paper continues in six sections. The next section provides extensive background information on management systems and ESG ratings. Then the data sampling process and methodologies applied are explained, followed by the findings. The paper closes with discussion and some final conclusions.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Literature_review\">Literature review<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Stakeholder_theory\">Stakeholder theory<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In accordance with the increasing stakeholder focus on CSP, this paper follows the reasoning that companies must not only fulfil obligations to their shareholders in order to be successful, but that the interests of multiple parties with stakes in the social and financial performance of the firm must be taken into account.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> This aligns with the concept of management systems, which are directed at satisfying specific stakeholder needs (as outlined in the management system's underlying standards), as well as the ESG concept, which is linked to numerous stakeholders, including society, suppliers, employees, and shareholders.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> Thus, this study is grounded in stakeholder theory, which goes beyond simply maximizing the wealth of owners to acknowledging \u201cany group or individual who is affected by or can affect the achievement of an organization\u2019s objectives\u201d<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>, while addressing \u201cmorals and values explicitly as a central feature of managing organizations.\u201d<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In general, Freeman\u2019s<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> stakeholder theory offers a pragmatic approach to a strategy that urges firms to be aware of their relationships with all stakeholders in order to become more successful.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:9_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup> At the moment, the stakeholder theory appears to be the prevailing theory in CSP-related research.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> Thereby, it should be acknowledged that (i) different stakeholders influence organizations in different ways; (ii) some stakeholders have more influence over organizations than others; (iii) not all stakeholders might be regarded as legitimate stakeholders by organizations\u2014in this regard, stakeholder theory is closely related to legitimacy and institutional theories \u201cin the sense that only those with legitimate claims and institutional identification can be considered stakeholders\u201d<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_35-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014and (iv) existing organization\/stakeholder relations are not static but can change.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Developments in relationships in any direction might be induced by changes in material interests of either side, emergence of contingent factors, changes in the sets of ideas held by stakeholders and\/or organizations, or institutional support changes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_36-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup> Nowadays, we witness increasing contingent factors such as those related to global climate change or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pandemic\" title=\"Pandemic\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bd9a48e6c6e41b6d603ee703836b01f1\">pandemics<\/a>, causing more and more stakeholder groups, including shareholders, to adjust their material interests and to value sustainable development as an increasingly important aspect. In alignment, the institutional support for CSP increases as visible in policy making and media coverage. Hence, to ensure sustained business success, this study argues that companies must be aware of the environmental, social, and governance demands of stakeholders and address them accordingly by using suitable business tools. Therefore, the following exploratory literature review on management systems and ESG ratings emphasizes the stakeholder focus inherent in both concepts.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Management_systems\">Management systems<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Management systems are a set of procedures to be followed to achieve stakeholder satisfaction concerning specific demands, thus a \u201cprocess of systemizing how things are done.\u201d<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> They are implemented to handle stakeholders\u2019 needs systematically in both internal and external organizational contexts<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> and are aimed at the continuous improvement of operations and procedures.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Management systems can be classified as quality, environmental, or occupational health and safety (OHS) systems, among others, depending on their objective.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:45_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:45-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> The core elements of management systems are often defined in management system standards (MSSs), and compliant companies can receive certification if the standard allows it.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup> These MSSs are developed and published by national and international bodies, the most famous being the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/International_Organization_for_Standardization\" title=\"International Organization for Standardization\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"116defc5d89c8a55f5b7c1be0790b442\">International Organization for Standardization<\/a> (ISO)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup>; its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/ISO_9001\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISO 9001\" data-key=\"6de0ce2bd9e48192cdb903331a793aa7\">ISO 9001<\/a> for QMSs and ISO 14001 for EMSs are the most commonly implemented and certified MSSs worldwide.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In general, a QMS is the means by which quality management practices\u2014including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_(business)\" title=\"Quality (business)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c4ac43430d1c3a3a15d1255257aaea37\">quality<\/a> planning, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1e0e0c2eb3e45aff02f5d61799821f0f\">quality control<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_assurance\" title=\"Quality assurance\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2ede4490f0ea707b14456f44439c0984\">quality assurance<\/a>, and quality improvement\u2014are turned into an integral part of an organization that directly affects the way it conducts business.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup> An EMS, on the other hand, seeks to make organizations both more competitive and more environmentally responsible by adapting techniques aimed at reducing environmental impacts such as waste reduction and process\/product redesign.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup> The implementation of such management systems results in various benefits.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:46_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:46-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:19_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup> For example, QMSs are positively correlated with business performance, as companies improve the efficiency of their processes, provide their customers with added value, enhance customer satisfaction and, ultimately, generate more revenue.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_47-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup> Similarly, EMSs positively impact the performance of firms due to savings in resource input and energy consumption, increased efficiency, and better profitability.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_47-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup> However, the adoption benefits depend on the individual circumstances of firms. Operating management systems alongside comparable practices, for example, might be less beneficial for companies\u2019 financial performance due to the redundancy of different processes aimed at similar goals related to stakeholder satisfaction.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:47_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:47-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"ESG_ratings_and_scores\">ESG ratings and scores<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>ESG ratings are company assessments based on an evaluation of environmental, social, and governance matters whose individual weightings result in an overall score.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup> They are provided by specialized rating agencies, whose expertise makes them a key reference point for firms, financial markets, and scholars regarding CSP data<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup> and which emerged in response to an increased demand for social and environmental information.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-54\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup> Rating agencies typically use their own research methodologies<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> , which are based mainly on publicly available information, third-party research, and corporate reports.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:21_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Applying ESG practices is generally aligned with stakeholder theory<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:9_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>, as the concept is linked to numerous stakeholders.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_30-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, ESG scores play a crucial role \u201cin helping stakeholders apprehend, evaluate, and manage the increasingly complex, multi-faceted nature of business ethics and sustainability.\u201d<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_52-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup> They serve as a standard for comparison and set benchmarks for further improvement.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup> Managing ESG issues responsibly increases companies\u2019 integrity within society and stakeholders\u2019 trust, thus influencing the economic performance of firms.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, companies with high ESG ratings might enjoy better market and financial performance<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>, although there is no univocal consensus on how that should be approached.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-62\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:48_63-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:48-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup> Due to increasing public awareness of sustainability issues and the corresponding corporate acknowledgement, the number of firms disclosing ESG data is rapidly increasing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:49_65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:49-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>However, ESG ratings also face criticism. As the concept has no fixed boundaries, the validity of ratings is questioned, since the various rating agencies view the ESG pillars differently and, moreover, use different weighting strategies to compile the final scores.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-66\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:50_67-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:50-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup> Another set of criticism concerns the quality of the data underlying the scores.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:13_52-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:21_55-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> To mitigate these key concerns related to ESG ratings, this study utilizes data from Thomson Reuters, whose ESG database is one of the market leaders and is both used and accepted by fellow scholars.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:14_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_17-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-68\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-69\">[69]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"ESG-related_benefits_of_management_system_implementation\">ESG-related benefits of management system implementation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To justify researching the role of QMSs and EMSs as business tools to enhance ESG ratings, this work clusters their adoption benefits by ESG pillar (see Table 1) and, subsequently, derives corresponding hypotheses about their impact on ESG performance.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Benefits of QMS and EMS Adoption sorted by ESG Dimensions (source: own elaboration based on Eikon database)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">ESG dimension\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">ESG issues\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">QMS\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">EMS\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">References\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Environmental\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Resource use\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Waste reduction\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Enhanced use of resources<br \/>- Reduction in resource use<br \/>- Supports implementation of environmental management practices regarding green product design, procurement, production, logistics, and packaging\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Tan (2005)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup>; Schylander and Martinuzzi (2007)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup>; Gavronski <i>et al.<\/i> (2008)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_72-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup>; Comoglio and Botta (2012)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:25_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>; Wong <i>et al.<\/i> (2020)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:34_74-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:34-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup>; Zimon <i>et al.<\/i> (2021)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:16_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Emissions\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Reduced emissions, water contamination, and air pollution<br \/>- Reduced risk of environmental accidents<br \/>- Improved environmental performance\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Potoski and Prakash (2005)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:35_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:35-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup>; Tan (2005)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_70-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup>; Russo (2009)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>; Comoglio and Botta (2012)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:25_73-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>; Boiral <i>et al.<\/i> (2018)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>; Shi <i>et al.<\/i> (2019)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:27_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:27-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup>; Bravi <i>et al.<\/i> (2020)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_78-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Environmental innovation\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Improved innovation capability for supply chains<br \/>- Positive impact on environmental process innovations\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Increased environmental innovation capabilities<br \/>- Enhanced problem-solving regarding technologies and procedures<br \/>- Greening of supply chain\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Ann <i>et al.<\/i> (2006)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:36_79-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:36-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>; Ziegler (2015)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:37_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:37-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup>; Manders <i>et al.<\/i> (2016)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup>; Boiral <i>et al.<\/i> (2018)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_76-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>; Montobbio and Solito (2018)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:38_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:38-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup>; Papagiannakis <i>et al.<\/i> (2019)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-83\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-83\">[83]<\/a><\/sup>; M. Bu, Liu, <i>et al.<\/i> (2020)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>, Bu, Qiao, <i>et al.<\/i> (2020)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>; Erauskin\u2010Tolosa <i>et al.<\/i> (2020)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-84\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Social\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Workforce\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Improved teamwork<br \/>- Better commitment<br \/>- Enhanced internal communication<br \/>- Improved employee motivation and involvement<br \/>- Increased work satisfaction<br \/>- Reduced incidents, rejections, and complaints\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Enhanced risk prevention and improved safety procedures<br \/>- Enhanced internal communication<br \/>- Improved employee motivation<br \/>- Improved work culture<br \/>- Increased employee discretion\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Gotzamani and Tsiotras (2002)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup>; Arauz and Suzuki (2004)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:30_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:30-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup>; Casades\u00fas and Karapetrovic (2005)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_87-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup>; Tan (2005)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_70-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup>; Link and Naveh (2006)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">[88]<\/a><\/sup>; Zaramdini (2007)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_49-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup>; Gavronski <i>et al.<\/i> (2008)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_72-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup>; Sampaio <i>et al.<\/i> (2009)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>; Tar\u00ed <i>et al.<\/i> (2012)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_47-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>; Shi <i>et al.<\/i> (2019)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:27_77-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:27-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup>; Bravi <i>et al.<\/i> (2020)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_78-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Human rights\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Increased compliance with legal and regulatory requirements\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Morrow and Rondinelli (2002)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:51_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:51-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup>; Ratiu and Mortan (2014)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-90\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-90\">[90]<\/a><\/sup>; Boiral <i>et al.<\/i> (2018)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_76-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>; Pesce <i>et al.<\/i> (2018)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-91\">[91]<\/a><\/sup>; Bravi <i>et al.<\/i> (2020)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_78-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Community\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Improved relationship with suppliers<br \/>- Helps supplier selection<br \/>- Improved relationships with authorities and other stakeholders\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Improved relationship with suppliers<br \/>- Improved relationships with authorities and other stakeholders<br \/>- Improved relations with communities<br \/>- Enhanced corporate image<br \/>- Increased Transparency\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Magd and Curry (2003)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-92\">[92]<\/a><\/sup>; Pan (2003)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-93\">[93]<\/a><\/sup>; Casades\u00fas and Karapetrovic (2005)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_87-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup>; Tan (2005)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_70-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup>; Zeng <i>et al.<\/i> (2005)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:39_94-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:39-94\">[94]<\/a><\/sup>; Schylander and Martinuzzi (2007)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_71-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup>; Gavronski <i>et al.<\/i> (2008)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_72-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup>; Tar\u00ed <i>et al.<\/i> (2012)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_47-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>; Bernardo <i>et al.<\/i> (2015)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:19_46-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup>; Boiral <i>et al.<\/i> (2018)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_76-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Product responsibility\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Improved customer satisfaction<br \/>- Improved customer communication<br \/>- Improved customer relationships<br \/>- Improved product\/service quality\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Improved customer satisfaction<br \/>- Improved customer communication<br \/>- Improved customer relationships<br \/>- Improved product\/service quality\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Gotzamani and Tsiotras (2002)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_85-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup>; Magd and Curry (2003)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:32_92-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:32-92\">[92]<\/a><\/sup>; Melnyk <i>et al.<\/i> (2003)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\">[95]<\/a><\/sup>; Pan (2003)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_93-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-93\">[93]<\/a><\/sup>; Casades\u00fas and Karapetrovic (2005)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_87-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup>; Zaramdini (2007)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_49-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup>; Padma <i>et al.<\/i> (2008)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-96\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-96\">[96]<\/a><\/sup>; Sampaio <i>et al.<\/i> (2009)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_3-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>; Tar\u00ed <i>et al.<\/i> (2012)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_47-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>; Siva <i>et al.<\/i> (2016)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:40_97-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:40-97\">[97]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Governance\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Management\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Enhanced internal organization and operations<br \/>- Increased commitment in moving towards best quality practices<br \/>- Improved employee-management relationships\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Increased top management commitment<br \/>- Adherence of EMS MSSs to best corporate governance principles<br \/>- Enhanced internal organization<br \/>- Increased top management and awareness for environmental issues<br \/>- Increased employee awareness for environmental issues\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Gotzamani and Tsiotras (2002)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_85-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup>; Arauz and Suzuki (2004)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:30_86-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:30-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup>; Schylander and Martinuzzi (2007)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_71-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup>; Sampaio <i>et al.<\/i> (2009)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_3-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>; Comoglio and Botta (2012)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:25_73-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>; Tar\u00ed <i>et al.<\/i> (2012)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_47-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>; Boiral <i>et al.<\/i> (2018)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_76-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>; Grotta <i>et al.<\/i> (2020)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\">[98]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Shareholders\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CSR strategy\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Provides (infra)structural framework to adopt and develop CSR policy, strategy, and activities\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">- Improved CSR activities<br \/>- Statistically significant relationship between incorporating CSR and incorporating EMS\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Castka and Balzarova (2008)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-99\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-99\">[99]<\/a><\/sup>; Benavides-Velasco <i>et al.<\/i> (2014)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-100\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-100\">[100]<\/a><\/sup>; Frolova and Lapina (2015)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:52_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:52-101\">[101]<\/a><\/sup>; Ikram <i>et al.<\/i> (2019)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:53_102-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:53-102\">[102]<\/a><\/sup>; Dubravsk\u00e1 <i>et al.<\/i> (2020)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:54_103-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:54-103\">[103]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Benefits_regarding_the_environmental_pillar\">Benefits regarding the environmental pillar<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>EMS adoption leads to various environmental-related benefits, such as decreased and more efficient use of resources<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_70-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_72-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup>, and facilitates the implementation of environmental management practices regarding green product design, procurement, production, logistics, and packaging.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:34_74-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:34-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, EMSs enable companies to reduce emissions<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_21-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:35_75-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:35-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup> and the risk of environmental accidents.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_78-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup> Environmental innovation capabilities<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_27-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_28-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:38_82-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:38-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup> and enhanced problem solving with regard to technologies and procedures might also evolve.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:36_79-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:36-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup> With regard to QMSs, these can reduce waste<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:16_22-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> and, furthermore, positively impact environmental process innovations<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:37_80-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:37-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup>, especially for supply chain management<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:27_77-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:27-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup>, a crucial organizational element of CSP. In addition, quality management \u201ccan help support necessary stakeholder management in sustainable development.\u201d<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:40_97-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:40-97\">[97]<\/a><\/sup> In conclusion, the following hypotheses are derived:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>H1<\/b>: Companies operating with QMSs achieve higher performance scores in the environmental pillar than firms without QMSs.<\/li>\n<li><b>H2<\/b>: Companies operating with EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the environmental pillar than firms without EMSs.<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Benefits_regarding_the_social_pillar\">Benefits regarding the social pillar<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Both management systems present several positive effects when it comes to workforce, community, and product responsibility. Regarding human rights, no specific academic research was discovered. However, EMS implementation increases legal and regulatory compliance<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_78-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup>, which implies a certain level of conformity with basic human rights. Important benefits related to the workforce are increased employee motivation<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:20_49-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:24_72-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup> and better internal communication.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_3-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_70-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup> With respect to community, both management systems result in improved relationships with suppliers and other key stakeholders, as stated in the standards<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:19_46-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_87-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:39_94-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:39-94\">[94]<\/a><\/sup>, among others. Regarding product responsibility, management systems increase customer satisfaction, communication, and relationships, as well as product and service quality.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_47-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_85-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_87-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup> Hence, the hypotheses related to this pillar are as follows:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>H3<\/b>: Companies operating with QMSs achieve higher performance scores in the social pillar than firms without QMSs.<\/li>\n<li><b>H4<\/b>: Companies operating with EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the social pillar than firms without EMSs.<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Benefits_regarding_the_governance_pillar\">Benefits regarding the governance pillar<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Positive links have been revealed between management systems and the management of organizations. QMSs enhance internal organization and operations<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_3-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>, increase the commitment of management to best quality practices<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:30_86-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:30-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup>, and improve management-employee relationships.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_85-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup> EMSs result in better awareness of environmental issues among both management and employees, as well as enhanced internal organization.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:23_71-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:29_85-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:29-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup> Regarding corporations\u2019 effectiveness with respect to the equal treatment of shareholders, no academic studies revealing specific relationships were found. Regarding CSR strategies, EMS adoption leads to improved CSR activities<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:53_102-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:53-102\">[102]<\/a><\/sup> (as incorporating CSR principles is closely related to EMS principles<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:54_103-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:54-103\">[103]<\/a><\/sup>), and QMSs provide a structural framework that facilitates the adoption of CSR policies, strategies, and activities.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:52_101-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:52-101\">[101]<\/a><\/sup> Thus, hypotheses five and six are deduced:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>H5<\/b>: Companies operating with QMSs achieve higher performance scores in the governance pillar than firms without QMSs.<\/li>\n<li><b>H6<\/b>: Companies operating with EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the governance pillar than firms without EMSs.<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Benefits_of_operating_both_management_systems_simultaneously\">Benefits of operating both management systems simultaneously<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Table 1 reveals that QMSs and EMSs lead to distinct CSP benefits. Consequently, operating both management systems simultaneously should enable firms to cover an even broader range of ESG issues. Moreover, having EMSs alongside QMSs could give rise to synergy effects<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:16_22-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-104\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-104\">[104]<\/a><\/sup>, and both management systems together could lead to stronger business performance.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:55_105-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:55-105\">[105]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, the benefits of integrating the management systems<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:19_46-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup> might also play a pivotal role. Although the sample used in this study does not reveal information regarding the integration level, integration benefits should be taken into account, as most organizations with multiple management systems do actually integrate them.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">[106]<\/a><\/sup> ESG-related integration advantages include the improved adoption of cleaner production technologies<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">[107]<\/a><\/sup>, greater motivation among staff<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-108\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-108\">[108]<\/a><\/sup>, better partnerships with key stakeholders<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-109\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-109\">[109]<\/a><\/sup>, and improvements in the organizational culture.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-110\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-110\">[110]<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, the literature makes it possible to hypothesize the following:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>H7<\/b>: Companies operating with both QMSs and EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the environmental pillar than firms with only either QMSs or EMSs.<\/li>\n<li><b>H8<\/b>: Companies operating with both QMSs and EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the social pillar than firms with only either QMSs or EMSs.<\/li>\n<li><b>H9<\/b>: Companies operating with both QMSs and EMSs achieve higher performance scores in the governance pillar than firms with only either QMSs or EMSs.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Figure 1 offers a graphic summary of the nine hypotheses outlined in this section and reveals their connection to the RQs formulated in the introduction. The ESG variables displayed (V1 to V16), as well as the statistical methods used for testing the hypotheses, are further explained in the following section.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig1_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"bcddfc79132a23ef059be8e549935efa\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Ronalter EnviroDevSust22 660.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/7e\/Fig1_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 1.<\/b> Hypotheses about QMSs and EMSs adoption on ESG performance scores (source: own elaboration)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig2_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"f5ed732b4ff46519da823b63ed84560e\"><img alt=\"Fig2 Ronalter EnviroDevSust22 660.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/be\/Fig2_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 2.<\/b> Applied methodology (source: own elaboration)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig3_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"b525ee2b98e1a04a89764dbd29a848e1\"><img alt=\"Fig3 Ronalter EnviroDevSust22 660.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/1\/18\/Fig3_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 3.<\/b> Boxplots for the ESG overall score and the three pillar scores (source: own elaboration)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Methodology\">Methodology<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To test the hypotheses, ESG data from companies located in Europe (i.e., E.U., U.K., and European Free Trade Association [EFTA] states), East Asia (i.e., China, Japan, and four tiger states), and North America (i.e., U.S. and Canada) were retrieved and analyzed. The country clustering considers geographic regions with comparable economic and human development status, shared commercial relationships, and common regulatory environments.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">[111]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-112\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-112\">[112]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-113\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-113\">[113]<\/a><\/sup> The analyses consider the 19 variables listed in Table 2. Of those variables, 16 aim to measure ESG performance (V1 to V16) and three serve as control variables (CV1 to CV3), as empirical studies on both ESG ratings and management systems have shown that results are likely to be influenced by industrial sector<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-114\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-114\">[114]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-115\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-115\">[115]<\/a><\/sup>, region<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:22_70-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:56_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:56-116\">[116]<\/a><\/sup>, and company size.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:21_55-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:34_74-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:34-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:30_86-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:30-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 2.<\/b> Variables used in the analysis (source: adapted from Refinitiv [2020]<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-117\">[117]<\/a><\/sup>)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Code\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Variable\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">ESG dimension\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Description\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">ESG Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Overall company score based on the self-reported information in the environmental, social, and corporate governance pillars\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">ESG Combined Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Overall company score ESG Controversies overlay\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">ESG Controversies Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures a company's exposure to ESG controversies and negative events reflected in global media\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Environment Pillar Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Environmental\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures a company's impact on living and non-living natural systems, including the air, land, and water, as well as complete ecosystem; reflects how well a company uses best management practices to avoid environmental risks and capitalize on environmental opportunities in order to generate long-term shareholder value\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Resource Use Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Environmental\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reflects a company's performance and capacity to reduce the use of materials, energy, or water, and to find more eco-efficient solutions by improving supply chain management\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Emissions Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Environmental\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures a company's commitment and effectiveness towards reducing environmental emissions in production and operational processes\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Environmental Innovation Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Environmental\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reflects a company's capacity to reduce the environmental costs and burdens for its customers, thereby creating new market opportunities through new environmental technologies and processes or eco-designed products\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Social Pillar Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Social\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures a company's capacity to generate trust and loyalty with its workforce, customers, and society, through its use of best management practices; a reflection of the company's reputation and the health of its license to operate, which are key factors in determining its ability to generate long-term shareholder value\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Workforce Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Social\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures a company's effectiveness towards job satisfaction, healthy and safe workplace, maintaining diversity and equal opportunities, and development opportunities for its workforce\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Human Rights Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Social\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures a company's effectiveness towards respecting the fundamental human rights conventions\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Community Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Social\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures the company's commitment towards being a good citizen, protecting public health and respecting business ethics\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Product Responsibility Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Social\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reflects a company's capacity to produce quality goods and services integrating the customer's health and safety, integrity, and data privacy\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Governance Pillar Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Governance\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures a company's systems and processes, which ensure that its board members and executives act in the best interests of its long-term shareholders; reflects a company's capacity, through its use of best management practices, to direct and control its rights and responsibilities through the creation of incentives, as well as checks and balances in order to generate long-term shareholder value\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Management Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Governance\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures a company's commitment and effectiveness towards following best practice corporate governance principles\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Shareholders Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Governance\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Measures a company's effectiveness towards equal treatment of shareholders and the use of anti-takeover devices\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CSR Strategy Score\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Governance\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reflects a company's practices to communicate that it integrates the economic (financial), social, and environmental dimensions into its day-to-day decision-making processes\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CV1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Market Capitalization\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Market capitalization of the company\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CV2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Country of Headquarters\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Country in which the company\u00b4s headquarters is located\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CV3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Industry\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Industry in which the company operates\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Sampling_process\">Sampling process<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The first step in the sampling process involves searching for reliable ESG data. Therefore, Thomson Reuters Eikon, also known as Refinitiv Eikon (formerly ASSET4), is used, as it offers one of the largest ESG databases with ratings for over 10,000 companies worldwide. Refinitiv Eikon calculates 10 ESG category scores, which evaluate the environmental (V5, V6, V7), social (V9, V10, V11, V12), and governance (V14, V15, V16) dimensions. The category scores are based on numerous data points and summarized in the respective pillar scores (V4, V8, V13), which together result in the overall score. (V1) In addition, the ESG combined score (V2) takes into account scandals relating to any of Refinitiv Eikon\u2019s twenty-three ESG controversy topics (V3). All scores are expressed in values between 0 (worst) and 100 (best).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:57_117-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:57-117\">[117]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The second step consists of retrieving the aforementioned data for companies headquartered in the regions of interest. Refinitiv Eikon allows users to filter by companies that use QMSs and EMS-certified organizations. The third step involves filtering these data for 2015 through to 2019 to ensure that the companies have been running their management systems for at least five consecutive years. This is done to ensure that the sample firms have accumulated experience of working with management systems to avoid distorting the ESG data with short-term influences that might occur straight after implementing management systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:31_87-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:31-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-118\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-118\">[118]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, the filtering by time considers the renewal of certified management systems after a three-year period. To ensure data quality, the fourth step consists of removing all companies that lack information, i.e., that present no value for any of the 19 variables.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Sample_description\">Sample description<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The sampling process was performed on November 15, 2020, resulting in data on 4,292 companies, which are classified into the following four sample groups:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Group 1: Companies without a QMS or an EMS<\/li>\n<li>Group 2: Companies with a QMS but no EMS<\/li>\n<li>Group 3: Companies with an EMS but no QMS<\/li>\n<li>Group 4: Companies with both a QMS and an EMS<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>As illustrated in Table 3, most companies in the sample have not been operating any QMS or EMS (74.5%) consecutively between 2015 and 2019. Firms operating both management systems represent the second largest group (17.4%), and corporations with either a QMS (2.9%) or an EMS (5.1%) constitute less than 10% of the sample.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 3.<\/b> Sample clustered by control variables (source: own elaboration)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Control variable\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Total\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">In %\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">In %\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">In %\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">In %\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">In %\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Industry<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Academic and educational services\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Basic materials\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">259\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">109\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">23\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">120\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Consumer cyclicals\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">654\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">15.2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">511\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">12.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">36\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">91\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">12.2\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Consumer non-cyclicals\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">247\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">146\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">18\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">14.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">71\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">9.5\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Energy\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">200\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">147\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">8.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">39\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.2\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Financials\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1182\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1097\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">7.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.5\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Healthcare\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">474\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">395\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">12.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">15.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">51\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.8\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Industrials\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">579\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">13.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">305\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">9.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">37\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">211\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.2\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Technology\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">514\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">12.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">366\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">13.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">117\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">15.6\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Telecommunications services\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">67\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">43\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Utilities\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">64\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">9.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.9\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Region<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Europe\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1003\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">23.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">549\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">32\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">42.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">329\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">44.0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">East Asia\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">978\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">599\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">18.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">83\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">37.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">275\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">36.8\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">North America\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2311\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">53.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2051\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">64.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">71\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">57.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">144\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19.3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Market capitalization<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Small\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1328\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1196\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">37.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">31\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">8.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">82\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Medium\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1544\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">36.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1192\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">37.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">24.2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">66\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">256\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.2\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Large\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1420\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">33.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">811\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">63\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">136\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">410\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">54.8\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Total<\/b>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4292\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">74.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.4\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Regarding sectors, most firms are engaged in finance (27.5%), consumer cyclicals (15.2%), industry (13.5%), technology (12.0%), or healthcare (11.0%). The geographical distribution shows that the majority of the companies is from North America (53.8%), while the number of European (23.4%) and East Asian (22.8%) enterprises is roughly equal. The percentage shares of the four sample groups per region reveal that, whereas a significant portion of the sample in Europe (45.3%) and East Asia (38.8%) runs management systems, companies in North America are much more likely to operate without them (88.7%). This is consistent with the fact that the 10 countries with the most ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certifications are based predominantly in Europe and East Asia, while neither the U.S. nor Canada appear in the top 10 ranking.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, the sample presents a well-distributed cross section of company sizes, which are measured by market capitalization.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-119\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-119\">[119]<\/a><\/sup> Small (market capitalization\u2009<\u2009USD 1 billion), medium (<\u20095 billion) and large companies (>\u20095 billion) each make up about one third of the sample.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Data_analysis\">Data analysis<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The sample is analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and StataSE 16. First, a descriptive analysis is performed to describe the basic features and characteristics of the dataset.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:44_26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:44-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> This makes it possible to explain and validate the research findings and serves as a basis for further quantitative analysis, which is carried out in the framework of a cluster analysis. The cluster analysis is designed to produce a logical structure concerning ESG performance that is easy to read and interpret so that similarities can be analyzed.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_27-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_28-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The descriptive analysis consists of four steps. First, the full sample is analyzed to describe the ESG performance of all four sample groups in comparison. Second, data normality is tested with the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test and the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test. As the sample does not present a normal distribution of data, the nonparametric Kruskal\u2013Wallis test is performed in the third step to evaluate the statistical significance of differences. Moreover, the Dunn\u2013Bonferroni <i>post hoc<\/i> test is conducted and Cohen\u2019s <i>d<\/i> is calculated to determine the sample groups between which these statistically significant differences exist and to what extent. Fourth, the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, the Dunn\u2013Bonferroni test, and Cohen\u2019s <i>d<\/i> are performed and analyzed for the single control variables; each company size, each region, and each sector (except for the academic and educational services sector due to the small sample size). This is done to detect possible influences and potential biases of the control variables. The descriptive analysis is presented in the next section.\n<\/p><p>The cluster analysis considers the 10 ESG category scores and is conducted in three subsequent steps. First, the single-linkage method is applied to detect and exclude outliers that might distort the classification; furthermore, hierarchical methods are applied to produce a small number of clusters and distances are measured to evaluate similarities and dissimilarities. To obtain homogeneous groups with minimum variances, the Ward method is used. Such hierarchical clustering is the most widely applied methodology in cluster analysis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:17_27-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:18_28-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> This first step results in two clusters. Second, the Mann\u2013Whitney U test is performed to verify the clustering after ensuring that the cluster analysis samples are also not normally distributed via the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test and the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test. Third, the clusters are analyzed. This cluster analysis is presented in the next section.\n<\/p><p>The prior Figure 2 summarizes these methodological steps, their application, and how they fit into the structure of the paper.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Findings\">Findings<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Descriptive_analysis\">Descriptive analysis<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Step 1: Descriptive analysis of the full sample<\/b>\n<\/p><p>The descriptive analysis of the full sample is summarized in Table 4. As shown, Group 4 reveals the best performance as measured by the mean and median of the ESG score (V1) and the ESG combined score (V2), whereas Group 3 performs second best, Group 2 third best, and Group 1 exhibits the lowest values. With respect to the controversy score (V3), Group 1 presents the highest mean. However, this outperformance might be due to the fact that Group 1 has the highest percentage of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) (74.7%), which are less likely than their bigger counterparts to feature in the global media. The environmental (V4) and social pillars (V8) show the same performance pattern as the overall score, while Group 3 performs best in the governance dimension (V13). The sample groups rank nearly the same for most ESG category scores as for the respective ESG pillar scores. The only exceptions are emissions (V3) and workforce (V9) matters, which are highest in Group 3. The overall score and pillar scores are illustrated in the prior Fig. 3 in the form of four box plots.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"9\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 4.<\/b> Descriptive analysis for ESG performance variables by sample group (source: own elaboration)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Variable\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>n<\/i>\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mean\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">SD\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Minimum\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25th Perc\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Median\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">75th Perc\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Maximum\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Group 1<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">33.23\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.69\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.70\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">43.25\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">88.06\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">32.67\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.08\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">42.56\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">88.06\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">95.04\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.29\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.60\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.63\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">23.14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.26\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.85\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">96.13\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19.21\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.30\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.88\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.74\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.67\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">36.34\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.43\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.65\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">23.74\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.86\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.38\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">18.94\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.35\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19.82\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">31.86\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45.73\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">92.44\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">38.25\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.84\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.85\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.07\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">57.16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.94\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">14.94\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.46\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.91\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">44.72\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.27\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.59\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.80\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">64.57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.89\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.62\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">23.08\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">41.67\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.84\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">42.76\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.77\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.31\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">24.93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">41.96\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">60.66\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.55\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">46.28\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.51\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.02\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">44.49\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">70.09\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.98\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">47.81\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.05\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.02\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.85\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">46.53\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">73.05\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.92\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3199\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.33\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.83\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.89\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Group 2<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">51.86\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">18.79\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">8.48\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">38.09\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">51.39\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">65.31\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">90.80\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">49.88\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">8.48\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">37.07\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">48.76\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.91\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">88.38\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">90.85\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.72\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">7.81\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">41.48\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.53\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">18.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">41.87\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">62.84\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">95.76\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">46.53\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.95\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.37\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45.47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">72.74\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.66\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">43.77\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">31.82\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.34\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">40.08\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">70.91\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.09\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.87\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">18.18\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50.42\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">95.57\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">57.10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.01\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.43\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">40.09\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">56.39\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">76.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">96.98\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">58.56\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.79\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">39.98\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.72\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.99\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.80\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">39.16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">74.19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.08\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">58.91\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.79\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.26\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">65.20\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">84.18\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.81\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">72.95\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19.56\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">60.37\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">88.73\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.53\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">53.05\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.35\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.79\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">37.01\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">55.12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">69.25\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">90.16\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">56.76\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.40\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.98\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.64\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">59.96\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.46\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.75\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50.66\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.88\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.26\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">49.91\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">72.25\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.42\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">124\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">38.05\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">33.52\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">37.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">68.82\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.44\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Group 3<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">62.11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">12.28\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">51.61\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">63.80\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">76.59\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">89.54\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">58.67\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.73\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">12.28\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">47.54\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">58.82\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">72.54\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">89.41\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">85.91\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.52\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.44\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">90.91\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">62.66\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.13\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">47.43\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">68.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">81.48\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.89\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">68.35\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.54\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50.12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">73.61\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">90.48\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.80\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">71.95\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">24.55\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">55.70\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.91\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">91.76\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.88\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">42.88\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">31.48\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.86\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">47.89\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">62.88\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.08\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.56\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.95\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.96\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">47.40\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">65.33\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.37\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">95.02\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">72.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">23.58\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.63\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">59.21\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">90.12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.86\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">54.39\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">31.16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">60.48\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.73\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.47\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.90\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.03\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">35.94\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">68.58\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">88.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.75\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50.10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.23\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">23.19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">47.65\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">78.75\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.90\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.87\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.53\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">46.42\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">65.51\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.74\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">95.82\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">63.83\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.67\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.08\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">42.03\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">67.62\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">88.71\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.67\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">55.11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">57.95\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">75.10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.38\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">62.25\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.27\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">41.10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">67.26\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">86.29\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.66\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"11\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Group 4<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">64.32\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.83\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">53.82\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">67.23\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.04\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">93.72\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">60.05\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.34\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">49.31\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.58\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">72.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">93.72\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">84.25\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">82.53\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">64.36\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">51.87\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">68.50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">81.52\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.68\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">69.82\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">24.93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">54.60\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.28\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">89.65\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.85\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">69.34\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">54.21\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.43\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">90.68\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.85\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50.20\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">32.21\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.35\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.74\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.84\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">67.09\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.24\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.63\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">54.61\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">71.79\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">83.11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.84\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">71.65\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">23.67\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.95\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">57.03\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">91.75\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.81\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">59.94\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.61\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">40.12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">66.72\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">86.71\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.12\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">65.66\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.39\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.55\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">47.48\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">73.29\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">88.51\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.77\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">73.03\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.60\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.98\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">59.64\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">78.95\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">90.75\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.87\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">59.74\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.49\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.02\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">44.78\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.85\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.30\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.76\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.86\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">41.57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">63.33\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">84.33\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.72\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">54.29\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.61\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.32\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.74\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">57.54\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.81\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.85\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">748\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">60.68\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">40.39\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">66.68\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">85.37\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.67\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Step 2: Test of data normality<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Data normality is tested with the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov and Shapiro\u2013Wilk tests. Only variables V1, V2, and V13 have an approximately normal distribution for Group 2, as assessed by the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test (p\u2009>\u20090.05). However, as assessed by the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test, only V1 and V2 have an approximately normal distribution for Group 2 (p\u2009>\u20090.05). When testing data normality for the full sample rather than for the four sample groups, the results of both tests indicate that the data are in fact not normally distributed.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Step 3: Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, Dunn\u2013Bonferroni post hoc test and Cohen\u2019s <i>d<\/i><\/b>\n<\/p><p>Therefore, the nonparametric Kruskal\u2013Wallis test is used to analyze the statistical significance of the differences between sample groups. As demonstrated in Table 5, there are differences for all 16 ESG indicators regarding the central tendencies between the four sample groups (p\u2009<\u20090.05).\n<\/p><p>The Dunn\u2013Bonferroni test is used to reveal the sample groups, between which there are statistically significant differences. Table 6 provides an overview of the <i>post hoc<\/i> test. In addition, the effect size is quantitatively measured by Cohen\u2019s <i>d<\/i> to evaluate the magnitude of these differences, as shown in Table 7.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"9\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 5.<\/b> Independent-samples Kruskal\u2013Wallis Test (source: own elaboration). Asymptotic significances are displayed. The confidence level is 0.095, the significance level is 0.05. Null Hypothesis: The distribution of the indicator is the same across the sample groups.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Significance\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Decision\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Significance\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Decision\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Reject\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"9\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 6.<\/b> <i>Post hoc<\/i> test for Kruskal\u2013Wallis Test (Dunn\u2013Bonferroni Test) (source: own elaboration). Each row tests the null hypothesis that the Sample 1 and Sample 2 distributions are the same. Asymptotic significances (two-sided tests) are displayed. The significance level is 0.05. Significance values have been adjusted by the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Sample 1\u2013Sample 2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.018\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\u2013Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.007\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.093\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.749\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.005\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.002\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.095\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.117\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Sample 1\u2013Sample 2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\u2013Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.001\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.003\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.005\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.173\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.087\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.022\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.686\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.386\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.446\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"9\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 7.<\/b> Cohen\u2019s <i>d<\/i> (source: own elaboration). 95% Confidence Level.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Sample 1\u2013Sample 2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.110\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.067\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.239\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.025\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.995\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.835\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.675\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.206\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.728\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.613\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.504\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.951\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.807\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.880\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.284\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.440\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.860\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.697\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.542\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 2.036\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.883\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.784\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.508\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.719\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\u2013Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.579\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.518\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.191\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.889\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.791\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.030\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.482\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.209\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.728\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.617\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.237\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.002\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.900\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.937\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.699\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.487\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.131\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.084\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.059\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.077\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.058\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.101\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.229\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.271\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Sample 1\u2013Sample 2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.786\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.937\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.537\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.843\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.474\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.369\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.098\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.742\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.314\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.526\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.649\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.825\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.880\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.618\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.253\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.631\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 1\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.313\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.711\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.790\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.859\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.789\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.531\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.224\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 1.553\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\u2013Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.551\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.470\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.102\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.849\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.426\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.266\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.167\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.800\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.546\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.685\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.244\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.004\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.327\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.169\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.128\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.753\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\u2013Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.015\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.185\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.135\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 0.962\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.104\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.101\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.029\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.054\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The Dunn\u2013Bonferroni test confirms H1 to H6, as companies with QMSs or EMSs achieve statistically significant higher performance scores in the environmental (V4), social (V8), and governance (V13) pillars than firms without these management systems. Furthermore, groups two, three, and four present statistically significant higher overall ESG scores (V1, V2) as compared to Group 1, thereby making it possible to answer RQ1 positively. With respect to RQ2, the descriptive analysis of the full data sample reveals that Group 2 has significantly higher ratings for nine areas (except V15), while groups three and four present enhanced performance in all 10 ESG category scores, again compared to Group 1. The values for Cohen\u2019s <i>d<\/i> confirm these statements.\n<\/p><p>Furthermore, Group 3 achieves significantly higher ESG scores (V1, V2) than Group 2 due to significant outperformance in the environmental (V4) and governance (V13) dimensions; even though the management (V14) and shareholder (V15) scores do not differ significantly, companies with EMSs achieve considerably better values in the CSR strategy category (V16), which causes the outperformance in the pillar\u2019s rating. Although the consolidated social pillar score (V8) is not significantly different between groups two and three, companies with QMSs significantly outperform their counterparts with EMSs in terms of product responsibility (V12), while underperforming in the workforce (V9) and human rights (V10) categories. Thus, to answer RQ1 more precisely, it is concluded that EMSs appear to represent more effective business tools for enhanced ESG performance than QMSs. With respect to RQ2, it is important to mention that both management systems apparently share common strengths (V11, V14, V15), but also possess individual advantages (QMS: V12; EMS: V5, V6, V7, V9, V10, V16).\n<\/p><p>In terms of RQ3, Group 4 statistically outperforms Group 2 in the overall (V1, V2) and pillar (V4, V8, V9) scores, thus confirming H7 to H9 with respect to companies with QMSs only. There are no significant differences compared to Group 3; nonetheless, the mean and median values for Group 4 are higher in the overall scores (V1, V2) as well as the environmental (V4) and social (V8) dimensions, except for emissions (V6) and workforce (V9) matters. However, for the governance categories and pillar score (V13, V14, V15, V16), companies with EMSs alone present the highest mean and median values. In summary, H7 to H9 are confirmed with respect to firms with QMSs only, but not with respect to companies with EMSs only.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Step 4: Descriptive analysis of the control variables' sub-samples<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Company size (CV1) appears to affect the magnitude of differences, as the Dunn\u2013Bonferroni test reveals far more statistically significant differences between the four sample groups when it comes to large companies as opposed to SMEs. Furthermore, it is noticeable that large companies on average achieve higher ESG ratings than small firms. Nonetheless, companies with QMSs and\/or EMSs significantly outperform firms without management systems in the overall ESG scores (V1, V2), regardless of their size. The same is true for the environmental (V4) and social (V8) dimensions, thus confirming H1 to H4. However, in the governance pillar (V13), small firms with EMSs and medium-sized firms with QMSs lack this statistically significant outperformance, thereby only partially supporting H5 and H6.\n<\/p><p>On average, European companies achieve higher ESG ratings than East Asian or North American firms, but companies with QMSs or EMSs achieve significantly better ESG performance (V1, V2) than companies without these management systems, regardless of the location (CV2). This outperformance also holds true for the social dimension (V8). However, European firms with QMSs lack this statistically significant outperformance in the governance dimension (V13) and, in East Asia, also in the environmental dimension (V4). For East Asia, the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test even retains its null hypothesis for the shareholders score (V15). Hence, the analysis fully confirms H2, H3, H4, and H6, while only partially supporting H1 and H5.\n<\/p><p>Moreover, the nature of business operations (CV3) impacts ESG performance per sample group. For basic materials, consumer (non-)cyclicals, energy, industry, and telecommunication services, the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test retains its null hypothesis for the shareholders score (V15) and for the utilities sector also for the management category (V14) and, conclusively, the whole governance pillar score (V13). The statistically significant higher ESG performance (V1, V2) of companies with management systems holds true for all sectors except for energy, telecommunication, and utilities, in which companies with QMSs do not present significantly better performance than companies without management systems. The same pattern appears for the same sectors as well as for basic materials for the environmental (V4) and social (V8) dimensions. For the energy sector, even companies with EMSs fail to outperform in the social pillar (V8). Regarding the governance pillar (V13), there are numerous sectors in which Group 2 (consumer (non-)cyclicals, energy, finance, industry, technology, telecommunications, utilities) and Group 3 (consumer non-cyclicals, technology, utilities) do not show statistically significant higher values than Group 1. Hence, the analysis fully confirms H2 and only partially supports H1 and H3 to H6.\n<\/p><p>Although H7 to H9 are confirmed with respect to QMSs in the full sample analysis, the analyses of control variables deliver a mixed picture. Despite the fact that H7 holds true for medium and large firms (CV1) and all three regions (CV2) against Group 2, statistically significant higher ESG scores in the environmental pillar (V4) are revealed only for industrial companies when it comes to business sectors (CV3). H8 does not hold true against Group 2 when location is considered (CV2). Significant outperformance in the social pillar (V8) is visible only in the analysis of large firms (CV1) and companies classified as industrial (CV3). The same (CV1, CV2) accounts for H9 related to the governance dimension (V13), but for technology companies (CV3). Thus, although the full sample analysis confirms H7 to H9 with respect to firms with QMSs only, the analyses of the control variables reveal numerous exceptions, which calls for more detailed research in the future.\n<\/p><p>Table 8 shows the sample group with the highest mean value for the overall and pillar scores per control variable. This overview strengthens the tendency observed in Group 4 to perform best in terms of the ESG score (V1) and the environmental (V4) and social pillars score (V8), regardless of the control variables, while the governance pillar (V13) appears to be affected most by the adoption of EMSs alone. Thus, Table 8 supports the findings of the full dataset analysis.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 8.<\/b> Highest mean value by sample group for ESG Score and ESG Pillar Scores (source: own elaboration)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Control variable\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Industry<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Academic and educational services\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">n\/a\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">n\/a\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">n\/a\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">n\/a\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Basic materials\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Consumer cyclicals\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Consumer non-cyclicals\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Energy\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Financials\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Healthcare\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Industrials\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Technology\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Telecommunications services\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Utilities\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 2\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Region<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Europe\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">East Asia\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">North America\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>Market capitalization<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Small\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Medium\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Large\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Group 3\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>To summarize the findings of the descriptive analysis, Table 9 provides an overview of the confirmation status of the nine hypotheses, as well as exceptions detected in relation to the control variables.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 9.<\/b> Findings from the descriptive analysis (source: own elaboration)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Hypotheses\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Result (full sample)\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Exceptions (control variables)\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Size\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Location\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Industry\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">H1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Confirmed\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">East Asia\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Basic materials, Energy, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">H2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Confirmed\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">H3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Confirmed\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Basic materials, Energy, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">H4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Confirmed\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Energy\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">H5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Confirmed\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Medium\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">East Asia, Europe\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Consumer (non-)cyclicals, Energy, Financials, Industrials, Technology, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">H6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Confirmed\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Small\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Consumer (non-)cyclicals, Technology, Utilities\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">H7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Only confirmed against QMS\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Small\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\/\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Basic materials, Consumer (non-)cyclicals, Energy, Financials, Healthcare, Technology, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">H8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Only confirmed against QMS\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Small, Medium\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">No confirmation\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Basic materials, Consumer (non-)cyclicals, Energy, Financials, Healthcare, Technology, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">H9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Only confirmed against QMS\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Small, Medium\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">No confirmation\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Basic materials, Consumer (non-)cyclicals, Energy, Financials, Healthcare, Industrials, Telecommunication services, Utilities\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cluster_analysis\">Cluster analysis<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Step 1: Single-linkage method and ward method<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Cluster analysis considers the 10 ESG category scores. To detect outliers, the single-linkage method is applied. Therefore, nine data points are eliminated, which reduces the sample size from 4,292 to 4,283 companies. The outliers excluded are from all three regions and operate across various industries, and seven outliers have a large market capitalization. No outlier operates any QMSs or EMSs, and each company presents extremely low values for at least one ESG issue. The Ward method is applied to obtain homogenous groups with minimum variance. The resulting dendrogram, shown in Fig. 4, indicates clustering with two groups.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig4_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"c953284d8b8c2af211adfb6c55d7394e\"><img alt=\"Fig4 Ronalter EnviroDevSust22 660.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/5\/5e\/Fig4_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 4.<\/b> Retrieved dendrogram (source: own elaboration)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Step 2: Test of data normality and Mann\u2013Whitney U test<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Both the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test and the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test disprove data normality for the reduced sample with 4,283 companies and for the two clusters. The Mann\u2013Whitney U test verifies the clustering. Table 10 illustrates that there are indeed statistically significant differences in the central tendencies of all ESG indicators (<i>p<\/i>\u2009<\u20090.05).\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"9\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 10.<\/b> Independent-Samples Mann\u2013Whitney U test (source: own elaboration)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Cluster 1\u2013Cluster 2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mann\u2013Whitney U\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">114,023\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">162,081\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,627,708\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">120,488\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">145,009\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">155,507\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">818,921\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">259,465\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Wilcoxon W\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3,946,319\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3,994,377\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,776,078\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3,952,784\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3,977,305\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3,987,803\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4,651,217\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4,091,761\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Z\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 51.244\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 50.002\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 19.432\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 51.631\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 51.962\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 51.299\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 37.541\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 47.485\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mann\u2013Whitney U\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">340,245\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">370,305\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,051,221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">739,630\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">919,584\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,273,263\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,687,330\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">211,470\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Wilcoxon W\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4,172,541\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4,202,601\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4,883,517\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4,571,926\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4,751,880\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5,105,559\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5,519,626\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4,043,766\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Z\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 45.397\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 47.600\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 27.023\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 35.126\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 30.424\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 21.283\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 10.582\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2212 51.097\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p><p><b>Step 3: Analysis of clusters<\/b>\n<\/p><p>The cluster compositions are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Cluster 1 contains 1,515 companies, i.e., 35.4% of the full sample. The majority of Cluster 1 has at least one management system in place. More specifically, 4.9% run QMSs, 12.5% EMSs, and 42.0% operate both management systems simultaneously. Although 40.7% of the cluster does not have any management systems, the disproportionally low presence of companies without management systems is more obvious when looking at the horizontal distribution. Only 19.3% of the companies without any management systems make it into Cluster 1, whereas the respective figures for companies with QMSs, EMSs, and both management systems amount to 59.7%, 85.5%, and 85.0%, respectively. Therefore, Cluster 1 is clearly dominated by companies operating management systems. Cluster 2, on the other hand, with 2,768 organizations, is clearly overpopulated by companies without any management systems (93.0%).\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig5_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"01255077ef284e2ace973a495fb7067d\"><img alt=\"Fig5 Ronalter EnviroDevSust22 660.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/f\/f0\/Fig5_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 5.<\/b> Description of Cluster 1 (source: own elaboration)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig6_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"2d2d66b958d1fded47e7885c01e9176e\"><img alt=\"Fig6 Ronalter EnviroDevSust22 660.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/8\/8f\/Fig6_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 6.<\/b> Description of Cluster 2 (source: own elaboration)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Regarding company size, Cluster 1 in particular contains organizations with large market capitalizations (55.7%) and only a few small companies (11.6%). This tendency is underlined by figures from the horizontal analysis. Whereas 59.7% of all large companies are in Cluster 1, only 13.3% of the small companies can be found there. This is clearly an anomaly, given that each company size represents approximately one-third of the full sample. The vertical (32.7%) and horizontal (32.1%) share of medium-sized companies is reasonable, in light of the fact that Cluster 1 makes up only around a third of the full sample. Thus, Cluster 1 is dominated by large companies and, in turn, Cluster 2 is characterized by small companies (41.6%) and an underrepresentation of large organizations (20.6%). This is in line with the observations and remarks concerning firm size and ESG ratings presented above.\n<\/p><p>When it comes to geography, North American (29.2%) and East Asian (27.9%) firms have almost the same weight in Cluster 1, while companies from Europe are noticeably overrepresented (42.9%). Cluster 2 presents the opposite composition, with more than two-thirds of enterprises located in North America (67.4%) and much smaller shares for East Asian (19.9%) and European firms (12.6%). The horizontal analysis reveals that 65.0% of European enterprises make it into Cluster 1, whereas the respective figures for East Asia and North America are only 43.4% and 19.1%, respectively. This is consistent with the observations and remarks about location and ESG ratings mentioned above.\n<\/p><p>With respect to sectors, most organizations in Cluster 1 operate in industry (17.0%), consumer cyclicals (17.2%), or finance (20.9%). Considering that this cluster represents only about one-third of the full sample, it is noticeable that 60.2% of the companies engaged in basic materials, 49.8% in consumer non-cyclicals, and 44.6% in industry can be found here. Most organizations in Cluster 2 are engaged in healthcare (14.1%), consumer cyclicals (14.2%), or finance (31.1%).\n<\/p><p>In addition to the numerous contrasts between the compositions of the clusters, there are also major ESG performance differences between Clusters 1 and 2. As shown in Fig. 7, the mean values for the ESG indicators (V1 to V16) are higher for Cluster 1 than for Cluster 2, except for the ESG controversy score (V3). The smallest performance gap between the two clusters is detected in the shareholder score (V15).\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Fig7_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"b7694e709da2d53e165a08b210e287ff\"><img alt=\"Fig7 Ronalter EnviroDevSust22 660.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/d\/d8\/Fig7_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 7.<\/b> Mean ESG performance, by cluster (source: own elaboration)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Cluster 1 clearly presents higher ESG performance ratings. The overall ESG score (V1) achieves a mean of 63.73 and a median of 63.80; both values are more than 35 points higher than for Cluster 2. The scores are comparably high with respect to the environmental (V4), social (V8), and governance (V13) pillars. At the level of single ESG issues, Cluster 1 reveals particularly strong outperformance in terms of resource use (V5) and emissions (V6) in the environmental dimension; workforce (V9) and human rights (V10) in the social pillar; and CSR strategy (V16) in the governance pillar (see Table 11).\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"9\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 11.<\/b> Descriptive analysis for ESG performance variables, by cluster (source: own elaboration)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Indicator\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>n<\/i>\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mean\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">SD\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Minimum\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25th percentile\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Median\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">75th percentila\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Maximum\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"9\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Cluster 1<\/b>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">63.73\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">13.61\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.75\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">53.77\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">63.80\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">74.23\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">93.72\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">60.12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">13.55\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.09\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50.26\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">59.62\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">70.74\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">93.72\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">85.69\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.58\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.44\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">87.50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">62.54\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.17\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">48.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">64.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.05\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.89\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">69.46\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.31\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">54.71\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">73.32\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">87.84\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.88\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">70.28\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.30\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">55.52\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">75.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">88.68\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.88\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">43.51\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">33.52\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">49.38\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">76.32\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.84\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">65.66\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.35\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">13.30\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">53.03\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">67.57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.80\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.84\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">74.08\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19.15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.05\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">62.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.75\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">89.85\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.94\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">56.97\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.38\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">35.80\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">60.26\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">82.12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.91\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">65.47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.55\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">71.88\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">88.93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.89\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">62.43\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">35.42\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">68.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">86.51\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.87\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.42\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19.34\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.85\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">47.67\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">63.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">77.01\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.76\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">62.70\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.68\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.35\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">43.83\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">65.70\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">85.10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.72\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">55.75\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.77\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">32.82\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">59.38\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.58\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.85\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1,515\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">63.55\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.03\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">46.72\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">67.39\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">85.37\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.89\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"9\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Cluster 2<\/b>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.02\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.89\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19.23\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.02\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">36.03\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">66.90\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.83\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.77\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.06\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19.14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.84\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">35.69\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">66.90\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">96.32\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">14.89\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.60\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.00\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">14.51\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.90\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">82.28\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10.42\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.33\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">95.17\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.77\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.84\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">19.73\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">92.86\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">7.72\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">18.68\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.38\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.90\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">14.83\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.35\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.56\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.25\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">38.92\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">85.09\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">31.18\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.19\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">13.78\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.75\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">44.93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.40\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">8.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">94.84\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">41.01\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">24.49\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.59\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.25\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">42.18\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">61.57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.91\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V12\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.09\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.21\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">14.72\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.89\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">35.29\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.60\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V13\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">39.11\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.31\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">22.96\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">37.13\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">55.22\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">87.41\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">43.17\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">27.92\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">18.70\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">40.24\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">66.01\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.98\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45.99\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.93\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.02\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20.54\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">43.61\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">69.92\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.92\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">V16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2,768\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">8.46\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.36\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.96\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">99.45\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Cluster 2 shows relatively low ESG ratings. In concrete terms, the overall score (V1) is only 28.02 on average, with a median value of 27.02. The respective values for the three ESG dimensions are especially low for the environmental (V4) and social (V8) dimensions, while the highest scores are detected in the governance pillar (V13). With respect to the numerous ESG issues, Cluster 2 presents its highest performance in the management (V14) and shareholder categories (V15). These two indicators are also those with the lowest underperformance as opposed to Cluster 1 (see Table 11).\n<\/p><p>In summary, the cluster analysis produces two large clusters; most of the companies with QMSs (59.7%), EMSs (85.5%), or both management systems (85.0%) are grouped in Cluster 1, whereas most companies without management systems (80.7%) populate Cluster 2. In addition, Cluster 1 is characterized by a high percentage of large organizations and European companies. The first cluster shows significantly higher values for the 10 ESG category scores, the three ESG pillar scores, and the (combined) ESG score than the second cluster. In conclusion, the patterns detected through the cluster analysis support H1 to H6 and make it possible to answer RQ1 positively. The analysis offers insight into RQ2 by showing that Cluster 1 outperforms Cluster 2 regarding all ESG issues, while revealing the smallest performance gap for the shareholder category (V15). Referring to RQ3, the composition of the clusters supports H7 to H9 with respect to companies with QMSs only.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Discussion\">Discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The statistically significant outperformance of firms with QMSs and\/or EMSs as opposed to companies without such management systems for all ESG category scores (except for V15 for Group 2) aligns with previous research that revealed the positive impacts of these management systems on several issues in all three ESG pillars, including waste reduction (E) and improvements in customer (S) and internal (G) communication for QMSs<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_3-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:16_22-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>, and improved resources consumption (E), enhanced stakeholder relationships (S), and better manager involvement (G) for EMSs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:26_76-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, the results support the literature review summarized in Table 1 and contribute to the debate regarding the positive relationship between QMSs\/EMSs and CSP.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[120]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, it is noteworthy that although both management systems have comparable benefits for areas such as workforce (V9), product responsibility (V12), and management (V13) (see Table 1), the empirical results reveal varying magnitudes for these benefits as measured by ESG category scores, with Group 2 significantly underperforming compared to Group 3 for V9, outperforming it for V12 and presenting comparable results for V13. This contributes valuable in-depth information to the existing literature reviews about the benefits of implementing QMSs and EMSs that do not mention data-based, magnitude-related differences between both types of management systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:46_45-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:46-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:12_47-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, in regard to stakeholder theory, this study evidences the management systems focus on specific stakeholder groups, such as QMSs\u2019 overperformance in V12 being mainly beneficial for customers and EMSs\u2019 V9 overperformance being favorable for employees.\n<\/p><p>In addition to discussing the results of the full sample, more light should be shed on the deviations detected in relation to the control variables. The descriptive analysis reveals more statistically significant differences between the four sample groups for large companies than for SMEs. Furthermore, Cluster 1 presents strong underrepresentation of small firms, thus demonstrating that large companies are more likely to achieve higher ESG scores. These findings relating to company size are consistent with previous research on ESG ratings<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:21_55-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> and might be due to the fact that SMEs have fewer resources to implement environmental strategies<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-121\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-121\">[121]<\/a><\/sup>, and because firm size moderates issues such as stakeholder pressure and impacts media coverage<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-122\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-122\">[122]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">[123]<\/a><\/sup>, which in turn affects quality and environmental disclosure.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-124\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-124\">[124]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-125\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-125\">[125]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-126\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-126\">[126]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, the analyses confirmed that European companies tend to achieve higher ESG ratings than firms from East Asia or North America, a finding that is generally aligned with previous cross-regional sustainability research.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:56_116-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:56-116\">[116]<\/a><\/sup> The geographic heatmap of ESG performances for 2018, as presented by Daugaard and Ding<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_35-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>, visualizes the ESG scores around the globe and shows that other providers of ESG data (these authors used Sustainalytics as data source) also confirm the European ESG-related superiority. Such geographical differences in CSP might be due to different sociocultural systems, legal frameworks, and stakeholder pressure for sustainability in the three regions.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-127\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-127\">[127]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-128\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-128\">[128]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-129\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-129\">[129]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-130\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-130\">[130]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-131\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-131\">[131]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, it should be noted that such formal and informal institutional frameworks also play a pivotal role in facilitating or obstructing the diffusion of standards<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:58_132-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:58-132\">[132]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-133\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-133\">[133]<\/a><\/sup>, including promotional, informational, financial, and legal measures<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-134\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-134\">[134]<\/a><\/sup>, which in turn impacts ESG scores, as demonstrated by this study. Therefore, it is worth noting that the European and Asian countries included in the sample experience greater QMS and EMS diffusion rates than North American countries.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Comparable normative and coercive pressures might also contribute to the deviations detected regarding sectors. Business sectors have varying levels of competition and stakeholder pressure<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-135\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-135\">[135]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-136\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-136\">[136]<\/a><\/sup>, as well as varying needs, motivations, and barriers regarding management systems implementation. As indicated in ISO's 2020 survey results<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>, the tendency to adopt QMSs and EMSs does indeed differ among sectors. Moreover, the documented impact of the nature of business operations on ESG scores might be partially explained by the differing degree of ESG transparency among sectors.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-137\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-137\">[137]<\/a><\/sup> The cluster analysis, however, with its two distinctive clusters of ESG performance patterns, clearly reveals that Cluster 1 is overpopulated by companies with management systems, which holds true for every control variable (except for the industrial sector). However, even though companies without QMSs or EMSs are found in the cluster with the higher ESG scores, this likelihood appears to be connected to the sector type, location, and firm size. Future research should seek to gather more data on the variances identified in relation to the control variables, as well as on possible interdependencies among these.\n<\/p><p>In summary, the cluster composition supports the proposed ESG-related advantages of adopting management systems. Furthermore, companies with EMSs or both management systems are more likely to be in Cluster 1 (on average 85.5% and 85%, respectively) than firms operating with QMSs only (59.7%) for most control variable inputs. This is in-line with both the descriptive analysis of the full sample, which shows that Group 3 outperforms Group 2 in several ESG categories (see Tables 4 and 6), as well as the summarized literature review (see Table 1), which only reveals ESG-related benefits of EMSs for some areas, such as emissions<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_21-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> and regulatory compliance.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:28_78-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:28-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:51_89-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:51-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup> Hence, it appears reasonable that combining both management systems is significantly more favorable than operating with QMSs alone (thus confirming H7 to H9 for QMSs). However, this combination leads to slight decline in performance in the governance dimension as opposed to running EMSs only (thus refuting H7 to H9 for EMSs). This might be due to the duplication of tasks and the suboptimal use of resources when multiple separate management systems are in place<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-138\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-138\">[138]<\/a><\/sup> or the negative effects of carrying out practices with comparable goals (compare, for example, the work of Franco <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:47_51-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:47-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup>) outweighing the potential benefits of combining the systems. This contributes to the line of discussion related to complementarities in the capabilities required for QMS and EMS adoption and their impact on business performance.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:55_105-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:55-105\">[105]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-139\">[139]<\/a><\/sup> Moreover, this result calls for more detailed studies on the ESG-related impacts of having multiple management systems, while distinguishing if companies simply add or actually integrate these systems<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-140\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-140\">[140]<\/a><\/sup>, as integration can lead to a reduction in administrative burdens and progress in the sustainable development of corporations<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:45_39-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:45-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup>, among other benefits. \n<\/p><p>Regrettably, it is not possible to draw any conclusions from the study sample about either the integration level (none, partial, or full)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">[141]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-142\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-142\">[142]<\/a><\/sup> nor the corresponding integration strategies (QMS or EMS implemented first or simultaneous implementation).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-143\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-143\">[143]<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, addressing the integration maturity level<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">[144]<\/a><\/sup>, which evidently affects CSP<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">[145]<\/a><\/sup>, would contribute additional knowledge related to the results of this work.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conclusions\">Conclusions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The literature suggests that ESG themes may be anchored in management systems<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:42_24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:42-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>, thus leading to increased scores in certain pillars<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:41_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:41-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>, and this paper aims to empirically prove that quality and environmental management systems are indeed suitable business tools to achieve significantly higher performance in the environmental, social, and governance dimensions.\n<\/p><p>The analysis reveals two major clusters, which demonstrate quite different ESG score patterns for firms with and without the aforementioned management systems. The findings support hypotheses H1 to H6 as well as H7 to H9 for firms with QMSs, while revealing some exceptions related to the control variables. In summary, the work concludes that both QMSs and EMSs enable companies to achieve enhanced ESG performances (RQ1), thus being suitable business tools for addressing sustainability-related stakeholder demands. It is further demonstrated that, despite sharing certain comparable sustainability-related benefits, management systems present varying strengths and weaknesses when it comes to tackling specific ESG categories, while, overall, EMSs achieve a greater impact than QMSs on ESG pillar scores (RQ2). Consequently, combining both management systems leads to statistically significant improved ESG performance compared to operating QMSs alone, whereas the combination leads to slightly, albeit not significantly, improved scores in the environmental and social pillars and minor performance losses in the governance dimension compared to operating EMSs only (RQ3). \n<\/p><p>Through these conclusions, this work makes three key contributions to the literature and allows to derive several academic, managerial, and policy-related implications aimed at satisfying stakeholders\u2019 needs for greater CSP. First, this paper contributes to the literature on the impact of QMSs and EMSs on companies\u2019 ESG performance<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:43_25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:43-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:48_63-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:48-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup> by directly linking the concept of ESG ratings to quality and environmental management systems. As such, the focus is on all three pillars simultaneously as opposed to one dimension alone.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:15_21-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:49_65-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:49-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:52_101-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:52-101\">[101]<\/a><\/sup> In this context, sorting the benefits of implementing QMSs and EMSs by a detailed ESG classification, which is broadly used and accepted by practitioners, represents a valuable step. \n<\/p><p>Second, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first study to quantitatively investigate the relationship between management system implementation and ESG scores. Thus, it contributes to the academic literature by empirically proving the positive impact of QMS and EMS implementation on ESG performance through a large-scale, cross-regional analysis.\n<\/p><p>Finally, this study sheds some additional light on the advantages of management systems in the context of stakeholder theory, as it shows that their adoption leads to positive developments in CSP-relevant organization\/stakeholder relations such as workforce, customers, and community, as well as in the environmental dimension.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Managerial_implications\">Managerial implications<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The results show corporate executives that management systems adoption represents a way of successfully responding to the increasing CSP demands of stakeholders in areas such as product responsibility, which is best addressed by QMSs, and resource use and emissions, which are best addressed by EMSs. Decision-makers find out about the single ESG-related benefits of QMSs and EMSs with respect to the numerous stakeholder issues, as well as how combining them can impact CSP. This enables them to implement management systems in accordance with their firm\u2019s individual sustainability needs. In view of the global green awakening and its influence on business success<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-146\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-146\">[146]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-147\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-147\">[147]<\/a><\/sup>, such knowledge will likely become a competitive advantage for enterprises and a benefit for their stakeholders.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-148\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-148\">[148]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-149\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-149\">[149]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-150\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-150\">[150]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Policy_implications\">Policy implications<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The findings of this work support studies that declare management systems to foster CSP (see Table 1), thus emphasizing the importance of their international diffusion.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-151\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-151\">[151]<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, regulators should take advantage of the fact that companies view regulators as the stakeholder group with the strongest influence on organizations\u2019 environmental sustainability efforts.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-152\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-152\">[152]<\/a><\/sup> The differences detected in ESG scores across regions and company sizes call for greater standardization in sustainability reporting.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-153\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-153\">[153]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, to encourage CSP across all industries, policymakers must closely monitor which sectors are shifting towards greater sustainability due to pressure from certain stakeholder groups, and which sectors require additional institutional pressure to increase ESG practices, thus allowing coercive and regulatory forces to be balanced to foster the global diffusion of standards.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:58_132-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:58-132\">[132]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-154\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-154\">[154]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Academic_implications\">Academic implications<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The relationship identified allows deepening the research on which management systems can lead to a better ESG performance. Thus, the importance and impact of management systems implementation, as well as their internalization, is still crucial to make companies more efficient and sustainable. Also, the stakeholder theory framework has been identified as important as stakeholders can be the drivers for implementing more sustainable practices, such as management systems.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Limitations_and_future_research\">Limitations and future research<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Future research should be directed at overcoming this study\u2019s limitations as well as enlarging and\/or specifying the research scope. Firstly, the chosen database and its ESG classification\u2014ESG database providers use their own methodologies<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_16-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>, thus conceptualizing the ESG dimensions differently<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:50_67-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:50-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014impact the availability and quality of data. Hence, subsequent research should consider different databases to support the outcomes. Secondly, the study is intentionally directed at QMSs and EMSs in general, thus providing space for both either restricting this focus to specific MSSs (such as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001) or expanding it to other types of management systems (such as OHS) or related practices. Thirdly, the study\u2019s data sample makes no statements regarding the integration level<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-155\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-155\">[155]<\/a><\/sup> of companies with both management systems or if other management-related practices are in place<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:47_51-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:47-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup>, which is why future investigations should shed light on the degree of integration, firm-specific circumstances, and their impacts. Fourthly, albeit the country-clustering considers common economic, cultural, and regulatory features, there are nevertheless likely to be certain management systems-related differences among countries from the same regions<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:33_93-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:33-93\">[93]<\/a><\/sup>, which is why more in-detail research is needed for single countries. Fifthly, the chosen methodology implies certain limitations. Despite conducting a time filtering, this study is not longitudinal, only depicting the year 2019, thus demanding to verify the outcomes for other time periods (see, for example, the longitudinal panel data analysis applied by Hernandez-Vivanco <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-156\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-156\">[156]<\/a><\/sup> for combinations of MSSs and firm financial performance). Moreover, applying other methodologies such as the mentioned panel data analysis<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-157\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-157\">[157]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-158\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-158\">[158]<\/a><\/sup> and structural equation modelling (SEM)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-159\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-159\">[159]<\/a><\/sup> might enable researchers to draw additional or adjusted conclusions and give a broader picture of the relationship between management systems implementation and ESG performance.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The database used has been funded by the Catalan Government program \u201cAjuts a Grups de Recerca. SGR 2017,\u201d specifically for the project 2017SGR1641. Further, Javier Roman\u00ed acknowledges support from Grant PID2020-114896RB-I00 (Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n, AEI \/ 10.13039\/501100011033; Spanish State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2017-2020).\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Funding\">Funding<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Catalan Government program \u201cAjuts a Grups de Recerca. SGR 2017.\u201d\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Data_availability\">Data availability<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The data that support the findings of this study are available from Refinitiv Eikon, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under licence for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of Refinitiv Eikon.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conflict_of_interest\">Conflict of interest<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>None stated.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-4\">1.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-5\">1.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">International Organization for Standardization (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/the-iso-survey.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"1. 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Pinkse, Jonatan; Preuss, Lutz; Figge, Frank (1 March 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-014-2047-5\" target=\"_blank\">\"Tensions in Corporate Sustainability: Towards an Integrative Framework\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Business Ethics<\/i> <b>127<\/b> (2): 297\u2013316. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10551-014-2047-5\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10551-014-2047-5<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0167-4544\" target=\"_blank\">0167-4544<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-014-2047-5\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-014-2047-5<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tensions+in+Corporate+Sustainability%3A+Towards+an+Integrative+Framework&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Hahn%2C%26%2332%3BTobias&rft.au=Pinkse%2C%26%2332%3BJonatan&rft.au=Preuss%2C%26%2332%3BLutz&rft.au=Figge%2C%26%2332%3BFrank&rft.date=1+March+2015&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297%E2%80%93316&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10551-014-2047-5&rft.issn=0167-4544&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-014-2047-5&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ashrafi, Mehrnaz; Walker, Tony R.; Magnan, Gregory M.; Adams, Michelle; Acciaro, Michele (16 November 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/03088839.2020.1736354\" target=\"_blank\">\"A review of corporate sustainability drivers in maritime ports: a multi-stakeholder perspective\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Maritime Policy & Management<\/i> <b>47<\/b> (8): 1027\u20131044. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F03088839.2020.1736354\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/03088839.2020.1736354<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0308-8839\" target=\"_blank\">0308-8839<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/03088839.2020.1736354\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/03088839.2020.1736354<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+review+of+corporate+sustainability+drivers+in+maritime+ports%3A+a+multi-stakeholder+perspective&rft.jtitle=Maritime+Policy+%26+Management&rft.aulast=Ashrafi&rft.aufirst=Mehrnaz&rft.au=Ashrafi%2C%26%2332%3BMehrnaz&rft.au=Walker%2C%26%2332%3BTony+R.&rft.au=Magnan%2C%26%2332%3BGregory+M.&rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BMichelle&rft.au=Acciaro%2C%26%2332%3BMichele&rft.date=16+November+2020&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1027%E2%80%931044&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F03088839.2020.1736354&rft.issn=0308-8839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03088839.2020.1736354&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Silva, Samanthi; Nuzum, Anne-Katrin; Schaltegger, Stefan (1 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095965261930229X\" target=\"_blank\">\"Stakeholder expectations on sustainability performance measurement and assessment. A systematic literature review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>217<\/b>: 204\u2013215. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.01.203\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.203<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095965261930229X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095965261930229X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stakeholder+expectations+on+sustainability+performance+measurement+and+assessment.+A+systematic+literature+review&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Samanthi&rft.au=Silva%2C%26%2332%3BSamanthi&rft.au=Nuzum%2C%26%2332%3BAnne-Katrin&rft.au=Schaltegger%2C%26%2332%3BStefan&rft.date=1+April+2019&rft.volume=217&rft.pages=204%E2%80%93215&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.01.203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS095965261930229X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Talbot, David; Raineri, Nicolas; Daou, Alain (1 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.2033\" target=\"_blank\">\"Implementation of sustainability management tools: The contribution of awareness, external pressures, and stakeholder consultation\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management<\/i> <b>28<\/b> (1): 71\u201381. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fcsr.2033\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/csr.2033<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1535-3958\" target=\"_blank\">1535-3958<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.2033\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.2033<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Implementation+of+sustainability+management+tools%3A+The+contribution+of+awareness%2C+external+pressures%2C+and+stakeholder+consultation&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Social+Responsibility+and+Environmental+Management&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Talbot%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Raineri%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.au=Daou%2C%26%2332%3BAlain&rft.date=1+January+2021&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71%E2%80%9381&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fcsr.2033&rft.issn=1535-3958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcsr.2033&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:14-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:14_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Yunus, Somaiya; Elijido-Ten, Evangeline O.; Abhayawansa, Subhash (10 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-04-2019-0135\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Impact of stakeholder pressure on the adoption of carbon management strategies: Evidence from Australia\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (7): 1189\u20131212. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-04-2019-0135\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/SAMPJ-04-2019-0135<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2040-8021\" target=\"_blank\">2040-8021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-04-2019-0135\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-04-2019-0135\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Impact+of+stakeholder+pressure+on+the+adoption+of+carbon+management+strategies%3A+Evidence+from+Australia&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Accounting%2C+Management+and+Policy+Journal&rft.aulast=Yunus&rft.aufirst=Somaiya&rft.au=Yunus%2C%26%2332%3BSomaiya&rft.au=Elijido-Ten%2C%26%2332%3BEvangeline+O.&rft.au=Abhayawansa%2C%26%2332%3BSubhash&rft.date=10+February+2020&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1189%E2%80%931212&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-04-2019-0135&rft.issn=2040-8021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FSAMPJ-04-2019-0135%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jacobs, Kathleen; 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An empirical extension of the value-attitude-behaviour hierarchy in sustainable clothing\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>203<\/b>: 1155\u20131169. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.07.320\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.320<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618323096\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618323096<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Green+thinking+but+thoughtless+buying%3F+An+empirical+extension+of+the+value-attitude-behaviour+hierarchy+in+sustainable+clothing&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Jacobs%2C%26%2332%3BKathleen&rft.au=Petersen%2C%26%2332%3BLars&rft.au=H%C3%B6risch%2C%26%2332%3BJacob&rft.au=Battenfeld%2C%26%2332%3BDirk&rft.date=1+December+2018&rft.volume=203&rft.pages=1155%E2%80%931169&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.07.320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652618323096&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">de-Magistris, Tiziana; Gracia, Azucena (1 April 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652616000858\" target=\"_blank\">\"Consumers' willingness-to-pay for sustainable food products: the case of organically and locally grown almonds in Spain\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>118<\/b>: 97\u2013104. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.01.050\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.01.050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652616000858\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652616000858<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Consumers%27+willingness-to-pay+for+sustainable+food+products%3A+the+case+of+organically+and+locally+grown+almonds+in+Spain&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=de-Magistris&rft.aufirst=Tiziana&rft.au=de-Magistris%2C%26%2332%3BTiziana&rft.au=Gracia%2C%26%2332%3BAzucena&rft.date=1+April+2016&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=97%E2%80%93104&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.01.050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652616000858&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Amel-Zadeh, Amir; Serafeim, George (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=2925310\" target=\"_blank\">\"Why and How Investors Use ESG Information: Evidence from a Global Survey\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Financial Analysts Journal<\/i> <b>74<\/b> (3): 87\u2013103. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139%2Fssrn.2925310\" target=\"_blank\">10.2139\/ssrn.2925310<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1556-5068\" target=\"_blank\">1556-5068<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=2925310\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=2925310<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+and+How+Investors+Use+ESG+Information%3A+Evidence+from+a+Global+Survey&rft.jtitle=Financial+Analysts+Journal&rft.aulast=Amel-Zadeh&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft.au=Amel-Zadeh%2C%26%2332%3BAmir&rft.au=Serafeim%2C%26%2332%3BGeorge&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=87%E2%80%93103&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2139%2Fssrn.2925310&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D2925310&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Grim, Douglas M.; Berkowitz, Daniel B. (31 August 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jesg.pm-research.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.3905\/jesg.2020.1.1.047\" target=\"_blank\">\"ESG, SRI, and Impact Investing: A Primer for Decision-Making\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The Journal of Impact and ESG Investing<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (1): 47\u201365. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3905%2Fjesg.2020.1.1.047\" target=\"_blank\">10.3905\/jesg.2020.1.1.047<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2693-1982\" target=\"_blank\">2693-1982<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jesg.pm-research.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.3905\/jesg.2020.1.1.047\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jesg.pm-research.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.3905\/jesg.2020.1.1.047<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ESG%2C+SRI%2C+and+Impact+Investing%3A+A+Primer+for+Decision-Making&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Impact+and+ESG+Investing&rft.aulast=Grim&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft.au=Grim%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+M.&rft.au=Berkowitz%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel+B.&rft.date=31+August+2020&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47%E2%80%9365&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3905%2Fjesg.2020.1.1.047&rft.issn=2693-1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjesg.pm-research.com%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.3905%2Fjesg.2020.1.1.047&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">van Duuren, Emiel; Plantinga, Auke; Scholtens, Bert (1 October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-015-2610-8\" target=\"_blank\">\"ESG Integration and the Investment Management Process: Fundamental Investing Reinvented\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Business Ethics<\/i> <b>138<\/b> (3): 525\u2013533. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2610-8\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10551-015-2610-8<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0167-4544\" target=\"_blank\">0167-4544<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-015-2610-8\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-015-2610-8<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ESG+Integration+and+the+Investment+Management+Process%3A+Fundamental+Investing+Reinvented&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.aulast=van+Duuren&rft.aufirst=Emiel&rft.au=van+Duuren%2C%26%2332%3BEmiel&rft.au=Plantinga%2C%26%2332%3BAuke&rft.au=Scholtens%2C%26%2332%3BBert&rft.date=1+October+2016&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=525%E2%80%93533&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2610-8&rft.issn=0167-4544&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2610-8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_16-0\">16.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_16-1\">16.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_16-2\">16.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_16-3\">16.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Avetisyan, Emma; Hockerts, Kai (1 March 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.1919\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Consolidation of the ESG Rating Industry as an Enactment of Institutional Retrogression: Consolidation of the ESG Rating Industry\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/i> <b>26<\/b> (3): 316\u2013330. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbse.1919\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bse.1919<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.1919\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.1919<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Consolidation+of+the+ESG+Rating+Industry+as+an+Enactment+of+Institutional+Retrogression%3A+Consolidation+of+the+ESG+Rating+Industry&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=Avetisyan&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Avetisyan%2C%26%2332%3BEmma&rft.au=Hockerts%2C%26%2332%3BKai&rft.date=1+March+2017&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=316%E2%80%93330&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbse.1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.1919&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_17-0\">17.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_17-1\">17.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_17-2\">17.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_17-3\">17.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rajesh, R.; Rajendran, Chandrasekharan (1 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2429\" target=\"_blank\">\"Relating Environmental, Social, and Governance scores and sustainability performances of firms: An empirical analysis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/i> <b>29<\/b> (3): 1247\u20131267. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbse.2429\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bse.2429<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0964-4733\" target=\"_blank\">0964-4733<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2429\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2429<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Relating+Environmental%2C+Social%2C+and+Governance+scores+and+sustainability+performances+of+firms%3A+An+empirical+analysis&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=Rajesh&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Rajesh%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.au=Rajendran%2C%26%2332%3BChandrasekharan&rft.date=1+March+2020&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1247%E2%80%931267&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbse.2429&rft.issn=0964-4733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.2429&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_18-0\">18.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_18-1\">18.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_18-2\">18.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Fuente, Gabriel de la; Ortiz, Margarita; Velasco, Pilar (1 August 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0024630121000741\" target=\"_blank\">\"The value of a firm\u2019s engagement in ESG practices: Are we looking at the right side?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Long Range Planning<\/i> <b>55<\/b> (4): 102143. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.lrp.2021.102143\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.lrp.2021.102143<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0024630121000741\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0024630121000741<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+value+of+a+firm%E2%80%99s+engagement+in+ESG+practices%3A+Are+we+looking+at+the+right+side%3F&rft.jtitle=Long+Range+Planning&rft.aulast=Fuente&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+de+la&rft.au=Fuente%2C%26%2332%3BGabriel+de+la&rft.au=Ortiz%2C%26%2332%3BMargarita&rft.au=Velasco%2C%26%2332%3BPilar&rft.date=1+August+2022&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=102143&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.lrp.2021.102143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0024630121000741&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Do, Yeonwoo; Kim, Sunghwan (27 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/7\/2664\" target=\"_blank\">\"Do Higher-Rated or Enhancing ESG of Firms Enhance Their Long\u2013Term Sustainability? Evidence from Market Returns in Korea\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>12<\/b> (7): 2664. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu12072664\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su12072664<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/7\/2664\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/7\/2664<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+Higher-Rated+or+Enhancing+ESG+of+Firms+Enhance+Their+Long%E2%80%93Term+Sustainability%3F+Evidence+from+Market+Returns+in+Korea&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Do&rft.aufirst=Yeonwoo&rft.au=Do%2C%26%2332%3BYeonwoo&rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BSunghwan&rft.date=27+March+2020&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2664&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu12072664&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F12%2F7%2F2664&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Dorfleitner, Gregor; Kreuzer, Christian; Sparrer, Christian (1 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1057\/s41260-020-00178-x\" target=\"_blank\">\"ESG controversies and controversial ESG: about silent saints and small sinners\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Asset Management<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (5): 393\u2013412. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1057%2Fs41260-020-00178-x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1057\/s41260-020-00178-x<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1470-8272\" target=\"_blank\">1470-8272<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1057\/s41260-020-00178-x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1057\/s41260-020-00178-x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ESG+controversies+and+controversial+ESG%3A+about+silent+saints+and+small+sinners&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asset+Management&rft.aulast=Dorfleitner&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft.au=Dorfleitner%2C%26%2332%3BGregor&rft.au=Kreuzer%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.au=Sparrer%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.date=1+September+2020&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=393%E2%80%93412&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1057%2Fs41260-020-00178-x&rft.issn=1470-8272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1057%2Fs41260-020-00178-x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:15-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_21-0\">21.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_21-1\">21.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_21-2\">21.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_21-3\">21.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:15_21-4\">21.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Russo, Michael V. (1 July 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.587\" target=\"_blank\">\"Explaining the impact of ISO 14001 on emission performance: a dynamic capabilities perspective on process and learning\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/i> <b>18<\/b> (5): 307\u2013319. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbse.587\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bse.587<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.587\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.587<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+impact+of+ISO+14001+on+emission+performance%3A+a+dynamic+capabilities+perspective+on+process+and+learning&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rft.au=Russo%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+V.&rft.date=1+July+2009&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=307%E2%80%93319&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbse.587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.587&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:16-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:16_22-0\">22.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:16_22-1\">22.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:16_22-2\">22.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:16_22-3\">22.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:16_22-4\">22.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zimon, Dominik; Madz\u00edk, Peter; Dellana, Scott; Sroufe, Robert; Ikram, Muhammad; Lysenko-Ryba, Kateryna (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/TQM-01-2021-0025\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental effects of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 management system implementation in SSCM\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The TQM Journal<\/i> <b>34<\/b> (3): 418\u201347. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FTQM-01-2021-0025\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/TQM-01-2021-0025<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1754-2731\" target=\"_blank\">1754-2731<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/TQM-01-2021-0025\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/TQM-01-2021-0025\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental+effects+of+ISO+9001+and+ISO+14001+management+system+implementation+in+SSCM&rft.jtitle=The+TQM+Journal&rft.aulast=Zimon&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft.au=Zimon%2C%26%2332%3BDominik&rft.au=Madz%C3%ADk%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.au=Dellana%2C%26%2332%3BScott&rft.au=Sroufe%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.au=Ikram%2C%26%2332%3BMuhammad&rft.au=Lysenko-Ryba%2C%26%2332%3BKateryna&rft.date=2022&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=418%E2%80%9347&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FTQM-01-2021-0025&rft.issn=1754-2731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FTQM-01-2021-0025%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:41-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:41_23-0\">23.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:41_23-1\">23.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Broadstock, David C.; Chan, Kalok; Cheng, Louis T.W.; Wang, Xiaowei (1 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1544612320309983\" target=\"_blank\">\"The role of ESG performance during times of financial crisis: Evidence from COVID-19 in China\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Finance Research Letters<\/i> <b>38<\/b>: 101716. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.frl.2020.101716\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.frl.2020.101716<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7425769\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7425769<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32837385\" target=\"_blank\">32837385<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1544612320309983\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1544612320309983<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+role+of+ESG+performance+during+times+of+financial+crisis%3A+Evidence+from+COVID-19+in+China&rft.jtitle=Finance+Research+Letters&rft.aulast=Broadstock&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Broadstock%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+C.&rft.au=Chan%2C%26%2332%3BKalok&rft.au=Cheng%2C%26%2332%3BLouis+T.W.&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BXiaowei&rft.date=1+January+2021&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=101716&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.frl.2020.101716&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7425769&rft_id=info:pmid\/32837385&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1544612320309983&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:42-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:42_24-0\">24.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:42_24-1\">24.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Schmid, J.; Olaru, M.; Verje, A.-M. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/EconPapers.repec.org\/RePEc:aes:amfeco:v:19:y:2017:i:s11:p:939\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Effect of Sustainable Investments to the Economic Objectives of the Company in Relation to the Total Quality Management\"<\/a>. <i>The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC Journal<\/i> <b>19<\/b> (S11): 939<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/EconPapers.repec.org\/RePEc:aes:amfeco:v:19:y:2017:i:s11:p:939\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/EconPapers.repec.org\/RePEc:aes:amfeco:v:19:y:2017:i:s11:p:939<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Sustainable+Investments+to+the+Economic+Objectives+of+the+Company+in+Relation+to+the+Total+Quality+Management&rft.jtitle=The+AMFITEATRU+ECONOMIC+Journal&rft.aulast=Schmid%2C+J.%3B+Olaru%2C+M.%3B+Verje%2C+A.-M.&rft.au=Schmid%2C+J.%3B+Olaru%2C+M.%3B+Verje%2C+A.-M.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=S11&rft.pages=939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FEconPapers.repec.org%2FRePEc%3Aaes%3Aamfeco%3Av%3A19%3Ay%3A2017%3Ai%3As11%3Ap%3A939&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:43-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:43_25-0\">25.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:43_25-1\">25.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Chams, Nour; Garc\u00eda-Bland\u00f3n, Josep; Hassan, Khaled (23 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/13\/7026\" target=\"_blank\">\"Role Reversal! Financial Performance as an Antecedent of ESG: The Moderating Effect of Total Quality Management\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>13<\/b> (13): 7026. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu13137026\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su13137026<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/13\/7026\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/13\/7026<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Role+Reversal%21+Financial+Performance+as+an+Antecedent+of+ESG%3A+The+Moderating+Effect+of+Total+Quality+Management&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Chams&rft.aufirst=Nour&rft.au=Chams%2C%26%2332%3BNour&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Bland%C3%B3n%2C%26%2332%3BJosep&rft.au=Hassan%2C%26%2332%3BKhaled&rft.date=23+June+2021&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=7026&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu13137026&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F13%2F13%2F7026&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:44-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:44_26-0\">26.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:44_26-1\">26.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mishra, Prabhaker; Pandey, ChandraM; Singh, Uttam; Gupta, Anshul; Sahu, Chinmoy; Keshri, Amit (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.annals.in\/text.asp?2019\/22\/1\/67\/250184\" target=\"_blank\">\"Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia<\/i> <b>22<\/b> (1): 67. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4103%2Faca.ACA_157_18\" target=\"_blank\">10.4103\/aca.ACA_157_18<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0971-9784\" target=\"_blank\">0971-9784<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6350423\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6350423<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30648682\" target=\"_blank\">30648682<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.annals.in\/text.asp?2019\/22\/1\/67\/250184\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.annals.in\/text.asp?2019\/22\/1\/67\/250184<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Descriptive+statistics+and+normality+tests+for+statistical+data&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Cardiac+Anaesthesia&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Prabhaker&rft.au=Mishra%2C%26%2332%3BPrabhaker&rft.au=Pandey%2C%26%2332%3BChandraM&rft.au=Singh%2C%26%2332%3BUttam&rft.au=Gupta%2C%26%2332%3BAnshul&rft.au=Sahu%2C%26%2332%3BChinmoy&rft.au=Keshri%2C%26%2332%3BAmit&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4103%2Faca.ACA_157_18&rft.issn=0971-9784&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6350423&rft_id=info:pmid\/30648682&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annals.in%2Ftext.asp%3F2019%2F22%2F1%2F67%2F250184&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:17-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:17_27-0\">27.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:17_27-1\">27.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:17_27-2\">27.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:17_27-3\">27.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:17_27-4\">27.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bu, Jianwei; Liu, Wei; Pan, Zhao; Ling, Kang (18 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/24\/9515\" target=\"_blank\">\"Comparative Study of Hydrochemical Classification Based on Different Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Methods\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health<\/i> <b>17<\/b> (24): 9515. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fijerph17249515\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/ijerph17249515<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1660-4601\" target=\"_blank\">1660-4601<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7766391\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7766391<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33353090\" target=\"_blank\">33353090<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/24\/9515\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/24\/9515<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comparative+Study+of+Hydrochemical+Classification+Based+on+Different+Hierarchical+Cluster+Analysis+Methods&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.aulast=Bu&rft.aufirst=Jianwei&rft.au=Bu%2C%26%2332%3BJianwei&rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BWei&rft.au=Pan%2C%26%2332%3BZhao&rft.au=Ling%2C%26%2332%3BKang&rft.date=18+December+2020&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=9515&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fijerph17249515&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7766391&rft_id=info:pmid\/33353090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1660-4601%2F17%2F24%2F9515&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:18-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_28-0\">28.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_28-1\">28.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_28-2\">28.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_28-3\">28.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:18_28-4\">28.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bu, Maoliang; Qiao, Zhenzi; Liu, Beibei (1 July 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0264999317318242\" target=\"_blank\">\"Voluntary environmental regulation and firm innovation in China\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Economic Modelling<\/i> <b>89<\/b>: 10\u201318. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.econmod.2019.12.020\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.econmod.2019.12.020<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0264999317318242\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0264999317318242<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Voluntary+environmental+regulation+and+firm+innovation+in+China&rft.jtitle=Economic+Modelling&rft.aulast=Bu&rft.aufirst=Maoliang&rft.au=Bu%2C%26%2332%3BMaoliang&rft.au=Qiao%2C%26%2332%3BZhenzi&rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BBeibei&rft.date=1+July+2020&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=10%E2%80%9318&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.econmod.2019.12.020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0264999317318242&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Donaldson, Thomas; Preston, Lee E. (1 January 1995). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/journals.aom.org\/doi\/10.5465\/amr.1995.9503271992\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Academy of Management Review<\/i> <b>20<\/b> (1): 65\u201391. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5465%2Famr.1995.9503271992\" target=\"_blank\">10.5465\/amr.1995.9503271992<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0363-7425\" target=\"_blank\">0363-7425<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/journals.aom.org\/doi\/10.5465\/amr.1995.9503271992\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/journals.aom.org\/doi\/10.5465\/amr.1995.9503271992<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Stakeholder+Theory+of+the+Corporation%3A+Concepts%2C+Evidence%2C+and+Implications&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Donaldson%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.au=Preston%2C%26%2332%3BLee+E.&rft.date=1+January+1995&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65%E2%80%9391&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5465%2Famr.1995.9503271992&rft.issn=0363-7425&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aom.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5465%2Famr.1995.9503271992&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:7-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_30-0\">30.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_30-1\">30.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mu\u00f1oz-Torres, Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas; Fern\u00e1ndez-Izquierdo, Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles; Rivera-Lirio, Juana M.; Escrig-Olmedo, Elena (1 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.1695\" target=\"_blank\">\"Can environmental, social, and governance rating agencies favor business models that promote a more sustainable development?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management<\/i> <b>26<\/b> (2): 439\u2013452. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fcsr.1695\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/csr.1695<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.1695\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.1695<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+environmental%2C+social%2C+and+governance+rating+agencies+favor+business+models+that+promote+a+more+sustainable+development%3F&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Social+Responsibility+and+Environmental+Management&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz-Torres&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Jes%C3%BAs&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz-Torres%2C%26%2332%3BMar%C3%ADa+Jes%C3%BAs&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Izquierdo%2C%26%2332%3BMar%C3%ADa+%C3%81ngeles&rft.au=Rivera-Lirio%2C%26%2332%3BJuana+M.&rft.au=Escrig-Olmedo%2C%26%2332%3BElena&rft.date=1+March+2019&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=439%E2%80%93452&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fcsr.1695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcsr.1695&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:8-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_31-0\">31.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_31-1\">31.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Freeman, R. Edward (1984). <i>Strategic management: a stakeholder approach<\/i>. Pitman series in business and public policy. Boston: Pitman. p. 46. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-0-273-01913-8.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+management%3A+a+stakeholder+approach&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=R.+Edward&rft.au=Freeman%2C%26%2332%3BR.+Edward&rft.date=1984&rft.series=Pitman+series+in+business+and+public+policy&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B46&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Pitman&rft.isbn=978-0-273-01913-8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Phillips, Robert; Freeman, R. Edward; Wicks, Andrew C. (1 October 2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1052150X00006710\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">\"What Stakeholder Theory is Not\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Ethics Quarterly<\/i> <b>13<\/b> (4): 479\u2013502. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5840%2Fbeq200313434\" target=\"_blank\">10.5840\/beq200313434<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1052-150X\" target=\"_blank\">1052-150X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1052150X00006710\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1052150X00006710\/type\/journal_article<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Stakeholder+Theory+is+Not&rft.jtitle=Business+Ethics+Quarterly&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Phillips%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.au=Freeman%2C%26%2332%3BR.+Edward&rft.au=Wicks%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+C.&rft.date=1+October+2003&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=479%E2%80%93502&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5840%2Fbeq200313434&rft.issn=1052-150X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS1052150X00006710%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Laplume, Andr\u00e9 O.; Sonpar, Karan; Litz, Reginald A. (1 December 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0149206308324322\" target=\"_blank\">\"Stakeholder Theory: Reviewing a Theory That Moves Us\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Management<\/i> <b>34<\/b> (6): 1152\u20131189. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F0149206308324322\" target=\"_blank\">10.1177\/0149206308324322<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0149-2063\" target=\"_blank\">0149-2063<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0149206308324322\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0149206308324322<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stakeholder+Theory%3A+Reviewing+a+Theory+That+Moves+Us&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management&rft.aulast=Laplume&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9+O.&rft.au=Laplume%2C%26%2332%3BAndr%C3%A9+O.&rft.au=Sonpar%2C%26%2332%3BKaran&rft.au=Litz%2C%26%2332%3BReginald+A.&rft.date=1+December+2008&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1152%E2%80%931189&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1177%2F0149206308324322&rft.issn=0149-2063&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0149206308324322&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:9-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_34-0\">34.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_34-1\">34.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Faculty of Accountancy and Management, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sg. Long, Cheras, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Lee, Siew Peng; Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Isa, Mansor; Faculty of Business and Accountancy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (14 August 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ejournal.usm.my\/aamjaf\/article\/view\/aamjaf_vol16-no1-2020_1\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Practices and Performance in Shariah Firms: Agency or Stakeholder Theory?\"<\/a>. <i>Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance<\/i> <b>16<\/b> (1): 1\u201334. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.21315%2Faamjaf2020.16.1.1\" target=\"_blank\">10.21315\/aamjaf2020.16.1.1<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ejournal.usm.my\/aamjaf\/article\/view\/aamjaf_vol16-no1-2020_1\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ejournal.usm.my\/aamjaf\/article\/view\/aamjaf_vol16-no1-2020_1\/pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental%2C+Social+and+Governance+%28ESG%29+Practices+and+Performance+in+Shariah+Firms%3A+Agency+or+Stakeholder+Theory%3F&rft.jtitle=Asian+Academy+of+Management+Journal+of+Accounting+and+Finance&rft.aulast=Faculty+of+Accountancy+and+Management%2C+Universiti+Tunku+Abdul+Rahman%2C+Jalan+Sungai+Long%2C+Bandar+Sg.+Long%2C+Cheras%2C+43000+Kajang%2C+Selangor%2C+Malaysia&rft.au=Faculty+of+Accountancy+and+Management%2C+Universiti+Tunku+Abdul+Rahman%2C+Jalan+Sungai+Long%2C+Bandar+Sg.+Long%2C+Cheras%2C+43000+Kajang%2C+Selangor%2C+Malaysia&rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BSiew+Peng&rft.au=Oxford+Centre+for+Islamic+Studies%2C+Oxford+University%2C+Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.au=Isa%2C%26%2332%3BMansor&rft.au=Faculty+of+Business+and+Accountancy%2C+Universiti+Malaya%2C+50603+Kuala+Lumpur%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=14+August+2020&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9334&rft_id=info:doi\/10.21315%2Faamjaf2020.16.1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournal.usm.my%2Faamjaf%2Farticle%2Fview%2Faamjaf_vol16-no1-2020_1%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:10-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_35-0\">35.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_35-1\">35.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_35-2\">35.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Daugaard, Dan; Ding, Ashley (18 February 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/4\/2322\" target=\"_blank\">\"Global Drivers for ESG Performance: The Body of Knowledge\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>14<\/b> (4): 2322. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu14042322\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su14042322<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/4\/2322\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/4\/2322<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+Drivers+for+ESG+Performance%3A+The+Body+of+Knowledge&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Daugaard&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Daugaard%2C%26%2332%3BDan&rft.au=Ding%2C%26%2332%3BAshley&rft.date=18+February+2022&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2322&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu14042322&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F14%2F4%2F2322&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:11-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_36-0\">36.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_36-1\">36.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Friedman, Andrew L.; Miles, Samantha (1 January 2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1467-6486.00280\" target=\"_blank\">\"Developing Stakeholder Theory\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Management Studies<\/i> <b>39<\/b> (1): 1\u201321. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2F1467-6486.00280\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/1467-6486.00280<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0022-2380\" target=\"_blank\">0022-2380<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1467-6486.00280\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1467-6486.00280<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Developing+Stakeholder+Theory&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+Studies&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.au=Friedman%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+L.&rft.au=Miles%2C%26%2332%3BSamantha&rft.date=1+January+2002&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9321&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2F1467-6486.00280&rft.issn=0022-2380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-6486.00280&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mahesh, B.P.; Kumar, U.N. (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ijerat.com\/index.php\/ijerat\/article\/view\/329\" target=\"_blank\">\"Study and Development of Quality Management System for Educational Institutions\"<\/a>. <i>International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology<\/i> <b>2<\/b> (1): 577\u201385. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.31695%2Fijerat\" target=\"_blank\">10.31695\/ijerat<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ijerat.com\/index.php\/ijerat\/article\/view\/329\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ijerat.com\/index.php\/ijerat\/article\/view\/329<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Study+and+Development+of+Quality+Management+System+for+Educational+Institutions&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Engineering+Research+and+Advanced+Technology&rft.aulast=Mahesh%2C+B.P.%3B+Kumar%2C+U.N.&rft.au=Mahesh%2C+B.P.%3B+Kumar%2C+U.N.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=577%E2%80%9385&rft_id=info:doi\/10.31695%2Fijerat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijerat.com%2Findex.php%2Fijerat%2Farticle%2Fview%2F329&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rebelo, Manuel Ferreira; Santos, Gilberto; Silva, Rui (1 July 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652616302712\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integration of management systems: towards a sustained success and development of organizations\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>127<\/b>: 96\u2013111. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.04.011\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.04.011<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652616302712\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652616302712<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integration+of+management+systems%3A+towards+a+sustained+success+and+development+of+organizations&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Rebelo&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Ferreira&rft.au=Rebelo%2C%26%2332%3BManuel+Ferreira&rft.au=Santos%2C%26%2332%3BGilberto&rft.au=Silva%2C%26%2332%3BRui&rft.date=1+July+2016&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=96%E2%80%93111&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.04.011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652616302712&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:45-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:45_39-0\">39.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:45_39-1\">39.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">J\u00f8rgensen, Tine H.; Remmen, Arne; Mellado, M. Dolores (1 January 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652605000983\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integrated management systems \u2013 three different levels of integration\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>14<\/b> (8): 713\u2013722. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2005.04.005\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2005.04.005<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652605000983\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652605000983<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integrated+management+systems+%E2%80%93+three+different+levels+of+integration&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.aufirst=Tine+H.&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C%26%2332%3BTine+H.&rft.au=Remmen%2C%26%2332%3BArne&rft.au=Mellado%2C%26%2332%3BM.+Dolores&rft.date=1+January+2006&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=713%E2%80%93722&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2005.04.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652605000983&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">de Oliveira, Otavio Jose (1 October 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652613004289\" target=\"_blank\">\"Guidelines for the integration of certifiable management systems in industrial companies\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>57<\/b>: 124\u2013133. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2013.06.037\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.06.037<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652613004289\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652613004289<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+the+integration+of+certifiable+management+systems+in+industrial+companies&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=de+Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Otavio+Jose&rft.au=de+Oliveira%2C%26%2332%3BOtavio+Jose&rft.date=1+October+2013&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=124%E2%80%93133&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2013.06.037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652613004289&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Santos, Gilberto; Mendes, F\u00e1tima; Barbosa, Joaquim (1 November 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652611002289\" target=\"_blank\">\"Certification and integration of management systems: the experience of Portuguese small and medium enterprises\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>19<\/b> (17-18): 1965\u20131974. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2011.06.017\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2011.06.017<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652611002289\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652611002289<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Certification+and+integration+of+management+systems%3A+the+experience+of+Portuguese+small+and+medium+enterprises&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Gilberto&rft.au=Santos%2C%26%2332%3BGilberto&rft.au=Mendes%2C%26%2332%3BF%C3%A1tima&rft.au=Barbosa%2C%26%2332%3BJoaquim&rft.date=1+November+2011&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=17-18&rft.pages=1965%E2%80%931974&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2011.06.017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652611002289&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Karapetrovic, Stanislav; Jonker, Jan (1 June 2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1478336032000047264\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integration of standardized management systems: Searching for a recipe and ingredients\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Total Quality Management & Business Excellence<\/i> <b>14<\/b> (4): 451\u2013459. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F1478336032000047264\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/1478336032000047264<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1478-3363\" target=\"_blank\">1478-3363<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1478336032000047264\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1478336032000047264<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integration+of+standardized+management+systems%3A+Searching+for+a+recipe+and+ingredients&rft.jtitle=Total+Quality+Management+%26+Business+Excellence&rft.aulast=Karapetrovic&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft.au=Karapetrovic%2C%26%2332%3BStanislav&rft.au=Jonker%2C%26%2332%3BJan&rft.date=1+June+2003&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=451%E2%80%93459&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F1478336032000047264&rft.issn=1478-3363&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F1478336032000047264&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-43\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Nanda, Vivek (27 January 2005) (in en). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781420025309\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Quality Management System Handbook for Product Development Companies<\/i><\/a> (0 ed.). CRC Press. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1201%2F9781420025309\" target=\"_blank\">10.1201\/9781420025309<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-4200-2530-9<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781420025309\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781420025309<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quality+Management+System+Handbook+for+Product+Development+Companies&rft.aulast=Nanda&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft.au=Nanda%2C%26%2332%3BVivek&rft.date=27+January+2005&rft.edition=0&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1201%2F9781420025309&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-2530-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781420025309&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Watson, Kevin; Klingenberg, Beate; Polito, Tony; Geurts, Tom G. (1 December 2004). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14777830410560700\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Impact of environmental management system implementation on financial performance: A comparison of two corporate strategies\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal<\/i> <b>15<\/b> (6): 622\u2013628. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F14777830410560700\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/14777830410560700<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1477-7835\" target=\"_blank\">1477-7835<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14777830410560700\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14777830410560700\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Impact+of+environmental+management+system+implementation+on+financial+performance%3A+A+comparison+of+two+corporate+strategies&rft.jtitle=Management+of+Environmental+Quality%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Watson%2C%26%2332%3BKevin&rft.au=Klingenberg%2C%26%2332%3BBeate&rft.au=Polito%2C%26%2332%3BTony&rft.au=Geurts%2C%26%2332%3BTom+G.&rft.date=1+December+2004&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=622%E2%80%93628&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F14777830410560700&rft.issn=1477-7835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F14777830410560700%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:46-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:46_45-0\">45.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:46_45-1\">45.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Aba, Eli Kofi; Badar, M. Affan (1 September 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.lib.vt.edu\/ejournals\/JOTS\/v39\/v39n1\/aba.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Review of the Impact of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Certifications\"<\/a>. <i>The Journal of Technology Studies<\/i> <b>39<\/b> (1): 42. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.21061%2Fjots.v39i1.a.4\" target=\"_blank\">10.21061\/jots.v39i1.a.4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1541-9258\" target=\"_blank\">1541-9258<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.lib.vt.edu\/ejournals\/JOTS\/v39\/v39n1\/aba.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/scholar.lib.vt.edu\/ejournals\/JOTS\/v39\/v39n1\/aba.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+Impact+of+ISO+9000+and+ISO+14000+Certifications&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Technology+Studies&rft.aulast=Aba&rft.aufirst=Eli+Kofi&rft.au=Aba%2C%26%2332%3BEli+Kofi&rft.au=Badar%2C%26%2332%3BM.+Affan&rft.date=1+September+2013&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42&rft_id=info:doi\/10.21061%2Fjots.v39i1.a.4&rft.issn=1541-9258&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.lib.vt.edu%2Fejournals%2FJOTS%2Fv39%2Fv39n1%2Faba.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:19-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:19_46-0\">46.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:19_46-1\">46.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:19_46-2\">46.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:19_46-3\">46.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bernardo, Merce; Simon, Alexandra; Tar\u00ed, Juan Jos\u00e9; Molina-Azor\u00edn, Jos\u00e9 F. (1 May 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652615000803\" target=\"_blank\">\"Benefits of management systems integration: a literature review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>94<\/b>: 260\u2013267. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.01.075\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.01.075<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652615000803\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652615000803<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Benefits+of+management+systems+integration%3A+a+literature+review&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Bernardo&rft.aufirst=Merce&rft.au=Bernardo%2C%26%2332%3BMerce&rft.au=Simon%2C%26%2332%3BAlexandra&rft.au=Tar%C3%AD%2C%26%2332%3BJuan+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Molina-Azor%C3%ADn%2C%26%2332%3BJos%C3%A9+F.&rft.date=1+May+2015&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=260%E2%80%93267&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.01.075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652615000803&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:12-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_47-0\">47.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_47-1\">47.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_47-2\">47.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_47-3\">47.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_47-4\">47.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_47-5\">47.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_47-6\">47.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_47-7\">47.7<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_47-8\">47.8<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tar\u00ed, Juan Jos\u00e9; Molina-Azor\u00edn, Jos\u00e9 Francisco; Heras, I\u00f1aki (29 December 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jiem.org\/index.php\/jiem\/article\/view\/488\" target=\"_blank\">\"Benefits of the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards: A literature review\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management<\/i> <b>5<\/b> (2): 297\u2013322. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3926%2Fjiem.488\" target=\"_blank\">10.3926\/jiem.488<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2013-0953\" target=\"_blank\">2013-0953<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jiem.org\/index.php\/jiem\/article\/view\/488\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.jiem.org\/index.php\/jiem\/article\/view\/488<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Benefits+of+the+ISO+9001+and+ISO+14001+standards%3A+A+literature+review&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Engineering+and+Management&rft.aulast=Tar%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=Juan+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Tar%C3%AD%2C%26%2332%3BJuan+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Molina-Azor%C3%ADn%2C%26%2332%3BJos%C3%A9+Francisco&rft.au=Heras%2C%26%2332%3BI%C3%B1aki&rft.date=29+December+2012&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297%E2%80%93322&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3926%2Fjiem.488&rft.issn=2013-0953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jiem.org%2Findex.php%2Fjiem%2Farticle%2Fview%2F488&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Singh, Prakash J. (1 May 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092552730700309X\" target=\"_blank\">\"Empirical assessment of ISO 9000 related management practices and performance relationships\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Production Economics<\/i> <b>113<\/b> (1): 40\u201359. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijpe.2007.02.047\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ijpe.2007.02.047<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092552730700309X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092552730700309X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Empirical+assessment+of+ISO+9000+related+management+practices+and+performance+relationships&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Production+Economics&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prakash+J.&rft.au=Singh%2C%26%2332%3BPrakash+J.&rft.date=1+May+2008&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40%E2%80%9359&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ijpe.2007.02.047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS092552730700309X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:20-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:20_49-0\">49.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:20_49-1\">49.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:20_49-2\">49.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:20_49-3\">49.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zaramdini, Walid (29 May 2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02656710710748358\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"An empirical study of the motives and benefits of ISO 9000 certification: the UAE experience\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management<\/i> <b>24<\/b> (5): 472\u2013491. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F02656710710748358\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/02656710710748358<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0265-671X\" target=\"_blank\">0265-671X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02656710710748358\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02656710710748358\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+empirical+study+of+the+motives+and+benefits+of+ISO+9000+certification%3A+the+UAE+experience&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Quality+%26+Reliability+Management&rft.aulast=Zaramdini&rft.aufirst=Walid&rft.au=Zaramdini%2C%26%2332%3BWalid&rft.date=29+May+2007&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=472%E2%80%93491&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F02656710710748358&rft.issn=0265-671X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F02656710710748358%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zutshi, A.; Sohal, A. (1 April 2004). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166497202000536\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental management system adoption by Australasian organisations: part 1: reasons, benefits and impediments\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Technovation<\/i> <b>24<\/b> (4): 335\u2013357. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0166-4972%2802%2900053-6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S0166-4972(02)00053-6<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166497202000536\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166497202000536<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental+management+system+adoption+by+Australasian+organisations%3A+part+1%3A+reasons%2C+benefits+and+impediments&rft.jtitle=Technovation&rft.aulast=Zutshi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Zutshi%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Sohal%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.date=1+April+2004&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=335%E2%80%93357&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2FS0166-4972%2802%2900053-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0166497202000536&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:47-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:47_51-0\">51.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:47_51-1\">51.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:47_51-2\">51.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Franco, Stefano; Caroli, Matteo Giuliano; Cappa, Francesco; Del Chiappa, Giacomo (1 July 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278431919304724\" target=\"_blank\">\"Are you good enough? CSR, quality management and corporate financial performance in the hospitality industry\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Hospitality Management<\/i> <b>88<\/b>: 102395. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijhm.2019.102395\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ijhm.2019.102395<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278431919304724\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278431919304724<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Are+you+good+enough%3F+CSR%2C+quality+management+and+corporate+financial+performance+in+the+hospitality+industry&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hospitality+Management&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Franco%2C%26%2332%3BStefano&rft.au=Caroli%2C%26%2332%3BMatteo+Giuliano&rft.au=Cappa%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesco&rft.au=Del+Chiappa%2C%26%2332%3BGiacomo&rft.date=1+July+2020&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=102395&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ijhm.2019.102395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0278431919304724&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:13-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_52-0\">52.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_52-1\">52.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_52-2\">52.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Clementino, Ester; Perkins, Richard (1 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-020-04441-4\" target=\"_blank\">\"How Do Companies Respond to Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) ratings? Evidence from Italy\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Business Ethics<\/i> <b>171<\/b> (2): 379\u2013397. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10551-020-04441-4\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10551-020-04441-4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0167-4544\" target=\"_blank\">0167-4544<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-020-04441-4\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-020-04441-4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Do+Companies+Respond+to+Environmental%2C+Social+and+Governance+%28ESG%29+ratings%3F+Evidence+from+Italy&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.aulast=Clementino&rft.aufirst=Ester&rft.au=Clementino%2C%26%2332%3BEster&rft.au=Perkins%2C%26%2332%3BRichard&rft.date=1+June+2021&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=379%E2%80%93397&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10551-020-04441-4&rft.issn=0167-4544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-020-04441-4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-53\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Escrig-Olmedo, Elena; Fern\u00e1ndez-Izquierdo, Mar\u00eda; Ferrero-Ferrero, Idoya; Rivera-Lirio, Juana; Mu\u00f1oz-Torres, Mar\u00eda (11 February 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/3\/915\" target=\"_blank\">\"Rating the Raters: Evaluating how ESG Rating Agencies Integrate Sustainability Principles\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (3): 915. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu11030915\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su11030915<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/3\/915\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/3\/915<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rating+the+Raters%3A+Evaluating+how+ESG+Rating+Agencies+Integrate+Sustainability+Principles&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Escrig-Olmedo&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Escrig-Olmedo%2C%26%2332%3BElena&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Izquierdo%2C%26%2332%3BMar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Ferrero-Ferrero%2C%26%2332%3BIdoya&rft.au=Rivera-Lirio%2C%26%2332%3BJuana&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz-Torres%2C%26%2332%3BMar%C3%ADa&rft.date=11+February+2019&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=915&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu11030915&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F11%2F3%2F915&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-54\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Avetisyan, Emma; Ferrary, Michel (1 June 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-012-1386-3\" target=\"_blank\">\"Dynamics of Stakeholders\u2019 Implications in the Institutionalization of the CSR Field in France and in the United States\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Business Ethics<\/i> <b>115<\/b> (1): 115\u2013133. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10551-012-1386-3\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10551-012-1386-3<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0167-4544\" target=\"_blank\">0167-4544<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-012-1386-3\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-012-1386-3<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+Stakeholders%E2%80%99+Implications+in+the+Institutionalization+of+the+CSR+Field+in+France+and+in+the+United+States&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.aulast=Avetisyan&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Avetisyan%2C%26%2332%3BEmma&rft.au=Ferrary%2C%26%2332%3BMichel&rft.date=1+June+2013&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115%E2%80%93133&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10551-012-1386-3&rft.issn=0167-4544&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-012-1386-3&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:21-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:21_55-0\">55.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:21_55-1\">55.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:21_55-2\">55.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:21_55-3\">55.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Drempetic, Samuel; Klein, Christian; Zwergel, Bernhard (1 November 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-019-04164-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Influence of Firm Size on the ESG Score: Corporate Sustainability Ratings Under Review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Business Ethics<\/i> <b>167<\/b> (2): 333\u2013360. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10551-019-04164-1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10551-019-04164-1<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0167-4544\" target=\"_blank\">0167-4544<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-019-04164-1\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-019-04164-1<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Firm+Size+on+the+ESG+Score%3A+Corporate+Sustainability+Ratings+Under+Review&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.aulast=Drempetic&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Drempetic%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel&rft.au=Klein%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.au=Zwergel%2C%26%2332%3BBernhard&rft.date=1+November+2020&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333%E2%80%93360&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10551-019-04164-1&rft.issn=0167-4544&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-019-04164-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-56\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jackson, Gregory; Bartosch, Julia; Avetisyan, Emma; Kinderman, Daniel; Knudsen, Jette Steen (1 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-019-04200-0\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mandatory Non-financial Disclosure and Its Influence on CSR: An International Comparison\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Business Ethics<\/i> <b>162<\/b> (2): 323\u2013342. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10551-019-04200-0\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10551-019-04200-0<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0167-4544\" target=\"_blank\">0167-4544<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-019-04200-0\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-019-04200-0<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mandatory+Non-financial+Disclosure+and+Its+Influence+on+CSR%3A+An+International+Comparison&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Jackson%2C%26%2332%3BGregory&rft.au=Bartosch%2C%26%2332%3BJulia&rft.au=Avetisyan%2C%26%2332%3BEmma&rft.au=Kinderman%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.au=Knudsen%2C%26%2332%3BJette+Steen&rft.date=1+March+2020&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=323%E2%80%93342&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10551-019-04200-0&rft.issn=0167-4544&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-019-04200-0&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-57\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tamayo-Torres, Ignacio; Gutierrez-Gutierrez, Leopoldo; Ruiz-Moreno, Antonia (3 June 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00207543.2018.1562248\" target=\"_blank\">\"Boosting sustainability and financial performance: the role of supply chain controversies\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Production Research<\/i> <b>57<\/b> (11): 3719\u20133734. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F00207543.2018.1562248\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/00207543.2018.1562248<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0020-7543\" target=\"_blank\">0020-7543<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00207543.2018.1562248\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00207543.2018.1562248<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Boosting+sustainability+and+financial+performance%3A+the+role+of+supply+chain+controversies&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Production+Research&rft.aulast=Tamayo-Torres&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rft.au=Tamayo-Torres%2C%26%2332%3BIgnacio&rft.au=Gutierrez-Gutierrez%2C%26%2332%3BLeopoldo&rft.au=Ruiz-Moreno%2C%26%2332%3BAntonia&rft.date=3+June+2019&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3719%E2%80%933734&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F00207543.2018.1562248&rft.issn=0020-7543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00207543.2018.1562248&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-58\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">the Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA; Tarmuji, Indarawati; Maelah, Ruhanita; the Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Tarmuji, Nor Habibah; the Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (1 June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ijtef.org\/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=77&id=828\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Impact of Environmental, Social and Governance Practices (ESG) on Economic Performance: Evidence from ESG Score\"<\/a>. <i>International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (3): 67\u201374. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18178%2Fijtef.2016.7.3.501\" target=\"_blank\">10.18178\/ijtef.2016.7.3.501<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ijtef.org\/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=77&id=828\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.ijtef.org\/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=77&id=828<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Environmental%2C+Social+and+Governance+Practices+%28ESG%29+on+Economic+Performance%3A+Evidence+from+ESG+Score&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Trade%2C+Economics+and+Finance&rft.aulast=the+Faculty+of+Accountancy%2C+Universiti+Teknologi+MARA&rft.au=the+Faculty+of+Accountancy%2C+Universiti+Teknologi+MARA&rft.au=Tarmuji%2C%26%2332%3BIndarawati&rft.au=Maelah%2C%26%2332%3BRuhanita&rft.au=the+Faculty+of+Economics+and+Management%2C+Universiti+Kebangsaan+Malaysia&rft.au=Tarmuji%2C%26%2332%3BNor+Habibah&rft.au=the+Faculty+of+Computer+and+Mathematical+Sciences%2C+Universiti+Teknologi+MARA&rft.date=1+June+2016&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=67%E2%80%9374&rft_id=info:doi\/10.18178%2Fijtef.2016.7.3.501&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijtef.org%2Findex.php%3Fm%3Dcontent%26c%3Dindex%26a%3Dshow%26catid%3D77%26id%3D828&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Aboud, Ahmed; Diab, Ahmed (1 July 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-06-2018-0167\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The financial and market consequences of environmental, social and governance ratings: The implications of recent political volatility in Egypt\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (3): 498\u2013520. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-06-2018-0167\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/SAMPJ-06-2018-0167<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2040-8021\" target=\"_blank\">2040-8021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-06-2018-0167\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-06-2018-0167\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+financial+and+market+consequences+of+environmental%2C+social+and+governance+ratings%3A+The+implications+of+recent+political+volatility+in+Egypt&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Accounting%2C+Management+and+Policy+Journal&rft.aulast=Aboud&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Aboud%2C%26%2332%3BAhmed&rft.au=Diab%2C%26%2332%3BAhmed&rft.date=1+July+2019&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=498%E2%80%93520&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-06-2018-0167&rft.issn=2040-8021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FSAMPJ-06-2018-0167%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kotr\u00f3, Bal\u00e1zs; M\u00e1rkus, Martin (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/bankszovetseg.hu\/Public\/gep\/2020\/474-488%20Kotro%20B%20Eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The impact of ESG rating on corporate bond yields\"<\/a>. <i>Economy & finance<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (4): 474\u2013488. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.33908%2FEF.2020.4.7\" target=\"_blank\">10.33908\/EF.2020.4.7<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/bankszovetseg.hu\/Public\/gep\/2020\/474-488%20Kotro%20B%20Eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/bankszovetseg.hu\/Public\/gep\/2020\/474-488%20Kotro%20B%20Eng.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+ESG+rating+on+corporate+bond+yields&rft.jtitle=Economy+%26+finance&rft.aulast=Kotr%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Kotr%C3%B3%2C%26%2332%3BBal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=M%C3%A1rkus%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=474%E2%80%93488&rft_id=info:doi\/10.33908%2FEF.2020.4.7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbankszovetseg.hu%2FPublic%2Fgep%2F2020%2F474-488%2520Kotro%2520B%2520Eng.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Shakil, Mohammad Hassan (1 August 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pa.2574\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental, social and governance performance and stock price volatility: A moderating role of firm size\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Public Affairs<\/i> <b>22<\/b> (3): e2574. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fpa.2574\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/pa.2574<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1472-3891\" target=\"_blank\">1472-3891<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pa.2574\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pa.2574<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental%2C+social+and+governance+performance+and+stock+price+volatility%3A+A+moderating+role+of+firm+size&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Affairs&rft.aulast=Shakil&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Hassan&rft.au=Shakil%2C%26%2332%3BMohammad+Hassan&rft.date=1+August+2022&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e2574&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fpa.2574&rft.issn=1472-3891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fpa.2574&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-62\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Brogi, Marina; Lagasio, Valentina (1 May 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.1704\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental, social, and governance and company profitability: Are financial intermediaries different?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management<\/i> <b>26<\/b> (3): 576\u2013587. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fcsr.1704\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/csr.1704<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1535-3958\" target=\"_blank\">1535-3958<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.1704\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.1704<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental%2C+social%2C+and+governance+and+company+profitability%3A+Are+financial+intermediaries+different%3F&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Social+Responsibility+and+Environmental+Management&rft.aulast=Brogi&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=Brogi%2C%26%2332%3BMarina&rft.au=Lagasio%2C%26%2332%3BValentina&rft.date=1+May+2019&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=576%E2%80%93587&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fcsr.1704&rft.issn=1535-3958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcsr.1704&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:48-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:48_63-0\">63.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:48_63-1\">63.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Miralles-Quir\u00f3s, Mar\u00eda; Miralles-Quir\u00f3s, Jos\u00e9; Redondo Hern\u00e1ndez, Jes\u00fas (6 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/5\/1404\" target=\"_blank\">\"ESG Performance and Shareholder Value Creation in the Banking Industry: International Differences\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (5): 1404. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu11051404\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su11051404<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/5\/1404\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/5\/1404<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ESG+Performance+and+Shareholder+Value+Creation+in+the+Banking+Industry%3A+International+Differences&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Miralles-Quir%C3%B3s&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Miralles-Quir%C3%B3s%2C%26%2332%3BMar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Miralles-Quir%C3%B3s%2C%26%2332%3BJos%C3%A9&rft.au=Redondo+Hern%C3%A1ndez%2C%26%2332%3BJes%C3%BAs&rft.date=6+March+2019&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1404&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu11051404&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F11%2F5%2F1404&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-64\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Taliento, Marco; Favino, Christian; Netti, Antonio (22 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/6\/1738\" target=\"_blank\">\"Impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance Information on Economic Performance: Evidence of a Corporate \u2018Sustainability Advantage\u2019 from Europe\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (6): 1738. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu11061738\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su11061738<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/6\/1738\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/6\/1738<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Environmental%2C+Social%2C+and+Governance+Information+on+Economic+Performance%3A+Evidence+of+a+Corporate+%E2%80%98Sustainability+Advantage%E2%80%99+from+Europe&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Taliento&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Taliento%2C%26%2332%3BMarco&rft.au=Favino%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.au=Netti%2C%26%2332%3BAntonio&rft.date=22+March+2019&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1738&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu11061738&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F11%2F6%2F1738&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:49-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:49_65-0\">65.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:49_65-1\">65.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Alsayegh, Maha Faisal; Abdul Rahman, Rashidah; Homayoun, Saeid (11 May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/9\/3910\" target=\"_blank\">\"Corporate Economic, Environmental, and Social Sustainability Performance Transformation through ESG Disclosure\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>12<\/b> (9): 3910. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu12093910\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su12093910<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/9\/3910\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/9\/3910<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Corporate+Economic%2C+Environmental%2C+and+Social+Sustainability+Performance+Transformation+through+ESG+Disclosure&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Alsayegh&rft.aufirst=Maha+Faisal&rft.au=Alsayegh%2C%26%2332%3BMaha+Faisal&rft.au=Abdul+Rahman%2C%26%2332%3BRashidah&rft.au=Homayoun%2C%26%2332%3BSaeid&rft.date=11+May+2020&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3910&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu12093910&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F12%2F9%2F3910&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-66\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Chatterji, Aaron K.; Durand, Rodolphe; Levine, David I.; Touboul, Samuel (1 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smj.2407\" target=\"_blank\">\"Do ratings of firms converge? Implications for managers, investors and strategy researchers: Do Ratings of Firms Converge?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Strategic Management Journal<\/i> <b>37<\/b> (8): 1597\u20131614. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fsmj.2407\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/smj.2407<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smj.2407\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smj.2407<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+ratings+of+firms+converge%3F+Implications+for+managers%2C+investors+and+strategy+researchers%3A+Do+Ratings+of+Firms+Converge%3F&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Management+Journal&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Aaron+K.&rft.au=Chatterji%2C%26%2332%3BAaron+K.&rft.au=Durand%2C%26%2332%3BRodolphe&rft.au=Levine%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+I.&rft.au=Touboul%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel&rft.date=1+August+2016&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1597%E2%80%931614&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fsmj.2407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fsmj.2407&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:50-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:50_67-0\">67.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:50_67-1\">67.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Saadaoui, Khaled; Soobaroyen, Teerooven (5 March 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-06-2016-0031\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"An analysis of the methodologies adopted by CSR rating agencies\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal<\/i> <b>9<\/b> (1): 43\u201362. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-06-2016-0031\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/SAMPJ-06-2016-0031<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2040-8021\" target=\"_blank\">2040-8021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-06-2016-0031\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-06-2016-0031\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+the+methodologies+adopted+by+CSR+rating+agencies&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Accounting%2C+Management+and+Policy+Journal&rft.aulast=Saadaoui&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft.au=Saadaoui%2C%26%2332%3BKhaled&rft.au=Soobaroyen%2C%26%2332%3BTeerooven&rft.date=5+March+2018&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43%E2%80%9362&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-06-2016-0031&rft.issn=2040-8021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FSAMPJ-06-2016-0031%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-68\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Burritt, Roger Leonard; Christ, Katherine Leanne; Rammal, Hussain Gulzar; Schaltegger, Stefan (1 June 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-018-4066-0\" target=\"_blank\">\"Multinational Enterprise Strategies for Addressing Sustainability: the Need for Consolidation\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Business Ethics<\/i> <b>164<\/b> (2): 389\u2013410. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10551-018-4066-0\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10551-018-4066-0<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0167-4544\" target=\"_blank\">0167-4544<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-018-4066-0\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10551-018-4066-0<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multinational+Enterprise+Strategies+for+Addressing+Sustainability%3A+the+Need+for+Consolidation&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.aulast=Burritt&rft.aufirst=Roger+Leonard&rft.au=Burritt%2C%26%2332%3BRoger+Leonard&rft.au=Christ%2C%26%2332%3BKatherine+Leanne&rft.au=Rammal%2C%26%2332%3BHussain+Gulzar&rft.au=Schaltegger%2C%26%2332%3BStefan&rft.date=1+June+2020&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389%E2%80%93410&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10551-018-4066-0&rft.issn=0167-4544&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-018-4066-0&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-69\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jeriji, Maher; Louhichi, Wa\u00ebl (23 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-04-2020-0094\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The relationship between poor CSR performance and hard, negative CSR information disclosures\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal<\/i> <b>12<\/b> (2): 410\u2013436. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-04-2020-0094\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/SAMPJ-04-2020-0094<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2040-8021\" target=\"_blank\">2040-8021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-04-2020-0094\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-04-2020-0094\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+poor+CSR+performance+and+hard%2C+negative+CSR+information+disclosures&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Accounting%2C+Management+and+Policy+Journal&rft.aulast=Jeriji&rft.aufirst=Maher&rft.au=Jeriji%2C%26%2332%3BMaher&rft.au=Louhichi%2C%26%2332%3BWa%C3%ABl&rft.date=23+January+2021&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=410%E2%80%93436&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-04-2020-0094&rft.issn=2040-8021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FSAMPJ-04-2020-0094%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:22-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:22_70-0\">70.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:22_70-1\">70.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:22_70-2\">70.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:22_70-3\">70.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:22_70-4\">70.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:22_70-5\">70.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:22_70-6\">70.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tan, Lee Peng (1 March 2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652603001987\" target=\"_blank\">\"Implementing ISO 14001: is it beneficial for firms in newly industrialized Malaysia?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>13<\/b> (4): 397\u2013404. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2003.12.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2003.12.002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652603001987\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652603001987<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Implementing+ISO+14001%3A+is+it+beneficial+for+firms+in+newly+industrialized+Malaysia%3F&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Lee+Peng&rft.au=Tan%2C%26%2332%3BLee+Peng&rft.date=1+March+2005&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=397%E2%80%93404&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2003.12.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652603001987&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:23-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_71-0\">71.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_71-1\">71.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_71-2\">71.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:23_71-3\">71.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Schylander, Elisabeth; Martinuzzi, Andr\u00e9 (1 February 2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.473\" target=\"_blank\">\"ISO 14001 \u2013 experiences, effects and future challenges: a national study in Austria\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/i> <b>16<\/b> (2): 133\u2013147. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbse.473\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bse.473<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.473\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.473<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISO+14001+%E2%80%93+experiences%2C+effects+and+future+challenges%3A+a+national+study+in+Austria&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=Schylander&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Schylander%2C%26%2332%3BElisabeth&rft.au=Martinuzzi%2C%26%2332%3BAndr%C3%A9&rft.date=1+February+2007&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133%E2%80%93147&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbse.473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.473&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:24-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_72-0\">72.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_72-1\">72.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_72-2\">72.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_72-3\">72.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:24_72-4\">72.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gavronski, Iuri; Ferrer, Geraldo; Paiva, Ely Laureano (1 January 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095965260600415X\" target=\"_blank\">\"ISO 14001 certification in Brazil: motivations and benefits\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>16<\/b> (1): 87\u201394. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2006.11.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2006.11.002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095965260600415X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095965260600415X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISO+14001+certification+in+Brazil%3A+motivations+and+benefits&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Gavronski&rft.aufirst=Iuri&rft.au=Gavronski%2C%26%2332%3BIuri&rft.au=Ferrer%2C%26%2332%3BGeraldo&rft.au=Paiva%2C%26%2332%3BEly+Laureano&rft.date=1+January+2008&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87%E2%80%9394&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2006.11.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS095965260600415X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:25-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:25_73-0\">73.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:25_73-1\">73.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:25_73-2\">73.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Comoglio, Claudio; Botta, Serena (1 January 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652611003301\" target=\"_blank\">\"The use of indicators and the role of environmental management systems for environmental performances improvement: a survey on ISO 14001 certified companies in the automotive sector\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>20<\/b> (1): 92\u2013102. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2011.08.022\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2011.08.022<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652611003301\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652611003301<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+use+of+indicators+and+the+role+of+environmental+management+systems+for+environmental+performances+improvement%3A+a+survey+on+ISO+14001+certified+companies+in+the+automotive+sector&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Comoglio&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Comoglio%2C%26%2332%3BClaudio&rft.au=Botta%2C%26%2332%3BSerena&rft.date=1+January+2012&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92%E2%80%93102&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2011.08.022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652611003301&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:34-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:34_74-0\">74.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:34_74-1\">74.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:34_74-2\">74.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wong, Christina W.Y.; Wong, Chee Yew; Boon-itt, Sakun (1 October 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527320301237\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental management systems, practices and outcomes: Differences in resource allocation between small and large firms\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Production Economics<\/i> <b>228<\/b>: 107734. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijpe.2020.107734\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ijpe.2020.107734<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527320301237\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527320301237<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental+management+systems%2C+practices+and+outcomes%3A+Differences+in+resource+allocation+between+small+and+large+firms&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Production+Economics&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Christina+W.Y.&rft.au=Wong%2C%26%2332%3BChristina+W.Y.&rft.au=Wong%2C%26%2332%3BChee+Yew&rft.au=Boon-itt%2C%26%2332%3BSakun&rft.date=1+October+2020&rft.volume=228&rft.pages=107734&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ijpe.2020.107734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0925527320301237&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:35-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:35_75-0\">75.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:35_75-1\">75.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Potoski, Matthew; Prakash, Aseem (23\/2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pam.20136\" target=\"_blank\">\"Covenants with weak swords: ISO 14001 and facilities' environmental performance\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Policy Analysis and Management<\/i> <b>24<\/b> (4): 745\u2013769. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fpam.20136\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/pam.20136<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0276-8739\" target=\"_blank\">0276-8739<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pam.20136\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pam.20136<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Covenants+with+weak+swords%3A+ISO+14001+and+facilities%27+environmental+performance&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+Analysis+and+Management&rft.aulast=Potoski&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Potoski%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew&rft.au=Prakash%2C%26%2332%3BAseem&rft.date=23%2F2005&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=745%E2%80%93769&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fpam.20136&rft.issn=0276-8739&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fpam.20136&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:26-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_76-0\">76.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_76-1\">76.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_76-2\">76.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_76-3\">76.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_76-4\">76.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:26_76-5\">76.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Boiral, Olivier; Guillaumie, Laurence; Heras-Saizarbitoria, I\u00f1aki; Tayo Tene, Christian Valery (1 April 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijmr.12139\" target=\"_blank\">\"Adoption and Outcomes of ISO 14001: A Systematic Review: Adoption and Outcomes of ISO 14001\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Management Reviews<\/i> <b>20<\/b> (2): 411\u2013432. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fijmr.12139\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/ijmr.12139<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijmr.12139\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ijmr.12139<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Adoption+and+Outcomes+of+ISO+14001%3A+A+Systematic+Review%3A+Adoption+and+Outcomes+of+ISO+14001&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Management+Reviews&rft.aulast=Boiral&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Boiral%2C%26%2332%3BOlivier&rft.au=Guillaumie%2C%26%2332%3BLaurence&rft.au=Heras-Saizarbitoria%2C%26%2332%3BI%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Tayo+Tene%2C%26%2332%3BChristian+Valery&rft.date=1+April+2018&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=411%E2%80%93432&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fijmr.12139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fijmr.12139&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:27-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:27_77-0\">77.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:27_77-1\">77.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:27_77-2\">77.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Shi, Yuwen; Lin, Wei; Chen, Ping-Kuo; Su, Chun-Hsien (3 June 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJIS-02-2018-0009\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"How can the ISO 9000 QMS improve the organizational innovation of supply chains?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Innovation Science<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (2): 278\u2013298. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FIJIS-02-2018-0009\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/IJIS-02-2018-0009<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1757-2223\" target=\"_blank\">1757-2223<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJIS-02-2018-0009\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJIS-02-2018-0009\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+can+the+ISO+9000+QMS+improve+the+organizational+innovation+of+supply+chains%3F&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Innovation+Science&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=Yuwen&rft.au=Shi%2C%26%2332%3BYuwen&rft.au=Lin%2C%26%2332%3BWei&rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BPing-Kuo&rft.au=Su%2C%26%2332%3BChun-Hsien&rft.date=3+June+2019&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=278%E2%80%93298&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FIJIS-02-2018-0009&rft.issn=1757-2223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FIJIS-02-2018-0009%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:28-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_78-0\">78.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_78-1\">78.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_78-2\">78.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_78-3\">78.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_78-4\">78.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:28_78-5\">78.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bravi, Laura; Santos, Gilberto; Pagano, Alessandro; Murmura, Federica (1 November 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.1985\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental management system according to ISO 14001:2015 as a driver to sustainable development\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management<\/i> <b>27<\/b> (6): 2599\u20132614. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fcsr.1985\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/csr.1985<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1535-3958\" target=\"_blank\">1535-3958<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.1985\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/csr.1985<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental+management+system+according+to+ISO+14001%3A2015+as+a+driver+to+sustainable+development&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Social+Responsibility+and+Environmental+Management&rft.aulast=Bravi&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Bravi%2C%26%2332%3BLaura&rft.au=Santos%2C%26%2332%3BGilberto&rft.au=Pagano%2C%26%2332%3BAlessandro&rft.au=Murmura%2C%26%2332%3BFederica&rft.date=1+November+2020&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2599%E2%80%932614&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fcsr.1985&rft.issn=1535-3958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcsr.1985&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:36-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:36_79-0\">79.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:36_79-1\">79.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Eng Ann, Goh; Zailani, Suhaiza; Abd Wahid, Nabsiah (1 January 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14777830610639459\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"A study on the impact of environmental management system (EMS) certification towards firms' performance in Malaysia\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal<\/i> <b>17<\/b> (1): 73\u201393. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F14777830610639459\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/14777830610639459<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1477-7835\" target=\"_blank\">1477-7835<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14777830610639459\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14777830610639459\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+study+on+the+impact+of+environmental+management+system+%28EMS%29+certification+towards+firms%27+performance+in+Malaysia&rft.jtitle=Management+of+Environmental+Quality%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.aulast=Eng+Ann&rft.aufirst=Goh&rft.au=Eng+Ann%2C%26%2332%3BGoh&rft.au=Zailani%2C%26%2332%3BSuhaiza&rft.au=Abd+Wahid%2C%26%2332%3BNabsiah&rft.date=1+January+2006&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73%E2%80%9393&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F14777830610639459&rft.issn=1477-7835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F14777830610639459%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:37-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:37_80-0\">80.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:37_80-1\">80.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ziegler, Andreas (1 February 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09640568.2013.855180\" target=\"_blank\">\"Disentangling technological innovations: a micro-econometric analysis of their determinants\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Environmental Planning and Management<\/i> <b>58<\/b> (2): 315\u2013335. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F09640568.2013.855180\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/09640568.2013.855180<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0964-0568\" target=\"_blank\">0964-0568<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09640568.2013.855180\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09640568.2013.855180<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Disentangling+technological+innovations%3A+a+micro-econometric+analysis+of+their+determinants&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Planning+and+Management&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Ziegler%2C%26%2332%3BAndreas&rft.date=1+February+2015&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=315%E2%80%93335&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F09640568.2013.855180&rft.issn=0964-0568&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09640568.2013.855180&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-81\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Manders, Basak; de Vries, Henk J.; Blind, Knut (1 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166497215000784\" target=\"_blank\">\"ISO 9001 and product innovation: A literature review and research framework\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Technovation<\/i> <b>48-49<\/b>: 41\u201355. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.technovation.2015.11.004\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.technovation.2015.11.004<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166497215000784\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166497215000784<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISO+9001+and+product+innovation%3A+A+literature+review+and+research+framework&rft.jtitle=Technovation&rft.aulast=Manders&rft.aufirst=Basak&rft.au=Manders%2C%26%2332%3BBasak&rft.au=de+Vries%2C%26%2332%3BHenk+J.&rft.au=Blind%2C%26%2332%3BKnut&rft.date=1+February+2016&rft.volume=48-49&rft.pages=41%E2%80%9355&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.technovation.2015.11.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0166497215000784&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:38-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:38_82-0\">82.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:38_82-1\">82.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Montobbio, Fabio; Solito, Ilaria (1 January 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.1986\" target=\"_blank\">\"Does the Eco\u2010Management and Audit Scheme Foster Innovation in European Firms?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/i> <b>27<\/b> (1): 82\u201399. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbse.1986\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bse.1986<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0964-4733\" target=\"_blank\">0964-4733<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.1986\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.1986<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Does+the+Eco%E2%80%90Management+and+Audit+Scheme+Foster+Innovation+in+European+Firms%3F&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=Montobbio&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rft.au=Montobbio%2C%26%2332%3BFabio&rft.au=Solito%2C%26%2332%3BIlaria&rft.date=1+January+2018&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82%E2%80%9399&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbse.1986&rft.issn=0964-4733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.1986&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-83\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Papagiannakis, Giorgos; Voudouris, Irini; Lioukas, Spyros; Kassinis, George (1 September 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2293\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental management systems and environmental product innovation: The role of stakeholder engagement\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/i> <b>28<\/b> (6): 939\u2013950. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbse.2293\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bse.2293<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2293\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2293<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental+management+systems+and+environmental+product+innovation%3A+The+role+of+stakeholder+engagement&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=Papagiannakis&rft.aufirst=Giorgos&rft.au=Papagiannakis%2C%26%2332%3BGiorgos&rft.au=Voudouris%2C%26%2332%3BIrini&rft.au=Lioukas%2C%26%2332%3BSpyros&rft.au=Kassinis%2C%26%2332%3BGeorge&rft.date=1+September+2019&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=939%E2%80%93950&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbse.2293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.2293&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-84\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Erauskin\u2010Tolosa, Artitzar; Zubeltzu\u2010Jaka, Eugenio; Heras\u2010Saizarbitoria, I\u00f1aki; Boiral, Olivier (1 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2422\" target=\"_blank\">\"ISO 14001, EMAS and environmental performance: A meta\u2010analysis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/i> <b>29<\/b> (3): 1145\u20131159. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbse.2422\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bse.2422<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0964-4733\" target=\"_blank\">0964-4733<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2422\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2422<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISO+14001%2C+EMAS+and+environmental+performance%3A+A+meta%E2%80%90analysis&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=Erauskin%E2%80%90Tolosa&rft.aufirst=Artitzar&rft.au=Erauskin%E2%80%90Tolosa%2C%26%2332%3BArtitzar&rft.au=Zubeltzu%E2%80%90Jaka%2C%26%2332%3BEugenio&rft.au=Heras%E2%80%90Saizarbitoria%2C%26%2332%3BI%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Boiral%2C%26%2332%3BOlivier&rft.date=1+March+2020&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1145%E2%80%931159&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbse.2422&rft.issn=0964-4733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.2422&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:29-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_85-0\">85.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_85-1\">85.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_85-2\">85.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_85-3\">85.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_85-4\">85.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:29_85-5\">85.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gotzamani, Katerina D.; Tsiotras, George D. (1 March 2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02656710210413499\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The true motives behind ISO 9000 certification: Their effect on the overall certification benefits and long term contribution towards TQM\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management<\/i> <b>19<\/b> (2): 151\u2013169. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F02656710210413499\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/02656710210413499<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0265-671X\" target=\"_blank\">0265-671X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02656710210413499\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02656710210413499\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+true+motives+behind+ISO+9000+certification%3A+Their+effect+on+the+overall+certification+benefits+and+long+term+contribution+towards+TQM&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Quality+%26+Reliability+Management&rft.aulast=Gotzamani&rft.aufirst=Katerina+D.&rft.au=Gotzamani%2C%26%2332%3BKaterina+D.&rft.au=Tsiotras%2C%26%2332%3BGeorge+D.&rft.date=1+March+2002&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151%E2%80%93169&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F02656710210413499&rft.issn=0265-671X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F02656710210413499%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:30-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:30_86-0\">86.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:30_86-1\">86.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:30_86-2\">86.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:30_86-3\">86.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Arauz, Rita; Suzuki, Hideo (1 January 2004). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1478336032000149072\" target=\"_blank\">\"ISO 9000 Performance in Japanese Industries\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Total Quality Management & Business Excellence<\/i> <b>15<\/b> (1): 3\u201333. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F1478336032000149072\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/1478336032000149072<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1478-3363\" target=\"_blank\">1478-3363<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1478336032000149072\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1478336032000149072<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISO+9000+Performance+in+Japanese+Industries&rft.jtitle=Total+Quality+Management+%26+Business+Excellence&rft.aulast=Arauz&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft.au=Arauz%2C%26%2332%3BRita&rft.au=Suzuki%2C%26%2332%3BHideo&rft.date=1+January+2004&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3%E2%80%9333&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F1478336032000149072&rft.issn=1478-3363&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F1478336032000149072&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:31-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_87-0\">87.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_87-1\">87.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_87-2\">87.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_87-3\">87.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_87-4\">87.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:31_87-5\">87.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Casades\u00fas, Mart\u00ed; Karapetrovic, Stanislav (1 June 2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/01443570510599737\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Has ISO 9000 lost some of its lustre? A longitudinal impact study\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Operations & Production Management<\/i> <b>25<\/b> (6): 580\u2013596. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F01443570510599737\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/01443570510599737<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0144-3577\" target=\"_blank\">0144-3577<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/01443570510599737\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/01443570510599737\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Has+ISO+9000+lost+some+of+its+lustre%3F+A+longitudinal+impact+study&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Operations+%26+Production+Management&rft.aulast=Casades%C3%BAs&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%AD&rft.au=Casades%C3%BAs%2C%26%2332%3BMart%C3%AD&rft.au=Karapetrovic%2C%26%2332%3BStanislav&rft.date=1+June+2005&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=580%E2%80%93596&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F01443570510599737&rft.issn=0144-3577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F01443570510599737%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-88\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Link, S.; Naveh, E. (1 November 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1715643\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Standardization and Discretion: Does the Environmental Standard ISO 14001 Lead to Performance Benefits?\"<\/a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management<\/i> <b>53<\/b> (4): 508\u2013519. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109%2FTEM.2006.883704\" target=\"_blank\">10.1109\/TEM.2006.883704<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0018-9391\" target=\"_blank\">0018-9391<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1715643\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1715643\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Standardization+and+Discretion%3A+Does+the+Environmental+Standard+ISO+14001+Lead+to+Performance+Benefits%3F&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Engineering+Management&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Link%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.au=Naveh%2C%26%2332%3BE.&rft.date=1+November+2006&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=508%E2%80%93519&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1109%2FTEM.2006.883704&rft.issn=0018-9391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F1715643%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:51-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:51_89-0\">89.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:51_89-1\">89.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Morrow, David; Rondinelli, Dennis (1 April 2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0263237302000269\" target=\"_blank\">\"Adopting Corporate Environmental Management Systems:\"<\/a> (in en). <i>European Management Journal<\/i> <b>20<\/b> (2): 159\u2013171. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0263-2373%2802%2900026-9\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S0263-2373(02)00026-9<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0263237302000269\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0263237302000269<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Adopting+Corporate+Environmental+Management+Systems%3A&rft.jtitle=European+Management+Journal&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Morrow%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Rondinelli%2C%26%2332%3BDennis&rft.date=1+April+2002&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159%E2%80%93171&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2FS0263-2373%2802%2900026-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0263237302000269&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-90\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ratiu, Patricia; Mortan, Maria (30 June 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oeconomica.uab.ro\/upload\/lucrari\/1620141\/18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"\"Dynamics Of Certified Environmental Management Systems: Iso 14001 And Emas In Romania \"\"<\/a>. <i>Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (16): 198\u2013211. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.29302%2Foeconomica.2014.16.1.18\" target=\"_blank\">10.29302\/oeconomica.2014.16.1.18<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oeconomica.uab.ro\/upload\/lucrari\/1620141\/18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.oeconomica.uab.ro\/upload\/lucrari\/1620141\/18.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Dynamics+Of+Certified+Environmental+Management+Systems%3A+Iso+14001+And+Emas+In+Romania+%22&rft.jtitle=Annales+Universitatis+Apulensis+Series+Oeconomica&rft.aulast=Ratiu&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Ratiu%2C%26%2332%3BPatricia&rft.au=Mortan%2C%26%2332%3BMaria&rft.date=30+June+2014&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=198%E2%80%93211&rft_id=info:doi\/10.29302%2Foeconomica.2014.16.1.18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeconomica.uab.ro%2Fupload%2Flucrari%2F1620141%2F18.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-91\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pesce, Marco; Shi, Chenyi; Critto, Andrea; Wang, Xiaohui; Marcomini, Antonio (6 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/10\/9\/3196\" target=\"_blank\">\"SWOT Analysis of the Application of International Standard ISO 14001 in the Chinese Context. A Case Study of Guangdong Province\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (9): 3196. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu10093196\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su10093196<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/10\/9\/3196\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/10\/9\/3196<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SWOT+Analysis+of+the+Application+of+International+Standard+ISO+14001+in+the+Chinese+Context.+A+Case+Study+of+Guangdong+Province&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Pesce&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Pesce%2C%26%2332%3BMarco&rft.au=Shi%2C%26%2332%3BChenyi&rft.au=Critto%2C%26%2332%3BAndrea&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BXiaohui&rft.au=Marcomini%2C%26%2332%3BAntonio&rft.date=6+September+2018&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3196&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu10093196&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F10%2F9%2F3196&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:32-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_92-0\">92.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:32_92-1\">92.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Magd, Hesham; Curry, Adrienne (1 December 2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544780310502714\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"An empirical analysis of management attitudes towards ISO 9001:2000 in Egypt\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The TQM Magazine<\/i> <b>15<\/b> (6): 381\u2013390. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F09544780310502714\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/09544780310502714<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0954-478X\" target=\"_blank\">0954-478X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544780310502714\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544780310502714\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+empirical+analysis+of+management+attitudes+towards+ISO+9001%3A2000+in+Egypt&rft.jtitle=The+TQM+Magazine&rft.aulast=Magd&rft.aufirst=Hesham&rft.au=Magd%2C%26%2332%3BHesham&rft.au=Curry%2C%26%2332%3BAdrienne&rft.date=1+December+2003&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=381%E2%80%93390&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F09544780310502714&rft.issn=0954-478X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F09544780310502714%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:33-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:33_93-0\">93.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:33_93-1\">93.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:33_93-2\">93.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pan, Jeh\u2010Nan (1 November 2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635570310497611\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"A comparative study on motivation for and experience with ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 certification among Far Eastern countries\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Industrial Management & Data Systems<\/i> <b>103<\/b> (8): 564\u2013578. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F02635570310497611\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/02635570310497611<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0263-5577\" target=\"_blank\">0263-5577<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635570310497611\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635570310497611\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+comparative+study+on+motivation+for+and+experience+with+ISO+9000+and+ISO+14000+certification+among+Far+Eastern+countries&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Management+%26+Data+Systems&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Jeh%E2%80%90Nan&rft.au=Pan%2C%26%2332%3BJeh%E2%80%90Nan&rft.date=1+November+2003&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=564%E2%80%93578&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F02635570310497611&rft.issn=0263-5577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F02635570310497611%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:39-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:39_94-0\">94.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:39_94-1\">94.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zeng, S.X.; Tam, C.M.; Tam, Vivian W.Y.; Deng, Z.M. (1 June 2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652604000101\" target=\"_blank\">\"Towards implementation of ISO 14001 environmental management systems in selected industries in China\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>13<\/b> (7): 645\u2013656. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2003.12.009\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2003.12.009<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652604000101\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652604000101<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+implementation+of+ISO+14001+environmental+management+systems+in+selected+industries+in+China&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=S.X.&rft.au=Zeng%2C%26%2332%3BS.X.&rft.au=Tam%2C%26%2332%3BC.M.&rft.au=Tam%2C%26%2332%3BVivian+W.Y.&rft.au=Deng%2C%26%2332%3BZ.M.&rft.date=1+June+2005&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=645%E2%80%93656&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2003.12.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652604000101&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-95\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Melnyk, Steven A; Sroufe, Robert P; Calantone, Roger (1 May 2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/S0272-6963%2802%2900109-2\" target=\"_blank\">\"Assessing the impact of environmental management systems on corporate and environmental performance\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Operations Management<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (3): 329\u2013351. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0272-6963%2802%2900109-2\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S0272-6963(02)00109-2<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0272-6963\" target=\"_blank\">0272-6963<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/S0272-6963%2802%2900109-2\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/S0272-6963%2802%2900109-2<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+impact+of+environmental+management+systems+on+corporate+and+environmental+performance&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Operations+Management&rft.aulast=Melnyk&rft.aufirst=Steven+A&rft.au=Melnyk%2C%26%2332%3BSteven+A&rft.au=Sroufe%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+P&rft.au=Calantone%2C%26%2332%3BRoger&rft.date=1+May+2003&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329%E2%80%93351&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2FS0272-6963%2802%2900109-2&rft.issn=0272-6963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1016%2FS0272-6963%252802%252900109-2&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-96\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Padma, P.; Ganesh, L.S.; Rajendran, Chandrasekharan (29 February 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14635770810854353\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"A study on the ISO 14000 certification and organizational performance of Indian manufacturing firms\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Benchmarking: An International Journal<\/i> <b>15<\/b> (1): 73\u2013100. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F14635770810854353\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/14635770810854353<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1463-5771\" target=\"_blank\">1463-5771<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14635770810854353\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14635770810854353\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+study+on+the+ISO+14000+certification+and+organizational+performance+of+Indian+manufacturing+firms&rft.jtitle=Benchmarking%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.aulast=Padma&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Padma%2C%26%2332%3BP.&rft.au=Ganesh%2C%26%2332%3BL.S.&rft.au=Rajendran%2C%26%2332%3BChandrasekharan&rft.date=29+February+2008&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73%E2%80%93100&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F14635770810854353&rft.issn=1463-5771&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F14635770810854353%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:40-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:40_97-0\">97.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:40_97-1\">97.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Siva, Vanajah; Gremyr, Ida; Bergquist, Bjarne; Garvare, Rickard; Zobel, Thomas; Isaksson, Raine (1 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095965261600038X\" target=\"_blank\">\"The support of Quality Management to sustainable development: a literature review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>138<\/b>: 148\u2013157. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.01.020\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.01.020<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095965261600038X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095965261600038X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+support+of+Quality+Management+to+sustainable+development%3A+a+literature+review&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Siva&rft.aufirst=Vanajah&rft.au=Siva%2C%26%2332%3BVanajah&rft.au=Gremyr%2C%26%2332%3BIda&rft.au=Bergquist%2C%26%2332%3BBjarne&rft.au=Garvare%2C%26%2332%3BRickard&rft.au=Zobel%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.au=Isaksson%2C%26%2332%3BRaine&rft.date=1+December+2016&rft.volume=138&rft.pages=148%E2%80%93157&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.01.020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS095965261600038X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-98\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Grotta, Renata Carolina; Machado J\u00fanior, Celso; Souza, Maria Tereza Saraiva de; Ribeiro, Daielly Melina Nassif Mantovani; Bazanini, Roberto (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-530X2020000200202&tlng=en\" target=\"_blank\">\"Analysis of the affinity of the principles of corporate governance to the ISO 14001 environmental management system standard\"<\/a>. <i>Gest\u00e3o & Produ\u00e7\u00e3o<\/i> <b>27<\/b> (2): e4026. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1590%2F0104-530x4026-20\" target=\"_blank\">10.1590\/0104-530x4026-20<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1806-9649\" target=\"_blank\">1806-9649<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-530X2020000200202&tlng=en\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-530X2020000200202&tlng=en<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+affinity+of+the+principles+of+corporate+governance+to+the+ISO+14001+environmental+management+system+standard&rft.jtitle=Gest%C3%A3o+%26+Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.aulast=Grotta&rft.aufirst=Renata+Carolina&rft.au=Grotta%2C%26%2332%3BRenata+Carolina&rft.au=Machado+J%C3%BAnior%2C%26%2332%3BCelso&rft.au=Souza%2C%26%2332%3BMaria+Tereza+Saraiva+de&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C%26%2332%3BDaielly+Melina+Nassif+Mantovani&rft.au=Bazanini%2C%26%2332%3BRoberto&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e4026&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1590%2F0104-530x4026-20&rft.issn=1806-9649&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0104-530X2020000200202%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-99\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Castka, Pavel; Balzarova, Michaela A. (21 March 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635570810858732\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Adoption of social responsibility through the expansion of existing management systems\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Industrial Management & Data Systems<\/i> <b>108<\/b> (3): 297\u2013309. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F02635570810858732\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/02635570810858732<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0263-5577\" target=\"_blank\">0263-5577<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635570810858732\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635570810858732\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Adoption+of+social+responsibility+through+the+expansion+of+existing+management+systems&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Management+%26+Data+Systems&rft.aulast=Castka&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft.au=Castka%2C%26%2332%3BPavel&rft.au=Balzarova%2C%26%2332%3BMichaela+A.&rft.date=21+March+2008&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297%E2%80%93309&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F02635570810858732&rft.issn=0263-5577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F02635570810858732%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-100\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Benavides-Velasco, Carlos A.; Quintana-Garc\u00eda, Cristina; Marchante-Lara, Macarena (1 August 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278431914000760\" target=\"_blank\">\"Total quality management, corporate social responsibility and performance in the hotel industry\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Hospitality Management<\/i> <b>41<\/b>: 77\u201387. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijhm.2014.05.003\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ijhm.2014.05.003<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278431914000760\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278431914000760<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Total+quality+management%2C+corporate+social+responsibility+and+performance+in+the+hotel+industry&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hospitality+Management&rft.aulast=Benavides-Velasco&rft.aufirst=Carlos+A.&rft.au=Benavides-Velasco%2C%26%2332%3BCarlos+A.&rft.au=Quintana-Garc%C3%ADa%2C%26%2332%3BCristina&rft.au=Marchante-Lara%2C%26%2332%3BMacarena&rft.date=1+August+2014&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=77%E2%80%9387&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ijhm.2014.05.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0278431914000760&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:52-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:52_101-0\">101.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:52_101-1\">101.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:52_101-2\">101.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Frolova, Irina; Lapina, Inga (15 June 2015). Su Mi Dahlgaard-Park, Prof Jens J. Dahlgaard, Professor. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJQSS-03-2015-0033\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integration of CSR principles in quality management\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (2\/3): 260\u2013273. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FIJQSS-03-2015-0033\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/IJQSS-03-2015-0033<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1756-669X\" target=\"_blank\">1756-669X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJQSS-03-2015-0033\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJQSS-03-2015-0033\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integration+of+CSR+principles+in+quality+management&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Quality+and+Service+Sciences&rft.aulast=Frolova&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.au=Frolova%2C%26%2332%3BIrina&rft.au=Lapina%2C%26%2332%3BInga&rft.date=15+June+2015&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=260%E2%80%93273&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FIJQSS-03-2015-0033&rft.issn=1756-669X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FIJQSS-03-2015-0033%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:53-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:53_102-0\">102.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:53_102-1\">102.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ikram, M.; Zhou, P.; Shah, S.A.A.; Liu, G.Q. (1 July 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652619309758\" target=\"_blank\">\"Do environmental management systems help improve corporate sustainable development? Evidence from manufacturing companies in Pakistan\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>226<\/b>: 628\u2013641. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.03.265\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.265<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652619309758\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652619309758<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+environmental+management+systems+help+improve+corporate+sustainable+development%3F+Evidence+from+manufacturing+companies+in+Pakistan&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Ikram&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Ikram%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.au=Zhou%2C%26%2332%3BP.&rft.au=Shah%2C%26%2332%3BS.A.A.&rft.au=Liu%2C%26%2332%3BG.Q.&rft.date=1+July+2019&rft.volume=226&rft.pages=628%E2%80%93641&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.03.265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652619309758&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:54-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:54_103-0\">103.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:54_103-1\">103.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Dubravsk\u00e1, Mariana; Marchevsk\u00e1, Martina; Va\u0161ani\u010dov\u00e1, Petra; Kotuli\u010d, Rastislav (6 July 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/13\/5431\" target=\"_blank\">\"Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management Linkage: An Empirical Analysis of the Slovak Republic\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>12<\/b> (13): 5431. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu12135431\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su12135431<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/13\/5431\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/13\/5431<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Corporate+Social+Responsibility+and+Environmental+Management+Linkage%3A+An+Empirical+Analysis+of+the+Slovak+Republic&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Dubravsk%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Mariana&rft.au=Dubravsk%C3%A1%2C%26%2332%3BMariana&rft.au=Marchevsk%C3%A1%2C%26%2332%3BMartina&rft.au=Va%C5%A1ani%C4%8Dov%C3%A1%2C%26%2332%3BPetra&rft.au=Kotuli%C4%8D%2C%26%2332%3BRastislav&rft.date=6+July+2020&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=5431&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu12135431&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F12%2F13%2F5431&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-104\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Casades\u00fas, Mart\u00ed; Karapetrovic, Stanislav; Heras, I\u00f1aki (11 January 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17542731111097506\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Synergies in standardized management systems: some empirical evidence\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The TQM Journal<\/i> <b>23<\/b> (1): 73\u201386. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F17542731111097506\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/17542731111097506<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1754-2731\" target=\"_blank\">1754-2731<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17542731111097506\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17542731111097506\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Synergies+in+standardized+management+systems%3A+some+empirical+evidence&rft.jtitle=The+TQM+Journal&rft.aulast=Casades%C3%BAs&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%AD&rft.au=Casades%C3%BAs%2C%26%2332%3BMart%C3%AD&rft.au=Karapetrovic%2C%26%2332%3BStanislav&rft.au=Heras%2C%26%2332%3BI%C3%B1aki&rft.date=11+January+2011&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73%E2%80%9386&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F17542731111097506&rft.issn=1754-2731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F17542731111097506%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:55-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:55_105-0\">105.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:55_105-1\">105.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ferr\u00f3n V\u00edlchez, Vera; Darnall, Nicole (1 May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.1864\" target=\"_blank\">\"Two are Better Than One: The Link Between Management Systems and Business Performance: Link Between Management Systems and Performance\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/i> <b>25<\/b> (4): 221\u2013240. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbse.1864\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bse.1864<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.1864\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.1864<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+are+Better+Than+One%3A+The+Link+Between+Management+Systems+and+Business+Performance%3A+Link+Between+Management+Systems+and+Performance&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=Ferr%C3%B3n+V%C3%ADlchez&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft.au=Ferr%C3%B3n+V%C3%ADlchez%2C%26%2332%3BVera&rft.au=Darnall%2C%26%2332%3BNicole&rft.date=1+May+2016&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=221%E2%80%93240&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbse.1864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.1864&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-106\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Karapetrovic, Stanislav; Casades\u00fas, Mart\u00ed (1 March 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652608002394\" target=\"_blank\">\"Implementing environmental with other standardized management systems: Scope, sequence, time and integration\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>17<\/b> (5): 533\u2013540. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2008.09.006\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2008.09.006<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652608002394\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652608002394<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Implementing+environmental+with+other+standardized+management+systems%3A+Scope%2C+sequence%2C+time+and+integration&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Karapetrovic&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft.au=Karapetrovic%2C%26%2332%3BStanislav&rft.au=Casades%C3%BAs%2C%26%2332%3BMart%C3%AD&rft.date=1+March+2009&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=533%E2%80%93540&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2008.09.006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652608002394&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-107\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hernandez-Vivanco, Alfonso; Bernardo, Merce; Cruz-C\u00e1zares, Claudio (1 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618317025\" target=\"_blank\">\"Sustainable innovation through management systems integration\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>196<\/b>: 1176\u20131187. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.06.052\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.06.052<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618317025\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618317025<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sustainable+innovation+through+management+systems+integration&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Hernandez-Vivanco&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft.au=Hernandez-Vivanco%2C%26%2332%3BAlfonso&rft.au=Bernardo%2C%26%2332%3BMerce&rft.au=Cruz-C%C3%A1zares%2C%26%2332%3BClaudio&rft.date=1+September+2018&rft.volume=196&rft.pages=1176%E2%80%931187&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.06.052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652618317025&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-108\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Abad, Jes\u00fas; Dalmau, In\u00e9s; Vilajosana, Jordi (1 September 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652614004491\" target=\"_blank\">\"Taxonomic proposal for integration levels of management systems based on empirical evidence and derived corporate benefits\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>78<\/b>: 164\u2013173. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2014.04.084\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.04.084<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652614004491\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652614004491<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taxonomic+proposal+for+integration+levels+of+management+systems+based+on+empirical+evidence+and+derived+corporate+benefits&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Abad&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rft.au=Abad%2C%26%2332%3BJes%C3%BAs&rft.au=Dalmau%2C%26%2332%3BIn%C3%A9s&rft.au=Vilajosana%2C%26%2332%3BJordi&rft.date=1+September+2014&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=164%E2%80%93173&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2014.04.084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652614004491&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-109\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ferreira Rebelo, Manuel; Santos, Gilberto; Silva, Rui (4 March 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/TQM-08-2012-0055\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"A generic model for integration of Quality, Environment and Safety Management Systems\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The TQM Journal<\/i> <b>26<\/b> (2): 143\u2013159. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FTQM-08-2012-0055\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/TQM-08-2012-0055<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1754-2731\" target=\"_blank\">1754-2731<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/TQM-08-2012-0055\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/TQM-08-2012-0055\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+generic+model+for+integration+of+Quality%2C+Environment+and+Safety+Management+Systems&rft.jtitle=The+TQM+Journal&rft.aulast=Ferreira+Rebelo&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.au=Ferreira+Rebelo%2C%26%2332%3BManuel&rft.au=Santos%2C%26%2332%3BGilberto&rft.au=Silva%2C%26%2332%3BRui&rft.date=4+March+2014&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143%E2%80%93159&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FTQM-08-2012-0055&rft.issn=1754-2731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FTQM-08-2012-0055%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-110\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Simon, Alexandra; Karapetrovic, Stanislav; Casades\u00fas, Mart\u00ed (18 May 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635571211232406\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Difficulties and benefits of integrated management systems\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Industrial Management & Data Systems<\/i> <b>112<\/b> (5): 828\u2013846. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F02635571211232406\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/02635571211232406<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0263-5577\" target=\"_blank\">0263-5577<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635571211232406\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635571211232406\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Difficulties+and+benefits+of+integrated+management+systems&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Management+%26+Data+Systems&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Simon%2C%26%2332%3BAlexandra&rft.au=Karapetrovic%2C%26%2332%3BStanislav&rft.au=Casades%C3%BAs%2C%26%2332%3BMart%C3%AD&rft.date=18+May+2012&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=828%E2%80%93846&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F02635571211232406&rft.issn=0263-5577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F02635571211232406%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-111\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hartmann, Dominik; Bezerra, Mayra; Lodolo, Beatrice; Pinheiro, Fl\u00e1vio L. (1 May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1517758019300852\" target=\"_blank\">\"International trade, development traps, and the core-periphery structure of income inequality\"<\/a> (in en). <i>EconomiA<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (2): 255\u2013278. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.econ.2019.09.001\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.econ.2019.09.001<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1517758019300852\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1517758019300852<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+trade%2C+development+traps%2C+and+the+core-periphery+structure+of+income+inequality&rft.jtitle=EconomiA&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft.au=Hartmann%2C%26%2332%3BDominik&rft.au=Bezerra%2C%26%2332%3BMayra&rft.au=Lodolo%2C%26%2332%3BBeatrice&rft.au=Pinheiro%2C%26%2332%3BFl%C3%A1vio+L.&rft.date=1+May+2020&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255%E2%80%93278&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.econ.2019.09.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1517758019300852&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-112\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Nallari, Raj; Griffith, Breda (30 July 2013) (in en). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/book\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-0049-8\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Clusters of Competitiveness<\/i><\/a>. The World Bank. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1596%2F978-1-4648-0049-8\" target=\"_blank\">10.1596\/978-1-4648-0049-8<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-4648-0049-8<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/book\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-0049-8\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/book\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-0049-8<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clusters+of+Competitiveness&rft.aulast=Nallari&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft.au=Nallari%2C%26%2332%3BRaj&rft.au=Griffith%2C%26%2332%3BBreda&rft.date=30+July+2013&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1596%2F978-1-4648-0049-8&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-0049-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felibrary.worldbank.org%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1596%2F978-1-4648-0049-8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-113\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">United Nations Development Programme (2019) (PDF). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/system\/files\/documents\/\/hdr2019pdf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century<\/i><\/a>. United Nations Development Programme. pp. 351. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-92-1-004496-7<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/system\/files\/documents\/\/hdr2019pdf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/system\/files\/documents\/\/hdr2019pdf.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2019+-+Beyond+income%2C+beyond+averages%2C+beyond+today%3A+Inequalities+in+human+development+in+the+21st+century&rft.aulast=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.au=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B351&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.isbn=978-92-1-004496-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F%2Fhdr2019pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-114\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Garcia, Alexandre Sanches; Mendes-Da-Silva, Wesley; Orsato, Renato J. (1 May 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652617304067\" target=\"_blank\">\"Sensitive industries produce better ESG performance: Evidence from emerging markets\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>150<\/b>: 135\u2013147. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.02.180\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.02.180<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652617304067\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652617304067<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sensitive+industries+produce+better+ESG+performance%3A+Evidence+from+emerging+markets&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Alexandre+Sanches&rft.au=Garcia%2C%26%2332%3BAlexandre+Sanches&rft.au=Mendes-Da-Silva%2C%26%2332%3BWesley&rft.au=Orsato%2C%26%2332%3BRenato+J.&rft.date=1+May+2017&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=135%E2%80%93147&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.02.180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652617304067&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-115\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Nadae, Jeniffer de; Carvalho, Marly M.; Vieira, Darli Rodrigues (12 August 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JMTM-06-2018-0190\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Exploring the influence of environmental and social standards in integrated management systems on economic performance of firms\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management<\/i> <b>30<\/b> (5): 840\u2013861. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FJMTM-06-2018-0190\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/JMTM-06-2018-0190<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1741-038X\" target=\"_blank\">1741-038X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JMTM-06-2018-0190\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JMTM-06-2018-0190\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+influence+of+environmental+and+social+standards+in+integrated+management+systems+on+economic+performance+of+firms&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Manufacturing+Technology+Management&rft.aulast=Nadae&rft.aufirst=Jeniffer+de&rft.au=Nadae%2C%26%2332%3BJeniffer+de&rft.au=Carvalho%2C%26%2332%3BMarly+M.&rft.au=Vieira%2C%26%2332%3BDarli+Rodrigues&rft.date=12+August+2019&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=840%E2%80%93861&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FJMTM-06-2018-0190&rft.issn=1741-038X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FJMTM-06-2018-0190%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:56-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:56_116-0\">116.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:56_116-1\">116.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Thanetsunthorn, Namporn (1 September 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13520-015-0042-2\" target=\"_blank\">\"The impact of national culture on corporate social responsibility: evidence from cross-regional comparison\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Asian Journal of Business Ethics<\/i> <b>4<\/b> (1): 35\u201356. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs13520-015-0042-2\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s13520-015-0042-2<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2210-6723\" target=\"_blank\">2210-6723<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13520-015-0042-2\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13520-015-0042-2<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+national+culture+on+corporate+social+responsibility%3A+evidence+from+cross-regional+comparison&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.aulast=Thanetsunthorn&rft.aufirst=Namporn&rft.au=Thanetsunthorn%2C%26%2332%3BNamporn&rft.date=1+September+2015&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35%E2%80%9356&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs13520-015-0042-2&rft.issn=2210-6723&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs13520-015-0042-2&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:57-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_117-0\">117.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:57_117-1\">117.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Refinitiv (April 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200803143510\/https:\/\/www.refinitiv.com\/content\/dam\/marketing\/en_us\/documents\/methodology\/esg-scores-methodology.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Scores from Refinitiv\"<\/a> (PDF). Refinitiv. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.refinitiv.com\/content\/dam\/marketing\/en_us\/documents\/methodology\/esg-scores-methodology.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 03 August 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200803143510\/https:\/\/www.refinitiv.com\/content\/dam\/marketing\/en_us\/documents\/methodology\/esg-scores-methodology.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200803143510\/https:\/\/www.refinitiv.com\/content\/dam\/marketing\/en_us\/documents\/methodology\/esg-scores-methodology.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Environmental%2C+Social+and+Governance+%28ESG%29+Scores+from+Refinitiv&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Refinitiv&rft.au=Refinitiv&rft.date=April+2020&rft.pub=Refinitiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200803143510%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.refinitiv.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fmarketing%2Fen_us%2Fdocuments%2Fmethodology%2Fesg-scores-methodology.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-118\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Testa, Francesco; Rizzi, Francesco; Daddi, Tiberio; Gusmerotti, Natalia Marzia; Frey, Marco; Iraldo, Fabio (1 April 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652613009153\" target=\"_blank\">\"EMAS and ISO 14001: the differences in effectively improving environmental performance\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>68<\/b>: 165\u2013173. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2013.12.061\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.12.061<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652613009153\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652613009153<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EMAS+and+ISO+14001%3A+the+differences+in+effectively+improving+environmental+performance&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Testa&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Testa%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesco&rft.au=Rizzi%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesco&rft.au=Daddi%2C%26%2332%3BTiberio&rft.au=Gusmerotti%2C%26%2332%3BNatalia+Marzia&rft.au=Frey%2C%26%2332%3BMarco&rft.au=Iraldo%2C%26%2332%3BFabio&rft.date=1+April+2014&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=165%E2%80%93173&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2013.12.061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652613009153&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-119\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Dang, Chongyu; (Frank) Li, Zhichuan; Yang, Chen (1 January 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378426617302200\" target=\"_blank\">\"Measuring firm size in empirical corporate finance\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Banking & Finance<\/i> <b>86<\/b>: 159\u2013176. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jbankfin.2017.09.006\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2017.09.006<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378426617302200\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378426617302200<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Measuring+firm+size+in+empirical+corporate+finance&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Banking+%26+Finance&rft.aulast=Dang&rft.aufirst=Chongyu&rft.au=Dang%2C%26%2332%3BChongyu&rft.au=%28Frank%29+Li%2C%26%2332%3BZhichuan&rft.au=Yang%2C%26%2332%3BChen&rft.date=1+January+2018&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=159%E2%80%93176&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jbankfin.2017.09.006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0378426617302200&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ferreira, Camila dos Santos; Poltronieri, Camila Fabr\u00edcio; Gerolamo, Mateus Cec\u00edlio (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-530X2019000400222&tlng=en\" target=\"_blank\">\"ISO 14001:2015 and ISO 9001:2015: analyse the relationship between these management systems standards and corporate sustainability\"<\/a>. <i>Gest\u00e3o & Produ\u00e7\u00e3o<\/i> <b>26<\/b> (4): e3906. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1590%2F0104-530x3906-19\" target=\"_blank\">10.1590\/0104-530x3906-19<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1806-9649\" target=\"_blank\">1806-9649<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-530X2019000400222&tlng=en\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-530X2019000400222&tlng=en<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISO+14001%3A2015+and+ISO+9001%3A2015%3A+analyse+the+relationship+between+these+management+systems+standards+and+corporate+sustainability&rft.jtitle=Gest%C3%A3o+%26+Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.aulast=Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Camila+dos+Santos&rft.au=Ferreira%2C%26%2332%3BCamila+dos+Santos&rft.au=Poltronieri%2C%26%2332%3BCamila+Fabr%C3%ADcio&rft.au=Gerolamo%2C%26%2332%3BMateus+Cec%C3%ADlio&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e3906&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1590%2F0104-530x3906-19&rft.issn=1806-9649&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0104-530X2019000400222%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-121\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Stubblefield Loucks, Elizabeth; Martens, Martin L.; Cho, Charles H. (28 October 2010). Dillard, Jesse. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/20408021011089239\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Engaging small\u2010 and medium\u2010sized businesses in sustainability\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (2): 178\u2013200. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F20408021011089239\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/20408021011089239<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2040-8021\" target=\"_blank\">2040-8021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/20408021011089239\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/20408021011089239\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Engaging+small%E2%80%90+and+medium%E2%80%90sized+businesses+in+sustainability&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Accounting%2C+Management+and+Policy+Journal&rft.aulast=Stubblefield+Loucks&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Stubblefield+Loucks%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth&rft.au=Martens%2C%26%2332%3BMartin+L.&rft.au=Cho%2C%26%2332%3BCharles+H.&rft.date=28+October+2010&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178%E2%80%93200&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F20408021011089239&rft.issn=2040-8021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F20408021011089239%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-122\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Darnall, Nicole; Henriques, Irene; Sadorsky, Perry (1 September 2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2009.00873.x\" target=\"_blank\">\"Adopting Proactive Environmental Strategy: The Influence of Stakeholders and Firm Size: Environmental Strategy, Stakeholders, and Size\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Management Studies<\/i> <b>47<\/b> (6): 1072\u20131094. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6486.2009.00873.x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2009.00873.x<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2009.00873.x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2009.00873.x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Adopting+Proactive+Environmental+Strategy%3A+The+Influence+of+Stakeholders+and+Firm+Size%3A+Environmental+Strategy%2C+Stakeholders%2C+and+Size&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+Studies&rft.aulast=Darnall&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Darnall%2C%26%2332%3BNicole&rft.au=Henriques%2C%26%2332%3BIrene&rft.au=Sadorsky%2C%26%2332%3BPerry&rft.date=1+September+2010&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1072%E2%80%931094&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6486.2009.00873.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-6486.2009.00873.x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-123\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Seroka\u2010Stolka, Oksana; Fijorek, Kamil (1 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2506\" target=\"_blank\">\"Enhancing corporate sustainable development: Proactive environmental strategy, stakeholder pressure and the moderating effect of firm size\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/i> <b>29<\/b> (6): 2338\u20132354. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbse.2506\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/bse.2506<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0964-4733\" target=\"_blank\">0964-4733<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2506\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bse.2506<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enhancing+corporate+sustainable+development%3A+Proactive+environmental+strategy%2C+stakeholder+pressure+and+the+moderating+effect+of+firm+size&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.aulast=Seroka%E2%80%90Stolka&rft.aufirst=Oksana&rft.au=Seroka%E2%80%90Stolka%2C%26%2332%3BOksana&rft.au=Fijorek%2C%26%2332%3BKamil&rft.date=1+September+2020&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2338%E2%80%932354&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fbse.2506&rft.issn=0964-4733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.2506&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-124\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Dienes, Dominik; Sassen, Remmer; Fischer, Jasmin (3 May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-08-2014-0050\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"What are the drivers of sustainability reporting? A systematic review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (2): 154\u2013189. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-08-2014-0050\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/SAMPJ-08-2014-0050<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2040-8021\" target=\"_blank\">2040-8021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-08-2014-0050\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-08-2014-0050\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+are+the+drivers+of+sustainability+reporting%3F+A+systematic+review&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Accounting%2C+Management+and+Policy+Journal&rft.aulast=Dienes&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft.au=Dienes%2C%26%2332%3BDominik&rft.au=Sassen%2C%26%2332%3BRemmer&rft.au=Fischer%2C%26%2332%3BJasmin&rft.date=3+May+2016&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154%E2%80%93189&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-08-2014-0050&rft.issn=2040-8021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FSAMPJ-08-2014-0050%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-125\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Junita, N.L.; Yulianto, A. (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journal.unnes.ac.id\/sju\/index.php\/aaj\/article\/view\/18410\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Determinants Affecting Environmental Disclosure in the High Profile Companies in Indonesia\"<\/a>. <i>Accounting Analysis Journal<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (3): 114\u201350. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15294%2Faaj.v7i3.18410\" target=\"_blank\">10.15294\/aaj.v7i3.18410<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/journal.unnes.ac.id\/sju\/index.php\/aaj\/article\/view\/18410\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/journal.unnes.ac.id\/sju\/index.php\/aaj\/article\/view\/18410<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Determinants+Affecting+Environmental+Disclosure+in+the+High+Profile+Companies+in+Indonesia&rft.jtitle=Accounting+Analysis+Journal&rft.aulast=Junita%2C+N.L.%3B+Yulianto%2C+A.&rft.au=Junita%2C+N.L.%3B+Yulianto%2C+A.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=114%E2%80%9350&rft_id=info:doi\/10.15294%2Faaj.v7i3.18410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.unnes.ac.id%2Fsju%2Findex.php%2Faaj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F18410&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-126\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Solikhah, Badingatus; Subowo (23 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/knepublishing.com\/index.php\/KnE-Social\/article\/view\/6675\" target=\"_blank\">\"Are the Financial Performance and Media Coverage Associated with the Quality of Environmental Disclosures?\"<\/a>. <i>KnE Social Sciences<\/i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18502%2Fkss.v4i6.6675\" target=\"_blank\">10.18502\/kss.v4i6.6675<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2518-668X\" target=\"_blank\">2518-668X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/knepublishing.com\/index.php\/KnE-Social\/article\/view\/6675\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/knepublishing.com\/index.php\/KnE-Social\/article\/view\/6675<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Are+the+Financial+Performance+and+Media+Coverage+Associated+with+the+Quality+of+Environmental+Disclosures%3F&rft.jtitle=KnE+Social+Sciences&rft.aulast=Solikhah&rft.aufirst=Badingatus&rft.au=Solikhah%2C%26%2332%3BBadingatus&rft.au=Subowo&rft.date=23+March+2020&rft_id=info:doi\/10.18502%2Fkss.v4i6.6675&rft.issn=2518-668X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknepublishing.com%2Findex.php%2FKnE-Social%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6675&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-127\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Camilleri, Mark Anthony (5 May 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-10-2014-0065\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental, social and governance disclosures in Europe\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (2): 224\u2013242. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-10-2014-0065\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/SAMPJ-10-2014-0065<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2040-8021\" target=\"_blank\">2040-8021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-10-2014-0065\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-10-2014-0065\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental%2C+social+and+governance+disclosures+in+Europe&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Accounting%2C+Management+and+Policy+Journal&rft.aulast=Camilleri&rft.aufirst=Mark+Anthony&rft.au=Camilleri%2C%26%2332%3BMark+Anthony&rft.date=5+May+2015&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224%E2%80%93242&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-10-2014-0065&rft.issn=2040-8021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FSAMPJ-10-2014-0065%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-128\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rosati, Francesco; Faria, Louren\u00e7o G.D. (1 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618338150\" target=\"_blank\">\"Addressing the SDGs in sustainability reports: The relationship with institutional factors\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>215<\/b>: 1312\u20131326. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.12.107\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.107<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618338150\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618338150<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Addressing+the+SDGs+in+sustainability+reports%3A+The+relationship+with+institutional+factors&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Rosati&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Rosati%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesco&rft.au=Faria%2C%26%2332%3BLouren%C3%A7o+G.D.&rft.date=1+April+2019&rft.volume=215&rft.pages=1312%E2%80%931326&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.12.107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652618338150&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-129\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Singhania, Monica; Saini, Neha (16 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/20430795.2021.1964810\" target=\"_blank\">\"Institutional framework of ESG disclosures: comparative analysis of developed and developing countries\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment<\/i>: 1\u201344. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F20430795.2021.1964810\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/20430795.2021.1964810<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2043-0795\" target=\"_blank\">2043-0795<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/20430795.2021.1964810\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/20430795.2021.1964810<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Institutional+framework+of+ESG+disclosures%3A+comparative+analysis+of+developed+and+developing+countries&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sustainable+Finance+%26+Investment&rft.aulast=Singhania&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft.au=Singhania%2C%26%2332%3BMonica&rft.au=Saini%2C%26%2332%3BNeha&rft.date=16+August+2021&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9344&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F20430795.2021.1964810&rft.issn=2043-0795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F20430795.2021.1964810&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-130\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tran, Mi; Beddewela, Eshani (1 April 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/beer.12265\" target=\"_blank\">\"Does context matter for sustainability disclosure? Institutional factors in Southeast Asia\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Ethics: A European Review<\/i> <b>29<\/b> (2): 282\u2013302. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fbeer.12265\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/beer.12265<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0962-8770\" target=\"_blank\">0962-8770<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/beer.12265\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/beer.12265<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Does+context+matter+for+sustainability+disclosure%3F+Institutional+factors+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.jtitle=Business+Ethics%3A+A+European+Review&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Mi&rft.au=Tran%2C%26%2332%3BMi&rft.au=Beddewela%2C%26%2332%3BEshani&rft.date=1+April+2020&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282%E2%80%93302&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fbeer.12265&rft.issn=0962-8770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fbeer.12265&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-131\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Yu, Shengli; Rowe, Anna Lee (3 July 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-09-2016-0064\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Emerging phenomenon of corporate social and environmental reporting in China\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (3): 386\u2013415. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-09-2016-0064\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/SAMPJ-09-2016-0064<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2040-8021\" target=\"_blank\">2040-8021<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-09-2016-0064\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-09-2016-0064\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Emerging+phenomenon+of+corporate+social+and+environmental+reporting+in+China&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Accounting%2C+Management+and+Policy+Journal&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Shengli&rft.au=Yu%2C%26%2332%3BShengli&rft.au=Rowe%2C%26%2332%3BAnna+Lee&rft.date=3+July+2017&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=386%E2%80%93415&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FSAMPJ-09-2016-0064&rft.issn=2040-8021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FSAMPJ-09-2016-0064%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:58-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:58_132-0\">132.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:58_132-1\">132.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Delmas, Magali A.; Montes-Sancho, Maria J. (1 January 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1052150X00010289\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">\"An Institutional Perspective on the Diffusion of International Management System Standards: The Case of the Environmental Management Standard ISO 14001\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Business Ethics Quarterly<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (1): 103\u2013132. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5840%2Fbeq20112115\" target=\"_blank\">10.5840\/beq20112115<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1052-150X\" target=\"_blank\">1052-150X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1052150X00010289\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1052150X00010289\/type\/journal_article<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Institutional+Perspective+on+the+Diffusion+of+International+Management+System+Standards%3A+The+Case+of+the+Environmental+Management+Standard+ISO+14001&rft.jtitle=Business+Ethics+Quarterly&rft.aulast=Delmas&rft.aufirst=Magali+A.&rft.au=Delmas%2C%26%2332%3BMagali+A.&rft.au=Montes-Sancho%2C%26%2332%3BMaria+J.&rft.date=1+January+2011&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103%E2%80%93132&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5840%2Fbeq20112115&rft.issn=1052-150X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS1052150X00010289%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-133\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Orcos, Raquel; P\u00e9rez-Aradros, Beatriz; Blind, Knut (1 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1090951617305667\" target=\"_blank\">\"Why does the diffusion of environmental management standards differ across countries? The role of formal and informal institutions in the adoption of ISO 14001\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of World Business<\/i> <b>53<\/b> (6): 850\u2013861. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jwb.2018.07.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jwb.2018.07.002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1090951617305667\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1090951617305667<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+does+the+diffusion+of+environmental+management+standards+differ+across+countries%3F+The+role+of+formal+and+informal+institutions+in+the+adoption+of+ISO+14001&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Business&rft.aulast=Orcos&rft.aufirst=Raquel&rft.au=Orcos%2C%26%2332%3BRaquel&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Aradros%2C%26%2332%3BBeatriz&rft.au=Blind%2C%26%2332%3BKnut&rft.date=1+December+2018&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=850%E2%80%93861&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jwb.2018.07.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1090951617305667&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-134\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pantelitsa, Loizia; Irene, Voukkali; A. Zorpas, Antonis (1 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/iasks.org\/articles\/ijtee-v17-i1-pp-19-27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Boosting Regulations Legislation Reliefs Regarding Environmental Management Systems in the Framework of EMAS and ISO 14001: Case Study of Cyprus\"<\/a>. <i>International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering<\/i> <b>17<\/b> (1): 19\u201327. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5383%2Fijtee.17.01.003\" target=\"_blank\">10.5383\/ijtee.17.01.003<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/iasks.org\/articles\/ijtee-v17-i1-pp-19-27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/iasks.org\/articles\/ijtee-v17-i1-pp-19-27.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Boosting+Regulations+Legislation+Reliefs+Regarding+Environmental+Management+Systems+in+the+Framework+of+EMAS+and+ISO+14001%3A+Case+Study+of+Cyprus&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Thermal+and+Environmental+Engineering&rft.aulast=Pantelitsa&rft.aufirst=Loizia&rft.au=Pantelitsa%2C%26%2332%3BLoizia&rft.au=Irene%2C%26%2332%3BVoukkali&rft.au=A.+Zorpas%2C%26%2332%3BAntonis&rft.date=1+December+2018&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19%E2%80%9327&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5383%2Fijtee.17.01.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiasks.org%2Farticles%2Fijtee-v17-i1-pp-19-27.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-135\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Betts, Teresa K.; Wiengarten, Frank; Tadisina, Suresh K. (1 April 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652615000062\" target=\"_blank\">\"Exploring the impact of stakeholder pressure on environmental management strategies at the plant level: what does industry have to do with it?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>92<\/b>: 282\u2013294. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.01.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.01.002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652615000062\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652615000062<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+impact+of+stakeholder+pressure+on+environmental+management+strategies+at+the+plant+level%3A+what+does+industry+have+to+do+with+it%3F&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Teresa+K.&rft.au=Betts%2C%26%2332%3BTeresa+K.&rft.au=Wiengarten%2C%26%2332%3BFrank&rft.au=Tadisina%2C%26%2332%3BSuresh+K.&rft.date=1+April+2015&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=282%E2%80%93294&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.01.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652615000062&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-136\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Yalabik, Baris; Fairchild, Richard J. (1 June 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527311000351\" target=\"_blank\">\"Customer, regulatory, and competitive pressure as drivers of environmental innovation\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Production Economics<\/i> <b>131<\/b> (2): 519\u2013527. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijpe.2011.01.020\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ijpe.2011.01.020<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527311000351\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527311000351<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Customer%2C+regulatory%2C+and+competitive+pressure+as+drivers+of+environmental+innovation&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Production+Economics&rft.aulast=Yalabik&rft.aufirst=Baris&rft.au=Yalabik%2C%26%2332%3BBaris&rft.au=Fairchild%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&rft.date=1+June+2011&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=519%E2%80%93527&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ijpe.2011.01.020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0925527311000351&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-137\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tamimi, Nabil; Sebastianelli, Rose (18 September 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/MD-01-2017-0018\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Transparency among S&P 500 companies: an analysis of ESG disclosure scores\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Management Decision<\/i> <b>55<\/b> (8): 1660\u20131680. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2FMD-01-2017-0018\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/MD-01-2017-0018<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0025-1747\" target=\"_blank\">0025-1747<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/MD-01-2017-0018\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/MD-01-2017-0018\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transparency+among+S%26P+500+companies%3A+an+analysis+of+ESG+disclosure+scores&rft.jtitle=Management+Decision&rft.aulast=Tamimi&rft.aufirst=Nabil&rft.au=Tamimi%2C%26%2332%3BNabil&rft.au=Sebastianelli%2C%26%2332%3BRose&rft.date=18+September+2017&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1660%E2%80%931680&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2FMD-01-2017-0018&rft.issn=0025-1747&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FMD-01-2017-0018%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-138\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Lim, Sarina Abdul Halim; Priyono, Anjar; Ming, Chew Hueih (31 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hrmars.com\/journals\/papers\/IJARBSS\/v10-i3\/7111\" target=\"_blank\">\"An Exploratory Study of Integrated Management System on Food Safety and Organic Certifications\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (3): Pages 882\u2013892. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6007%2FIJARBSS%2Fv10-i3%2F7111\" target=\"_blank\">10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v10-i3\/7111<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2222-6990\" target=\"_blank\">2222-6990<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/hrmars.com\/journals\/papers\/IJARBSS\/v10-i3\/7111\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/hrmars.com\/journals\/papers\/IJARBSS\/v10-i3\/7111<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Exploratory+Study+of+Integrated+Management+System+on+Food+Safety+and+Organic+Certifications&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Academic+Research+in+Business+and+Social+Sciences&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Sarina+Abdul+Halim&rft.au=Lim%2C%26%2332%3BSarina+Abdul+Halim&rft.au=Priyono%2C%26%2332%3BAnjar&rft.au=Ming%2C%26%2332%3BChew+Hueih&rft.date=31+March+2020&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=Pages+882%E2%80%93892&rft_id=info:doi\/10.6007%2FIJARBSS%2Fv10-i3%2F7111&rft.issn=2222-6990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrmars.com%2Fjournals%2Fpapers%2FIJARBSS%2Fv10-i3%2F7111&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-139\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Allur, Erlantz; Heras-Saizarbitoria, I\u00f1aki; Boiral, Olivier; Testa, Francesco (21 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/10\/11\/4311\" target=\"_blank\">\"Quality and Environmental Management Linkage: A Review of the Literature\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Sustainability<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (11): 4311. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu10114311\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/su10114311<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2071-1050\" target=\"_blank\">2071-1050<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/10\/11\/4311\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/10\/11\/4311<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quality+and+Environmental+Management+Linkage%3A+A+Review+of+the+Literature&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.aulast=Allur&rft.aufirst=Erlantz&rft.au=Allur%2C%26%2332%3BErlantz&rft.au=Heras-Saizarbitoria%2C%26%2332%3BI%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Boiral%2C%26%2332%3BOlivier&rft.au=Testa%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesco&rft.date=21+November+2018&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4311&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fsu10114311&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F10%2F11%2F4311&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-140\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Sampaio, Paulo; Saraiva, Pedro; Domingues, Pedro (13 April 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02656711211224857\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Management systems: integration or addition?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management<\/i> <b>29<\/b> (4): 402\u2013424. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F02656711211224857\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/02656711211224857<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0265-671X\" target=\"_blank\">0265-671X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02656711211224857\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02656711211224857\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Management+systems%3A+integration+or+addition%3F&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Quality+%26+Reliability+Management&rft.aulast=Sampaio&rft.aufirst=Paulo&rft.au=Sampaio%2C%26%2332%3BPaulo&rft.au=Saraiva%2C%26%2332%3BPedro&rft.au=Domingues%2C%26%2332%3BPedro&rft.date=13+April+2012&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=402%E2%80%93424&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F02656711211224857&rft.issn=0265-671X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F02656711211224857%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-141\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Asif, Muhammad; Joost de Bruijn, Erik; Fisscher, Olaf A.M.; Searcy, Cory (5 October 2010). Karapetrovic, Stanislav. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17542731011085285\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Meta\u2010management of integration of management systems\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The TQM Journal<\/i> <b>22<\/b> (6): 570\u2013582. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F17542731011085285\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/17542731011085285<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1754-2731\" target=\"_blank\">1754-2731<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17542731011085285\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17542731011085285\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meta%E2%80%90management+of+integration+of+management+systems&rft.jtitle=The+TQM+Journal&rft.aulast=Asif&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Asif%2C%26%2332%3BMuhammad&rft.au=Joost+de+Bruijn%2C%26%2332%3BErik&rft.au=Fisscher%2C%26%2332%3BOlaf+A.M.&rft.au=Searcy%2C%26%2332%3BCory&rft.date=5+October+2010&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=570%E2%80%93582&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F17542731011085285&rft.issn=1754-2731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F17542731011085285%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-142\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bernardo, Merce; Gianni, Maria; Gotzamani, Katerina; Simon, Alexandra (1 May 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652617304717\" target=\"_blank\">\"Is there a common pattern to integrate multiple management systems? A comparative analysis between organizations in Greece and Spain\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>151<\/b>: 121\u2013133. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.03.036\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.036<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652617304717\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652617304717<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+common+pattern+to+integrate+multiple+management+systems%3F+A+comparative+analysis+between+organizations+in+Greece+and+Spain&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Bernardo&rft.aufirst=Merce&rft.au=Bernardo%2C%26%2332%3BMerce&rft.au=Gianni%2C%26%2332%3BMaria&rft.au=Gotzamani%2C%26%2332%3BKaterina&rft.au=Simon%2C%26%2332%3BAlexandra&rft.date=1+May+2017&rft.volume=151&rft.pages=121%E2%80%93133&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.03.036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652617304717&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-143\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Karapetrovic, Stanislav; Willborn, Walter (1 June 1998). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544789810214800\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integration of quality and environmental management systems\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The TQM Magazine<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (3): 204\u2013213. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F09544789810214800\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/09544789810214800<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0954-478X\" target=\"_blank\">0954-478X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544789810214800\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544789810214800\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integration+of+quality+and+environmental+management+systems&rft.jtitle=The+TQM+Magazine&rft.aulast=Karapetrovic&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft.au=Karapetrovic%2C%26%2332%3BStanislav&rft.au=Willborn%2C%26%2332%3BWalter&rft.date=1+June+1998&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=204%E2%80%93213&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F09544789810214800&rft.issn=0954-478X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F09544789810214800%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-144\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Domingues, Pedro; Sampaio, Paulo; Arezes, Pedro M. (1 June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652616300154\" target=\"_blank\">\"Integrated management systems assessment: a maturity model proposal\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>124<\/b>: 164\u2013174. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.02.103\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.02.103<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652616300154\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652616300154<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integrated+management+systems+assessment%3A+a+maturity+model+proposal&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Domingues&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft.au=Domingues%2C%26%2332%3BPedro&rft.au=Sampaio%2C%26%2332%3BPaulo&rft.au=Arezes%2C%26%2332%3BPedro+M.&rft.date=1+June+2016&rft.volume=124&rft.pages=164%E2%80%93174&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.02.103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652616300154&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-145\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-145\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Poltronieri, Camila Fabr\u00edcio; Ganga, Gilberto Miller Dev\u00f3s; Gerolamo, Mateus Cecilio (1 January 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618329895\" target=\"_blank\">\"Maturity in management system integration and its relationship with sustainable performance\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>207<\/b>: 236\u2013247. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.09.250\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.09.250<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618329895\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618329895<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maturity+in+management+system+integration+and+its+relationship+with+sustainable+performance&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Poltronieri&rft.aufirst=Camila+Fabr%C3%ADcio&rft.au=Poltronieri%2C%26%2332%3BCamila+Fabr%C3%ADcio&rft.au=Ganga%2C%26%2332%3BGilberto+Miller+Dev%C3%B3s&rft.au=Gerolamo%2C%26%2332%3BMateus+Cecilio&rft.date=1+January+2019&rft.volume=207&rft.pages=236%E2%80%93247&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.09.250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652618329895&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-146\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-146\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hoffman, Andrew John (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=3191035\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Next Phase of Business Sustainability\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Stanford Social Innovation Review<\/i> <b>16<\/b> (2): 34\u201339. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139%2Fssrn.3191035\" target=\"_blank\">10.2139\/ssrn.3191035<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1556-5068\" target=\"_blank\">1556-5068<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=3191035\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=3191035<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Next+Phase+of+Business+Sustainability&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Social+Innovation+Review&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+John&rft.au=Hoffman%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+John&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=34%E2%80%9339&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2139%2Fssrn.3191035&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D3191035&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-147\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFWeidinger2014\">Weidinger, Christina (2014), Weidinger, Christina; Fischler, Franz; Schmidpeter, Ren\u00e9, eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-38753-1_26\" target=\"_blank\">\"Business Success Through Sustainability\"<\/a>, <i>Sustainable Entrepreneurship<\/i> (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg): 287\u2013301, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-642-38753-1_26\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-642-38753-1_26<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-642-38752-4<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-38753-1_26\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-38753-1_26<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-09-11<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Business+Success+Through+Sustainability&rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Entrepreneurship&rft.aulast=Weidinger&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Weidinger%2C%26%2332%3BChristina&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=287%E2%80%93301&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-642-38753-1_26&rft.isbn=978-3-642-38752-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-38753-1_26&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-148\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cantele, Silvia; Zardini, Alessandro (1 May 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618303202\" target=\"_blank\">\"Is sustainability a competitive advantage for small businesses? An empirical analysis of possible mediators in the sustainability\u2013financial performance relationship\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>182<\/b>: 166\u2013176. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.02.016\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.016<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618303202\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652618303202<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+sustainability+a+competitive+advantage+for+small+businesses%3F+An+empirical+analysis+of+possible+mediators+in+the+sustainability%E2%80%93financial+performance+relationship&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Cantele&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Cantele%2C%26%2332%3BSilvia&rft.au=Zardini%2C%26%2332%3BAlessandro&rft.date=1+May+2018&rft.volume=182&rft.pages=166%E2%80%93176&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.02.016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652618303202&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-149\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kahupi, Inamutila; Eir\u00edkur Hull, Clyde; Okorie, Okechukwu; Millette, Sherwyn (1 March 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652620357450\" target=\"_blank\">\"Building competitive advantage with sustainable products \u2013 A case study perspective of stakeholders\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cleaner Production<\/i> <b>289<\/b>: 125699. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.125699\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125699<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652620357450\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959652620357450<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Building+competitive+advantage+with+sustainable+products+%E2%80%93+A+case+study+perspective+of+stakeholders&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.aulast=Kahupi&rft.aufirst=Inamutila&rft.au=Kahupi%2C%26%2332%3BInamutila&rft.au=Eir%C3%ADkur+Hull%2C%26%2332%3BClyde&rft.au=Okorie%2C%26%2332%3BOkechukwu&rft.au=Millette%2C%26%2332%3BSherwyn&rft.date=1+March+2021&rft.volume=289&rft.pages=125699&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.125699&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652620357450&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-150\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-150\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Laszlo, Chris; Zhexembayeva, Nadya (8 September 2017) (in en). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781351278317\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Embedded Sustainability: The Next Big competitive Advantage<\/i><\/a> (1 ed.). Routledge. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4324%2F9781351278324\" target=\"_blank\">10.4324\/9781351278324<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-351-27832-4<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781351278317\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781351278317<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embedded+Sustainability%3A+The+Next+Big+competitive+Advantage&rft.aulast=Laszlo&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Laszlo%2C%26%2332%3BChris&rft.au=Zhexembayeva%2C%26%2332%3BNadya&rft.date=8+September+2017&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4324%2F9781351278324&rft.isbn=978-1-351-27832-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781351278317&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-151\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-151\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Heras-Saizarbitoria, I\u00f1aki; Boiral, Olivier (1 January 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2012.00334.x\" target=\"_blank\">\"ISO 9001 and ISO 14001: Towards a Research Agenda on Management System Standards*: Research Agenda on Management System Standards\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Management Reviews<\/i> <b>15<\/b> (1): 47\u201365. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2370.2012.00334.x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2012.00334.x<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2012.00334.x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2012.00334.x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISO+9001+and+ISO+14001%3A+Towards+a+Research+Agenda+on+Management+System+Standards%2A%3A+Research+Agenda+on+Management+System+Standards&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Management+Reviews&rft.aulast=Heras-Saizarbitoria&rft.aufirst=I%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Heras-Saizarbitoria%2C%26%2332%3BI%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Boiral%2C%26%2332%3BOlivier&rft.date=1+January+2013&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47%E2%80%9365&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2370.2012.00334.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2370.2012.00334.x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-152\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-152\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Deloitte (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/pt\/Documents\/about-deloitte\/2021%20Climate%20Check_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"2021 Climate Check: Business\u2019 Views on Environmental Sustainability\"<\/a> (PDF). Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited.<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/pt\/Documents\/about-deloitte\/2021%20Climate%20Check_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/pt\/Documents\/about-deloitte\/2021%20Climate%20Check_Report.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=2021+Climate+Check%3A+Business%E2%80%99+Views+on+Environmental+Sustainability&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Deloitte&rft.au=Deloitte&rft.date=2021&rft.pub=Deloitte+Touche+Tohmatsu+Limited.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FDeloitte%2Fpt%2FDocuments%2Fabout-deloitte%2F2021%2520Climate%2520Check_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-153\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-153\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mynhardt, Henry; Makarenko, Inna; Plastun, Alex (29 May 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/businessperspectives.org\/journals\/public-and-municipal-finance\/issue-250\/standardization-of-sustainability-reporting-rationale-for-better-investment-decision-making\" target=\"_blank\">\"Standardization of sustainability reporting: rationale for better investment decision-making\"<\/a>. <i>Public and Municipal Finance<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (2): 7\u201315. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.21511%2Fpmf.06%282%29.2017.01\" target=\"_blank\">10.21511\/pmf.06(2).2017.01<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/businessperspectives.org\/journals\/public-and-municipal-finance\/issue-250\/standardization-of-sustainability-reporting-rationale-for-better-investment-decision-making\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/businessperspectives.org\/journals\/public-and-municipal-finance\/issue-250\/standardization-of-sustainability-reporting-rationale-for-better-investment-decision-making<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Standardization+of+sustainability+reporting%3A+rationale+for+better+investment+decision-making&rft.jtitle=Public+and+Municipal+Finance&rft.aulast=Mynhardt&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Mynhardt%2C%26%2332%3BHenry&rft.au=Makarenko%2C%26%2332%3BInna&rft.au=Plastun%2C%26%2332%3BAlex&rft.date=29+May+2017&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7%E2%80%9315&rft_id=info:doi\/10.21511%2Fpmf.06%282%29.2017.01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessperspectives.org%2Fjournals%2Fpublic-and-municipal-finance%2Fissue-250%2Fstandardization-of-sustainability-reporting-rationale-for-better-investment-decision-making&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-154\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-154\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Braun, B. (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Linking-Industries-Across-the-World-Processes-of-Global-Networking\/Schamp\/p\/book\/9780815390244\" target=\"_blank\">\"Building Global Institutions: The Diffusion of Management Standards in the World Economy \u2013 An Institutional Perspective\"<\/a>. In Alvstam, C.G.; Schamp, E.W.. <i>Linking Industries Across the World: Processes of Global Networking<\/i>. Routledge. pp. 3\u201328. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781351153928<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Linking-Industries-Across-the-World-Processes-of-Global-Networking\/Schamp\/p\/book\/9780815390244\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Linking-Industries-Across-the-World-Processes-of-Global-Networking\/Schamp\/p\/book\/9780815390244<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Building+Global+Institutions%3A+The+Diffusion+of+Management+Standards+in+the+World+Economy+%E2%80%93+An+Institutional+Perspective&rft.atitle=Linking+Industries+Across+the+World%3A+Processes+of+Global+Networking&rft.aulast=Braun%2C+B.&rft.au=Braun%2C+B.&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9328&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=9781351153928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FLinking-Industries-Across-the-World-Processes-of-Global-Networking%2FSchamp%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780815390244&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-155\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-155\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Karapetrovic, Stanislav (1 February 2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544780210414254\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Strategies for the integration of management systems and standards\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The TQM Magazine<\/i> <b>14<\/b> (1): 61\u201367. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108%2F09544780210414254\" target=\"_blank\">10.1108\/09544780210414254<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0954-478X\" target=\"_blank\">0954-478X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544780210414254\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09544780210414254\/full\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Strategies+for+the+integration+of+management+systems+and+standards&rft.jtitle=The+TQM+Magazine&rft.aulast=Karapetrovic&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft.au=Karapetrovic%2C%26%2332%3BStanislav&rft.date=1+February+2002&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61%E2%80%9367&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1108%2F09544780210414254&rft.issn=0954-478X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F09544780210414254%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-156\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-156\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hernandez-Vivanco, Alfonso; Domingues, Pedro; Sampaio, Paulo; Bernardo, Merce; Cruz-C\u00e1zares, Claudio (1 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527319302531\" target=\"_blank\">\"Do multiple certifications leverage firm performance? A dynamic approach\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Production Economics<\/i> <b>218<\/b>: 386\u2013399. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijpe.2019.07.016\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.07.016<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527319302531\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925527319302531<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+multiple+certifications+leverage+firm+performance%3F+A+dynamic+approach&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Production+Economics&rft.aulast=Hernandez-Vivanco&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft.au=Hernandez-Vivanco%2C%26%2332%3BAlfonso&rft.au=Domingues%2C%26%2332%3BPedro&rft.au=Sampaio%2C%26%2332%3BPaulo&rft.au=Bernardo%2C%26%2332%3BMerce&rft.au=Cruz-C%C3%A1zares%2C%26%2332%3BClaudio&rft.date=1+December+2019&rft.volume=218&rft.pages=386%E2%80%93399&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ijpe.2019.07.016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0925527319302531&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-157\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-157\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Homburg, Christian; Klarmann, Martin; Vomberg, Arnd, eds. (2020) (in en). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-05542-8\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Handbook of Market Research<\/i><\/a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-05542-8\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-319-05542-8<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-319-05542-8<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-05542-8\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-05542-8<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Market+Research&rft.date=2020&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-05542-8&rft.isbn=978-3-319-05542-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-05542-8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-158\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-158\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFY.C4.B1ld.C4.B1r.C4.B1m2021\">Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Hasan Huseyin (2021), Ad\u0131g\u00fczel Mercang\u00f6z, Burcu, ed., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-54108-8_16\" target=\"_blank\">\"Panel Data Analysis\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Handbook of Research on Emerging Theories, Models, and Applications of Financial Econometrics<\/i> (Cham: Springer International Publishing): 375\u2013396, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-030-54108-8_16\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-030-54108-8_16<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-030-54107-1<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-54108-8_16\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-54108-8_16<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-09-11<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Panel+Data+Analysis&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Research+on+Emerging+Theories%2C+Models%2C+and+Applications+of+Financial+Econometrics&rft.aulast=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m&rft.aufirst=Hasan+Huseyin&rft.au=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%2C%26%2332%3BHasan+Huseyin&rft.date=2021&rft.pages=375%E2%80%93396&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-030-54108-8_16&rft.isbn=978-3-030-54107-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-54108-8_16&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-159\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-159\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Barrett, Paul (1 May 2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0191886906003837\" target=\"_blank\">\"Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Personality and Individual Differences<\/i> <b>42<\/b> (5): 815\u2013824. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2006.09.018\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.paid.2006.09.018<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0191886906003837\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0191886906003837<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Structural+equation+modelling%3A+Adjudging+model+fit&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Barrett%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.date=1+May+2007&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=815%E2%80%93824&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2006.09.018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0191886906003837&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation, spelling, and grammar. We also added PMCID and DOI when they were missing from the original reference. Several reference URLs were dead; a more current URL or archived version was substituted for dead URLs for this version. Dang <i>et al.<\/i> 2018 is cited inline but not included in the references section; the presumed article from the <i>Journal of Banking & Finance<\/i> was added for this version.The original article lists references in alphabetical order; however, this version lists them in order of appearance, by design.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103180836\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 1.692 seconds\nReal time usage: 2.100 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 150786\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 1302064\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 425445\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 398352\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 1419.417 1 -total\n 91.36% 1296.817 1 Template:Reflist\n 76.28% 1082.690 159 Template:Citation\/core\n 72.79% 1033.245 146 Template:Cite_journal\n 13.84% 196.502 152 Template:Date\n 7.18% 101.863 250 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 3.21% 45.609 7 Template:Cite_book\n 2.63% 37.300 500 Template:Hide_in_print\n 2.53% 35.911 4 Template:Cite_web\n 2.35% 33.292 162 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13495-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103180834 and revision id 49106. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Journal:Quality_and_environmental_management_systems_as_business_tools_to_enhance_ESG_performance:_A_cross-regional_empirical_study<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","9a52a3e6baa6077108a34c66fd9aed71_images":["https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/7\/7e\/Fig1_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/b\/be\/Fig2_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/1\/18\/Fig3_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/5\/5e\/Fig4_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/f\/f0\/Fig5_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/8\/8f\/Fig6_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png","https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/d\/d8\/Fig7_Ronalter_EnviroDevSust22_660.png"],"9a52a3e6baa6077108a34c66fd9aed71_timestamp":1672771708,"1a5df1e8ece8585e0ad3b310df209b0d_type":"article","1a5df1e8ece8585e0ad3b310df209b0d_title":"A spectroscopic study to assess heavy metals absorption by a combined hemp-spirulina system from contaminated soil (Musio et al. 2022)","1a5df1e8ece8585e0ad3b310df209b0d_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil","1a5df1e8ece8585e0ad3b310df209b0d_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:A spectroscopic study to assess heavy metals absorption by a combined hemp-spirulina system from contaminated soilFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nA spectroscopic study to assess heavy metals absorption by a combined hemp-spirulina system from contaminated soilJournal\n \nEnvironmental AdvancesAuthor(s)\n \nMusio, Biagia; Ahmed, Elhussein M.F.M.H.; Antonicelli, Marica; Chiapperini, Danila; Dursi, Onorfrio; Grieco, Flavia; Latronico, Mario; Mastrorilli, Piero; Ragone, Rosa; Settanni, Raffaele; Triggiani, Maurizio; Gallo, VitoAuthor affiliation(s)\n \nPolytechnic University of Bari, Innovative Solutions S.r.l., International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari, ApuliaKundi S.r.l.Primary contact\n \nEmail: vito dot gallo at poliba dot itYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n7Article #\n \n100144DOI\n \n10.1016\/j.envadv.2021.100144ISSN\n \n2666-7657Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666765721001150Download\n \nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666765721001150\/pdfft (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Materials and methods \n\n3.1 Materials \n3.2 Algal strain and growth conditions \n3.3 Cultivation of Cannabis sativa L. (cv. Kompolti) \n3.4 Sample preparation and NMR analysis \n3.5 ICP-AES analysis for quantification of heavy metals \n3.6 Statistical elaboration of NMR and ICP-AES data \n\n\n4 Results and discussion \n\n4.1 Metabolic analysis of leaves and stems \n4.2 Effect of treatment with spirulina \n\n\n5 Conclusions \n6 Supplementary materials \n7 Acknowledgements \n\n7.1 Funding \n7.2 Conflict of interest \n\n\n8 References \n9 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nThe efficiency of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in remediating sites contaminated with heavy metals has received great attention in recent years. The main advantage of this technology relies on its inherent sustainability, with a potential re-utilization of the significant amount of produced biomass, which acts as a valuable flow resource. In this study, a combined system consisting of Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) and the blue-green alga Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) was tested to clean up soils contaminated with cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. The application of non-targeted nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) quantification provided an efficient strategy for detecting residual heavy metals within plant tissues and soil. Importantly, non-targeted metabolomic analysis helped to reveal the relationships between metabolites distribution in hemp tissues and the sequestered metals. It was demonstrated that hemp accumulates copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc preferentially in the leaves, while lead is distributed mainly in the stems of the plant. Moreover, it was found that, at higher concentrations, spirulina acts as a growth promoter, contributing to an increase in the final generated biomass. Results reported in this work indicate that the hemp-spirulina system represents a suitable tool for remediation of metal contaminated soils by modulating biomass production and metals uptake.\nKeywords: non-targeted nuclear magnetic resonance, phytoremediation, phycoremediation, Arthrospira platensis, Cannabis sativa L., metal quantification\nGraphical abstract:\n\n\n\nIntroduction \nDispersion of heavy metals in soils is an age-old problem deriving from both natural and anthropic sources.[1] Among the anthropic contribution to soil contamination by metals, land application of treated wastewater, sewage sludge, fertilizers, and industrial activities are major concerns.[2] Unbalanced amounts of heavy metals may cause perturbation of soil parameters with consequent toxic effects on plants, in the nearby water supplies, and, ultimately, in the whole food chain.[3][4][5] Typically, elements such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and chromium (Cr) are biologically essential for plant growth but become toxic for animals and plants when their concentrations exceed certain threshold levels.[6][7][8] Other heavy metals often found in contaminated soils, such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are not essential for plants growth, and many studies have associated their presence with neurological and endocrinological toxicity for humans, along with carcinogenic effects.[9][10][11]\nSince heavy metals are not biodegradable, they tend to accumulate in the environment, becoming a high risk for biota over several years after their introduction in an ecosystem.[12][13][14] The search for new solutions that can remediate soil contaminated by heavy metals is a critical prerequisite for the sustainable development of agriculture[6][15][16], thus representing a topic of paramount importance. The most consolidated strategies to remediate such contaminated soils include physical and chemical approaches like isolation, through capping and subsurface barriers; immobilization, by solidification\/stabilization, vitrification, and chemical treatment; physical separation; and extraction, by soil washing, pyrometallurgical extraction, in situ soil flushing, and electrokinetic treatment.[17][18][19][20] However, alternative approaches are gaining greater attention as they combine cost-effectiveness, sustainability, low toxicity, and mobility decrease. They include bioaccumulation, phytoremediation (e.g., phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and rhizofiltration), bioleaching, and other biochemical processes in which living organisms such as plants or microbes are used to clean contaminants from an area.\nIn particular, phytoremediation is attracting the attention of the scientific community, since it has been demonstrated to be a cost-effective solution for the remediation of contaminated sites, and, in the meantime, to be a feasible method for bio-fixation of CO2, resulting in highly sustainable technology.[1] The ability to absorb heavy metals generally depends on the biomass produced, as well as on the ability of the plant to accumulate and translocate heavy metals in its biomass.[21][22][23] According to recent scientific literature, a good candidate for phytoremediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals is the hemp plant.[24][25][26] Kompolti, also known as hemp, the non-psychoactive variety of Cannabis sativa L., is an annual dioecious high-yielding industrial crop, and it is mainly grown for its fibers and seeds, generally being used for textiles, clothing, insulation, biodegradable plastics, food, animal feed, and biofuel production.[27][28][29][30] Hemp possesses some characteristics that make it quite suitable for phytoremediation, such as high biomass, long roots, and a favorably short industrial life cycle of 180 days. Importantly, hemp demonstrates a strong capability to sequester heavy metals like cadmium, zinc, lead, nickel, copper, and chromium when they are present in contaminated soil and water.[26][31][32][33]\nAnother attractive approach for the remediation of contaminated sites is the application of bioleaching technology, which uses direct metabolism or by-products of microbial processes to uptake heavy metals adsorbed onto the soil surface and to transform them so that the elements can be extracted when water is filtered through. Bioleaching has several advantages over conventional physical and chemical strategies, such as low cost, environmental sustainability, few hazardous characteristics of waste\/sludge, low energy demand, and absence of toxic chemicals.[34][35][36][37][38][39] \nAdditionally, phycoremediation, which involves eukariotic algae and cyanobacteria in remediation processes, has been extensively applied to the treatment of wastewater.[1] However, its application to the remediation of sediments and soils contaminated by heavy metals is less documented. Among the cyanobacteria, Arthrospira platensis possesses excellent chelating properties both towards heavy metals present in humans and towards those present in soil, water, and sludge.[40][41][42][43][44][45] The dried biomass of Arthrospira platensis is commonly known as \"spirulina,\" and it finds many applications in agriculture as a plant growth promoter, enhancing growth, increasing yield, and speeding up seed germination.[46][47] Recently, the employment of this blue-green alga to uptake heavy metals in contaminated sites has been explored.[47][48] The presence of a chloroplast-type ferredoxin in the active center has been reported as responsible for the chelating capability of spirulina[49], whereby its efficiency is affected by many physical and chemical factors such as initial metal concentration, dosage, adsorption time, temperature, and pH.[50]\nThe present study aims at both exploring the ability of the unreported combined use of hemp and spirulina to uptake six selected heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) from artificially contaminated soil and investigating, under controlled plant growing conditions, their distribution into the plant tissues. Specifically, hemp was chosen as the main agent for biological remediation, and spirulina was added as an enhancer of both the plant growth and the translocation of heavy metals in the hemp. The application of a non-targeted nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) approach combined with an estimation of the residual metals by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) into the cultivation soil and within the different tissues of the plant was applied in view of gathering useful information on the efficiency of the integrated hemp-spirulina system. Obtaining this information is crucial for the potential re-utilization of the hemp plant or shoots of it, after the phytoremediation stage, for alternative usages, like production of bio-materials for the textile, construction, and bio-fuel industries.\n\nMaterials and methods \nMaterials \n3-(Trimethylsilyl)-2,2,3,3-tetradeutero-propionic acid sodium salt (TSP, CAS N. 24493-21-8, 99 %D, Armar Chemicals, D\u00f6ttingen, Switzerland), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, CAS N. 7647-01-0; \u2265 99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy), sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4, CAS N. 62-76-0; \u226599.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy), sodium azide (NaN3, CAS N. 26628-22-8; \u226599.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy), and deuterium oxide (D2O, CAS. N. 7789-20-0, 99.86 %D, Eurisotop, Saclay, France) were used for sample preparation. NMR tubes (Norell 509-UP 7) were provided by Norell, Landisville NJ, United States. The NMR samples were prepared using an automated system for liquid handling (SamplePro Tube, Bruker BioSpin).\nThe soil used during cultivation was Plagron Lightmix (Plagron, Ospel, The Netherlands), which had pH 6-7, electric conductivity (E.C. 1:5) 310-470 \u00b5S\u2022cm\u22121 and (E.C. 1:1.5) 0.7-1.1 \u00b5S\u2022cm\u22121, NPK (12-14-24) 1.5 kg\u2022m\u22123, total N 180 g\u2022m\u22123 (105:75, NO3:NH4), P2O5 210 g\u2022m\u22123, K2O 360 g\u2022m\u22123, dry matter 37% (of which 82% organic matter), and water retention of 6 mL\u2022g\u22121 dry matter.\nThe soil was contaminated by Cd(NO3)2\u20274H2O (CAS N. 10022-68-1, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy), K2Cr2O7 (CAS N. 7778-50-9, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy), Cu(SO4)\u20275H2O (CAS N. 7758-99-8, Prolabo, Paris, France), Pb(CH3COO)2 (CAS N. 301-04-2, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy), Ni(NO3)2\u20276H2O (CAS N. 13478-00-7, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy), Zn(CH3COO)2\u20272H2O (CAS N. 5970-45-6, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy).\nHydrochloric acid (HCl 37%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), nitric acid (HNO3 65%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), double-distilled water (DDW \u2265 99.5%), standard multi-elemental reference solution (Ag, Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, V, Zn [10 mg\/l]) were used for heavy metals analysis by ICP-AES.\n\nAlgal strain and growth conditions \nAn Arthrospira platensis strain was cultivated by ApuliaKundi S.r.l. in open ponds (3,000 L per pond) under controlled greenhouse conditions with natural light at a temperature ranging from 22 to 28 \u00b0C.\nThe production cycle was monitored by turbidity measurements through a Secchi disk (200 mm diameter, Scubla, Remanzacco (UD), Italy). Once the disk was lowered into the algae suspension at 5\u00f76 cm and could not be seen anymore, the algae were collected. Overall, the production cycle lasted approximately three days. The collected algal biomass was filtered (40 \u03bcm filter), extruded, and cold dried at a temperature value lower than 38 \u00b0C. The study was conducted using the dried biomass in powder form, commonly named \"spirulina.\"\n\n Cultivation of Cannabis sativa L. (cv. Kompolti) \nThe cultivation of hemp by Enjoy Farm Soc. Coop. (Bitetto, Bari, Italy) took place indoors with controlled light and temperature conditions using a vegetative photoperiod of 18\/6 h of light\/dark for the first nine weeks, and a flowering photoperiod of 12\/12 h of light\/dark until harvest.[51] Germination occurred 10 days after the seed sowing. After 50 days from germination, six plants were transplanted into 15 L pots filled with four kilograms of 75-days-old contaminated soil, in addition to two control plants transplanted into pots filled with four kilograms of uncontaminated soil. The pre-contaminated soil was prepared upon controlled addition into the soil of six different heavy metals, namely cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). The choice of heavy metals and quantities used for contamination was based on the typical content of metals detected in different sites of the Apulia region of southern Italy, as provided by Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e la Protezione dell'Ambiente (ARPA Puglia) and Acquedotto Pugliese S.p.A. Specifically, the pre-contaminated soil contained 16, 527, 200, 434, 357, and 448 mg\u2022kg\u22121 of Cd(NO3)24H2O, K2Cr2O7, Cu(SO4)2\u20275H2O, Pb(CH3COO)2, Ni(NO3)2\u20276H2O, and Zn(CH3COO)2\u20272H2O, respectively. Commercial uncontaminated soil (24 kilograms) was treated with 2.0 L of such salts aqueous solutions through four subsequent additions. The resulted mixture was stirred in a concrete mixer for three hours. Finally, the obtained contaminated soil was distributed into six pots (15 L each) and stored in the greenhouse under controlled conditions for 75 days.\nMoreover, four out of the six Cannabis sativa L. plants grown in pre-contaminated soil received irrigation water (0.50 L of water \u00d7 56 times) containing spirulina (added in powder form). As a proof of concept, two different concentrations were tested: 1.0 and 0.50 g\u2022L\u22121. Overall, each experimental condition was tested in duplicate, involving a total of eight hemp plants (Table 1).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1. Description of the experimental conditions indicating the corresponding strategies of control, as well as pre-contamination soil in presence and absence of spirulina.\n\n\nExperimental condition\n\nDescription\n\nPlant ID\n\n\nControl\n\nTwo plants are grown on uncontaminated soil as a reference\n\nCtrl\n\n\nPre-contaminated soil\n\nTwo plants are grown on pre-contaminated soil\n\nC\n\n\nPre-contaminated soil + spirulina\n\nTwo plants are grown on pre-contaminated soil with the addition of spirulina 1.0 g\u2022L\u22121\n\nCS1\n\n\nTwo plants are grown on pre-contaminated soil with the addition of spirulina 0.50 g\u2022L\u22121\n\nCS0.5\n\n\n\nPlants were constantly monitored until the harvest (over two months after the sowing) by recording three main morphometric parameters: (i) plant height (cm), i.e., height of stem from ground to apex; (ii) the number of leaf stages; and (iii) drum diameter (mm) (see Supplementary materials for the full list of the morphometric parameters, Table S1). The biomass (g) of stem and leaf samples was determined upon lyophilization; the sum of the biomass of the stem and leaf samples collected from the same plant was computed too and is herein referred to as \u201cplant biomass.\u201d The residual amount of heavy metals (mg\u2022kg\u22121) contained in leaves, stems, and soil after the harvest was measured; for each plant, also the sum of the heavy metal content of leaves plus stems was calculated (see Supplementary materials for further details, Table S2). The shoots of plants were collected and transferred in refrigerated packaging with dry ice from the greenhouse to laboratories for further analyses. Samples of soil from each pot were collected after harvesting and kept in plastic bags at room temperature until analysis. Leaves and flowers were separated from stems, and both portions of the plant were firstly freeze-dried at \u201350 \u00b0C and 0.180 mbar for 72 hours in a lyophilizer (Christ Alpha 1\u20134 LSC, Martin-Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, Osterode am Harz, Germany). Then, the dried samples were mechanically ground in a blender, sieved through a mesh with a pore size of 0.5 mm, and stored at \u201320 \u00b0C until analysis.\n\nSample preparation and NMR analysis \nAn aliquot of 50 mg of each powdered sample was dissolved in 1.5 mL of buffer solution [Na2C2O4 (0.25 M), NaN3 (2.5 mm)] at pH 4.2 [pH adjusted by addition of HCl (37%)], sonicated for 10 minutes at 40 kHz, and vortexed (Advanced Vortex Mixer ZX3, VELP Scientifica Srl, Italy) for five minutes at 2,500 rpm. The mixture was transferred in a centrifuge tube (2 mL Nonsterile Centrifugal Filters, ThermoFisher Scientific) equipped with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter (0.2 \u00b5m) and centrifuged for 15 minute at 4,700 rpm (ROTOFIX 32 A, Hettich, Italy). The filtrate was used to fill the NMR tube.\nNMR tubes were filled in by an automated system for liquid handling (SamplePro Tube, Bruker BioSpin) according to the following method: 630 \u00b5L of the obtained extract and 70 \u00b5L of TSP\/D2O solution [3-(trimethylsilyl) propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt in D2O (0.2% w\/w)]. Three replicates were prepared for each sample.\nOne-dimensional 1H NOESY NMR spectra were recorded through a Bruker Avance 400 MHz spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm inverse probe and with an autosampler. The following acquisition parameters were used: pulse program = noesygppr1d; size of fid (TD) = 65 K; spectral width (SW) = 20 ppm; transmitter offset = 4.70 ppm; 90 \u00b0 hard pulse (p1) = 12.50 \u03bcs; power level for pre-saturation (pl9) = 59.10 dB; dummy scans (ds) = 4; number of scans (ns) = 128; acquisition time = 4.09 seconds; mixing time (d8) = 0.01 seconds; recycle delay (d1) = 5 seconds. Each spectrum was acquired using TOPSPIN 2.1 software (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany) under an automatic process that lasted ca. 22 minutes and encompassed sample loading, temperature stabilization for five minutes, tuning, matching, shimming, and 90 \u00b0 pulse calibration.\nNMR raw data (Free Induction Decays, FIDs) were processed using the software MestReNova 11.0 (Mestrelab Research SL, Santiago de Compostela, Spain). The FIDs relative to 48 1D 1H NOESY NMR experiments (48 experiments composed as follows: 8 leaf samples \u00d7 3 replicates, 8 stem samples \u00d7 3 replicates) were zero-filled with 128 K number of points and then underwent to Fourier transformation by applying an exponential multiplication function with a line broadening of 0.1 Hz. Phase and baseline were automatically corrected, and the TSP singlet signal set at \u03b4 = 0.00 ppm was used as a chemical shift reference.\n\nICP-AES analysis for quantification of heavy metals \nQuantitative analysis of metals in samples of soil, stem powder, and leaf powder was carried out through ICP-AES, in three technical replicates. ICP-AES analyses were carried out at SAMER (Special Agency of the Chamber of Commerce of Bari). Samples of 200 mg were weighed into 100 mL digestion vessels using bi-distilled water, followed by acid digestion using 6 mL of 37% HCl (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 2 mL of 65% HNO3 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Digestion vessels were closed and placed into CEM Mars 1 microwave oven (CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC, USA). Power and time parameters used in the present work are part of an optimized library program for the analysis of trace metals in soil and plant material. The following digestion program has been, thus, selected for our purpose: 250 W (for two minutes), 0 W (for two minutes), 250 W (for five minutes), 400 W (for five minutes), and 500 W (for five minutes). After cooling to room temperature, the samples were filtered through 0.45 \u00b5m porosity filters and brought to 10 mL volume using bi-distilled water.\nThe quantitative measures of the metals were performed by ICP-AES (iCAP 6300 Duo, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany). Quantities were reported in mg\u2022kg\u22121. The amounts of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined according to the UNI EN ISO 13657:2004 and UNI EN ISO 11885:2009 standards. The working wavelengths of the analyzed elements were 226.5 nm (Cd), 267.7 nm (Cr), 324.7 nm (Cu), 231.6 nm (Ni), 220.3 nm (Pb), and 213.8 nm (Zn). A concentrated standard reference solution was used at a concentration of 10 mg\u2022kg\u22121 of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The six elements indicated, taken from 1000 mg\u2022kg\u22121 solutions, were brought in a single solution from 100 mg\u2022kg\u22121. Dilutions of 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, 0.005, and 0 mg\u2022kg\u22121 of the concentrated standard reference solutions were made in final volumes of 100 mL using HNO3 and HCl.\nA calibration blank was used to obtain the analytical curve and was prepared by acidifying water with a mixture of 65% HNO3 and 37% HCl in a way that the standard and the sample reached the same value of acidity. Furthermore, the method blank contained all reagents in the same volumes used in the sample preparation and was used to identify possible contamination resulting from the acidic reagents used or equipment used during the sample preparation, including the filtration step. The calibration standard analytical curve was made of 1.0, 0.50, 0.10, 0.010, 0.0050, and 0 mg\u2022kg\u2212\u22121.\n\nStatistical elaboration of NMR and ICP-AES data \nThe 48 processed 1D 1H NOESY spectra (8 leaf samples \u00d7 3 replicates, 8 stem samples \u00d7 3 replicates) were reduced to a numerical matrix (bucket-table) manageable for multivariate statistical analysis. The bucket-table was obtained by dividing the entire spectrum in the range of [-0.514, 10.486] ppm into 249 rectangular intervals (buckets) of 0.04 ppm in width, excluding the region [5.126, 4.566] ppm corresponding to the residual water signal. The underlying area of each bucket was normalized to the total intensity. The bucket table was imported into SIMCA 13.0.3 software (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden) to perform multivariate statistical analyses (MVA). The coordinates of the observations in the new space are called \"scores,\" and the weight of the original variables on each PC are called \"loadings.\" In the present study, the NMR spectra constituted the observations and the buckets constituted the x-variables. Buckets were centered and subjected to Pareto scaling (eachxj -variable was scaled to 1\/sqrt(sdj), where sdj is the standard deviation ofxj -variable computed around the mean) to avoid noise inflation. The buckets in the range [-0.514, 0.486] ppm, including the TSP singlet, were excluded from statistical analysis. \nData from ICP-AES analysis and morphometric data were also included in statistical analysis as y-variables and were scaled to unit variance (UV), as recommended for variables expressed in different units (for eachyj -variable the base weight is computed as 1\/sdj, where sdj is the standard deviation of yj-variable computed around the mean). Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis were performed. The quality of statistical models was assessed based on the parameters R2 and Q2, which represent the descriptiveness (goodness-of-fit) and the predictivity in cross-validation (goodness-of-prediction in cross-validation), respectively. For OPLS models, permutation tests were carried out to verify the absence of model overfitting.\n\nResults and discussion \nNMR analysis (1D 1H NOESY experiments) allowed for the identification of a pool of metabolites contained in typical aqueous extracts (pH = 4.2) of leaves (Fig. 1a) and stems (Fig. 1b) collected from a plant of hemp cultivated under controlled conditions in uncontaminated soil (see Supplementary materials for the full list of metabolites, Table S3). The main representative classes of metabolites included organic acids (i.e., lactic, citric, tartaric, fumaric, formic, and acetic acids), amino acids (i.e., alanine, asparagine, \u03b3-aminobutyric acid, arginine, glutamine, isoleucine, proline, tyrosine, leucine), and carbohydrates (i.e., \u03b2-glucose, \u03b1-glucose, fructose, \u03b1-galactose, \u03b2-galactose). Moreover, 1D 1H NOESY spectra also contained signals related to trigonelline, choline, and ethanol.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 1 Typical 1D 1H NOESY spectra (Bruker Avance 400 MHz, D2O) of aqueous extracts of leaves (a.) and stems (b.) of Cannabis sativa L. The spectral region containing the residual water signal (4.78 ppm) was hidden. The spectral regions included in rectangles were expanded for clarity.\n\n\n\nA holistic approach was applied during the present study by combining the information provided by the 1D 1H NOESY experiments, the ICP-AES quantitative analysis of residual metal, and the data derived from the morphometric inspection.\nAs a first task, the relation between the variations in the metabolic composition and the calculated amounts of residual heavy metals in the plant was considered. Thus, the OPLS analysis was performed considering the spectral buckets as x-variables, and the metal content and plant biomass as y-variables (see Supplementary materials for OPLS model parameters, Table S4). Such a model was characterized by five predictive components P1-P5 that explained 59.5% of x-variance (R2X[cum] = 0.595), 92.2% of y-variance (R2Y[cum] = 0.922) and 87.6% of y-variance modelled by x-variables (R2 = 0.876), and eight orthogonal components O1-O8 that explained about 38% of the x-variance unrelated to y-variance (R2X[cum] = 0.383). Two main separate clusters of observations were noticeable along P1. They corresponded to the two parts of the plant, namely the leaves (LE) and the stems (ST) (Fig. 2a, LE vs. ST). Inside each group, two evident subgroups were distinguishable along P2, which were identified as the vigorous plants (V) and the weak ones (W) (Fig. 2b, V vs. W). The components P1 and P2 explained 41 and 9.8% of the information in x-space (R2X[P1] = 0.41 and R2X[P2] = 0.098), suggesting an important variability of the metabolic composition along with the different tissues of the plant and according to the wellness of the plant. Indeed, the same components P1 and P2 explained 48.5 and 15.2% of the information in y-space (R2Y[P1] = 0.485 and R2Y[P2] = 0.152), suggesting a differential distribution of the y-variables, namely the metals concentration and the plant biomass, according to the different tissue of the plant and the health status of the plant (Fig. 2c). The visual inspection of the original harvested plants (see Supplementary materials for further details, Fig. S1), combined with the plant biomass values, suggested that the samples included in the subgroup with t[2]<0 (Fig. 2b, red scores) corresponded to the less healthy plants (weak, W), whereas the observations included in the subgroup with t[2]>0 corresponded to the more vigorous plants (V, Fig. 2b, yellow scores). The analysis of the loading plot (pq[1] vs. pq[2]) allowed the identification of the most significant variables towards the distribution of the scores, including the metal concentration, biomass amount, and spectral regions (Fig. 2c).\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 2 OPLS-DA applied to spectral data (x-variables) and metal content and plant biomass data (y-variables). (a.) Scores plot displaying t[1] vs. t[2], the observations are colored according to the tissues of the plants: leaves (green circle, LE), stems (blue square, ST). (b.) Scores plot t[1] vs. t[2], the observations are colored according to the health status of the plants: vigorous (yellow circle, V), weak (red square, W). (c.) Loading plot displaying the relationship between the x-variables (spectral regions) and the y-variables (metal content and plant biomass) for the first and second predictive components pq[1] vs. pq[2] (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).\n\n\n\nThe amounts of Cu, Cr, Zn, and Ni added during the present study were well tolerated by the plants since the cluster containing the vigorous plants was characterized by having higher levels of them. On the other side, a lower tolerance was observed towards Pb as the highest levels of this metal were found in the weakest plants (Fig. 2c). It is well documented that the tolerance of hemp towards heavy metals is highly selective[26], and it is related both to the ability of the plant to produce high levels of antioxidant agents and to accumulate metals in roots, hindering them to translocate to the upper parts of the plant.[52][53] A selective accumulation of the studied metals in the leaves was observed according to the following trend: Cu > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cd >> Pb. Specifically, the observed accumulation of copper inside the leaves compared to the stems (Fig. 2c, pq[1] < -0.2), and, particularly, in leaves collected from vigorous green plants (Fig. 2c, pq[2] > 0.1), can be justified by the fact that this metal is actively involved in cellular functions happening mostly in this part of the plant, such as the transport of electrons in mitochondria and chloroplasts, the control of the cellular redox state, and the remodeling of the cell wall.[54]\nThe accumulation of zinc inside the leaves (Fig. 2c, pq[1] < -0.2) can be explained with both the increased production of organic acid and the vacuolar compartmentalization occurring in the leaves.[55]\nWhile cadmium did not show any preferential site accumulation (Fig. 2c, pq[1] \u2248 0), lead presented a noticeable preference to distribute within the stems (Fig. 2c, pq[1] > 0.2). Interestingly, the tolerance of hemp towards high levels of lead was lower compared to the other selected heavy metals. Such evidence is not surprising considering the high toxicity of lead on living organisms.[56] Indeed, lead impairs the physicochemical properties of soil and soil microbial community; it alters the water and nutrient uptake, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduces photosynthetic activity, hindering plant growth and development.[55] As a result of the present investigation, the residual amounts of lead were found higher in the less healthy plants (Fig. 2c, pq[1] < -0.1). Also, this evidence is confirmed by the inverse correlation observed in the loading plot between the plant biomass (Fig. 2c, pq[2] > 0.3) and the level of lead in the plant (Fig. 2c, pq[2] < -0.3), suggesting a potential phytotoxic effect of lead.\nThe analysis of the correlation matrix (see Supplementary materials for further details, Table S5) related to the OPLS model helped to better understand the ability of hemp to uptake simultaneously and selectively the six metals under investigation. A positive correlation was found for the plant content of Cu with Zn (r = 0.80) and Ni (r = 0.82). Also, Zn correlated well with the plant content of Cd (r = 0.84) and Ni (r = 0.81). Conversely, a negative correlation was found between Cu plant content and Pb residual amount (r = -0.82). Such evidence may suggest a competition between lead and copper during the uptake stage. Importantly, it was found that the plant weight (biomass) positively correlated with the residual content of Cu (r = 0.72) and Cr (r = 0.64) in the plant. Still, a negative correlation was found between the plant biomass and the Pb content (r = -0.76), supporting the hypothesis that hemp tolerance towards this metal is relatively low compared to the other metals investigated in the present work.\n\nMetabolic analysis of leaves and stems \nThe variations in the metabolic composition of the aqueous extracts of leaves and stems were investigated by performing an orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). A clear separation between the two classes of samples (leaves vs. stems) along the first two components ((R2X[1] = 0.394, R2Xo[1] = 0.27; see Supplementary materials for the scores plot, Fig. S2a) was obtained and the analysis of the S-plot allowed for the detection of the most significant x-variables and, thus, the metabolites contributing to such clustering (see Supplementary materials for the S-plot, Fig. S2b). Specifically, the buckets having values of VIPpredictive >1 and values of p(corr)1 >|0.5| were analyzed more deeply (see Supplementary materials for further details, Table S6).\nThe spectral regions containing signals related to glucose, fructose, and galactose moieties contributed significantly to the clustering of the stems. Also, the buckets containing the signals assigned to the organic acids were characterized by significant values of VIP and p(corr)1. An analogous trend was observed for the buckets related to the signals assigned to \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at 1.89\u20131.93 ppm and 3.01\u20133.05 ppm, and glutamine at 2.13\u20132.17 ppm.\nInterestingly, the clustering of the leaves was affected by some regions of the spectra containing very broad signals at 0.88, 1.29, 2.23, and 5.31 ppm (Fig. 3a, yellow rectangles), presumably attributable to the lipids of the cell membranes and\/or walls.[57] The comparison of the 1D 1H NOESY spectra of the leaves collected from control plants (Ctrl with no metal contamination, Fig. 3a), vigorous plants (LE_V, Fig. 3a), and weak plants (LE_W, Fig. 3a) indicated that such broad signals were predominant in vigorous plants. Such broad signals were not observed in the aqueous extracts of stems (Fig. 3b). Also, the buckets containing the signals of ethanol at 1.17\u20131.25 ppm contributed relevantly to the grouping of the leaves towards the stems (Fig. 3a and b, green rectangular). These data could be explained by the fact that the leaves and, particularly the leaves sampled from vigorous green plants, have active photosynthetic processes and intact cell structures, whereas stems of weakest plants begin to enrich with lignin and have less active photosynthesis.[58][59]\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 3 1H NMR spectral regions [0.6\u20132.55 ppm; 5.03\u20135.54 ppm] of aqueous extracts of leaves (a.) and stems (b.) collected from the control plant (Ctrl), vigorous plant (LE_V; ST_V), and weak plant (LE_W; ST_W), respectively. The yellow rectangles delimit the broad signals (0.88, 1.29, 2.23, 5.31 ppm) observed predominantly in the aqueous extracts of leaves from vigorous plants (Fig. 3a, Ctrl vs LE_V vs LE_W) and not in the aqueous extracts of stems (Fig. 3b, Ctrl vs ST_V vs ST_W); the green rectangle highlights the ethanol signal (1.20 ppm) predominantly visible in the leaves (a.) (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).\n\n\n\nThe spectral regions containing these broad signals correlated positively with the calculated amounts of residual copper in the leaves. Under physiological conditions, Cu is found in two common forms: Cu(I) (low oxidation state) preferentially binding sulfur-containing compounds having a thiol or a thioether group, and Cu(II) (high oxidation state), that coordinates mainly with oxygen or imidazole nitrogen groups. The main functions of Cu are the transport of electrons in mitochondria and chloroplasts, the control of the cellular redox state (being a major Cu-binding protein the Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase), and the remodeling of the cell wall, which is one of the major Cu-accumulation sites in hyper-accumulating plants.[54] Moreover, Cu leaf content is inversely associated with the intensity of the buckets relating to glucose and fructose (in the range [3.26\u20134.08] ppm) and ethanol (centered at 1.18 and 3.62 ppm). In weakest plants, sucrose, the main soluble component of the phloem sap and translatable product of photosynthesis might be hydrolyzed into the two constituting monomers (glucose and fructose) and fermented by yeast and\/or bacteria producing ethanol.[60]\n\nEffect of treatment with spirulina \nIn a second task, the effect of the treatment with spirulina during the cultivation of hemp towards the remediation of contaminated soil was investigated. Thus, a deeper look was taken at the higher components of the OPLS model described in the prior subsection. Indeed, a good clustering of samples according to the treatment was visible in the t[2] vs. t[5] scores plot (Fig. 4a). The second component and the fifth one explained together 11.75% of the x-variance predictive of the y-variance (R2X[P2] = 0.098 and R2X[P5] = 0.019), suggesting that the treatment with spirulina affected slightly the metabolic composition of the plant. Such evidence is relevant to make possible a re-utilization of the hemp, which does not change its metabolome during the phytoremediation stage.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 4 (a.) Scores plot displaying t[2] vs. t[5] obtained from OPLS applied to spectral data (x-variables) and metal content and plant biomass data (y-variables). The observations are colored according to the treatment with spirulina: control plant (yellow triangles, Ctrl), plants grown in contaminated soil (green circles, C), plants treated with spirulina at a concentration of 1.0 g\u2022L\u22121 (red triangles, CS1), plants treated with spirulina at a concentration of 0.50 g\u2022L\u22121 (blue squares, CS0.5). (b.) Loading plot displaying the second and fifth predictive components pq[2] vs. pq[5] (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).\n\n\n\nSpecifically, the samples collected from plants grown in contaminated soil (Fig. 4a, green circles, C) and the samples obtained from plants treated with a higher concentration of spirulina (Fig. 4a, red triangles, CS1) tended to cluster at values of t[2] >0. Conversely, the samples derived from plants treated with a lower concentration of the blue-green alga (Fig. 4a, blue squares, CS0.5) and the control ones (Fig. 4a, yellow triangles, Ctrl) were distributed preferentially at values of t[2] <0. A further piece of evidence was that samples C and the samples CS1 tended to separate into two clear groups along t[5]. Analysis of the loading plot (Fig. 4b) suggested that the uptake of all the metals, except for lead, contributed relevantly to the clustering of the plants treated with a higher dose of spirulina (CS1). Also, the average plant biomass (pq[2] > 0.35) was generally higher in contaminated plants compared to the uncontaminated ones. In addition, the plants that grew in contaminated soil and were irrigated with a higher dose of spirulina (CS1) presented a higher value of biomass, confirming the activity of these cyanobacteria to promote plant growth. The average plant contents of Ni (pq[2] = 0.21), Zn (pq[2] = 0.19), and Cd (pq[2] = 0.09) were greater in contaminated plants grown in soils added with spirulina than those grown without it.\nTo get deeper insights into the effects deriving from the dose of spirulina, OPLS was applied to CS1 and CS0.5 samples. The observations, namely CS1 (Fig. 5a, red triangles) and CS0.5 (Fig. 5a, blue squares), separated along the second predictive component P2, explaining about 9.5% of the predictive x-variance (R2X[P2] = 0.095). The distribution was strongly affected by the part of the plant the samples derived from, leaves or stems, with a noticeable clustering along the first predictive component P1 (R2X[P1] = 0.534). The corresponding loading plot (Fig. 5b) showed important dose-dependent variations. Indeed, nickel, zinc, copper, and chromium were more abundant in samples treated with a higher dose of spirulina (CS1).\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 5 OPLS was applied to spectral data of samples treated with the two different doses of spirulina (x-variables) and metal content and plant biomass data (y-variables). (a.) Scores plot displaying t[1] vs. t[2]. The observations are colored according to the different doses of spirulina: plants treated with spirulina at a concentration of 1.0 g\u2022L\u22121 (red triangles, CS1); plants treated with spirulina at a concentration of 0.50 g\u2022\u22121 (blue squares, CS0.5). (b.) Loading plot displaying the first and the second predictive components pq[1] vs. pq[2] (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).\n\n\n\nGenerally, as the concentration of spirulina increased, the residual metal content increased both in the leaves and in the stems (for Cu and Zn, the increase was more noticeable in stems than in leaves), whereas the Cr content increased in leaves and decreased in stems. While no dose-effect was observed for Cd, noticeable variations were exerted by increased amounts of spirulina on the quantities of Pb incorporated into the plant. Specifically, the average content of Pb in the plant was higher in CS0.5 than in CS1, suggesting that a higher amount of the blue-green alga contained in the soil might compete with hemp to sequester this metal.\nA piece of further evidence was that the average soil residual of all heavy metals resulted higher when it was irrigated with a higher concentration of spirulina (CS0.5 vs CS1), suggesting that the cyanobacteria stationing in the soil may exert a strong action of metal chelation, avoiding leaching of them during the watering stage and acting as a reservoir for hemp to absorb the chelated metals. Such results find fundamentals in the reported ability of Arthrospira platensis to adsorb (in form of dry biomass) and accumulate (in form of alive biomass) all the six metals here tested through various mechanisms (ion exchange, binding to functional groups, complexation, and microprecipitation).[45]\nVery small effects were observed on the metabolic profile when samples CS1 were compared with CS0.5. Interestingly, according to the loading plot (Fig. 5b), the buckets at 2.66 and 2.74 ppm, containing the signals assigned to citric acid, contributed importantly to the observed grouping between the samples treated with the two different doses of spirulina (see Supplementary materials for the variable trend, Fig. S3). Specifically, the signals of citric acid were more intense in samples treated with a higher dose of spirulina. Considering that citric acid is one of the main chelating agents in plants, this evidence may support the hypothesis that, at a higher concentration, the cyanobacteria can chelate the heavy metals sequestering them into the soil. As a result, less quantity of heavy metal is available for the plant to uptake, and, thus, more chelating agents inside the plant are in the free form not coordinating any metal.[61]\n\nConclusions \nIt was demonstrated that hemp accumulates copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc preferentially in the leaves, while lead is distributed mainly in the stems of the plant. Such selective compartmentalization is enhanced when the plant is irrigated with water containing spirulina. It was found that, at higher concentrations, spirulina acts as a growth promoter, contributing to an increase in the final generated biomass. Also, it was demonstrated that the treatment with spirulina during the cultivation of the hemp induced an enhancement in the uptake of heavy metals, except for lead. Such a result may be explained by assuming a strong affinity of spirulina towards the lead, resulting in confinement of this metal inside the soil and hampering its uptake by the plant. The NMR analysis allowed to identify the crucial variations of the metabolic composition that were induced by the treatment with spirulina. Results reported in this work pave the way to further studies aimed to understand the optimal dose of spirulina to enhance the efficiency of this innovative combined remediation bio-system. Furthermore, the results described may encourage the application of spectroscopic methods for the rapid detection of structural changes in the various environmental spheres, allowing prompt intervention through the adoption of remediation schemes.\n\nSupplementary materials \nSupporting information (.docx)\nAcknowledgements \nThe authors acknowledge Dr. Vito Bruno, Dr. Francesca Portincasa, and Dr. Stefano Todisco for the helpful discussions and technical support.\n\nFunding \nThis study was funded by Regione Puglia \u201cSezione Competitivit\u00e0 delle filiere agroalimentari\u201d under the call \u201cAvviso pubblico per la presentazione di progetti di ricerca ed innovazione e interventi a carattere pilota con D.D. 189 del 17\/10\/2018 - Project \u201cBIO.SP.HE.RE - Bio-integrated SPirulina and HEmp REmediation\u201d.\n\nConflict of interest \nNone stated.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 Awa, Soo Hui; Hadibarata, Tony (1 February 2020). \"Removal of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soil by Phytoremediation Mechanism: a Review\" (in en). 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Journal of Forensic Sciences 57 (4): 918\u2013922. doi:10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02068.x. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02068.x .   \n \n\n\u2191 McPartland, John M.; McKernan, Kevin J. (2017), Chandra, Suman; Lata, Hemant; ElSohly, Mahmoud A., eds., \"Contaminants of Concern in Cannabis: Microbes, Heavy Metals and Pesticides\" (in en), Cannabis sativa L. - Botany and Biotechnology (Cham: Springer International Publishing): 457\u2013474, doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-54564-6_22, ISBN 978-3-319-54563-9, http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-54564-6_22 . Retrieved 2022-09-11   \n \n\n\u2191 Petrov\u00e1, \u0160.; Bene\u0161ov\u00e1, D.; Soudek, P. et al. (2012). \"Enhancement of metal(loid)s phytoextraction by Cannabis sativa L.\". Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 10 (1): 631\u201341. doi:10.1234\/4.2012.2735. https:\/\/www.wflpublisher.com\/Abstract\/2735 .   \n \n\n\u2191 54.0 54.1 Printz, Bruno; Lutts, Stanley; Hausman, Jean-Francois; Sergeant, Kjell (6 May 2016). \"Copper Trafficking in Plants and Its Implication on Cell Wall Dynamics\". Frontiers in Plant Science 7. doi:10.3389\/fpls.2016.00601. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC PMC4859090. PMID 27200069. http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00601\/abstract .   \n \n\n\u2191 55.0 55.1 Broadley, Martin R.; White, Philip J.; Hammond, John P.; Zelko, Ivan; Lux, Alexander (1 March 2007). \"Zinc in plants\" (in en). New Phytologist 173 (4): 677\u2013702. doi:10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x. ISSN 0028-646X. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x .   \n \n\n\u2191 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (17 January 2020). \"The ATSDR 2019 Substance Priority List\". Substance Priority List. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/spl\/index.html .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cruciani, Oscar; Mannina, Luisa; Sobolev, Anatoli; Cametti, Cesare; Segre, AnnaLaura (10 May 2006). \"An Improved NMR Study of Liposomes Using 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospatidylcholine as Model\" (in en). Molecules 11 (5): 334\u2013344. doi:10.3390\/11050334. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC PMC6148493. PMID 17962765. http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/11\/5\/334 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Brazel, Ailbhe J; \u00d3\u2019Maoil\u00e9idigh, Diarmuid S (27 March 2019). \"Photosynthetic activity of reproductive organs\" (in en). Journal of Experimental Botany 70 (6): 1737\u20131754. doi:10.1093\/jxb\/erz033. ISSN 0022-0957. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/70\/6\/1737\/5368212 .   \n \n\n\u2191 H., Pfanz; G., Aschan; R., Langenfeld-Heyser; C., Wittmann; M., Loose (1 April 2002). \"Ecology and ecophysiology of tree stems: corticular and wood photosynthesis\". Naturwissenschaften 89 (4): 147\u2013162. doi:10.1007\/s00114-002-0309-z. ISSN 0028-1042. http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00114-002-0309-z .   \n \n\n\u2191 Winter, H.; Huber, S. C. (1 January 2000). \"Regulation of Sucrose Metabolism in Higher Plants: Localization and regulation of Activity of Key Enzymes\" (in en). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 19 (1): 31\u201367. doi:10.1080\/07352680091139178. ISSN 0735-2689. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/07352680091139178 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Arru, Laura; Rognoni, Sara; Baroncini, Micaela; Bonatti, Piera Medeghini; Perata, Pierdomenico (1 January 2004). \"Copper localization in Cannabis sativa L. grown in a copper-rich solution\" (in en). Euphytica 140 (1-2): 33\u201338. doi:10.1007\/s10681-004-4752-0. ISSN 0014-2336. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10681-004-4752-0 .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original article lists references in alphabetical order; however, this version lists them in order of appearance, by design. Everything else remains true to the original article, per the \"NoDerivatives\" portion of the distribution license.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil<\/a>\nCategories: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parametersCannaQAwiki journal articles (added in 2022)CannaQAwiki journal articles (all)CannaQAwiki journal articles on cannabis contaminantsCannaQAwiki journal articles on remediationNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 11 September 2022, at 21:27.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","1a5df1e8ece8585e0ad3b310df209b0d_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-170 ns-subject page-Journal_A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil rootpage-Journal_A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:A spectroscopic study to assess heavy metals absorption by a combined hemp-spirulina system from contaminated soil<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The efficiency of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c23e30b6cf1df54f1dc338492c9f9da2\">hemp<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_sativa\" title=\"Cannabis sativa\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e003358742012354d1ff6002bc5781de\"><i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L.<\/a>) in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_remediation\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Environmental remediation\" data-key=\"2d18b14509c5d5a67b6937b7223d0e25\">remediating<\/a> sites <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Contamination\" title=\"Contamination\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0663203ff7531a97a6d414b3ecc2c94d\">contaminated<\/a> with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Heavy_metals\" title=\"Heavy metals\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a485b8274a229bee7a5d842d06729007\">heavy metals<\/a> has received great attention in recent years. The main advantage of this technology relies on its inherent sustainability, with a potential re-utilization of the significant amount of produced biomass, which acts as a valuable flow resource. In this study, a combined system consisting of <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L. (hemp) and the blue-green alga <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Arthrospira_platensis\" title=\"Arthrospira platensis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b10fc685d6e08a01478c31dafbb6bd2f\">Arthrospira platensis<\/a><\/i> (spirulina) was tested to clean up soils contaminated with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cadmium\" title=\"Cadmium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"35b033eb9996b45aa19489f6f4a5d566\">cadmium<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chromium\" title=\"Chromium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"57f0c16bb1f6fdbc70e5f3ccebbe5f29\">chromium<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Copper\" title=\"Copper\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8cd5b38f858ab566efabc49263a90089\">copper<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nickel\" title=\"Nickel\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed065345a0c45e5dadbb27aace1bbcd5\">nickel<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Lead\" title=\"Lead\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"074a69ff592d0a24b56840471667aab1\">lead<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Zinc\" title=\"Zinc\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e46c66bdffbc298c96ca3d9b96333048\">zinc<\/a>. The application of non-targeted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy\" title=\"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b571fe2c0aeb1614f1b19dbe1b12f7f3\">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy<\/a> (NMR) methods combined with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_atomic_emission_spectroscopy\" title=\"Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c3d9e1c4597891de8e869097753f2c66\">inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy<\/a> (ICP-AES) quantification provided an efficient strategy for detecting residual heavy metals within plant tissues and soil. Importantly, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Metabolomics\" title=\"Metabolomics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a260a93d97d33a0aefc3c4b333f0c022\">non-targeted metabolomic analysis<\/a> helped to reveal the relationships between metabolites distribution in hemp tissues and the sequestered metals. It was demonstrated that hemp accumulates copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc preferentially in the leaves, while lead is distributed mainly in the stems of the plant. Moreover, it was found that, at higher concentrations, spirulina acts as a growth promoter, contributing to an increase in the final generated biomass. Results reported in this work indicate that the hemp-spirulina system represents a suitable tool for remediation of metal contaminated soils by modulating biomass production and metals uptake.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: non-targeted nuclear magnetic resonance, phytoremediation, phycoremediation, <i>Arthrospira platensis<\/i>, <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L., metal quantification\n<\/p><p><b>Graphical abstract<\/b>:\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:GA_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"f4b560c3b7674bad12332131c9b44f16\"><img alt=\"GA Musio EnviroAdv2022 7.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/8\/8c\/GA_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Dispersion of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Heavy_metals\" title=\"Heavy metals\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a485b8274a229bee7a5d842d06729007\">heavy metals<\/a> in soils is an age-old problem deriving from both natural and anthropic sources.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Among the anthropic contribution to soil <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Contamination\" title=\"Contamination\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0663203ff7531a97a6d414b3ecc2c94d\">contamination<\/a> by metals, land application of treated wastewater, sewage sludge, fertilizers, and industrial activities are major concerns.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Unbalanced amounts of heavy metals may cause perturbation of soil parameters with consequent toxic effects on plants, in the nearby water supplies, and, ultimately, in the whole food chain.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Typically, elements such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Copper\" title=\"Copper\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8cd5b38f858ab566efabc49263a90089\">copper<\/a> (Cu), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nickel\" title=\"Nickel\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed065345a0c45e5dadbb27aace1bbcd5\">nickel<\/a> (Ni), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Zinc\" title=\"Zinc\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e46c66bdffbc298c96ca3d9b96333048\">zinc<\/a> (Zn), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chromium\" title=\"Chromium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"57f0c16bb1f6fdbc70e5f3ccebbe5f29\">chromium<\/a> (Cr) are biologically essential for plant growth but become toxic for animals and plants when their concentrations exceed certain threshold levels.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Other heavy metals often found in contaminated soils, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cadmium\" title=\"Cadmium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"35b033eb9996b45aa19489f6f4a5d566\">cadmium<\/a> (Cd) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Lead\" title=\"Lead\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"074a69ff592d0a24b56840471667aab1\">lead<\/a> (Pb) are not essential for plants growth, and many studies have associated their presence with neurological and endocrinological toxicity for humans, along with carcinogenic effects.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Since heavy metals are not biodegradable, they tend to accumulate in the environment, becoming a high risk for biota over several years after their introduction in an ecosystem.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> The search for new solutions that can remediate soil contaminated by heavy metals is a critical prerequisite for the sustainable development of agriculture<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>, thus representing a topic of paramount importance. The most consolidated strategies to remediate such contaminated soils include physical and chemical approaches like isolation, through capping and subsurface barriers; immobilization, by solidification\/stabilization, vitrification, and chemical treatment; physical separation; and extraction, by soil washing, pyrometallurgical extraction, <i>in situ<\/i> soil flushing, and electrokinetic treatment.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> However, alternative approaches are gaining greater attention as they combine cost-effectiveness, sustainability, low toxicity, and mobility decrease. They include bioaccumulation, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_remediation\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Environmental remediation\" data-key=\"2d18b14509c5d5a67b6937b7223d0e25\">phytoremediation<\/a> (e.g., phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and rhizofiltration), bioleaching, and other biochemical processes in which living organisms such as plants or microbes are used to clean contaminants from an area.\n<\/p><p>In particular, phytoremediation is attracting the attention of the scientific community, since it has been demonstrated to be a cost-effective solution for the remediation of contaminated sites, and, in the meantime, to be a feasible method for bio-fixation of CO<sub>2<\/sub>, resulting in highly sustainable technology.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> The ability to absorb heavy metals generally depends on the biomass produced, as well as on the ability of the plant to accumulate and translocate heavy metals in its biomass.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> According to recent scientific literature, a good candidate for phytoremediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c23e30b6cf1df54f1dc338492c9f9da2\">hemp<\/a> plant.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> Kompolti, also known as hemp, the non-psychoactive variety of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_sativa\" title=\"Cannabis sativa\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e003358742012354d1ff6002bc5781de\"><i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L.<\/a>, is an annual <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Dioecy\" title=\"Dioecy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8b14a8df69095b55b0fa5e63539d676b\">dioecious<\/a> high-yielding industrial crop, and it is mainly grown for its fibers and seeds, generally being used for textiles, clothing, insulation, biodegradable plastics, food, animal feed, and biofuel production.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> Hemp possesses some characteristics that make it quite suitable for phytoremediation, such as high biomass, long roots, and a favorably short industrial life cycle of 180 days. Importantly, hemp demonstrates a strong capability to sequester heavy metals like cadmium, zinc, lead, nickel, copper, and chromium when they are present in contaminated soil and water.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Another attractive approach for the remediation of contaminated sites is the application of bioleaching technology, which uses direct metabolism or by-products of microbial processes to uptake heavy metals adsorbed onto the soil surface and to transform them so that the elements can be extracted when water is filtered through. Bioleaching has several advantages over conventional physical and chemical strategies, such as low cost, environmental sustainability, few hazardous characteristics of waste\/sludge, low energy demand, and absence of toxic chemicals.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Additionally, phycoremediation, which involves eukariotic algae and cyanobacteria in remediation processes, has been extensively applied to the treatment of wastewater.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> However, its application to the remediation of sediments and soils contaminated by heavy metals is less documented. Among the cyanobacteria, <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Arthrospira_platensis\" title=\"Arthrospira platensis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b10fc685d6e08a01478c31dafbb6bd2f\">Arthrospira platensis<\/a><\/i> possesses excellent <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chelation\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Chelation\" data-key=\"19b874d8062b1aa9f5f157c2ad2353e2\">chelating<\/a> properties both towards heavy metals present in humans and towards those present in soil, water, and sludge.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup> The dried biomass of <i>Arthrospira platensis<\/i> is commonly known as \"spirulina,\" and it finds many applications in agriculture as a plant growth promoter, enhancing growth, increasing yield, and speeding up seed germination.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-46\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup> Recently, the employment of this blue-green alga to uptake heavy metals in contaminated sites has been explored.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_47-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup> The presence of a chloroplast-type ferredoxin in the active center has been reported as responsible for the chelating capability of spirulina<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup>, whereby its efficiency is affected by many physical and chemical factors such as initial metal concentration, dosage, adsorption time, temperature, and pH.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The present study aims at both exploring the ability of the unreported combined use of hemp and spirulina to uptake six selected heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) from artificially contaminated soil and investigating, under controlled plant growing conditions, their distribution into the plant tissues. Specifically, hemp was chosen as the main agent for biological remediation, and spirulina was added as an enhancer of both the plant growth and the translocation of heavy metals in the hemp. The application of a non-targeted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy\" title=\"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b571fe2c0aeb1614f1b19dbe1b12f7f3\">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy<\/a> (NMR) approach combined with an estimation of the residual metals by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_atomic_emission_spectroscopy\" title=\"Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c3d9e1c4597891de8e869097753f2c66\">inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy<\/a> (ICP-AES) into the cultivation soil and within the different tissues of the plant was applied in view of gathering useful information on the efficiency of the integrated hemp-spirulina system. Obtaining this information is crucial for the potential re-utilization of the hemp plant or shoots of it, after the phytoremediation stage, for alternative usages, like production of bio-materials for the textile, construction, and bio-fuel industries.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Materials_and_methods\">Materials and methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Materials\">Materials<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>3-(Trimethylsilyl)-2,2,3,3-tetradeutero-propionic acid sodium salt (TSP, CAS N. 24493-21-8, 99 %D, Armar Chemicals, D\u00f6ttingen, Switzerland), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, CAS N. 7647-01-0; \u2265 99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy), sodium oxalate (Na<sub>2<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>, CAS N. 62-76-0; \u226599.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy), sodium azide (NaN<sub>3<\/sub>, CAS N. 26628-22-8; \u226599.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy), and deuterium oxide (D<sub>2<\/sub>O, CAS. N. 7789-20-0, 99.86 %D, Eurisotop, Saclay, France) were used for sample preparation. NMR tubes (Norell 509-UP 7) were provided by Norell, Landisville NJ, United States. The NMR samples were prepared using an automated system for liquid handling (SamplePro Tube, Bruker BioSpin).\n<\/p><p>The soil used during cultivation was Plagron Lightmix (Plagron, Ospel, The Netherlands), which had pH 6-7, electric conductivity (E.C. 1:5) 310-470 \u00b5S\u2022cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup> and (E.C. 1:1.5) 0.7-1.1 \u00b5S\u2022cm<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, NPK (12-14-24) 1.5 kg\u2022m\u22123, total N 180 g\u2022m<sup>\u22123<\/sup> (105:75, NO<sub>3<\/sub>:NH<sub>4<\/sub>), P<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub> 210 g\u2022m<sup>\u22123<\/sup>, K<sub>2<\/sub>O 360 g\u2022m<sup>\u22123<\/sup>, dry matter 37% (of which 82% organic matter), and water retention of 6 mL\u2022g<sup>\u22121<\/sup> dry matter.\n<\/p><p>The soil was contaminated by Cd(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>\u20274H<sub>2<\/sub>O (CAS N. 10022-68-1, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy), K<sub>2<\/sub>Cr<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub> (CAS N. 7778-50-9, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy), Cu(SO<sub>4<\/sub>)\u20275H<sub>2<\/sub>O (CAS N. 7758-99-8, Prolabo, Paris, France), Pb(CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO)<sub>2<\/sub> (CAS N. 301-04-2, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy), Ni(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>\u20276H<sub>2<\/sub>O (CAS N. 13478-00-7, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy), Zn(CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO)<sub>2<\/sub>\u20272H<sub>2<\/sub>O (CAS N. 5970-45-6, Carlo Erba Reagents, Milan, Italy).\n<\/p><p>Hydrochloric acid (HCl 37%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), nitric acid (HNO<sub>3<\/sub> 65%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), double-distilled water (DDW \u2265 99.5%), standard multi-elemental reference solution (Ag, Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, V, Zn [10 mg\/l]) were used for heavy metals analysis by ICP-AES.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Algal_strain_and_growth_conditions\">Algal strain and growth conditions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>An <i>Arthrospira platensis<\/i> strain was cultivated by ApuliaKundi S.r.l. in open ponds (3,000 L per pond) under controlled greenhouse conditions with natural light at a temperature ranging from 22 to 28 \u00b0C.\n<\/p><p>The production cycle was monitored by turbidity measurements through a Secchi disk (200 mm diameter, Scubla, Remanzacco (UD), Italy). Once the disk was lowered into the algae suspension at 5\u00f76 cm and could not be seen anymore, the algae were collected. Overall, the production cycle lasted approximately three days. The collected algal biomass was filtered (40 \u03bcm filter), extruded, and cold dried at a temperature value lower than 38 \u00b0C. The study was conducted using the dried biomass in powder form, commonly named \"spirulina.\"\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Cultivation_of_Cannabis_sativa_L._(cv._Kompolti)\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cultivation_of_Cannabis_sativa_L._.28cv._Kompolti.29\">Cultivation of <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L. (<i>cv.<\/i> Kompolti)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The cultivation of hemp by Enjoy Farm Soc. Coop. (Bitetto, Bari, Italy) took place indoors with controlled light and temperature conditions using a vegetative photoperiod of 18\/6 h of light\/dark for the first nine weeks, and a flowering photoperiod of 12\/12 h of light\/dark until harvest.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup> Germination occurred 10 days after the seed sowing. After 50 days from germination, six plants were transplanted into 15 L pots filled with four kilograms of 75-days-old contaminated soil, in addition to two control plants transplanted into pots filled with four kilograms of uncontaminated soil. The pre-contaminated soil was prepared upon controlled addition into the soil of six different heavy metals, namely cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). The choice of heavy metals and quantities used for contamination was based on the typical content of metals detected in different sites of the Apulia region of southern Italy, as provided by Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e la Protezione dell'Ambiente (ARPA Puglia) and Acquedotto Pugliese S.p.A. Specifically, the pre-contaminated soil contained 16, 527, 200, 434, 357, and 448 mg\u2022kg<sup>\u22121<\/sup> of Cd(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>4H<sub>2<\/sub>O, K<sub>2<\/sub>Cr<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub>, Cu(SO<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>\u20275H<sub>2<\/sub>O, Pb(CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO)<sub>2<\/sub>, Ni(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>\u20276H<sub>2<\/sub>O, and Zn(CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO)<sub>2<\/sub>\u20272H<sub>2<\/sub>O, respectively. Commercial uncontaminated soil (24 kilograms) was treated with 2.0 L of such salts aqueous solutions through four subsequent additions. The resulted mixture was stirred in a concrete mixer for three hours. Finally, the obtained contaminated soil was distributed into six pots (15 L each) and stored in the greenhouse under controlled conditions for 75 days.\n<\/p><p>Moreover, four out of the six <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L. plants grown in pre-contaminated soil received irrigation water (0.50 L of water \u00d7 56 times) containing spirulina (added in powder form). As a proof of concept, two different concentrations were tested: 1.0 and 0.50 g\u2022L<sup>\u22121<\/sup>. Overall, each experimental condition was tested in duplicate, involving a total of eight hemp plants (Table 1).\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Description of the experimental conditions indicating the corresponding strategies of control, as well as pre-contamination soil in presence and absence of spirulina.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Experimental condition\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Description\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Plant ID\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Control<\/b>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Two plants are grown on uncontaminated soil as a reference\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Ctrl\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Pre-contaminated soil<\/b>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Two plants are grown on pre-contaminated soil\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">C\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Pre-contaminated soil + spirulina<\/b>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Two plants are grown on pre-contaminated soil with the addition of spirulina 1.0 g\u2022L<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CS1\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Two plants are grown on pre-contaminated soil with the addition of spirulina 0.50 g\u2022L<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CS0.5\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Plants were constantly monitored until the harvest (over two months after the sowing) by recording three main morphometric parameters: (i) plant height (cm), i.e., height of stem from ground to apex; (ii) the number of leaf stages; and (iii) drum diameter (mm) (see Supplementary materials for the full list of the morphometric parameters, Table S1). The biomass (g) of stem and leaf samples was determined upon lyophilization; the sum of the biomass of the stem and leaf samples collected from the same plant was computed too and is herein referred to as \u201cplant biomass.\u201d The residual amount of heavy metals (mg\u2022kg<sup>\u22121<\/sup>) contained in leaves, stems, and soil after the harvest was measured; for each plant, also the sum of the heavy metal content of leaves plus stems was calculated (see Supplementary materials for further details, Table S2). The shoots of plants were collected and transferred in refrigerated packaging with dry ice from the greenhouse to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed14e6a67b4b14ad2c190c28455725f6\">laboratories<\/a> for further analyses. Samples of soil from each pot were collected after harvesting and kept in plastic bags at room temperature until analysis. Leaves and flowers were separated from stems, and both portions of the plant were firstly freeze-dried at \u201350 \u00b0C and 0.180 mbar for 72 hours in a lyophilizer (Christ Alpha 1\u20134 LSC, Martin-Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, Osterode am Harz, Germany). Then, the dried samples were mechanically ground in a blender, sieved through a mesh with a pore size of 0.5 mm, and stored at \u201320 \u00b0C until analysis.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Sample_preparation_and_NMR_analysis\">Sample preparation and NMR analysis<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>An aliquot of 50 mg of each powdered sample was dissolved in 1.5 mL of buffer solution [Na<sub>2<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> (0.25 M), NaN<sub>3<\/sub> (2.5 mm)] at pH 4.2 [pH adjusted by addition of HCl (37%)], sonicated for 10 minutes at 40 kHz, and vortexed (Advanced Vortex Mixer ZX3, VELP Scientifica Srl, Italy) for five minutes at 2,500 rpm. The mixture was transferred in a centrifuge tube (2 mL Nonsterile Centrifugal Filters, ThermoFisher Scientific) equipped with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter (0.2 \u00b5m) and centrifuged for 15 minute at 4,700 rpm (ROTOFIX 32 A, Hettich, Italy). The filtrate was used to fill the NMR tube.\n<\/p><p>NMR tubes were filled in by an automated system for liquid handling (SamplePro Tube, Bruker BioSpin) according to the following method: 630 \u00b5L of the obtained extract and 70 \u00b5L of TSP\/D<sub>2<\/sub>O solution [3-(trimethylsilyl) propionic-2,2,3,3-d<sub>4<\/sub> acid sodium salt in D<sub>2<\/sub>O (0.2% w\/w)]. Three replicates were prepared for each sample.\n<\/p><p>One-dimensional <sup>1<\/sup>H NOESY NMR spectra were recorded through a Bruker Avance 400 MHz spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm inverse probe and with an autosampler. The following acquisition parameters were used: pulse program = noesygppr1d; size of fid (TD) = 65 K; spectral width (SW) = 20 ppm; transmitter offset = 4.70 ppm; 90 \u00b0 hard pulse (p1) = 12.50 \u03bcs; power level for pre-saturation (pl9) = 59.10 dB; dummy scans (ds) = 4; number of scans (ns) = 128; acquisition time = 4.09 seconds; mixing time (d8) = 0.01 seconds; recycle delay (d1) = 5 seconds. Each spectrum was acquired using TOPSPIN 2.1 software (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany) under an automatic process that lasted ca. 22 minutes and encompassed sample loading, temperature stabilization for five minutes, tuning, matching, shimming, and 90 \u00b0 pulse calibration.\n<\/p><p>NMR raw data (Free Induction Decays, FIDs) were processed using the software MestReNova 11.0 (Mestrelab Research SL, Santiago de Compostela, Spain). The FIDs relative to 48 1D <sup>1<\/sup>H NOESY NMR experiments (48 experiments composed as follows: 8 leaf samples \u00d7 3 replicates, 8 stem samples \u00d7 3 replicates) were zero-filled with 128 K number of points and then underwent to Fourier transformation by applying an exponential multiplication function with a line broadening of 0.1 Hz. Phase and baseline were automatically corrected, and the TSP singlet signal set at \u03b4 = 0.00 ppm was used as a chemical shift reference.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"ICP-AES_analysis_for_quantification_of_heavy_metals\">ICP-AES analysis for quantification of heavy metals<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Quantitative analysis of metals in samples of soil, stem powder, and leaf powder was carried out through ICP-AES, in three technical replicates. ICP-AES analyses were carried out at SAMER (Special Agency of the Chamber of Commerce of Bari). Samples of 200 mg were weighed into 100 mL digestion vessels using bi-distilled water, followed by acid digestion using 6 mL of 37% HCl (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 2 mL of 65% HNO<sub>3<\/sub> (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Digestion vessels were closed and placed into CEM Mars 1 microwave oven (CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC, USA). Power and time parameters used in the present work are part of an optimized library program for the analysis of trace metals in soil and plant material. The following digestion program has been, thus, selected for our purpose: 250 W (for two minutes), 0 W (for two minutes), 250 W (for five minutes), 400 W (for five minutes), and 500 W (for five minutes). After cooling to room temperature, the samples were filtered through 0.45 \u00b5m porosity filters and brought to 10 mL volume using bi-distilled water.\n<\/p><p>The quantitative measures of the metals were performed by ICP-AES (iCAP 6300 Duo, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany). Quantities were reported in mg\u2022kg<sup>\u22121<\/sup>. The amounts of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined according to the UNI EN ISO 13657:2004 and UNI EN ISO 11885:2009 standards. The working wavelengths of the analyzed elements were 226.5 nm (Cd), 267.7 nm (Cr), 324.7 nm (Cu), 231.6 nm (Ni), 220.3 nm (Pb), and 213.8 nm (Zn). A concentrated standard reference solution was used at a concentration of 10 mg\u2022kg<sup>\u22121<\/sup> of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The six elements indicated, taken from 1000 mg\u2022kg<sup>\u22121<\/sup> solutions, were brought in a single solution from 100 mg\u2022kg<sup>\u22121<\/sup>. Dilutions of 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, 0.005, and 0 mg\u2022kg<sup>\u22121<\/sup> of the concentrated standard reference solutions were made in final volumes of 100 mL using HNO<sub>3<\/sub> and HCl.\n<\/p><p>A calibration blank was used to obtain the analytical curve and was prepared by acidifying water with a mixture of 65% HNO<sub>3<\/sub> and 37% HCl in a way that the standard and the sample reached the same value of acidity. Furthermore, the method blank contained all reagents in the same volumes used in the sample preparation and was used to identify possible contamination resulting from the acidic reagents used or equipment used during the sample preparation, including the filtration step. The calibration standard analytical curve was made of 1.0, 0.50, 0.10, 0.010, 0.0050, and 0 mg\u2022kg\u2212<sup>\u22121<\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Statistical_elaboration_of_NMR_and_ICP-AES_data\">Statistical elaboration of NMR and ICP-AES data<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The 48 processed 1D <sup>1<\/sup>H NOESY spectra (8 leaf samples \u00d7 3 replicates, 8 stem samples \u00d7 3 replicates) were reduced to a numerical matrix (bucket-table) manageable for multivariate statistical analysis. The bucket-table was obtained by dividing the entire spectrum in the range of [-0.514, 10.486] ppm into 249 rectangular intervals (buckets) of 0.04 ppm in width, excluding the region [5.126, 4.566] ppm corresponding to the residual water signal. The underlying area of each bucket was normalized to the total intensity. The bucket table was imported into SIMCA 13.0.3 software (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden) to perform multivariate statistical analyses (MVA). The coordinates of the observations in the new space are called \"scores,\" and the weight of the original variables on each PC are called \"loadings.\" In the present study, the NMR spectra constituted the observations and the buckets constituted the <i>x<\/i>-variables. Buckets were centered and subjected to Pareto scaling (each<i>x<sub>j<\/sub><\/i> -variable was scaled to 1\/sqrt(sd<sub>j<\/sub>), where sd<sub>j<\/sub> is the standard deviation of<i>x<sub>j<\/sub><\/i> -variable computed around the mean) to avoid noise inflation. The buckets in the range [-0.514, 0.486] ppm, including the TSP singlet, were excluded from statistical analysis. \n<\/p><p>Data from ICP-AES analysis and morphometric data were also included in statistical analysis as <i>y<\/i>-variables and were scaled to unit variance (UV), as recommended for variables expressed in different units (for each<i>y<sub>j<\/sub><\/i> -variable the base weight is computed as 1\/sd<sub>j<\/sub>, where sd<sub>j<\/sub> is the standard deviation of <i>y<sub>j<\/sub><\/i>-variable computed around the mean). Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis were performed. The quality of statistical models was assessed based on the parameters <i>R<sup>2<\/sup><\/i> and <i>Q<sup>2<\/sup><\/i>, which represent the descriptiveness (goodness-of-fit) and the predictivity in cross-validation (goodness-of-prediction in cross-validation), respectively. For OPLS models, permutation tests were carried out to verify the absence of model overfitting.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Results_and_discussion\">Results and discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>NMR analysis (1D <sup>1<\/sup>H NOESY experiments) allowed for the identification of a pool of metabolites contained in typical aqueous extracts (pH = 4.2) of leaves (Fig. 1a) and stems (Fig. 1b) collected from a plant of hemp cultivated under controlled conditions in uncontaminated soil (see Supplementary materials for the full list of metabolites, Table S3). The main representative classes of metabolites included organic acids (i.e., lactic, citric, tartaric, fumaric, formic, and acetic acids), amino acids (i.e., alanine, asparagine, \u03b3-aminobutyric acid, arginine, glutamine, isoleucine, proline, tyrosine, leucine), and carbohydrates (i.e., \u03b2-glucose, \u03b1-glucose, fructose, \u03b1-galactose, \u03b2-galactose). Moreover, 1D <sup>1<\/sup>H NOESY spectra also contained signals related to trigonelline, choline, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Ethanol\" title=\"Ethanol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e0bdbbae89fcedde33e133fdfd2a2994\">ethanol<\/a>.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig1_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"133e447722743a1bb57b8725c3ea008d\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Musio EnviroAdv2022 7.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/a\/a2\/Fig1_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 1<\/b> Typical 1D <sup>1<\/sup>H NOESY spectra (Bruker Avance 400 MHz, D<sub>2<\/sub>O) of aqueous extracts of leaves (<b>a.<\/b>) and stems (<b>b.<\/b>) of <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L. The spectral region containing the residual water signal (4.78 ppm) was hidden. The spectral regions included in rectangles were expanded for clarity.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>A holistic approach was applied during the present study by combining the information provided by the 1D <sup>1<\/sup>H NOESY experiments, the ICP-AES quantitative analysis of residual metal, and the data derived from the morphometric inspection.\n<\/p><p>As a first task, the relation between the variations in the metabolic composition and the calculated amounts of residual heavy metals in the plant was considered. Thus, the OPLS analysis was performed considering the spectral buckets as <i>x<\/i>-variables, and the metal content and plant biomass as <i>y<\/i>-variables (see Supplementary materials for OPLS model parameters, Table S4). Such a model was characterized by five predictive components P1-P5 that explained 59.5% of <i>x<\/i>-variance (R<sup>2<\/sup>X[cum] = 0.595), 92.2% of <i>y<\/i>-variance (R<sup>2<\/sup>Y[cum] = 0.922) and 87.6% of <i>y<\/i>-variance modelled by <i>x<\/i>-variables (R<sup>2<\/sup> = 0.876), and eight orthogonal components O1-O8 that explained about 38% of the <i>x<\/i>-variance unrelated to <i>y<\/i>-variance (R<sup>2<\/sup>X[cum] = 0.383). Two main separate clusters of observations were noticeable along P1. They corresponded to the two parts of the plant, namely the leaves (LE) and the stems (ST) (Fig. 2a, LE vs. ST). Inside each group, two evident subgroups were distinguishable along P2, which were identified as the vigorous plants (V) and the weak ones (W) (Fig. 2b, V vs. W). The components P1 and P2 explained 41 and 9.8% of the information in <i>x<\/i>-space (R<sup>2<\/sup>X[P1] = 0.41 and R<sup>2<\/sup>X[P2] = 0.098), suggesting an important variability of the metabolic composition along with the different tissues of the plant and according to the wellness of the plant. Indeed, the same components P1 and P2 explained 48.5 and 15.2% of the information in <i>y<\/i>-space (R<sup>2<\/sup>Y[P1] = 0.485 and R<sup>2<\/sup>Y[P2] = 0.152), suggesting a differential distribution of the <i>y<\/i>-variables, namely the metals concentration and the plant biomass, according to the different tissue of the plant and the health status of the plant (Fig. 2c). The visual inspection of the original harvested plants (see Supplementary materials for further details, Fig. S1), combined with the plant biomass values, suggested that the samples included in the subgroup with t[2]<0 (Fig. 2b, red scores) corresponded to the less healthy plants (weak, W), whereas the observations included in the subgroup with t[2]>0 corresponded to the more vigorous plants (V, Fig. 2b, yellow scores). The analysis of the loading plot (pq[1] vs. pq[2]) allowed the identification of the most significant variables towards the distribution of the scores, including the metal concentration, biomass amount, and spectral regions (Fig. 2c).\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig2_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"c0f6e161d954beece5deb3cd87c31c17\"><img alt=\"Fig2 Musio EnviroAdv2022 7.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/b\/bc\/Fig2_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 2<\/b> OPLS-DA applied to spectral data (<i>x<\/i>-variables) and metal content and plant biomass data (<i>y<\/i>-variables). (<b>a.<\/b>) Scores plot displaying t[1] vs. t[2], the observations are colored according to the tissues of the plants: leaves (green circle, LE), stems (blue square, ST). (<b>b.<\/b>) Scores plot t[1] vs. t[2], the observations are colored according to the health status of the plants: vigorous (yellow circle, V), weak (red square, W). (<b>c.<\/b>) Loading plot displaying the relationship between the <i>x<\/i>-variables (spectral regions) and the <i>y<\/i>-variables (metal content and plant biomass) for the first and second predictive components pq[1] vs. pq[2] (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The amounts of Cu, Cr, Zn, and Ni added during the present study were well tolerated by the plants since the cluster containing the vigorous plants was characterized by having higher levels of them. On the other side, a lower tolerance was observed towards Pb as the highest levels of this metal were found in the weakest plants (Fig. 2c). It is well documented that the tolerance of hemp towards heavy metals is highly selective<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_26-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>, and it is related both to the ability of the plant to produce high levels of antioxidant agents and to accumulate metals in roots, hindering them to translocate to the upper parts of the plant.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup> A selective accumulation of the studied metals in the leaves was observed according to the following trend: Cu > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cd >> Pb. Specifically, the observed accumulation of copper inside the leaves compared to the stems (Fig. 2c, pq[1] < -0.2), and, particularly, in leaves collected from vigorous green plants (Fig. 2c, pq[2] > 0.1), can be justified by the fact that this metal is actively involved in cellular functions happening mostly in this part of the plant, such as the transport of electrons in mitochondria and chloroplasts, the control of the cellular redox state, and the remodeling of the cell wall.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The accumulation of zinc inside the leaves (Fig. 2c, pq[1] < -0.2) can be explained with both the increased production of organic acid and the vacuolar compartmentalization occurring in the leaves.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>While cadmium did not show any preferential site accumulation (Fig. 2c, pq[1] \u2248 0), lead presented a noticeable preference to distribute within the stems (Fig. 2c, pq[1] > 0.2). Interestingly, the tolerance of hemp towards high levels of lead was lower compared to the other selected heavy metals. Such evidence is not surprising considering the high toxicity of lead on living organisms.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-56\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup> Indeed, lead impairs the physicochemical properties of soil and soil microbial community; it alters the water and nutrient uptake, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduces photosynthetic activity, hindering plant growth and development.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_55-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> As a result of the present investigation, the residual amounts of lead were found higher in the less healthy plants (Fig. 2c, pq[1] < -0.1). Also, this evidence is confirmed by the inverse correlation observed in the loading plot between the plant biomass (Fig. 2c, pq[2] > 0.3) and the level of lead in the plant (Fig. 2c, pq[2] < -0.3), suggesting a potential phytotoxic effect of lead.\n<\/p><p>The analysis of the correlation matrix (see Supplementary materials for further details, Table S5) related to the OPLS model helped to better understand the ability of hemp to uptake simultaneously and selectively the six metals under investigation. A positive correlation was found for the plant content of Cu with Zn (<i>r<\/i> = 0.80) and Ni (<i>r<\/i> = 0.82). Also, Zn correlated well with the plant content of Cd (<i>r<\/i> = 0.84) and Ni (<i>r<\/i> = 0.81). Conversely, a negative correlation was found between Cu plant content and Pb residual amount (<i>r<\/i> = -0.82). Such evidence may suggest a competition between lead and copper during the uptake stage. Importantly, it was found that the plant weight (biomass) positively correlated with the residual content of Cu (<i>r<\/i> = 0.72) and Cr (<i>r<\/i> = 0.64) in the plant. Still, a negative correlation was found between the plant biomass and the Pb content (<i>r<\/i> = -0.76), supporting the hypothesis that hemp tolerance towards this metal is relatively low compared to the other metals investigated in the present work.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Metabolic_analysis_of_leaves_and_stems\">Metabolic analysis of leaves and stems<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The variations in the metabolic composition of the aqueous extracts of leaves and stems were investigated by performing an orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). A clear separation between the two classes of samples (leaves vs. stems) along the first two components ((R<sup>2<\/sup>X[1] = 0.394, R<sup>2<\/sup>Xo[1] = 0.27; see Supplementary materials for the scores plot, Fig. S2a) was obtained and the analysis of the S-plot allowed for the detection of the most significant <i>x<\/i>-variables and, thus, the metabolites contributing to such clustering (see Supplementary materials for the S-plot, Fig. S2b). Specifically, the buckets having values of VIP<sub>predictive<\/sub> >1 and values of p(corr)1 >|0.5| were analyzed more deeply (see Supplementary materials for further details, Table S6).\n<\/p><p>The spectral regions containing signals related to glucose, fructose, and galactose moieties contributed significantly to the clustering of the stems. Also, the buckets containing the signals assigned to the organic acids were characterized by significant values of VIP and p(corr)1. An analogous trend was observed for the buckets related to the signals assigned to \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at 1.89\u20131.93 ppm and 3.01\u20133.05 ppm, and glutamine at 2.13\u20132.17 ppm.\n<\/p><p>Interestingly, the clustering of the leaves was affected by some regions of the spectra containing very broad signals at 0.88, 1.29, 2.23, and 5.31 ppm (Fig. 3a, yellow rectangles), presumably attributable to the lipids of the cell membranes and\/or walls.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup> The comparison of the 1D <sup>1<\/sup>H NOESY spectra of the leaves collected from control plants (Ctrl with no metal contamination, Fig. 3a), vigorous plants (LE_V, Fig. 3a), and weak plants (LE_W, Fig. 3a) indicated that such broad signals were predominant in vigorous plants. Such broad signals were not observed in the aqueous extracts of stems (Fig. 3b). Also, the buckets containing the signals of ethanol at 1.17\u20131.25 ppm contributed relevantly to the grouping of the leaves towards the stems (Fig. 3a and b, green rectangular). These data could be explained by the fact that the leaves and, particularly the leaves sampled from vigorous green plants, have active photosynthetic processes and intact cell structures, whereas stems of weakest plants begin to enrich with lignin and have less active photosynthesis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig3_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"e70f091f31ea16e941c5d5ad3e083f8e\"><img alt=\"Fig3 Musio EnviroAdv2022 7.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/b\/b3\/Fig3_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 3<\/b> <sup>1<\/sup>H NMR spectral regions [0.6\u20132.55 ppm; 5.03\u20135.54 ppm] of aqueous extracts of leaves (<b>a.<\/b>) and stems (<b>b.<\/b>) collected from the control plant (Ctrl), vigorous plant (LE_V; ST_V), and weak plant (LE_W; ST_W), respectively. The yellow rectangles delimit the broad signals (0.88, 1.29, 2.23, 5.31 ppm) observed predominantly in the aqueous extracts of leaves from vigorous plants (Fig. 3a, Ctrl vs LE_V vs LE_W) and not in the aqueous extracts of stems (Fig. 3b, Ctrl vs ST_V vs ST_W); the green rectangle highlights the ethanol signal (1.20 ppm) predominantly visible in the leaves (<b>a.<\/b>) (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The spectral regions containing these broad signals correlated positively with the calculated amounts of residual copper in the leaves. Under physiological conditions, Cu is found in two common forms: Cu(I) (low oxidation state) preferentially binding sulfur-containing compounds having a thiol or a thioether group, and Cu(II) (high oxidation state), that coordinates mainly with oxygen or imidazole nitrogen groups. The main functions of Cu are the transport of electrons in mitochondria and chloroplasts, the control of the cellular redox state (being a major Cu-binding protein the Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase), and the remodeling of the cell wall, which is one of the major Cu-accumulation sites in hyper-accumulating plants.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_54-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup> Moreover, Cu leaf content is inversely associated with the intensity of the buckets relating to glucose and fructose (in the range [3.26\u20134.08] ppm) and ethanol (centered at 1.18 and 3.62 ppm). In weakest plants, sucrose, the main soluble component of the phloem sap and translatable product of photosynthesis might be hydrolyzed into the two constituting monomers (glucose and fructose) and fermented by yeast and\/or bacteria producing ethanol.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Effect_of_treatment_with_spirulina\">Effect of treatment with spirulina<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In a second task, the effect of the treatment with spirulina during the cultivation of hemp towards the remediation of contaminated soil was investigated. Thus, a deeper look was taken at the higher components of the OPLS model described in the prior subsection. Indeed, a good clustering of samples according to the treatment was visible in the t[2] vs. t[5] scores plot (Fig. 4a). The second component and the fifth one explained together 11.75% of the <i>x<\/i>-variance predictive of the <i>y<\/i>-variance (R<sup>2<\/sup>X[P2] = 0.098 and R<sup>2<\/sup>X[P5] = 0.019), suggesting that the treatment with spirulina affected slightly the metabolic composition of the plant. Such evidence is relevant to make possible a re-utilization of the hemp, which does not change its metabolome during the phytoremediation stage.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig4_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"0432be32e5a896a888134869a97055c9\"><img alt=\"Fig4 Musio EnviroAdv2022 7.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/2\/2d\/Fig4_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 4<\/b> (<b>a.<\/b>) Scores plot displaying t[2] vs. t[5] obtained from OPLS applied to spectral data (<i>x<\/i>-variables) and metal content and plant biomass data (<i>y<\/i>-variables). The observations are colored according to the treatment with spirulina: control plant (yellow triangles, Ctrl), plants grown in contaminated soil (green circles, C), plants treated with spirulina at a concentration of 1.0 g\u2022L<sup>\u22121<\/sup> (red triangles, CS1), plants treated with spirulina at a concentration of 0.50 g\u2022L<sup>\u22121<\/sup> (blue squares, CS0.5). (<b>b.<\/b>) Loading plot displaying the second and fifth predictive components pq[2] vs. pq[5] (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Specifically, the samples collected from plants grown in contaminated soil (Fig. 4a, green circles, C) and the samples obtained from plants treated with a higher concentration of spirulina (Fig. 4a, red triangles, CS1) tended to cluster at values of t[2] >0. Conversely, the samples derived from plants treated with a lower concentration of the blue-green alga (Fig. 4a, blue squares, CS0.5) and the control ones (Fig. 4a, yellow triangles, Ctrl) were distributed preferentially at values of t[2] <0. A further piece of evidence was that samples C and the samples CS1 tended to separate into two clear groups along t[5]. Analysis of the loading plot (Fig. 4b) suggested that the uptake of all the metals, except for lead, contributed relevantly to the clustering of the plants treated with a higher dose of spirulina (CS1). Also, the average plant biomass (pq[2] > 0.35) was generally higher in contaminated plants compared to the uncontaminated ones. In addition, the plants that grew in contaminated soil and were irrigated with a higher dose of spirulina (CS1) presented a higher value of biomass, confirming the activity of these cyanobacteria to promote plant growth. The average plant contents of Ni (pq[2] = 0.21), Zn (pq[2] = 0.19), and Cd (pq[2] = 0.09) were greater in contaminated plants grown in soils added with spirulina than those grown without it.\n<\/p><p>To get deeper insights into the effects deriving from the dose of spirulina, OPLS was applied to CS1 and CS0.5 samples. The observations, namely CS1 (Fig. 5a, red triangles) and CS0.5 (Fig. 5a, blue squares), separated along the second predictive component P2, explaining about 9.5% of the predictive <i>x<\/i>-variance (R<sup>2<\/sup>X[P2] = 0.095). The distribution was strongly affected by the part of the plant the samples derived from, leaves or stems, with a noticeable clustering along the first predictive component P1 (R<sup>2<\/sup>X[P1] = 0.534). The corresponding loading plot (Fig. 5b) showed important dose-dependent variations. Indeed, nickel, zinc, copper, and chromium were more abundant in samples treated with a higher dose of spirulina (CS1).\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig5_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"01b09972059ad25ab04a05acb00a0e81\"><img alt=\"Fig5 Musio EnviroAdv2022 7.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/7\/7c\/Fig5_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 5<\/b> OPLS was applied to spectral data of samples treated with the two different doses of spirulina (<i>x<\/i>-variables) and metal content and plant biomass data (<i>y<\/i>-variables). (<b>a.<\/b>) Scores plot displaying t[1] vs. t[2]. The observations are colored according to the different doses of spirulina: plants treated with spirulina at a concentration of 1.0 g\u2022L<sup>\u22121<\/sup> (red triangles, CS1); plants treated with spirulina at a concentration of 0.50 g\u2022<sup>\u22121<\/sup> (blue squares, CS0.5). (<b>b.<\/b>) Loading plot displaying the first and the second predictive components pq[1] vs. pq[2] (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Generally, as the concentration of spirulina increased, the residual metal content increased both in the leaves and in the stems (for Cu and Zn, the increase was more noticeable in stems than in leaves), whereas the Cr content increased in leaves and decreased in stems. While no dose-effect was observed for Cd, noticeable variations were exerted by increased amounts of spirulina on the quantities of Pb incorporated into the plant. Specifically, the average content of Pb in the plant was higher in CS0.5 than in CS1, suggesting that a higher amount of the blue-green alga contained in the soil might compete with hemp to sequester this metal.\n<\/p><p>A piece of further evidence was that the average soil residual of all heavy metals resulted higher when it was irrigated with a higher concentration of spirulina (CS0.5 vs CS1), suggesting that the cyanobacteria stationing in the soil may exert a strong action of metal chelation, avoiding leaching of them during the watering stage and acting as a reservoir for hemp to absorb the chelated metals. Such results find fundamentals in the reported ability of <i>Arthrospira platensis<\/i> to adsorb (in form of dry biomass) and accumulate (in form of alive biomass) all the six metals here tested through various mechanisms (ion exchange, binding to functional groups, complexation, and microprecipitation).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_45-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Very small effects were observed on the metabolic profile when samples CS1 were compared with CS0.5. Interestingly, according to the loading plot (Fig. 5b), the buckets at 2.66 and 2.74 ppm, containing the signals assigned to citric acid, contributed importantly to the observed grouping between the samples treated with the two different doses of spirulina (see Supplementary materials for the variable trend, Fig. S3). Specifically, the signals of citric acid were more intense in samples treated with a higher dose of spirulina. Considering that citric acid is one of the main chelating agents in plants, this evidence may support the hypothesis that, at a higher concentration, the cyanobacteria can chelate the heavy metals sequestering them into the soil. As a result, less quantity of heavy metal is available for the plant to uptake, and, thus, more chelating agents inside the plant are in the free form not coordinating any metal.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conclusions\">Conclusions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>It was demonstrated that hemp accumulates copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc preferentially in the leaves, while lead is distributed mainly in the stems of the plant. Such selective compartmentalization is enhanced when the plant is irrigated with water containing spirulina. It was found that, at higher concentrations, spirulina acts as a growth promoter, contributing to an increase in the final generated biomass. Also, it was demonstrated that the treatment with spirulina during the cultivation of the hemp induced an enhancement in the uptake of heavy metals, except for lead. Such a result may be explained by assuming a strong affinity of spirulina towards the lead, resulting in confinement of this metal inside the soil and hampering its uptake by the plant. The NMR analysis allowed to identify the crucial variations of the metabolic composition that were induced by the treatment with spirulina. Results reported in this work pave the way to further studies aimed to understand the optimal dose of spirulina to enhance the efficiency of this innovative combined remediation bio-system. Furthermore, the results described may encourage the application of spectroscopic methods for the rapid detection of structural changes in the various environmental spheres, allowing prompt intervention through the adoption of remediation schemes.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Supplementary_materials\">Supplementary materials<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S2666765721001150-mmc1.docx\" target=\"_blank\">Supporting information<\/a> (.docx)<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The authors acknowledge Dr. Vito Bruno, Dr. Francesca Portincasa, and Dr. Stefano Todisco for the helpful discussions and technical support.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Funding\">Funding<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This study was funded by Regione Puglia \u201cSezione Competitivit\u00e0 delle filiere agroalimentari\u201d under the call \u201cAvviso pubblico per la presentazione di progetti di ricerca ed innovazione e interventi a carattere pilota con D.D. 189 del 17\/10\/2018 - Project \u201cBIO.SP.HE.RE - Bio-integrated SPirulina and HEmp REmediation\u201d.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conflict_of_interest\">Conflict of interest<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>None stated.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; 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Lata, Charu (6 April 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpls.2018.00452\/full\" target=\"_blank\">\"Heavy Metal Stress, Signaling, and Tolerance Due to Plant-Associated Microbes: An Overview\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science<\/i> <b>9<\/b>: 452. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2018.00452\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fpls.2018.00452<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1664-462X\" target=\"_blank\">1664-462X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5897519\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5897519<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29681916\" target=\"_blank\">29681916<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpls.2018.00452\/full\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpls.2018.00452\/full<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heavy+Metal+Stress%2C+Signaling%2C+and+Tolerance+Due+to+Plant-Associated+Microbes%3A+An+Overview&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Shalini&rft.au=Tiwari%2C%26%2332%3BShalini&rft.au=Lata%2C%26%2332%3BCharu&rft.date=6+April+2018&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=452&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2018.00452&rft.issn=1664-462X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5897519&rft_id=info:pmid\/29681916&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.frontiersin.org%2Farticle%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2018.00452%2Ffull&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ali, Hazrat; Khan, Ezzat (18 August 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10807039.2018.1469398\" target=\"_blank\">\"Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains\/webs\u2014Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal<\/i> <b>25<\/b> (6): 1353\u20131376. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F10807039.2018.1469398\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/10807039.2018.1469398<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1080-7039\" target=\"_blank\">1080-7039<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10807039.2018.1469398\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10807039.2018.1469398<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trophic+transfer%2C+bioaccumulation%2C+and+biomagnification+of+non-essential+hazardous+heavy+metals+and+metalloids+in+food+chains%2Fwebs%E2%80%94Concepts+and+implications+for+wildlife+and+human+health&rft.jtitle=Human+and+Ecological+Risk+Assessment%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Hazrat&rft.au=Ali%2C%26%2332%3BHazrat&rft.au=Khan%2C%26%2332%3BEzzat&rft.date=18+August+2019&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1353%E2%80%931376&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F10807039.2018.1469398&rft.issn=1080-7039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10807039.2018.1469398&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pratush, Amit; Kumar, Ajay; Hu, Zhong (1 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10123-018-0012-3\" target=\"_blank\">\"Adverse effect of heavy metals (As, Pb, Hg, and Cr) on health and their bioremediation strategies: a review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Microbiology<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (3): 97\u2013106. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10123-018-0012-3\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10123-018-0012-3<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1139-6709\" target=\"_blank\">1139-6709<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10123-018-0012-3\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10123-018-0012-3<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Adverse+effect+of+heavy+metals+%28As%2C+Pb%2C+Hg%2C+and+Cr%29+on+health+and+their+bioremediation+strategies%3A+a+review&rft.jtitle=International+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Pratush&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft.au=Pratush%2C%26%2332%3BAmit&rft.au=Kumar%2C%26%2332%3BAjay&rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BZhong&rft.date=1+September+2018&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=97%E2%80%93106&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10123-018-0012-3&rft.issn=1139-6709&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10123-018-0012-3&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rehman, Kanwal; Fatima, Fiza; Waheed, Iqra; Akash, Muhammad Sajid Hamid (1 January 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcb.26234\" target=\"_blank\">\"Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cellular Biochemistry<\/i> <b>119<\/b> (1): 157\u2013184. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fjcb.26234\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/jcb.26234<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0730-2312\" target=\"_blank\">0730-2312<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcb.26234\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcb.26234<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+exposure+of+heavy+metals+and+their+impact+on+health+consequences&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cellular+Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Rehman&rft.aufirst=Kanwal&rft.au=Rehman%2C%26%2332%3BKanwal&rft.au=Fatima%2C%26%2332%3BFiza&rft.au=Waheed%2C%26%2332%3BIqra&rft.au=Akash%2C%26%2332%3BMuhammad+Sajid+Hamid&rft.date=1+January+2018&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157%E2%80%93184&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fjcb.26234&rft.issn=0730-2312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcb.26234&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFOlssonKlingHogstrand1998\">Olsson, Per-Erik; Kling, Peter; Hogstrand, Christer (1998), Langston, William J.; Bebianno, Maria Jo\u00e3o, eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4757-2761-6_10\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in fish\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Metal Metabolism in Aquatic Environments<\/i> (Boston, MA: Springer US): 321\u2013350, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-2761-6_10\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-1-4757-2761-6_10<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-1-4419-4731-4<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4757-2761-6_10\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4757-2761-6_10<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-09-11<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+heavy+metal+accumulation+and+toxicity+in+fish&rft.jtitle=Metal+Metabolism+in+Aquatic+Environments&rft.aulast=Olsson&rft.aufirst=Per-Erik&rft.au=Olsson%2C%26%2332%3BPer-Erik&rft.au=Kling%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.au=Hogstrand%2C%26%2332%3BChrister&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=321%E2%80%93350&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-2761-6_10&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-4731-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4757-2761-6_10&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFTchounwouYedjouPatlollaSutton2012\">Tchounwou, Paul B.; Yedjou, Clement G.; Patlolla, Anita K.; Sutton, Dwayne J. (2012), Luch, Andreas, ed., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6\" target=\"_blank\">\"Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology<\/i> (Basel: Springer Basel) <b>101<\/b>: 133\u2013164, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-7643-8340-4_6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-7643-8339-8, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4144270\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4144270<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22945569\" target=\"_blank\">22945569<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-09-11<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heavy+Metal+Toxicity+and+the+Environment&rft.jtitle=Molecular%2C+Clinical+and+Environmental+Toxicology&rft.aulast=Tchounwou&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft.au=Tchounwou%2C%26%2332%3BPaul+B.&rft.au=Yedjou%2C%26%2332%3BClement+G.&rft.au=Patlolla%2C%26%2332%3BAnita+K.&rft.au=Sutton%2C%26%2332%3BDwayne+J.&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=133%E2%80%93164&rft.place=Basel&rft.pub=Springer+Basel&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-7643-8340-4_6&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-8339-8&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4144270&rft_id=info:pmid\/22945569&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-7643-8340-4_6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zwolak, Aneta; Sarzy\u0144ska, Magdalena; Szpyrka, Ewa; Stawarczyk, Kinga (1 July 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11270-019-4221-y\" target=\"_blank\">\"Sources of Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals and Their Accumulation in Vegetables: a Review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Water, Air, & Soil Pollution<\/i> <b>230<\/b> (7): 164. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs11270-019-4221-y\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s11270-019-4221-y<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0049-6979\" target=\"_blank\">0049-6979<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11270-019-4221-y\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11270-019-4221-y<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sources+of+Soil+Pollution+by+Heavy+Metals+and+Their+Accumulation+in+Vegetables%3A+a+Review&rft.jtitle=Water%2C+Air%2C+%26+Soil+Pollution&rft.aulast=Zwolak&rft.aufirst=Aneta&rft.au=Zwolak%2C%26%2332%3BAneta&rft.au=Sarzy%C5%84ska%2C%26%2332%3BMagdalena&rft.au=Szpyrka%2C%26%2332%3BEwa&rft.au=Stawarczyk%2C%26%2332%3BKinga&rft.date=1+July+2019&rft.volume=230&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=164&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs11270-019-4221-y&rft.issn=0049-6979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11270-019-4221-y&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Vardhan, Kilaru Harsha; Kumar, Ponnusamy Senthil; Panda, Rames C. (1 September 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167732219317684\" target=\"_blank\">\"A review on heavy metal pollution, toxicity and remedial measures: Current trends and future perspectives\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Molecular Liquids<\/i> <b>290<\/b>: 111197. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.molliq.2019.111197\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.111197<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167732219317684\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167732219317684<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+review+on+heavy+metal+pollution%2C+toxicity+and+remedial+measures%3A+Current+trends+and+future+perspectives&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Liquids&rft.aulast=Vardhan&rft.aufirst=Kilaru+Harsha&rft.au=Vardhan%2C%26%2332%3BKilaru+Harsha&rft.au=Kumar%2C%26%2332%3BPonnusamy+Senthil&rft.au=Panda%2C%26%2332%3BRames+C.&rft.date=1+September+2019&rft.volume=290&rft.pages=111197&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.molliq.2019.111197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0167732219317684&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wuana, Raymond A.; Okieimen, Felix E. (24 October 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/isrn\/2011\/402647\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation\"<\/a> (in en). <i>ISRN Ecology<\/i> <b>2011<\/b>: 1\u201320. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5402%2F2011%2F402647\" target=\"_blank\">10.5402\/2011\/402647<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2090-4614\" target=\"_blank\">2090-4614<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/isrn\/2011\/402647\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/isrn\/2011\/402647\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heavy+Metals+in+Contaminated+Soils%3A+A+Review+of+Sources%2C+Chemistry%2C+Risks+and+Best+Available+Strategies+for+Remediation&rft.jtitle=ISRN+Ecology&rft.aulast=Wuana&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rft.au=Wuana%2C%26%2332%3BRaymond+A.&rft.au=Okieimen%2C%26%2332%3BFelix+E.&rft.date=24+October+2011&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9320&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5402%2F2011%2F402647&rft.issn=2090-4614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fisrn%2F2011%2F402647%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Dhaliwal, Salwinder Singh; Singh, Jaswinder; Taneja, Parminder Kaur; Mandal, Agniva (1 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-019-06967-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Remediation techniques for removal of heavy metals from the soil contaminated through different sources: a review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research<\/i> <b>27<\/b> (2): 1319\u20131333. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs11356-019-06967-1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s11356-019-06967-1<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0944-1344\" target=\"_blank\">0944-1344<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-019-06967-1\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-019-06967-1<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remediation+techniques+for+removal+of+heavy+metals+from+the+soil+contaminated+through+different+sources%3A+a+review&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.aulast=Dhaliwal&rft.aufirst=Salwinder+Singh&rft.au=Dhaliwal%2C%26%2332%3BSalwinder+Singh&rft.au=Singh%2C%26%2332%3BJaswinder&rft.au=Taneja%2C%26%2332%3BParminder+Kaur&rft.au=Mandal%2C%26%2332%3BAgniva&rft.date=1+January+2020&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1319%E2%80%931333&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs11356-019-06967-1&rft.issn=0944-1344&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-019-06967-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gong, Yanyan; Zhao, Dongye; Wang, Qilin (1 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135418308212\" target=\"_blank\">\"An overview of field-scale studies on remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals and metalloids: Technical progress over the last decade\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Water Research<\/i> <b>147<\/b>: 440\u2013460. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2018.10.024\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.watres.2018.10.024<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135418308212\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135418308212<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+field-scale+studies+on+remediation+of+soil+contaminated+with+heavy+metals+and+metalloids%3A+Technical+progress+over+the+last+decade&rft.jtitle=Water+Research&rft.aulast=Gong&rft.aufirst=Yanyan&rft.au=Gong%2C%26%2332%3BYanyan&rft.au=Zhao%2C%26%2332%3BDongye&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BQilin&rft.date=1+December+2018&rft.volume=147&rft.pages=440%E2%80%93460&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2018.10.024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0043135418308212&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gusiatin, Zygmunt M.; Kulikowska, Dorota; Klik, Barbara (27 August 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/17\/6220\" target=\"_blank\">\"New-Generation Washing Agents in Remediation of Metal-Polluted Soils and Methods for Washing Effluent Treatment: A Review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health<\/i> <b>17<\/b> (17): 6220. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fijerph17176220\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/ijerph17176220<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1660-4601\" target=\"_blank\">1660-4601<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC7503436\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7503436<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32867145\" target=\"_blank\">32867145<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/17\/6220\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/17\/6220<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New-Generation+Washing+Agents+in+Remediation+of+Metal-Polluted+Soils+and+Methods+for+Washing+Effluent+Treatment%3A+A+Review&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.aulast=Gusiatin&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt+M.&rft.au=Gusiatin%2C%26%2332%3BZygmunt+M.&rft.au=Kulikowska%2C%26%2332%3BDorota&rft.au=Klik%2C%26%2332%3BBarbara&rft.date=27+August+2020&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=6220&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fijerph17176220&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7503436&rft_id=info:pmid\/32867145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1660-4601%2F17%2F17%2F6220&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Qin, Huaqing; Hu, Tianjue; Zhai, Yunbo; Lu, Ningqin; Aliyeva, Jamila (1 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749119351218\" target=\"_blank\">\"The improved methods of heavy metals removal by biosorbents: A review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Environmental Pollution<\/i> <b>258<\/b>: 113777. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2019.113777\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113777<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749119351218\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749119351218<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+improved+methods+of+heavy+metals+removal+by+biosorbents%3A+A+review&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.aulast=Qin&rft.aufirst=Huaqing&rft.au=Qin%2C%26%2332%3BHuaqing&rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BTianjue&rft.au=Zhai%2C%26%2332%3BYunbo&rft.au=Lu%2C%26%2332%3BNingqin&rft.au=Aliyeva%2C%26%2332%3BJamila&rft.date=1+March+2020&rft.volume=258&rft.pages=113777&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2019.113777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0269749119351218&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Eid, Ebrahem M.; Shaltout, Kamal H. (1 November 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15226514.2016.1183578\" target=\"_blank\">\"Bioaccumulation and translocation of heavy metals by nine native plant species grown at a sewage sludge dump site\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Phytoremediation<\/i> <b>18<\/b> (11): 1075\u20131085. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F15226514.2016.1183578\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/15226514.2016.1183578<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1522-6514\" target=\"_blank\">1522-6514<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15226514.2016.1183578\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15226514.2016.1183578<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bioaccumulation+and+translocation+of+heavy+metals+by+nine+native+plant+species+grown+at+a+sewage+sludge+dump+site&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Phytoremediation&rft.aulast=Eid&rft.aufirst=Ebrahem+M.&rft.au=Eid%2C%26%2332%3BEbrahem+M.&rft.au=Shaltout%2C%26%2332%3BKamal+H.&rft.date=1+November+2016&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1075%E2%80%931085&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F15226514.2016.1183578&rft.issn=1522-6514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F15226514.2016.1183578&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hern\u00e1ndez-Allica, Javier; Becerril, Jos\u00e9 M.; Garbisu, Carlos (1 March 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749107002722\" target=\"_blank\">\"Assessment of the phytoextraction potential of high biomass crop plants\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Environmental Pollution<\/i> <b>152<\/b> (1): 32\u201340. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2007.06.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.002<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749107002722\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749107002722<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+the+phytoextraction+potential+of+high+biomass+crop+plants&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Allica&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Allica%2C%26%2332%3BJavier&rft.au=Becerril%2C%26%2332%3BJos%C3%A9+M.&rft.au=Garbisu%2C%26%2332%3BCarlos&rft.date=1+March+2008&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32%E2%80%9340&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2007.06.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0269749107002722&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pachura, Piotr; Ociepa-Kubicka, Agnieszka; Skowron-Grabowska, Beata (14 January 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19443994.2015.1017330\" target=\"_blank\">\"Assessment of the availability of heavy metals to plants based on the translocation index and the bioaccumulation factor\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Desalination and Water Treatment<\/i> <b>57<\/b> (3): 1469\u20131477. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F19443994.2015.1017330\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/19443994.2015.1017330<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1944-3994\" target=\"_blank\">1944-3994<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19443994.2015.1017330\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19443994.2015.1017330<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+the+availability+of+heavy+metals+to+plants+based+on+the+translocation+index+and+the+bioaccumulation+factor&rft.jtitle=Desalination+and+Water+Treatment&rft.aulast=Pachura&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Pachura%2C%26%2332%3BPiotr&rft.au=Ociepa-Kubicka%2C%26%2332%3BAgnieszka&rft.au=Skowron-Grabowska%2C%26%2332%3BBeata&rft.date=14+January+2016&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1469%E2%80%931477&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F19443994.2015.1017330&rft.issn=1944-3994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F19443994.2015.1017330&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ahmad, Rafiq; Tehsin, Zara; Malik, Samina Tanvir; Asad, Saeed Ahmad; Shahzad, Muhammad; Bilal, Muhammad; Shah, Mohammad Maroof; Khan, Sabaz Ali (1 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/clen.201500117\" target=\"_blank\">\"Phytoremediation Potential of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.): Identification and Characterization of Heavy Metals Responsive Genes: Biotechnology\"<\/a> (in en). <i>CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water<\/i> <b>44<\/b> (2): 195\u2013201. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fclen.201500117\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/clen.201500117<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/clen.201500117\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/clen.201500117<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phytoremediation+Potential+of+Hemp+%28+Cannabis+sativa+L.%29%3A+Identification+and+Characterization+of+Heavy+Metals+Responsive+Genes%3A+Biotechnology&rft.jtitle=CLEAN+-+Soil%2C+Air%2C+Water&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Rafiq&rft.au=Ahmad%2C%26%2332%3BRafiq&rft.au=Tehsin%2C%26%2332%3BZara&rft.au=Malik%2C%26%2332%3BSamina+Tanvir&rft.au=Asad%2C%26%2332%3BSaeed+Ahmad&rft.au=Shahzad%2C%26%2332%3BMuhammad&rft.au=Bilal%2C%26%2332%3BMuhammad&rft.au=Shah%2C%26%2332%3BMohammad+Maroof&rft.au=Khan%2C%26%2332%3BSabaz+Ali&rft.date=1+February+2016&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195%E2%80%93201&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fclen.201500117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fclen.201500117&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Morin-Crini, Nadia; Loiacono, Sonia; Placet, Vincent; Torri, Giangiacomo; Bradu, Corina; Kosti\u0107, Mirjana; Cosentino, Cesare; Chanet, Gilles <i>et al.<\/i> (1 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10311-018-0812-x\" target=\"_blank\">\"Hemp-based adsorbents for sequestration of metals: a review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Environmental Chemistry Letters<\/i> <b>17<\/b> (1): 393\u2013408. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10311-018-0812-x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10311-018-0812-x<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1610-3653\" target=\"_blank\">1610-3653<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10311-018-0812-x\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10311-018-0812-x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hemp-based+adsorbents+for+sequestration+of+metals%3A+a+review&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Chemistry+Letters&rft.aulast=Morin-Crini&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft.au=Morin-Crini%2C%26%2332%3BNadia&rft.au=Loiacono%2C%26%2332%3BSonia&rft.au=Placet%2C%26%2332%3BVincent&rft.au=Torri%2C%26%2332%3BGiangiacomo&rft.au=Bradu%2C%26%2332%3BCorina&rft.au=Kosti%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BMirjana&rft.au=Cosentino%2C%26%2332%3BCesare&rft.au=Chanet%2C%26%2332%3BGilles&rft.au=Martel%2C%26%2332%3BBernard&rft.date=1+March+2019&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=393%E2%80%93408&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10311-018-0812-x&rft.issn=1610-3653&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10311-018-0812-x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_26-0\">26.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_26-1\">26.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_26-2\">26.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zielonka, Dariusz; Szulc, Wies\u0142aw; Skowro\u0144ska, Monika; Rutkowska, Beata; Russel, Stefan (25 June 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/10\/6\/907\" target=\"_blank\">\"Hemp-Based Phytoaccumulation of Heavy Metals from Municipal Sewage Sludge and Phosphogypsum Under Field Conditions\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Agronomy<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (6): 907. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fagronomy10060907\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/agronomy10060907<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2073-4395\" target=\"_blank\">2073-4395<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/10\/6\/907\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/10\/6\/907<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hemp-Based+Phytoaccumulation+of+Heavy+Metals+from+Municipal+Sewage+Sludge+and+Phosphogypsum+Under+Field+Conditions&rft.jtitle=Agronomy&rft.aulast=Zielonka&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft.au=Zielonka%2C%26%2332%3BDariusz&rft.au=Szulc%2C%26%2332%3BWies%C5%82aw&rft.au=Skowro%C5%84ska%2C%26%2332%3BMonika&rft.au=Rutkowska%2C%26%2332%3BBeata&rft.au=Russel%2C%26%2332%3BStefan&rft.date=25+June+2020&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=907&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fagronomy10060907&rft.issn=2073-4395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2073-4395%2F10%2F6%2F907&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Adesina, Ifeoluwa; Bhowmik, Arnab; Sharma, Harmandeep; Shahbazi, Abolghasem (14 April 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0472\/10\/4\/129\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Agriculture<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (4): 129. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fagriculture10040129\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/agriculture10040129<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2077-0472\" target=\"_blank\">2077-0472<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0472\/10\/4\/129\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0472\/10\/4\/129<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Review+on+the+Current+State+of+Knowledge+of+Growing+Conditions%2C+Agronomic+Soil+Health+Practices+and+Utilities+of+Hemp+in+the+United+States&rft.jtitle=Agriculture&rft.aulast=Adesina&rft.aufirst=Ifeoluwa&rft.au=Adesina%2C%26%2332%3BIfeoluwa&rft.au=Bhowmik%2C%26%2332%3BArnab&rft.au=Sharma%2C%26%2332%3BHarmandeep&rft.au=Shahbazi%2C%26%2332%3BAbolghasem&rft.date=14+April+2020&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=129&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fagriculture10040129&rft.issn=2077-0472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2077-0472%2F10%2F4%2F129&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Crini, Gr\u00e9gorio; Lichtfouse, Eric; Chanet, Gilles; Morin-Crini, Nadia (1 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10311-020-01029-2\" target=\"_blank\">\"Applications of hemp in textiles, paper industry, insulation and building materials, horticulture, animal nutrition, food and beverages, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and hygiene, medicine, agrochemistry, energy production and environment: a review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Environmental Chemistry Letters<\/i> <b>18<\/b> (5): 1451\u20131476. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10311-020-01029-2\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10311-020-01029-2<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1610-3653\" target=\"_blank\">1610-3653<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10311-020-01029-2\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10311-020-01029-2<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Applications+of+hemp+in+textiles%2C+paper+industry%2C+insulation+and+building+materials%2C+horticulture%2C+animal+nutrition%2C+food+and+beverages%2C+nutraceuticals%2C+cosmetics+and+hygiene%2C+medicine%2C+agrochemistry%2C+energy+production+and+environment%3A+a+review&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Chemistry+Letters&rft.aulast=Crini&rft.aufirst=Gr%C3%A9gorio&rft.au=Crini%2C%26%2332%3BGr%C3%A9gorio&rft.au=Lichtfouse%2C%26%2332%3BEric&rft.au=Chanet%2C%26%2332%3BGilles&rft.au=Morin-Crini%2C%26%2332%3BNadia&rft.date=1+September+2020&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1451%E2%80%931476&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10311-020-01029-2&rft.issn=1610-3653&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10311-020-01029-2&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Schluttenhofer, Craig; Yuan, Ling (1 November 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1360138517301772\" target=\"_blank\">\"Challenges towards Revitalizing Hemp: A Multifaceted Crop\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Trends in Plant Science<\/i> <b>22<\/b> (11): 917\u2013929. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2017.08.004\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.08.004<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1360138517301772\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1360138517301772<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Challenges+towards+Revitalizing+Hemp%3A+A+Multifaceted+Crop&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Plant+Science&rft.aulast=Schluttenhofer&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Schluttenhofer%2C%26%2332%3BCraig&rft.au=Yuan%2C%26%2332%3BLing&rft.date=1+November+2017&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=917%E2%80%93929&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2017.08.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1360138517301772&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rupasinghe, H. P. Vasantha; Davis, Amy; Kumar, Shanthanu K.; Murray, Beth; Zheljazkov, Valtcho D. (7 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/18\/4078\" target=\"_blank\">\"Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an Emerging Source for Value-Added Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Molecules<\/i> <b>25<\/b> (18): 4078. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fmolecules25184078\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/molecules25184078<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1420-3049\" target=\"_blank\">1420-3049<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC7571072\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7571072<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32906622\" target=\"_blank\">32906622<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/18\/4078\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/18\/4078<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Industrial+Hemp+%28Cannabis+sativa+subsp.+sativa%29+as+an+Emerging+Source+for+Value-Added+Functional+Food+Ingredients+and+Nutraceuticals&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.aulast=Rupasinghe&rft.aufirst=H.+P.+Vasantha&rft.au=Rupasinghe%2C%26%2332%3BH.+P.+Vasantha&rft.au=Davis%2C%26%2332%3BAmy&rft.au=Kumar%2C%26%2332%3BShanthanu+K.&rft.au=Murray%2C%26%2332%3BBeth&rft.au=Zheljazkov%2C%26%2332%3BValtcho+D.&rft.date=7+September+2020&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=4078&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fmolecules25184078&rft.issn=1420-3049&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7571072&rft_id=info:pmid\/32906622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1420-3049%2F25%2F18%2F4078&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Citterio, Sandra; Santagostino, Angela; Fumagalli, Pietro; Prato, Nadia; Ranalli, Paolo; Sgorbati, Sergio (2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1026113905129\" target=\"_blank\">\"Heavy metal tolerance and accumulation of Cd, Cr and Ni by Cannabis sativa L\"<\/a>. <i>Plant and Soil<\/i> <b>256<\/b> (2): 243\u2013252. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1023%2FA%3A1026113905129\" target=\"_blank\">10.1023\/A:1026113905129<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1026113905129\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1026113905129<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heavy+metal+tolerance+and+accumulation+of+Cd%2C+Cr+and+Ni+by+Cannabis+sativa+L&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&rft.aulast=Citterio&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Citterio%2C%26%2332%3BSandra&rft.au=Santagostino%2C%26%2332%3BAngela&rft.au=Fumagalli%2C%26%2332%3BPietro&rft.au=Prato%2C%26%2332%3BNadia&rft.au=Ranalli%2C%26%2332%3BPaolo&rft.au=Sgorbati%2C%26%2332%3BSergio&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=256&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243%E2%80%93252&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1023%2FA%3A1026113905129&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1026113905129&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">\u0106a\u0107i\u0107, Marija; Per\u010din, Aleksandra; Zgorelec, \u017deljka; Kisi\u0107, Ivica (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jcea.agr.hr\/en\/issues\/article\/2201\" target=\"_blank\">\"Evaluation of heavy metals accumulation potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Central European Agriculture<\/i> <b>20<\/b> (2): 700\u2013711. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5513%2FJCEA01%2F20.2.2201\" target=\"_blank\">10.5513\/JCEA01\/20.2.2201<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1332-9049\" target=\"_blank\">1332-9049<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jcea.agr.hr\/en\/issues\/article\/2201\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jcea.agr.hr\/en\/issues\/article\/2201<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+heavy+metals+accumulation+potential+of+hemp+%28Cannabis+sativa+L.%29&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Central+European+Agriculture&rft.aulast=%C4%86a%C4%87i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft.au=%C4%86a%C4%87i%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BMarija&rft.au=Per%C4%8Din%2C%26%2332%3BAleksandra&rft.au=Zgorelec%2C%26%2332%3B%C5%BDeljka&rft.au=Kisi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BIvica&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=700%E2%80%93711&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5513%2FJCEA01%2F20.2.2201&rft.issn=1332-9049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcea.agr.hr%2Fen%2Fissues%2Farticle%2F2201&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Piotrowska-Cyplik, A.; 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Rozumov\u00e1, Lucia; Otoupal\u00edkov\u00e1, Hana; Seidlerov\u00e1, Jana (1 January 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/chempap-2015-0121\/html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Bioleaching of hazardous waste\"<\/a>. <i>Chemical Papers<\/i> <b>69<\/b> (9). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1515%2Fchempap-2015-0121\" target=\"_blank\">10.1515\/chempap-2015-0121<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1336-9075\" target=\"_blank\">1336-9075<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/chempap-2015-0121\/html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/chempap-2015-0121\/html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bioleaching+of+hazardous+waste&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Papers&rft.aulast=Drob%C3%ADkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Kl%C3%A1ra&rft.au=Drob%C3%ADkov%C3%A1%2C%26%2332%3BKl%C3%A1ra&rft.au=Rozumov%C3%A1%2C%26%2332%3BLucia&rft.au=Otoupal%C3%ADkov%C3%A1%2C%26%2332%3BHana&rft.au=Seidlerov%C3%A1%2C%26%2332%3BJana&rft.date=1+January+2015&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=9&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1515%2Fchempap-2015-0121&rft.issn=1336-9075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fchempap-2015-0121%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mishra, Debaraj; 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(2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/isdsnet.com\/ijds-v7n7.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Bioleaching, a technology for metal extraction and remediation: Mitigating health consequences for metal exposure\"<\/a>. <i>International Journal of Development and Sustainability<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (7): 2103-2118<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/isdsnet.com\/ijds-v7n7.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/isdsnet.com\/ijds-v7n7.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bioleaching%2C+a+technology+for+metal+extraction+and+remediation%3A+Mitigating+health+consequences+for+metal+exposure&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Development+and+Sustainability&rft.aulast=Okoh%2C+M.P.%3B+Olobayetan%2C+I.W.%3B+Machunga-Mambula%2C+S.S.&rft.au=Okoh%2C+M.P.%3B+Olobayetan%2C+I.W.%3B+Machunga-Mambula%2C+S.S.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2103-2118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisdsnet.com%2Fijds-v7n7.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rawlings, Douglas E. (1 October 2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.161052\" target=\"_blank\">\"Heavy Metal Mining Using Microbes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Annual Review of Microbiology<\/i> <b>56<\/b> (1): 65\u201391. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.56.012302.161052\" target=\"_blank\">10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.161052<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0066-4227\" target=\"_blank\">0066-4227<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.161052\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.161052<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heavy+Metal+Mining+Using+Microbes&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Rawlings&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft.au=Rawlings%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+E.&rft.date=1+October+2002&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65%E2%80%9391&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.56.012302.161052&rft.issn=0066-4227&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.56.012302.161052&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Sun, Wenjie; Cheng, Kai; Sun, Kevin Y.; Ma, Xingmao (1 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40726-021-00175-7\" target=\"_blank\">\"Microbially Mediated Remediation of Contaminated Sediments by Heavy Metals: a Critical Review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Current Pollution Reports<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (2): 201\u2013212. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs40726-021-00175-7\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s40726-021-00175-7<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2198-6592\" target=\"_blank\">2198-6592<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40726-021-00175-7\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40726-021-00175-7<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Microbially+Mediated+Remediation+of+Contaminated+Sediments+by+Heavy+Metals%3A+a+Critical+Review&rft.jtitle=Current+Pollution+Reports&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Wenjie&rft.au=Sun%2C%26%2332%3BWenjie&rft.au=Cheng%2C%26%2332%3BKai&rft.au=Sun%2C%26%2332%3BKevin+Y.&rft.au=Ma%2C%26%2332%3BXingmao&rft.date=1+June+2021&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201%E2%80%93212&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs40726-021-00175-7&rft.issn=2198-6592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs40726-021-00175-7&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Balaji, Sundaramoorthy; Kalaivani, Thiagarajan; Rajasekaran, Chandrasekaran (1 April 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/clen.201200340\" target=\"_blank\">\"Biosorption of Zinc and Nickel and Its Effect on Growth of Different Spirulina Strains: Biosorption Potentials of Spirulina Strains\"<\/a> (in en). <i>CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water<\/i> <b>42<\/b> (4): 507\u2013512. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fclen.201200340\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/clen.201200340<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/clen.201200340\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/clen.201200340<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biosorption+of+Zinc+and+Nickel+and+Its+Effect+on+Growth+of+Different+Spirulina+Strains%3A+Biosorption+Potentials+of+Spirulina+Strains&rft.jtitle=CLEAN+-+Soil%2C+Air%2C+Water&rft.aulast=Balaji&rft.aufirst=Sundaramoorthy&rft.au=Balaji%2C%26%2332%3BSundaramoorthy&rft.au=Kalaivani%2C%26%2332%3BThiagarajan&rft.au=Rajasekaran%2C%26%2332%3BChandrasekaran&rft.date=1+April+2014&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=507%E2%80%93512&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fclen.201200340&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fclen.201200340&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bhattacharya, Sanjib (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dl.begellhouse.com\/journals\/0ff459a57a4c08d0,2306a38266045594,4463148f55e256f9.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Role of Spirulina (Arthrospira) in the Mitigation of Heavy-Metal Toxicity: An Appraisal\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology<\/i> <b>39<\/b> (2): 149\u2013157. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1615%2FJEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2020034375\" target=\"_blank\">10.1615\/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2020034375<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0731-8898\" target=\"_blank\">0731-8898<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dl.begellhouse.com\/journals\/0ff459a57a4c08d0,2306a38266045594,4463148f55e256f9.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.dl.begellhouse.com\/journals\/0ff459a57a4c08d0,2306a38266045594,4463148f55e256f9.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Spirulina+%28Arthrospira%29+in+the+Mitigation+of+Heavy-Metal+Toxicity%3A+An+Appraisal&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Pathology%2C+Toxicology+and+Oncology&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Sanjib&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C%26%2332%3BSanjib&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149%E2%80%93157&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1615%2FJEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2020034375&rft.issn=0731-8898&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dl.begellhouse.com%2Fjournals%2F0ff459a57a4c08d0%2C2306a38266045594%2C4463148f55e256f9.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">K\u0151nig-P\u00e9ter, Anik\u00f3; Kil\u00e1r, Ferenc; Felinger, Attila; Pernyeszi, T\u00edmea (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.doiserbia.nb.rs\/Article.aspx?ID=0352-51391400060K\" target=\"_blank\">\"Biosorption characteristics of Spirulina and Chlorella cells to accumulate heavy metals\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society<\/i> <b>80<\/b> (3): 407\u2013419. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2298%2FJSC140321060P\" target=\"_blank\">10.2298\/JSC140321060P<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0352-5139\" target=\"_blank\">0352-5139<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.doiserbia.nb.rs\/Article.aspx?ID=0352-51391400060K\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.doiserbia.nb.rs\/Article.aspx?ID=0352-51391400060K<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biosorption+characteristics+of+Spirulina+and+Chlorella+cells+to+accumulate+heavy+metals&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Serbian+Chemical+Society&rft.aulast=K%C5%91nig-P%C3%A9ter&rft.aufirst=Anik%C3%B3&rft.au=K%C5%91nig-P%C3%A9ter%2C%26%2332%3BAnik%C3%B3&rft.au=Kil%C3%A1r%2C%26%2332%3BFerenc&rft.au=Felinger%2C%26%2332%3BAttila&rft.au=Pernyeszi%2C%26%2332%3BT%C3%ADmea&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407%E2%80%93419&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2298%2FJSC140321060P&rft.issn=0352-5139&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doiserbia.nb.rs%2FArticle.aspx%3FID%3D0352-51391400060K&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-43\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Nalimova, A. A.; Popova, V. V.; Tsoglin, L. N.; Pronina, N. A. (1 March 2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11183-005-0035-4\" target=\"_blank\">\"The effects of copper and zinc on Spirulina platensis growth and heavy metal accumulation in its cells\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Russian Journal of Plant Physiology<\/i> <b>52<\/b> (2): 229\u2013234. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs11183-005-0035-4\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s11183-005-0035-4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1021-4437\" target=\"_blank\">1021-4437<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11183-005-0035-4\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11183-005-0035-4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+copper+and+zinc+on+Spirulina+platensis+growth+and+heavy+metal+accumulation+in+its+cells&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal+of+Plant+Physiology&rft.aulast=Nalimova&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Nalimova%2C%26%2332%3BA.+A.&rft.au=Popova%2C%26%2332%3BV.+V.&rft.au=Tsoglin%2C%26%2332%3BL.+N.&rft.au=Pronina%2C%26%2332%3BN.+A.&rft.date=1+March+2005&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229%E2%80%93234&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs11183-005-0035-4&rft.issn=1021-4437&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11183-005-0035-4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zinicovscaia, Inga; Cepoi, Liliana; Chiriac, Tatiana; Ana Culicov, Otilia; Frontasyeva, Marina; Pavlov, Sergey; Kirkesali, Elena; Akshintsev, Artem <i>et al.<\/i> (20 May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19443994.2015.1042061\" target=\"_blank\">\"Spirulina platensis as biosorbent of chromium and nickel from industrial effluents\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Desalination and Water Treatment<\/i> <b>57<\/b> (24): 11103\u201311110. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F19443994.2015.1042061\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/19443994.2015.1042061<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1944-3994\" target=\"_blank\">1944-3994<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19443994.2015.1042061\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19443994.2015.1042061<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spirulina+platensis+as+biosorbent+of+chromium+and+nickel+from+industrial+effluents&rft.jtitle=Desalination+and+Water+Treatment&rft.aulast=Zinicovscaia&rft.aufirst=Inga&rft.au=Zinicovscaia%2C%26%2332%3BInga&rft.au=Cepoi%2C%26%2332%3BLiliana&rft.au=Chiriac%2C%26%2332%3BTatiana&rft.au=Ana+Culicov%2C%26%2332%3BOtilia&rft.au=Frontasyeva%2C%26%2332%3BMarina&rft.au=Pavlov%2C%26%2332%3BSergey&rft.au=Kirkesali%2C%26%2332%3BElena&rft.au=Akshintsev%2C%26%2332%3BArtem&rft.au=Rodlovskaya%2C%26%2332%3BElena&rft.date=20+May+2016&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=11103%E2%80%9311110&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F19443994.2015.1042061&rft.issn=1944-3994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F19443994.2015.1042061&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_45-0\">45.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_45-1\">45.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zinicovscaia, Inga; Safonov, Alexey; Ostalkevich, Svetlana; Gundorina, Svetlana; Nekhoroshkov, Pavel; Grozdov, Dmitrii (6 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15226514.2019.1633264\" target=\"_blank\">\"Metal ions removal from different type of industrial effluents using Spirulina platensis biomass\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Phytoremediation<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (14): 1442\u20131448. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F15226514.2019.1633264\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/15226514.2019.1633264<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1522-6514\" target=\"_blank\">1522-6514<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15226514.2019.1633264\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15226514.2019.1633264<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Metal+ions+removal+from+different+type+of+industrial+effluents+using+Spirulina+platensis+biomass&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Phytoremediation&rft.aulast=Zinicovscaia&rft.aufirst=Inga&rft.au=Zinicovscaia%2C%26%2332%3BInga&rft.au=Safonov%2C%26%2332%3BAlexey&rft.au=Ostalkevich%2C%26%2332%3BSvetlana&rft.au=Gundorina%2C%26%2332%3BSvetlana&rft.au=Nekhoroshkov%2C%26%2332%3BPavel&rft.au=Grozdov%2C%26%2332%3BDmitrii&rft.date=6+December+2019&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1442%E2%80%931448&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F15226514.2019.1633264&rft.issn=1522-6514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F15226514.2019.1633264&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-46\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tripathi, R.D.; Dwivedi, S.; Shukla, M.K.; Mishra, S.; Srivastava, S.; Singh, R.; Rai, U.N.; Gupta, D.K. (1 February 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653507009162\" target=\"_blank\">\"Role of blue green algae biofertilizer in ameliorating the nitrogen demand and fly-ash stress to the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Chemosphere<\/i> <b>70<\/b> (10): 1919\u20131929. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2007.07.038\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.07.038<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653507009162\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653507009162<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Role+of+blue+green+algae+biofertilizer+in+ameliorating+the+nitrogen+demand+and+fly-ash+stress+to+the+growth+and+yield+of+rice+%28Oryza+sativa+L.%29+plants&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=R.D.&rft.au=Tripathi%2C%26%2332%3BR.D.&rft.au=Dwivedi%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.au=Shukla%2C%26%2332%3BM.K.&rft.au=Mishra%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.au=Srivastava%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.au=Singh%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.au=Rai%2C%26%2332%3BU.N.&rft.au=Gupta%2C%26%2332%3BD.K.&rft.date=1+February+2008&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1919%E2%80%931929&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2007.07.038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0045653507009162&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_47-0\">47.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_47-1\">47.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wuang, Shy Chyi; Khin, Mar Cho; Chua, Pei Qiang Danny; Luo, Yanpei Darren (1 April 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211926416300480\" target=\"_blank\">\"Use of Spirulina biomass produced from treatment of aquaculture wastewater as agricultural fertilizers\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Algal Research<\/i> <b>15<\/b>: 59\u201364. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.algal.2016.02.009\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.algal.2016.02.009<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211926416300480\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211926416300480<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Use+of+Spirulina+biomass+produced+from+treatment+of+aquaculture+wastewater+as+agricultural+fertilizers&rft.jtitle=Algal+Research&rft.aulast=Wuang&rft.aufirst=Shy+Chyi&rft.au=Wuang%2C%26%2332%3BShy+Chyi&rft.au=Khin%2C%26%2332%3BMar+Cho&rft.au=Chua%2C%26%2332%3BPei+Qiang+Danny&rft.au=Luo%2C%26%2332%3BYanpei+Darren&rft.date=1+April+2016&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=59%E2%80%9364&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.algal.2016.02.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211926416300480&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cepoi, Liliana; Zinicovscaia, Inga; Rudi, Ludmila; Chiriac, Tatiana; Miscu, Vera; Djur, Svetlana; Strelkova, Ludmila; Vergel, Konstantin <i>et al.<\/i> (1 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925857419303611\" target=\"_blank\">\"Growth and heavy metals accumulation by Spirulina platensis biomass from multicomponent copper containing synthetic effluents during repeated cultivation cycles\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Ecological Engineering<\/i> <b>142<\/b>: 105637. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ecoleng.2019.105637\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2019.105637<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925857419303611\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925857419303611<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Growth+and+heavy+metals+accumulation+by+Spirulina+platensis+biomass+from+multicomponent+copper+containing+synthetic+effluents+during+repeated+cultivation+cycles&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Engineering&rft.aulast=Cepoi&rft.aufirst=Liliana&rft.au=Cepoi%2C%26%2332%3BLiliana&rft.au=Zinicovscaia%2C%26%2332%3BInga&rft.au=Rudi%2C%26%2332%3BLudmila&rft.au=Chiriac%2C%26%2332%3BTatiana&rft.au=Miscu%2C%26%2332%3BVera&rft.au=Djur%2C%26%2332%3BSvetlana&rft.au=Strelkova%2C%26%2332%3BLudmila&rft.au=Vergel%2C%26%2332%3BKonstantin&rft.au=Nekhoroshkov%2C%26%2332%3BPavel&rft.date=1+January+2020&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=105637&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.ecoleng.2019.105637&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0925857419303611&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tsukihara, Tomitake; Fukuyama, Keiichi; Tahara, Hiromasa; Katsube, Yukiteru; Matsuura, Yoshiki; Tanaka, Nobuo; Kakudo, Masao; Wada, Keishiro <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 1978). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jb\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a132293\" target=\"_blank\">\"X-Ray Analysis of Ferredoxin from Spirulina platensis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>The Journal of Biochemistry<\/i> <b>84<\/b> (6): 1645\u20131647. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jbchem.a132293\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a132293<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1756-2651\" target=\"_blank\">1756-2651<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jb\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a132293\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jb\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a132293<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=X-Ray+Analysis+of+Ferredoxin+from+Spirulina+platensis&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Tsukihara&rft.aufirst=Tomitake&rft.au=Tsukihara%2C%26%2332%3BTomitake&rft.au=Fukuyama%2C%26%2332%3BKeiichi&rft.au=Tahara%2C%26%2332%3BHiromasa&rft.au=Katsube%2C%26%2332%3BYukiteru&rft.au=Matsuura%2C%26%2332%3BYoshiki&rft.au=Tanaka%2C%26%2332%3BNobuo&rft.au=Kakudo%2C%26%2332%3BMasao&rft.au=Wada%2C%26%2332%3BKeishiro&rft.au=Matsubara%2C%26%2332%3BHiroshi&rft.date=1+December+1978&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1645%E2%80%931647&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jbchem.a132293&rft.issn=1756-2651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjb%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jbchem.a132293&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">\u015eeker, Ay\u015feg\u00fcl; Shahwan, Talal; Ero\u011flu, Ahmet E.; Y\u0131lmaz, Sinan; Demirel, Zeliha; Dalay, Meltem Conk (1 June 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389407016020\" target=\"_blank\">\"Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies for the biosorption of aqueous lead(II), cadmium(II) and nickel(II) ions on Spirulina platensis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials<\/i> <b>154<\/b> (1-3): 973\u2013980. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2007.11.007\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.11.007<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389407016020\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389407016020<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Equilibrium%2C+thermodynamic+and+kinetic+studies+for+the+biosorption+of+aqueous+lead%28II%29%2C+cadmium%28II%29+and+nickel%28II%29+ions+on+Spirulina+platensis&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.aulast=%C5%9Eeker&rft.aufirst=Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl&rft.au=%C5%9Eeker%2C%26%2332%3BAy%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl&rft.au=Shahwan%2C%26%2332%3BTalal&rft.au=Ero%C4%9Flu%2C%26%2332%3BAhmet+E.&rft.au=Y%C4%B1lmaz%2C%26%2332%3BSinan&rft.au=Demirel%2C%26%2332%3BZeliha&rft.au=Dalay%2C%26%2332%3BMeltem+Conk&rft.date=1+June+2008&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=1-3&rft.pages=973%E2%80%93980&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2007.11.007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0304389407016020&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">De Backer, Benjamin; Maebe, Kevin; Verstraete, Alain G.; Charlier, Corinne (1 July 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02068.x\" target=\"_blank\">\"Evolution of the Content of THC and Other Major Cannabinoids in Drug-Type Cannabis Cuttings and Seedlings During Growth of Plants*: EVOLUTION OF MAJOR CANNABINOIDS CONTENT DURING GROWTH OF PLANTS\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Forensic Sciences<\/i> <b>57<\/b> (4): 918\u2013922. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1556-4029.2012.02068.x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02068.x<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02068.x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02068.x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Content+of+THC+and+Other+Major+Cannabinoids+in+Drug-Type+Cannabis+Cuttings+and+Seedlings+During+Growth+of+Plants%2A%3A+EVOLUTION+OF+MAJOR+CANNABINOIDS+CONTENT+DURING+GROWTH+OF+PLANTS&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.aulast=De+Backer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=De+Backer%2C%26%2332%3BBenjamin&rft.au=Maebe%2C%26%2332%3BKevin&rft.au=Verstraete%2C%26%2332%3BAlain+G.&rft.au=Charlier%2C%26%2332%3BCorinne&rft.date=1+July+2012&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=918%E2%80%93922&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fj.1556-4029.2012.02068.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1556-4029.2012.02068.x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-52\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFMcPartlandMcKernan2017\">McPartland, John M.; McKernan, Kevin J. (2017), Chandra, Suman; Lata, Hemant; ElSohly, Mahmoud A., eds., <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-54564-6_22\" target=\"_blank\">\"Contaminants of Concern in Cannabis: Microbes, Heavy Metals and Pesticides\"<\/a> (in en), <i>Cannabis sativa L. - Botany and Biotechnology<\/i> (Cham: Springer International Publishing): 457\u2013474, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-54564-6_22\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-319-54564-6_22<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-3-319-54563-9<span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-54564-6_22\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-54564-6_22<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 2022-09-11<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Contaminants+of+Concern+in+Cannabis%3A+Microbes%2C+Heavy+Metals+and+Pesticides&rft.jtitle=Cannabis+sativa+L.+-+Botany+and+Biotechnology&rft.aulast=McPartland&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=McPartland%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+M.&rft.au=McKernan%2C%26%2332%3BKevin+J.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=457%E2%80%93474&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-54564-6_22&rft.isbn=978-3-319-54563-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-54564-6_22&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-53\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Petrov\u00e1, \u0160.; Bene\u0161ov\u00e1, D.; Soudek, P. et al. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wflpublisher.com\/Abstract\/2735\" target=\"_blank\">\"Enhancement of metal(loid)s phytoextraction by Cannabis sativa L.\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (1): 631\u201341. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1234%2F4.2012.2735\" target=\"_blank\">10.1234\/4.2012.2735<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wflpublisher.com\/Abstract\/2735\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wflpublisher.com\/Abstract\/2735<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enhancement+of+metal%28loid%29s+phytoextraction+by+Cannabis+sativa+L.&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food%2C+Agriculture+and+Environment&rft.aulast=Petrov%C3%A1%2C+%C5%A0.%3B++Bene%C5%A1ov%C3%A1%2C+D.%3B+Soudek%2C+P.+et+al.&rft.au=Petrov%C3%A1%2C+%C5%A0.%3B++Bene%C5%A1ov%C3%A1%2C+D.%3B+Soudek%2C+P.+et+al.&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=631%E2%80%9341&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1234%2F4.2012.2735&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wflpublisher.com%2FAbstract%2F2735&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_54-0\">54.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_54-1\">54.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Printz, Bruno; Lutts, Stanley; Hausman, Jean-Francois; Sergeant, Kjell (6 May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00601\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">\"Copper Trafficking in Plants and Its Implication on Cell Wall Dynamics\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science<\/i> <b>7<\/b>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00601\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fpls.2016.00601<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1664-462X\" target=\"_blank\">1664-462X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4859090\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4859090<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27200069\" target=\"_blank\">27200069<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00601\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00601\/abstract<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Copper+Trafficking+in+Plants+and+Its+Implication+on+Cell+Wall+Dynamics&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.aulast=Printz&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Printz%2C%26%2332%3BBruno&rft.au=Lutts%2C%26%2332%3BStanley&rft.au=Hausman%2C%26%2332%3BJean-Francois&rft.au=Sergeant%2C%26%2332%3BKjell&rft.date=6+May+2016&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00601&rft.issn=1664-462X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4859090&rft_id=info:pmid\/27200069&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.frontiersin.org%2FArticle%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00601%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_55-0\">55.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_55-1\">55.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Broadley, Martin R.; White, Philip J.; Hammond, John P.; Zelko, Ivan; Lux, Alexander (1 March 2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x\" target=\"_blank\">\"Zinc in plants\"<\/a> (in en). <i>New Phytologist<\/i> <b>173<\/b> (4): 677\u2013702. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2007.01996.x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-646X\" target=\"_blank\">0028-646X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zinc+in+plants&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.aulast=Broadley&rft.aufirst=Martin+R.&rft.au=Broadley%2C%26%2332%3BMartin+R.&rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip+J.&rft.au=Hammond%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+P.&rft.au=Zelko%2C%26%2332%3BIvan&rft.au=Lux%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander&rft.date=1+March+2007&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=677%E2%80%93702&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2007.01996.x&rft.issn=0028-646X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2007.01996.x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-56\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (17 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/spl\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The ATSDR 2019 Substance Priority List\"<\/a>. <i>Substance Priority List<\/i>. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/spl\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/spl\/index.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+ATSDR+2019+Substance+Priority+List&rft.atitle=Substance+Priority+List&rft.aulast=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+and+Disease+Registry&rft.au=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+and+Disease+Registry&rft.date=17+January+2020&rft.pub=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+and+Disease+Registry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Fspl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-57\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cruciani, Oscar; Mannina, Luisa; Sobolev, Anatoli; Cametti, Cesare; Segre, AnnaLaura (10 May 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/11\/5\/334\" target=\"_blank\">\"An Improved NMR Study of Liposomes Using 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospatidylcholine as Model\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Molecules<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (5): 334\u2013344. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2F11050334\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/11050334<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1420-3049\" target=\"_blank\">1420-3049<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6148493\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6148493<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17962765\" target=\"_blank\">17962765<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/11\/5\/334\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/11\/5\/334<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Improved+NMR+Study+of+Liposomes+Using+1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospatidylcholine+as+Model&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.aulast=Cruciani&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft.au=Cruciani%2C%26%2332%3BOscar&rft.au=Mannina%2C%26%2332%3BLuisa&rft.au=Sobolev%2C%26%2332%3BAnatoli&rft.au=Cametti%2C%26%2332%3BCesare&rft.au=Segre%2C%26%2332%3BAnnaLaura&rft.date=10+May+2006&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=334%E2%80%93344&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2F11050334&rft.issn=1420-3049&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6148493&rft_id=info:pmid\/17962765&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1420-3049%2F11%2F5%2F334&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-58\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Brazel, Ailbhe J; \u00d3\u2019Maoil\u00e9idigh, Diarmuid S (27 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/70\/6\/1737\/5368212\" target=\"_blank\">\"Photosynthetic activity of reproductive organs\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Experimental Botany<\/i> <b>70<\/b> (6): 1737\u20131754. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferz033\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/jxb\/erz033<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0022-0957\" target=\"_blank\">0022-0957<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/70\/6\/1737\/5368212\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/70\/6\/1737\/5368212<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Photosynthetic+activity+of+reproductive+organs&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.aulast=Brazel&rft.aufirst=Ailbhe+J&rft.au=Brazel%2C%26%2332%3BAilbhe+J&rft.au=%C3%93%E2%80%99Maoil%C3%A9idigh%2C%26%2332%3BDiarmuid+S&rft.date=27+March+2019&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1737%E2%80%931754&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferz033&rft.issn=0022-0957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjxb%2Farticle%2F70%2F6%2F1737%2F5368212&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">H., Pfanz; G., Aschan; R., Langenfeld-Heyser; C., Wittmann; M., Loose (1 April 2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00114-002-0309-z\" target=\"_blank\">\"Ecology and ecophysiology of tree stems: corticular and wood photosynthesis\"<\/a>. <i>Naturwissenschaften<\/i> <b>89<\/b> (4): 147\u2013162. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00114-002-0309-z\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s00114-002-0309-z<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-1042\" target=\"_blank\">0028-1042<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00114-002-0309-z\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00114-002-0309-z<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ecology+and+ecophysiology+of+tree+stems%3A+corticular+and+wood+photosynthesis&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.aulast=H.&rft.aufirst=Pfanz&rft.au=H.%2C%26%2332%3BPfanz&rft.au=G.%2C%26%2332%3BAschan&rft.au=R.%2C%26%2332%3BLangenfeld-Heyser&rft.au=C.%2C%26%2332%3BWittmann&rft.au=M.%2C%26%2332%3BLoose&rft.date=1+April+2002&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=147%E2%80%93162&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs00114-002-0309-z&rft.issn=0028-1042&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-002-0309-z&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Winter, H.; Huber, S. C. (1 January 2000). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/07352680091139178\" target=\"_blank\">\"Regulation of Sucrose Metabolism in Higher Plants: Localization and regulation of Activity of Key Enzymes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences<\/i> <b>19<\/b> (1): 31\u201367. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F07352680091139178\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/07352680091139178<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0735-2689\" target=\"_blank\">0735-2689<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/07352680091139178\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/07352680091139178<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+Sucrose+Metabolism+in+Higher+Plants%3A+Localization+and+regulation+of+Activity+of+Key+Enzymes&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Plant+Sciences&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Winter%2C%26%2332%3BH.&rft.au=Huber%2C%26%2332%3BS.+C.&rft.date=1+January+2000&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31%E2%80%9367&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F07352680091139178&rft.issn=0735-2689&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F07352680091139178&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Arru, Laura; Rognoni, Sara; Baroncini, Micaela; Bonatti, Piera Medeghini; Perata, Pierdomenico (1 January 2004). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10681-004-4752-0\" target=\"_blank\">\"Copper localization in Cannabis sativa L. grown in a copper-rich solution\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Euphytica<\/i> <b>140<\/b> (1-2): 33\u201338. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10681-004-4752-0\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s10681-004-4752-0<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0014-2336\" target=\"_blank\">0014-2336<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10681-004-4752-0\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10681-004-4752-0<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Copper+localization+in+Cannabis+sativa+L.+grown+in+a+copper-rich+solution&rft.jtitle=Euphytica&rft.aulast=Arru&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Arru%2C%26%2332%3BLaura&rft.au=Rognoni%2C%26%2332%3BSara&rft.au=Baroncini%2C%26%2332%3BMicaela&rft.au=Bonatti%2C%26%2332%3BPiera+Medeghini&rft.au=Perata%2C%26%2332%3BPierdomenico&rft.date=1+January+2004&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=1-2&rft.pages=33%E2%80%9338&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs10681-004-4752-0&rft.issn=0014-2336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10681-004-4752-0&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original article lists references in alphabetical order; however, this version lists them in order of appearance, by design. Everything else remains true to the original article, per the \"NoDerivatives\" portion of the distribution license.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103184828\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.618 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.641 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 62394\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 566123\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 173031\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 154716\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 573.594 1 -total\n 91.87% 526.940 1 Template:Reflist\n 76.41% 438.300 61 Template:Citation\/core\n 75.28% 431.791 57 Template:Cite_journal\n 12.74% 73.103 58 Template:Date\n 8.78% 50.367 112 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.81% 27.616 3 Template:Citation\n 3.94% 22.585 1 Template:Infobox_journal_article\n 3.61% 20.696 1 Template:Infobox\n 3.33% 19.101 224 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5900-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103184827 and revision id 18065. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:A_spectroscopic_study_to_assess_heavy_metals_absorption_by_a_combined_hemp-spirulina_system_from_contaminated_soil<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","1a5df1e8ece8585e0ad3b310df209b0d_images":["https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/8\/8c\/GA_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg","https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/a\/a2\/Fig1_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg","https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/b\/bc\/Fig2_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg","https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/b\/b3\/Fig3_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg","https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/2\/2d\/Fig4_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg","https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/7\/7c\/Fig5_Musio_EnviroAdv2022_7.jpg"],"1a5df1e8ece8585e0ad3b310df209b0d_timestamp":1672771707,"5c1b29e99f3312cca3b2e4f1c0703b48_type":"article","5c1b29e99f3312cca3b2e4f1c0703b48_title":"Quality control of cannabis inflorescence and oil products: Response factors for the cost-efficient determination of ten cannabinoids by HPLC (Hall et al. 2022)","5c1b29e99f3312cca3b2e4f1c0703b48_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC","5c1b29e99f3312cca3b2e4f1c0703b48_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:Quality control of cannabis inflorescence and oil products: Response factors for the cost-efficient determination of ten cannabinoids by HPLCFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nQuality control of cannabis inflorescence and oil products: Response factors for the cost-efficient determination of ten cannabinoids by HPLCnJournal\n \nTalanta OpenAuthor(s)\n \nHall, Damian R.; Sinclair, Justin S.; Bhuyan, Deep J.; Khoo, Cheang; Li, Chun G.; Sarris, Jerome; Low, MitchellAuthor affiliation(s)\n \nNICM Health Research Institute, Wentworth Institute, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthPrimary contact\n \nEmail: Mitchell dot Low at westernsydney dot edu dot auYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n5Article #\n \n100112DOI\n \n10.1016\/j.talo.2022.100112ISSN\n \n2666-8319Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666831922000315Download\n \nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666831922000315\/pdfft (PDF)\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Materials and methods \n\n3.1 Reagents and standards \n\n3.1.1 Sample preparation \n3.1.2 Instrumentation and analytical method \n3.1.3 System suitability \n3.1.4 Analysis by relative retention times and relative response factors \n3.1.5 Method validation \n3.1.6 Accuracy protocol \n\n\n\n\n4 Results and discussion \n\n4.1 Method development \n4.2 Linearity and calibration range \n4.3 Retention times compared to relative retention times \n4.4 Relative response factors \n4.5 Detection and quantification limits \n4.6 Instrument, method, and intermediate precision \n4.7 Accuracy and recovery \n4.8 Standard and sample stability \n4.9 Comparing quantification methods \n\n\n5 Conclusion \n6 Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \n7 Acknowledgements \n\n7.1 Funding \n7.2 Conflict of interest \n\n\n8 References \n9 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nThe quality control (QC) of medicinal cannabis should include quantification of as many cannabinoids as practicable in a routine analytical laboratory, to accurately reflect the quality of the product. However, the cost and availability of some cannabinoid standards is an impediment to their routine use. This work seeks to overcome this obstacle by analyzing samples using relative retention times (RRT) and relative response factors (RRF), relative to cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) reference standards which are readily available. A high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method was developed to quantify 10 cannabinoids\u2014tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC), delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03948-THC), delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA)\u2014in dried cannabis inflorescence and cannabis oil. This method was validated according to International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. \nThe proposed method has detection limits ranging from 20 to 78 \u00b5g\/g, which provided sufficient sensitivity for the panel of cannabinoids. Non-cannabinoid surrogate matrices were used for spike recovery studies to determine method accuracy; analyte recoveries for the inflorescence and oil ranged from 90.1 to 109.3% (inflorescence mean, 100.9%; oil mean, 99.6%). The RRT and RRF values, determined independently by three analysts, were comparable, indicating the method is robust. The validity of analysis using RRT and RRF was further confirmed by testing six inflorescence samples, as it was found that concentrations above the order of magnitude of the limit of quantitation (LoQ) agreed satisfactorily (range, 95.0 to 111.9%; mean, 100.0%) with the concentrations obtained through the conventional approach of multipoint calibration using pure standards. The proposed method is therefore suitable for the rapid and simple determination of a panel of 10 cannabinoids without having to repeatedly purchase every expensive pure standard. Accordingly, analysts in the medicinal cannabis field may explore the use of RRF and RRT for their methods and instruments.\nKeywords: liquid chromatography, cannabis, cannabinoid, response factor, relative retention time\nGraphical abstract: \n\n\nIntroduction \nDespite an extensive history of use as a medicinal plant spanning ancient cultures[1][2][3], cannabis use is contentious in many jurisdictions, as it has been considered a social drug of abuse since the mid-1930s.[4][5] Over the last two decades, meaningful legal, sociocultural, and economic change has led to the establishment of medicinal cannabis research programs in several countries, which have validated the therapeutic use of cannabis for indications, including chronic neuropathic pain, certain intractable epilepsies, the vomiting and spasticity of multiple sclerosis, and chemotherapy-induced nausea.[6] Further to this, the use of medicinal cannabis has expanded into pediatric and vulnerable patient groups[7][8][9], and regulated markets for recreational use have developed in some jurisdictions. Accordingly, quality control (QC) across the supply chain is increasingly important to ensure that cannabis products are safe and have well-defined chemical and therapeutic profiles.\nCritically, the complex relationship between chemical profiles and therapeutic activity requires further exploration. Presently, the activities of the three most abundant neutral cannabinoids\u2014tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol (CBG)\u2014have been studied closely, exhibiting numerous properties, including analgesic, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory characteristics.[6][10] However, the full potential of medicinal cannabis may not be realized without leveraging the full diversity of cannabinoids. Over 140 cannabinoids have been identified, many of which have their own inherent pharmacological properties.[11][12] This includes the acidic cannabinoids, which have significant anticonvulsant activities, contrary to the historical perspective that they were inert precursors which only acquired activity after decarboxylating into the neutral cannabinoids.[13] Furthermore, the complexity of cannabis increases geometrically under the \"entourage effect,\" which postulates that cannabinoids interact to modulate their therapeutic effects.[14][15]\nAn experimental basis for the entourage effect is provided by murine studies, which have demonstrated that binary combinations with acidic cannabinoids increase bioavailability, potency, and efficacy of neutral cannabinoids in epilepsy models.[16][17][18] Even authors exclusively preoccupied with neutral cannabinoids have demonstrated synergistic binary combinations.[19][20][21] Clinical evidence is also mounting, with a recent meta-analysis on observational studies of epileptic patients concluding that crude cannabis extracts yielded a greater reduction in seizure frequency and had fewer side-effects than equivalent doses of purified CBD.[22] However, as most extracts were only characterized to the extent of standardizing the CBD dose, information about other cannabinoids was absent or based on inference. Consequently, the authors\u2019 attribution of the differences between the extracts and purified CBD to the entourage effect was speculative. It was not possible to evaluate if the effects of the other cannabinoids added together, comparable to merely increasing the dose of CBD, or if they magnified the effect to surpass what CBD could achieve alone. Evidently, to progress beyond studies of binary combinations or poorly characterized extracts, routine analyses capable of quantifying panels of cannabinoids could help to better inform the design and interpretation of future studies that investigate the entourage effect. A clinical understanding of this effect might subsequently inform the extent to which cannabinoids are screened during cannabis product quality control.\nSeveral published methods are available for the separation and quantification of cannabinoids, with a variety of limitations which constrain their routine use. For the analysis of neutral cannabinoids, gas chromatography (GC) is simple, sensitive, and provides acceptable resolution.[23] However, GC is not immediately suitable for acidic cannabinoids, as they are poorly volatilized and rapidly undergo thermal decarboxylation into neutral cannabinoids.[24] Fortunately, this limitation can be surmounted by trimethylsilyl derivatization of the labile acid group.[24][25] Alternatively, some analysts have adopted liquid chromatography (LC) for the separation of cannabinoids in medicinal cannabis. Following separation by LC, detection can be achieved by mass spectrometry (MS) or by photodiode array (PDA). The MS detector enables the peak identity confirmation from their fragmentation patterns and relative ratios[26], and it is sufficiently specific to recognize coeluting impurities in complex matrices.[24] However, the required technical expertise, operation, and maintenance costs prohibit the use of MS for the routine analysis of cannabinoids. The ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) PDA detectors are much cheaper, require less operator expertise, and are widely available. Since cannabinoids contain UV chromophores[27], they are amenable to PDA detection. Moreover, the UV spectra may assist with compound identity confirmation and the measurement of peak purity, which aids in quantification.\nWhichever detector is used, the elevated cost and limited availability of certified analytical reference standards for some cannabinoids remain impediments to their analysis. The cost can exceed $200 AUD per mg, and newly identified pharmacological leads in cannabis are possibly more expensive with significantly longer shipping times. To surmount this, some analysts have performed stereoselective microscale syntheses to obtain cannabinoids in a timelier manner[28][29], but this is beyond the remit of a typical QC lab. If the analysis of such cannabinoids is to become routine, the cost for their quantification must be mitigated.\nTo this end, this study aimed to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method for the determination of 10 cannabinoids in medicinal cannabis inflorescence and oil and to explore the feasibility of using relative retention times (RRT) for peak identification and relative response factors (RRF) for their quantification. By this approach, an initial once-off purchase of all the standards was required to establish the RRT and RRF between the cannabinoids and the reference compounds. This included CBD as a reference for neutral cannabinoids, and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) as a reference for acidic cannabinoids; they were chosen as they are cheaper and available in many jurisdictions. Subsequently, the method may be routinely used in QC laboratories for the quantification of a panel of 10 cannabinoids, requiring only sparing amounts of the reference compounds.\n\nMaterials and methods \nReagents and standards \nLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol (purity >99.9%) were sourced from Honeywell (North Ryde, NSW, AU). Formic acid (>98%), ammonium formate (>98%), and dichloromethane (>99.8%) were sourced from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, AU). Ultra-pure water (resistivity >18.0 M\u03a9.cm) was obtained from a Milli-Q Direct 9 system (Sigma-Aldrich). A mixed 250 \u00b5g\/mL standard of neutral cannabinoids\u2014\u03949-THC, CBD, CBG, delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03948-THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), and cannabidivarin (CBDV)\u2014and acidic cannabinoids\u2014CBDA, delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A), and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA)\u2014in acetonitrile was produced by Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and distributed by Sapphire Bioscience (Redfern, NSW, AU). Primary standards of single cannabinoids were also from the Cayman Chemical Company: CBN, THCA-A, and CBDA were obtained as 1000 \u00b5g\/mL acetonitrile solutions; CBDV, CBC and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) were obtained as 1000 \u00b5g\/mL methanol solutions; and CBD, \u03949-THC, \u03948-THC, CBG, and CBGA were sourced as anhydrous solids. All standards were stored at \u221220 \u00b0C and allowed to come to room temperature in a desiccator before use.\nAn extraction solvent of acetonitrile:methanol (4:1 v\/v) was prepared fresh daily, as required for the dilution of standards and the extraction of samples. For the conventional multipoint calibration curve, a 50 \u00b5g\/mL dilution was prepared directly from the original 250 \u00b5g\/mL mixed standard, and serial dilutions with a factor of two covered the concentration range of 1.6 to 25 \u00b5g\/mL. For the quantification by RRF, a 25 \u00b5g\/mL working standard of CBD and CBDA was prepared from their primary standards. This working standard concentration was chosen to be in the same order of magnitude as the sample concentration obtained when a 10 mg\/g CBD oil is extracted according to the \"sample preparation\" subsection, below. All dilutions were prepared in the extraction solvent.\n\nSample preparation \nSix air-dried and coarsely ground cannabis inflorescences, denoted as samples A-F, were provided by Little Green Pharma (Kings Park, WA, Australia). To ensure representative sampling of the biomass, the inflorescences were mechanically processed to pass through a 24-mesh sieve (710 \u00b5m openings). Residual water content (mean 5.5% w\/w; CV <3%) was verified by drying triplicate sub-samples (\u223c 800 mg) of the air-dried inflorescence over phosphorous pentoxide in a vacuum desiccator; drying was to a constant mass (<2 mg difference between days 7 and 8). For the analysis of cannabinoids, air-dried samples (400 mg) prepared in extraction solvent (25 mL) were sonicated in a Powersonic 420 ultrasonic bath (Thermoline Scientific; Sydney, NSW, Australia) on low power at room temperature for 30 minutes. Extracts were passed through 0.45 \u00b5m Nylon syringe filters into 2 mL HPLC autosampler vials. Where necessary, the extraction solvent was used to prepare 1:9 v\/v dilutions of these extracts, so that cannabinoids with high concentrations (15\u2013150 mg\/g) could be analyzed in the same batch as those at low concentrations (0.1\u201315 mg\/g). Both the undiluted and the diluted extract solutions were analyzed.\nMedicinal cannabis oil (Cannimed; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada) was supplied by Health House International (Perth, WA, AU). The claimed composition was 10 mg\/g total THC and 10 mg\/g total CBD. These totals are corrected for the mass loss due to decarboxylation to report the concentrations in terms of neutral cannabinoid equivalents: CBD Total (mg\/g) = CBD (mg\/g) + 0.877 \u00d7 CBDA (mg\/g); and THC Total (mg\/g) = \u03949-THC (mg\/g) + 0.877 \u00d7 THCA-A (mg\/g). Oil samples were prepared for analysis by dissolving 50 \u00b5g in dichloromethane (1 mL), which made it miscible with the extraction solvent (total, 25 mL), and was subsequently sonicated on low power for 10 minutes. Extracts were passed through 0.45 \u00b5m Nylon syringe filters before analysis.\n\nInstrumentation and analytical method \nA Shimadzu Prominence-i LC-2030C 3D Plus HPLC-PDA (Rydalmere, NSW, AU)\u2014comprising of a low-pressure quaternary solvent system, an auto sampler, and a PDA detector\u2014was used. Shimadzu LabSolutions (v5.93A) was used for instrument control, data acquisition, and processing. A Phenomenex Luna C18(2) (150 \u00d7 4.6 mm \u00d7 5 \u00b5m) analytical column with a Security C18 (20 \u00d7 4.6 mm \u00d7 5 \u00b5m) guard column (Lane Cove West, NSW, AU) was employed to achieve reversed phase separation. The column was maintained at 40 \u00b0C, with a mobile phase flow rate of 2.5 mL\/min. The injection volume was 10 \u00b5L, and all standards and samples were injected in duplicate. Gradient elution employing mobile phase A (Milli-Q water buffered with 20 mM ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid), mobile phase B (acetonitrile) and mobile phase C (methanol buffered with 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.05% formic acid) was used. The gradient program is summarized in Table 1, which includes two minutes of column rinse with the organic phases and two minutes of re-equilibration at the starting condition. During each run, the PDA was set to acquire data from 190 to 800 nm and the chromatograms was visualized at 232 nm.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1. Gradient program for the HPLC method for mobile phase A (Milli-Q water buffered with 20 mM ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid), mobile phase B (acetonitrile), and mobile phase C (methanol buffered with 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.05% formic acid).\n\n\nTime (minutes)\n\nMobile phase A (%)\n\nMobile phase B (%)\n\nMobile phase C (%)\n\n\n0.00\n\n50\n\n50\n\n0\n\n\n17.00\n\n47\n\n53\n\n0\n\n\n30.00\n\n25\n\n30\n\n45\n\n\n30.01\n\n10\n\n45\n\n45\n\n\n32.00\n\n10\n\n45\n\n45\n\n\n32.01\n\n50\n\n50\n\n0\n\n\n34.00\n\n50\n\n50\n\n0\n\n\n\nSystem suitability \nSystem suitability criteria were established to routinely ensure that the chromatographic system functioned as specified for each batch. To this end, a minimum of six injections of the CBD and CBDA 25 \u00b5g\/mL working standard was made throughout each batch. To pass, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the standard retention times and peak areas of the six injections must be <2%.\n\nAnalysis by relative retention times and relative response factors \nStandard values for the RRT and RRF were determined from three independent analysts who each performed six replicate injections of the mixed cannabinoid at the working standard concentration. The reference standards were CBD for neutral cannabinoids and CBDA for acidic cannabinoids. Adjusted retention time (tR' ) is the difference between the analyte retention time (tR) and the void time (tvoid); tR' = tR - tvoid. The RRT of a generic cannabinoid denoted as \"a,\" relative to the reference, is the ratio of their adjusted retention times; tR' (a) \/ tR' (reference). Likewise, the response factor (RF) is the cannabinoid peak area (A) divided by its concentration (C); RF = A \/ C. The RRF of a generic cannabinoid denoted as \"a,\" relative to the reference, is the ratio of their response factors; RF(a) \/ RF(reference).\nQuantitative analyses using RRT and RRF values required that the CBD and CBDA working standards be tested in every batch of analysis. Using the reference retention times and the known RRT values, the expected retention time for cannabinoid \"a\" is determined; tR (a, expected) = [tR (reference, standard) - t0] x RRT (a) + t0. UV-vis spectra can verify this peak identification. Subsequently, the unknown concentration of cannabinoid \"a\" can be calculated; C(a) = [A (a, sample) \/ A (reference, standard)] x [1 \/ RRF (a)]. This represents the x C (reference, standard) concentration in the extract solution which, using the precise mass extracted in the known volumetric flask, is converted into the concentration of the original sample; reported as the mass of the cannabinoid (mg or \u00b5g) relative to the mass of the air-dried inflorescence or oil sample (\/g).\n\nMethod validation \nAnalytical method validation was informed by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH).[30] For the dried inflorescence sample, validation was performed for the quantification of all 10 cannabinoids. However, for the oil matrix, validation was only performed for the cannabinoids present in the preparation, namely \u03949-THC, THCA-A, CBD, and CBDA.\nLinearity of the detector response was evaluated from calibration curves, considering both the R2 and the significance of the intercept. The detection and quantification limits were determined as limit of detection (LoD) = 3.3 s \/ m and LoQ = 10 s \/ m, respectively; where s is the sample standard deviation of the lowest linear concentration (3.1 \u00b5g\/mL), and m is the calibration slope. The instrument and method precision were determined as the CV from six replicate standard injections and sample preparations, respectively. Intermediate precision was evaluated from the pooled CV between three analysts who independently prepared the same samples six times on separate days. The accuracy of the method was determined by a recovery study (see the \"Accuracy protocol\" sub-section, below). The stability of the standard and sample extracts was tested for up to 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively. Finally, the quantitative results obtained using the multipoint calibration curve and RRF method were compared.\n\nAccuracy protocol \nRecoveries of the 10 cannabinoids were tested using chamomile as a surrogate matrix for the cannabis inflorescence. For the cannabis oil, the recoveries of \u03949-THC, THCA-A, CBD, and CBDA were tested using olive oil as a surrogate matrix. These surrogate matrices were extracted according to the \"Sample preparation\" sub-section (above) to confirm that they did not give rise to peaks at the retention times of interest. Triplicate preparations of the surrogate matrices were spiked with the individual cannabinoid standards at levels relative to a representative sample for each matrix: \u03949-THC, CBD, and CBGA were spiked at 50%, 100%, and 200% levels; THCA-A, CBDA, and CBG were spiked at the 100% level due to limited supply; and all other cannabinoids were spiked at their LoQ.\n\nResults and discussion \nMethod development \nTo optimize sample preparation, a variety of extraction solvents were tested with duplicate extractions. The solvents trailed were methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, methanol:water (1:1 v\/v), and acetonitrile:methanol (4:1 v\/v). Cannabinoid peak areas were maximized by ethyl acetate and acetonitrile:methanol. However, due to markedly mismatching the initial mobile phase condition, ethyl acetate gave rise to significant band broadening. Thus, acetonitrile:methanol (4:1 v\/v) was selected as the extraction solvent, which is consistent with other extraction optimization reports.[25][31]\nThe CV contribution of the method preparation procedure to the total uncertainty was determined by performing six replicate extractions and analysis of a single cannabis inflorescence sample. Grinding the inflorescence to pass through a < 710 \u00b5m sieve before subsampling achieved a CV range of 1.2 to 3.6%. When subsampling without grinding, the CV unacceptably ranged from 7.6 to 23.6%, thus indicating the importance of preparing a homogeneous sample.\nTo optimize the chromatographic conditions, the method was iteratively developed. Baseline separation was achieved for eight of the 10 cannabinoid standards (resolution > 2.0); however, the CBD and CBG standard peaks overlapped slightly (resolution > 1.5, in all batches), as shown in Fig. 1A. Likewise, acceptable separation of cannabinoids in the extracts of cannabis inflorescence and cannabis oil were demonstrated in Fig. 1B and C, respectively. Whilst most matrix components eluted before the cannabinoids, a compound in inflorescence samples was observed to elute between CBDA and CBGA. This peak was identified to be tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV, tR 13.70 minutes) by comparison with the UV spectrum and retention time obtained for the THCV standard. THCV was not included in the present method validation study as it was not part of the original selected set of analytes. When the analytes were sufficiently abundant in the sample, the UV spectra of their peaks were compared to that of the standard. As shown in Fig. 2, spectra superimposed closely, indicating good peak purity.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 1. Representative chromatograms at 232 nm. A Mixed cannabinoid standard. B Cannabis inflorescence. C Cannabis oil.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 2. Spectra of cannabinoid peaks recorded from the standards (black) and inflorescence sample (red). A THCA-A. B \u03949-THC. C CBDA. D CBD. E CBGA. F CBG. G CBC. H \u03949-THCV. Note that different abundances relative to an uneven baseline absorbance accounts for the imperfect overlap.\n\n\n\nTo optimize PDA detection, wavelengths corresponding to the \u03bbmax of the different cannabinoids, specifically 210, 232, and 270 nm, were considered. Whilst 210 nm has been used in other studies[24][25][32], it produced a sloping baseline in the present study due to the use of methanol (UV cut-off 210 nm) rather than exclusively using acetonitrile (UV cut-off 190 nm) as the organic component of the mobile phase. Instead, it was found that visualizing the chromatogram at 232 nm gave the best compromise between sensitivity and baseline noise. Some studies used 270 nm to improve sensitivity for the acidic cannabinoids[33], but this higher sensitivity is not required due to their relatively high abundance in the inflorescence samples. This high abundance was anticipated as acidic cannabinoids are the secondary metabolites synthesized in cannabis, whereas the neutral forms are produced by spontaneous decarboxylation.[34]\n\nLinearity and calibration range \nConsidering the seven mixed-standard dilutions prepared over the 1.6 to 250 \u00b5g\/mL range, replicates at the lowest concentration for most cannabinoids deviated from their mean by >5%, indicating significant baseline noise at this level. Accordingly, calibration curves were constructed using the six standards from 3.1 to 250 \u00b5g\/mL. The corresponding linear equations and their R2 are summarized in Table 2. Good linearity was obtained, with R2 > 0.9999 for all the analytes. The magnitudes of the intercepts were compared to the integrations at the working standard concentration, and all were deemed insignificant, as 3% of the working standard integration was greater than the absolute value of the intercept. Thus, the calibration equations were linear and passed sufficiently close to the origin for RRF values determined from the working standard concentration to be reliable.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 2. Linearity of calibration curves including the calibration range, calibration equation, and coefficient of determination. a Where: y represents the peak integration (mV.min), and x is the concentration (\u00b5g\/mL).\n\n\nCompound\n\nCalibration range (\u00b5g\/mL)\n\nEquationa\n\nR2\n\n\n\u03949-THC\n\n3.0 - 240\n\ny = 6294 x + 2692\n\n0.999 93\n\n\n\u03948-THC\n\n3.1 - 250\n\ny = 5458 x + 3194\n\n0.999 98\n\n\nTHCA-A\n\n3.0 - 240\n\ny = 11,712 x + 4031\n\n1.000 00\n\n\nCBD\n\n3.0 - 240\n\ny = 6687 x + 1062\n\n0.999 98\n\n\nCBN\n\n2.8 - 220\n\ny = 17,792 x + 9181\n\n0.999 99\n\n\nCBDV\n\n3.1 - 240\n\ny = 7225 x + 4889\n\n0.999 98\n\n\nCBC\n\n3.1 - 250\n\ny = 17,498 x + 5227\n\n0.999 99\n\n\nCBDA\n\n2.8 - 230\n\ny = 13,059 x + 4836\n\n0.999 98\n\n\nCBG\n\n2.9 - 230\n\ny = 6452 x - 881\n\n0.999 96\n\n\nCBGA\n\n3.0 - 240\n\ny = 12,006 x + 2247\n\n0.999 98\n\n\n\nRetention times compared to relative retention times \nRetention times pooled from the three analysts are reported in Table 3. The CV in the retention times for each cannabinoid ranged from 0.18% to 0.56%, demonstrating an excellent inter-batch repeatability. For the cannabinoids detected in the available inflorescence samples, the retention times observed for the sample peaks deviated by <1% from the standard retention times.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 3. Retention time (tR), relative retention time (RRT), and relative response factors (RRF) for the 10 cannabinoids, calculated relative to CBD (for neutral cannabinoids) or CBDA (for acidic cannabinoids); determined as the mean \u00b1 standard deviation (CV%) from 18 runs of the mixed standard (six extractions and analysis \u00d7 three analysts).\n\n\nCompound\n\ntR (minutes)\n\nRRT (unitless)\n\nRRF (unitless)\n\n\n\u03949-THC\n\n24.88 \u00b1 0.06 (0.24)\n\n1.631 \u00b1 0.004 (0.26)\n\n0.944 \u00b1 0.025 (2.67)\n\n\n\u03948-THC\n\n25.60 \u00b1 0.05 (0.21)\n\n1.679 \u00b1 0.005 (0.29)\n\n0.821 \u00b1 0.020 (2.43)\n\n\nTHCA-A\n\n26.72 \u00b1 0.07 (0.26)\n\n2.370 \u00b1 0.006 (0.24)\n\n0.931 \u00b1 0.014 (1.46)\n\n\nCBD\n\n15.53 \u00b1 0.07 (0.46)\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n\nCBN\n\n21.84 \u00b1 0.07 (0.33)\n\n1.4258 \u00b1 0.0024 (0.17)\n\n2.23 \u00b1 0.04 (1.91)\n\n\nCBDV\n\n7.82 \u00b1 0.04 (0.56)\n\n0.4805 \u00b1 0.0007 (0.15)\n\n1.037 \u00b1 0.020 (1.93)\n\n\nCBC\n\n28.91 \u00b1 0.05 (0.18)\n\n1.903 \u00b1 0.006 (0.34)\n\n2.39 \u00b1 0.03 (1.29)\n\n\nCBDA\n\n11.68 \u00b1 0.03 (0.24)\n\n1.000\n\n1.000\n\n\nCBG\n\n16.27 \u00b1 0.08 (0.49)\n\n1.0501 \u00b1 0.0004 (0.04)\n\n0.991 \u00b1 0.025 (2.57)\n\n\nCBGA\n\n14.20 \u00b1 0.04 (0.29)\n\n1.2298 \u00b1 0.0011 (0.09)\n\n1.003 \u00b1 0.021 (2.10)\n\n\n\nTo formalize the peak identification, and to demonstrate further gains in the inter-batch repeatability, the RRT were also pooled from the three analysts and were appended to Table 3. RRT should correct for inter-batch variations in retention times, provided that the variation in conditions proportionally affected all of the closely related analytes being studied.[27] As anticipated, the pooled RRT values for each cannabinoid had CV ranging from 0.04 to 0.34%. This represents a modest gain in repeatability, which should be maintained even if the retention times start to shift by >1%. Critically, it was also shown that the range of RRT values for each cannabinoid did not overlap. This means that analysts reported comparable values for the RRT, and that these values were unique for each cannabinoid. Thus, cannabinoid peaks in samples may be identified from their RRT values relative to the retention time of the CBD or CBDA from the working standard tested in the same batch of analysis.\n\nRelative response factors \nFrom the same replicate working standard injections performed by the three analysts, the pooled RRF were determined and appended to Table 3. The CV ranged from 1.29 to 2.67%, acceptably within the 3% criteria. Agreement was demonstrated between the RRF values calculated by each analyst. Thus, with an acceptably small error, cannabinoids can be quantified using the RRF values relative to response factors for CBD or CBDA from the working standard tested in the same batch of analysis. This use of RRF for the quantification of selected cannabinoids in cannabis products is a novel contribution of the present study, which eliminates the need for the expensive cannabinoid standards during routine analysis.\n\nDetection and quantification limits \nDetection and quantification limits for the cannabinoids are presented in Table 4. The LoD ranged from 20 to 78 \u00b5g\/g and the LoQ ranged from 60 to 238 \u00b5g\/g, relative to the inflorescence sample preparation. These limits are sufficiently low to enable the quantification of the studied cannabinoids in cannabis biomass and, observing that even relatively small amounts in crude biomass can be extracted and concentrated to therapeutically relevant concentrations in final products, these limits are suitable for quality control throughout the supply chain. However, with the quantification limits in the determined order of magnitude, it is unlikely that this method could be adapted for the analysis of the recently identified trace cannabinoids with heptyl side-chains (denoted with the suffix \"-phoryl\").[28] This includes \u03949-trans-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol (THCP), which, by a published MS method, was identified in the inflorescences of THC dominant chemovars at concentrations routinely less than 140 \u00b5g\/g and was undetected in CBD dominant chemovars.[35]\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 4. Cannabinoid limit of detection and quantification, relative to the inflorescence sample preparation.\n\n\nCompound\n\nLoD (\u03bcg\/g)\n\nLoQ (\u03bcg\/g)\n\n\n\u03949-THC\n\n78\n\n238\n\n\n\u03948-THC\n\n48\n\n144\n\n\nTHCA-A\n\n32\n\n96\n\n\nCBD\n\n35\n\n107\n\n\nCBN\n\n55\n\n167\n\n\nCBDV\n\n39\n\n118\n\n\nCBC\n\n20\n\n60\n\n\nCBDA\n\n41\n\n123\n\n\nCBG\n\n57\n\n172\n\n\nCBGA\n\n31\n\n94\n\n\n\n Instrument, method, and intermediate precision \nInstrument and method precision results are collated in Table 5. Instrument precision ranged from 0.10 to 2.00%, which was acceptably below 2%. Method precision ranged from 1.15 to 3.58% for the inflorescence and from 1.27 to 1.32% for the oil, acceptably within 5% for both sample matrices. Concentrations reported by the independent analysts for the samples tested on separate days and the intermediate precision were reported in Table 6. The results of the analysts agreed, with the intermediate precision ranging from 0.67 to 4.58% for the inflorescence and from 1.28 to 1.60% for the oil. Though two of the analysts had no prior exposure to the method, an acceptable precision of <5% was achieved for both sample matrices, thus demonstrating the robustness of the method.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 5. Instrumental precision for the determination of cannabinoids in the standard mixture, and method precision for the inflorescence and oil preparations. \"\u2013\" = Not analyzed for the oil sample matrix.\n\n\nCompound\n\nInstrument precision\n\nMethod precision\n\n\nCV (%), standard\n\nCV (%), inflorescence\n\nCV (%), oil\n\n\n\u03949-THC\n\n1.21\n\n1.23\n\n1.32\n\n\n\u03948-THC\n\n1.14\n\n<LoD\n\n\u2013\n\n\nTHCA-A\n\n0.68\n\n2.09\n\n<LoD\n\n\nCBD\n\n1.49\n\n1.15\n\n1.27\n\n\nCBN\n\n0.38\n\n3.58\n\n\u2013\n\n\nCBDV\n\n0.44\n\n<LoD\n\n\u2013\n\n\nCBC\n\n0.32\n\n1.41\n\n\u2013\n\n\nCBDA\n\n0.10\n\n1.24\n\n<LoD\n\n\nCBG\n\n2.00\n\n1.61\n\n\u2013\n\n\nCBGA\n\n0.68\n\n1.76\n\n\u2013\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 6. Intermediate precision of analytical method.\n\n\nSample\n\nCompound\n\nAnalyte concentration (mg\/g)\n\nInter-analyst CV (%)\n\n\nAnalyst 1\n\nAnalyst 2\n\nAnalyst 3\n\nMean\n\n\nInflorescence\n\n\u03949-THC\n\n24.6\n\n25.3\n\n24.2\n\n24.7\n\n2.34\n\n\n\u03948-THC\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n\u2013\n\n\nTHCA-A\n\n29.8\n\n31.9\n\n29.8\n\n30.5\n\n3.97\n\n\nCBD\n\n16.9\n\n17.2\n\n17.0\n\n17.0\n\n0.67\n\n\nCBN\n\n0.514\n\n0.543\n\n0.563\n\n0.540\n\n4.58\n\n\nCBDV\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n\u2013\n\n\nCBC\n\n1.45\n\n1.46\n\n1.42\n\n1.44\n\n1.23\n\n\nCBDA\n\n79.8\n\n83.7\n\n79.3\n\n80.9\n\n3.01\n\n\nCBG\n\n1.16\n\n1.20\n\n1.18\n\n1.18\n\n1.76\n\n\nCBGA\n\n2.39\n\n2.47\n\n2.42\n\n2.42\n\n1.70\n\n\nOil\n\n\u03949-THC\n\n10.6\n\n10.5\n\n10.7\n\n10.6\n\n1.28\n\n\nTHCA-A\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n\u2013\n\n\nCBD\n\n11.1\n\n10.8\n\n11.2\n\n11.0\n\n1.60\n\n\nCBDA\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n<LoD\n\n\u2013\n\n\n\nAccuracy and recovery \nAccuracy of the method was evaluated from the recoveries of analytes spiked onto surrogate matrices, as presented in Table 7. For the cannabis inflorescence and oil, the spike recoveries from the surrogate matrices ranged from 90.1 to 109.3% (mean 100.9%) and from 95.4 to 103.1% (mean 99.6%), respectively. Most recoveries were within 5% of the nominal concentration and the only two recoveries which were outside of this criterion had been spiked at the quantification limit, so their recoveries within 10% were acceptable. The precision of the recoveries was also acceptable, except at the LoQ of \u03948-THC and CBDV, which were only precise to 12%. Therefore, the method for the quantification of cannabinoids has acceptable accuracy.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 7. Recoveries of cannabinoids spiked into surrogate matrices (n = 3 replicate preparation at each level \u00d7 two replicate injections). n\/a = not applicable.\n\n\nSample\n\nCompound\n\nSpike level (%)\n\nSpiked concentration (mg\/g)\n\nRecovered concentration (mg\/g)\n\nRecovery (%)\n\nCV (%)\n\n\nInflorescence control\n\n\u03949-THC\n\n50\n\n0.500\n\n0.514\n\n102.7\n\n1.0\n\n\n(camomile tea)\n\nn\/a\n\n100\n\n1.000\n\n1.051\n\n105.1\n\n2.4\n\n\n200\n\n2.000\n\n1.999\n\n100.0\n\n1.4\n\n\n\n\n\u03948-THC\n\nLoQ\n\n0.167\n\n0.151\n\n90.1\n\n12.7\n\n\nTHCA-A\n\n100\n\n5.500\n\n5.328\n\n96.9\n\n1.8\n\n\nCBD\n\n100\n\n0.402\n\n0.411\n\n102.4\n\n4.2\n\n\n200\n\n0.803\n\n0.765\n\n95.3\n\n5.4\n\n\nCBN\n\nLoQ\n\n0.188\n\n0.193\n\n102.9\n\n6.1\n\n\nCBDV\n\nLoQ\n\n0.187\n\n0.193\n\n103.1\n\n12.4\n\n\nCBC\n\nLoQ\n\n0.400\n\n0.403\n\n100.8\n\n1.5\n\n\nCBDA\n\n100\n\n5.500\n\n5.633\n\n102.4\n\n2.5\n\n\nCBG\n\n100\n\n0.900\n\n0.858\n\n95.4\n\n4.1\n\n\nCBGA\n\n100\n\n0.088\n\n0.096\n\n109.3\n\n6.6\n\n\n200\n\n0.176\n\n0.173\n\n97.9\n\n7.0\n\n\nOil control\n\n\u03949-THC\n\n50\n\n0.625\n\n0.614\n\n98.2\n\n2.0\n\n\n(olive oil)\n\nn\/a\n\n100\n\n1.250\n\n1.221\n\n97.7\n\n1.9\n\n\n200\n\n2.500\n\n2.384\n\n95.4\n\n0.6\n\n\n\n\nTHCA-A\n\nLoQ\n\n0.100\n\n0.101\n\n100.7\n\n2.1\n\n\nCBD\n\n50\n\n0.603\n\n0.622\n\n103.1\n\n4.5\n\n\n100\n\n1.206\n\n1.224\n\n101.5\n\n1.8\n\n\n200\n\n2.411\n\n2.368\n\n98.2\n\n3.1\n\n\nCBDA\n\nLoQ\n\n0.100\n\n0.102\n\n101.9\n\n5.0\n\n\n\n`\nIn this study, chamomile was selected as a surrogate matrix for cannabis inflorescence as it was floral, available at little cost, and, with the exception of the cannabinoids, shared phytochemical classes such as fragrant terpenes and flavonoids.[10][36] Other published articles have used Urtica dioica (stinging nettle)[37][38] or Humulus lupulus (beer hops)[24], with justifications based on tracing their phylogenies relative to Cannabis sativa. Whilst sharing botanical orders or even families does not necessarily provide better matrix matching, it may be a reasonable approximation. Likewise, for cannabis oil, the choice of olive oil as a surrogate matrix had precedent from previous publications.[39] Indeed, some cannabis oil products contain refined resins or even crude inflorescence extracted into an olive oil base[40], making its choice as the surrogate matrix reasonable for such products. The appearance of publications employing surrogate matrices is being increasingly accepted as a cost-reduction strategy during method development, which is a clear advantage over articles which did not conduct recovery studies at all.[41][42][43] Analysts in some jurisdictions may also find it pertinent to consider the use of surrogate matrices if licensing requirements preclude the use of the amount of cannabis material which would be required for the complete spike-recovery protocol on the true matrices.\n\nStandard and sample stability \nResponse factors were determined from six replicate injections of a freshly diluted CBD and CBDA working standard. The standards were stored for 24 hours in a resealing vial within the autosampler at 10 \u00b0C. Subsequently, another six injections were made, and the response factors from the original determination were used to calculate that CBD and CBDA were 101.5% and 98.1% of their original concentrations, respectively. Observing that the changes in concentration were less than the 2% criteria used to validate instrument precision, the working standard was deemed stable. The stability of cannabinoids in the cannabis oil extract was evaluated at 48 hours. At this time point, \u03949-THC and CBD were 98.4% and 97.3% of their original concentrations, respectively. Accordingly, compared to the 5% criteria utilized to validate the method precision, the oil sample extracts were deemed stable. This extended stability relieves the pressure on laboratories to analyze the samples quickly after extraction.\n\nComparing quantification methods \nCannabinoid concentrations in six different inflorescence samples were determined by conventional multipoint calibrations and the RRF method, as reported in Fig. 3. For cannabinoids above the order of magnitude of the LoQ, concentrations determined by the two methods agreed satisfactorily (range, 95.0 to 111.9%; mean, 100.0%). The only cannabinoid above the LoQ which differed between quantifications by more than 5% was CBC but, relative to its low concentrations, the absolute differences was always acceptably less than 80 \u00b5g\/g. The good agreement between the results obtained using the two different quantification methods applied to real samples demonstrates that the use of RRF for quantification is a valid alternative with its concomitant cost saving.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 3. Cannabinoid concentrations for inflorescence samples A to F, as reported by the multipoint calibration (white) against the RRF calibration (black); mean \u00b1 sample standard deviation (n = 2 \u00d7 2, sample preparations \u00d7 injections). No sample contained detectable amounts of \u03948-THC or CBDV.\n\n\n\nConsidering the cannabinoid profiles of the inflorescence samples, the high ratios of acidic to neutral cannabinoids were indicative of good drying and storage conditions. Furthermore, samples A and B were classified as having moderately high total THC (\u223c100 mg\/g) and low total CBD (<1 mg\/g), whilst samples C to F had moderate amounts of both (\u223c60 to 90 mg\/g). Beyond these observed concentrations, the proposed method is appropriate to analyse most samples with even greater levels of cannabinoids, as very few inflorescences exceed 200 mg\/g total THC.[34] Other cannabinoids such as CBC and CBN were also quantifiable, but \u03948-THC was not detected in any sample. However, other authors have reportedly identified inflorescence samples with \u03948-THC concentrations up to 4.9 mg\/g[44], well above the LoQ of the present method. Accordingly, the present method has sufficient dynamic range to quantify cannabinoids at their various native concentrations.\n\nConclusion \nA simple HPLC-PDA method has been developed for the analysis of \u03949-THC, \u03948-THC, THCA-A, CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA, CBN, CBDV, and CBC in the inflorescence and oil of medicinal cannabis. This method was validated according to ICH guidelines. During the validation process, surrogate matrices were shown to be viable substitutions when costs prohibit the required replicates for spiking onto the true matrices. Considering the RRT and RRF values, they were consistent between batches independently performed by three analysts. Moreover, the validity of using RRT and RRF was demonstrated as the quantifications of cannabinoids in six inflorescence samples agreed with the conventional approach of multipoint calibration. \nCollectively, analysts in the medicinal cannabis field are encouraged to examine this method and considerate for use. Before use, analysts need to validate the RRF quantification for their existing methods and for any new methods that they design; potentially including methods capable of analyzing broader panels than the 10-cannabinoid panel tested in this work. In doing so, cost barriers for the analysis of panels of cannabinoids can be overcome, such that a diversity of cannabinoids can be analyzed as a part of routine quality control, with results that reflect the therapeutic efficacy for the consumer.\n\n Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \n\u03948-THC: delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol\n\u03949-THC: tetrahydrocannabinol\nCBC: cannabichromene\nCBD: cannabidiol\nCBDA: cannabidiolic acid\nCBDV: cannabidivarin\nCBG: cannabigerol\nCBGA: cannabigerolic acid\nCBN: cannabinol\nCV: coefficient of variation\nGC: gas chromatography\nHPLC-PDA: high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array\nICH: International Council for Harmonisation\nLC: liquid chromatography\nLoD: limit of detection\nLoQ: limit of quantitation\nMS: mass spectrometry\nPDA: photodiode array\nQC: quality control\nRF: response factor\nRRF: relative response factor\nRRT: relative retention time\nTHCA-A: delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A\nTHCP: delta-9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol\nTHCV: tetrahydrocannabivarin\ntR: retention time\nUV-Vis: ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy\nAcknowledgements \nThe authors wish to thank Little Green Pharma and Health House International for supplying products to assist with this method development project.\n\nFunding \nThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\n\nConflict of interest \nNone stated.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Zuardi, Antonio Waldo (1 June 2006). \"History of cannabis as a medicine: a review\". 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Journal of Chromatography B 1109: 76\u201383. doi:10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.01.027. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570023218318257 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gul, Waseem; Gul, Shahbaz W; Radwan, Mohamed M; Wanas, Amira S; Mehmedic, Zlatko; Khan, Ikhlas I; Sharaf, Maged H M; ElSohly, Mahmoud A (1 November 2015). \"Determination of 11 Cannabinoids in Biomass and Extracts of Different Varieties of Cannabis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography\" (in en). Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98 (6): 1523\u20131528. doi:10.5740\/jaoacint.15-095. ISSN 1060-3271. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/article\/98\/6\/1523\/5654536 .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. One of the sentences in the original's conclusion was incomplete (\"analysts in the medicinal cannabis field are encouraged to\"); for this version, a reasonable presumption was made towards how that sentence should have ended.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC<\/a>\nCategories: CannaQAwiki journal articles (added in 2022)CannaQAwiki journal articles (all)CannaQAwiki journal articles on cannabis cannabinoidsCannaQAwiki journal articles on cannabis testingNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 13 December 2022, at 22:17.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","5c1b29e99f3312cca3b2e4f1c0703b48_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-170 ns-subject page-Journal_Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC rootpage-Journal_Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:Quality control of cannabis inflorescence and oil products: Response factors for the cost-efficient determination of ten cannabinoids by HPLC<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a50e0afa52af1b1741e5ca1c7d711282\">quality control<\/a> (QC) of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_(drug)\" title=\"Cannabis (drug)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6500790ffdd84957d4b055c47e48efca\">medicinal cannabis<\/a> should include quantification of as many <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinoid\" title=\"Cannabinoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c224c3041748677fcdce5b5209900b7b\">cannabinoids<\/a> as practicable in a routine analytical <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed14e6a67b4b14ad2c190c28455725f6\">laboratory<\/a>, to accurately reflect the quality of the product. However, the cost and availability of some cannabinoid standards is an impediment to their routine use. This work seeks to overcome this obstacle by analyzing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Sample_(material)\" title=\"Sample (material)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2d7596b7c3616db8f56af698be478d3d\">samples<\/a> using relative retention times (RRT) and relative response factors (RRF), relative to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiol\" title=\"Cannabidiol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bbfcdd40d5eda5d20d1d5ab368c922a0\">cannabidiol<\/a> (CBD) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiolic_acid\" title=\"Cannabidiolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"772927eeed478eff799c410179be18a1\">cannabidiolic acid<\/a> (CBDA) reference standards which are readily available. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=High-performance_liquid_chromatography\" title=\"High-performance liquid chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4c5d83ffa9785383c3eb0be7ea78dd2b\">high-performance liquid chromatography<\/a>-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Photodiode#Photodiode_array\" title=\"Photodiode\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8edf41f8b6aa8c79e158e83f58641059\">photodiode array<\/a> (HPLC-PDA) method was developed to quantify 10 cannabinoids\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinol\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"15f3b3e338baeb54c04c715818759ec9\">tetrahydrocannabinol<\/a> (\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol\" title=\"Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4cf5a46e9ae00a6c06d184c6d9675e9e\">delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol<\/a> (\u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinolic_acid\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a047dcf0f7a85c57e1d2d308b56e5e4a\">delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A<\/a> (THCA-A), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinol\" title=\"Cannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"651d2d238facf7e91a42dc755b1cdb88\">cannabinol<\/a> (CBN), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiol\" title=\"Cannabidiol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bbfcdd40d5eda5d20d1d5ab368c922a0\">cannabidiol<\/a> (CBD), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiolic_acid\" title=\"Cannabidiolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"772927eeed478eff799c410179be18a1\">cannabidiolic acid<\/a> (CBDA), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabichromene\" title=\"Cannabichromene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1fa141abe89973bfa85a54e2632edf31\">cannabichromene<\/a> (CBC), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidivarin\" title=\"Cannabidivarin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"82cc8e549e09059f448fbd8d352b8f7f\">cannabidivarin<\/a> (CBDV), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabigerol\" title=\"Cannabigerol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6fc007b4c33a4c59a485b2c621035714\">cannabigerol<\/a> (CBG), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabigerolic_acid\" title=\"Cannabigerolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d0a5399af99137ebf5aa893d34531e49\">cannabigerolic acid<\/a> (CBGA)\u2014in dried <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">cannabis<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inflorescence\" title=\"Inflorescence\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d8122354225ee6a932a086ca8a1b999f\">inflorescence<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_concentrate\" title=\"Cannabis concentrate\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4820fde4ed6a3627d7a670471f273d33\">cannabis oil<\/a>. This method was validated according to International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. \n<\/p><p>The proposed method has detection limits ranging from 20 to 78 \u00b5g\/g, which provided sufficient sensitivity for the panel of cannabinoids. Non-cannabinoid surrogate matrices were used for spike recovery studies to determine method accuracy; analyte recoveries for the inflorescence and oil ranged from 90.1 to 109.3% (inflorescence mean, 100.9%; oil mean, 99.6%). The RRT and RRF values, determined independently by three analysts, were comparable, indicating the method is robust. The validity of analysis using RRT and RRF was further confirmed by testing six inflorescence samples, as it was found that concentrations above the order of magnitude of the limit of quantitation (LoQ) agreed satisfactorily (range, 95.0 to 111.9%; mean, 100.0%) with the concentrations obtained through the conventional approach of multipoint calibration using pure standards. The proposed method is therefore suitable for the rapid and simple determination of a panel of 10 cannabinoids without having to repeatedly purchase every expensive pure standard. Accordingly, analysts in the medicinal cannabis field may explore the use of RRF and RRT for their methods and instruments.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: liquid chromatography, cannabis, cannabinoid, response factor, relative retention time\n<\/p><p><b>Graphical abstract<\/b>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:GA_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"db1a0d9ec05c010960459b214c20e623\"><img alt=\"GA Hall TalantaOpen2022 5.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/2\/26\/GA_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Despite an extensive history of use as a medicinal plant spanning ancient cultures<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">cannabis<\/a> use is contentious in many jurisdictions, as it has been considered a social drug of abuse since the mid-1930s.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Over the last two decades, meaningful legal, sociocultural, and economic change has led to the establishment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_(drug)\" title=\"Cannabis (drug)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6500790ffdd84957d4b055c47e48efca\">medicinal cannabis<\/a> research programs in several countries, which have validated the therapeutic use of cannabis for indications, including chronic neuropathic pain, certain intractable epilepsies, the vomiting and spasticity of multiple sclerosis, and chemotherapy-induced nausea.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Further to this, the use of medicinal cannabis has expanded into pediatric and vulnerable patient groups<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>, and regulated markets for recreational use have developed in some jurisdictions. Accordingly, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a50e0afa52af1b1741e5ca1c7d711282\">quality control<\/a> (QC) across the supply chain is increasingly important to ensure that cannabis products are safe and have well-defined chemical and therapeutic profiles.\n<\/p><p>Critically, the complex relationship between chemical profiles and therapeutic activity requires further exploration. Presently, the activities of the three most abundant neutral cannabinoids\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinol\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"15f3b3e338baeb54c04c715818759ec9\">tetrahydrocannabinol<\/a> (\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiol\" title=\"Cannabidiol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bbfcdd40d5eda5d20d1d5ab368c922a0\">cannabidiol<\/a> (CBD), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabigerol\" title=\"Cannabigerol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6fc007b4c33a4c59a485b2c621035714\">cannabigerol<\/a> (CBG)\u2014have been studied closely, exhibiting numerous properties, including analgesic, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory characteristics.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> However, the full potential of medicinal cannabis may not be realized without leveraging the full diversity of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinoid\" title=\"Cannabinoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c224c3041748677fcdce5b5209900b7b\">cannabinoids<\/a>. Over 140 cannabinoids have been identified, many of which have their own inherent pharmacological properties.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> This includes the acidic cannabinoids, which have significant anticonvulsant activities, contrary to the historical perspective that they were inert precursors which only acquired activity after <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Decarboxylation\" title=\"Decarboxylation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d193a62772bddc5385f7d9c5e8543446\">decarboxylating<\/a> into the neutral cannabinoids.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, the complexity of cannabis increases geometrically under the \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Entourage_effect\" title=\"Entourage effect\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"055e82f0e8d889abcab91887eaa36be5\">entourage effect<\/a>,\" which postulates that cannabinoids interact to modulate their therapeutic effects.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>An experimental basis for the entourage effect is provided by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murinae\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Murinae\" data-key=\"9d188fbd7cad238d5b870d2725299492\">murine<\/a> studies, which have demonstrated that binary combinations with acidic cannabinoids increase bioavailability, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Potency\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Potency\" data-key=\"fef3ae310ba539bff3039f33af906077\">potency<\/a>, and efficacy of neutral cannabinoids in epilepsy models.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Even authors exclusively preoccupied with neutral cannabinoids have demonstrated synergistic binary combinations.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> Clinical evidence is also mounting, with a recent meta-analysis on observational studies of epileptic patients concluding that crude <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_concentrate\" title=\"Cannabis concentrate\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4820fde4ed6a3627d7a670471f273d33\">cannabis extracts<\/a> yielded a greater reduction in seizure frequency and had fewer side-effects than equivalent doses of purified CBD.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> However, as most extracts were only characterized to the extent of standardizing the CBD dose, information about other cannabinoids was absent or based on inference. Consequently, the authors\u2019 attribution of the differences between the extracts and purified CBD to the entourage effect was speculative. It was not possible to evaluate if the effects of the other cannabinoids added together, comparable to merely increasing the dose of CBD, or if they magnified the effect to surpass what CBD could achieve alone. Evidently, to progress beyond studies of binary combinations or poorly characterized extracts, routine analyses capable of quantifying panels of cannabinoids could help to better inform the design and interpretation of future studies that investigate the entourage effect. A clinical understanding of this effect might subsequently inform the extent to which cannabinoids are screened during cannabis product quality control.\n<\/p><p>Several published methods are available for the separation and quantification of cannabinoids, with a variety of limitations which constrain their routine use. For the analysis of neutral cannabinoids, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Gas_chromatography\" title=\"Gas chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5094f035cb8bead5003deb9181e398b8\">gas chromatography<\/a> (GC) is simple, sensitive, and provides acceptable resolution.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> However, GC is not immediately suitable for acidic cannabinoids, as they are poorly volatilized and rapidly undergo thermal decarboxylation into neutral cannabinoids.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> Fortunately, this limitation can be surmounted by trimethylsilyl derivatization of the labile acid group.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> Alternatively, some analysts have adopted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=High-performance_liquid_chromatography\" title=\"High-performance liquid chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4c5d83ffa9785383c3eb0be7ea78dd2b\">liquid chromatography<\/a> (LC) for the separation of cannabinoids in medicinal cannabis. Following separation by LC, detection can be achieved by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"18314b70982e52d5a81db4a757d6461f\">mass spectrometry<\/a> (MS) or by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Photodiode#Photodiode_array\" title=\"Photodiode\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8edf41f8b6aa8c79e158e83f58641059\">photodiode array<\/a> (PDA). The MS detector enables the peak identity confirmation from their fragmentation patterns and relative ratios<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>, and it is sufficiently specific to recognize coeluting impurities in complex matrices.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_24-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> However, the required technical expertise, operation, and maintenance costs prohibit the use of MS for the routine analysis of cannabinoids. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy\" title=\"Ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"544f7ef37bc31936b5584244f6f6e635\">ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy<\/a> (UV-Vis) PDA detectors are much cheaper, require less operator expertise, and are widely available. Since cannabinoids contain UV <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chromophore\" title=\"Chromophore\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d18ef03d613b4df867bcebc9bb9cf54e\">chromophores<\/a><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>, they are amenable to PDA detection. Moreover, the UV spectra may assist with compound identity confirmation and the measurement of peak purity, which aids in quantification.\n<\/p><p>Whichever detector is used, the elevated cost and limited availability of certified analytical reference standards for some cannabinoids remain impediments to their analysis. The cost can exceed $200 AUD per mg, and newly identified pharmacological leads in cannabis are possibly more expensive with significantly longer shipping times. To surmount this, some analysts have performed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stereoselectivity\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Stereoselectivity\" data-key=\"03a43569a416cc6d6099cf980c07cd37\">stereoselective<\/a> microscale syntheses to obtain cannabinoids in a timelier manner<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>, but this is beyond the remit of a typical QC lab. If the analysis of such cannabinoids is to become routine, the cost for their quantification must be mitigated.\n<\/p><p>To this end, this study aimed to develop and validate a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=High-performance_liquid_chromatography\" title=\"High-performance liquid chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4c5d83ffa9785383c3eb0be7ea78dd2b\">high-performance liquid chromatography<\/a>-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Photodiode#Photodiode_array\" title=\"Photodiode\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8edf41f8b6aa8c79e158e83f58641059\">photodiode array<\/a> (HPLC-PDA) method for the determination of 10 cannabinoids in medicinal cannabis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inflorescence\" title=\"Inflorescence\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d8122354225ee6a932a086ca8a1b999f\">inflorescence<\/a> and oil and to explore the feasibility of using relative retention times (RRT) for peak identification and relative response factors (RRF) for their quantification. By this approach, an initial once-off purchase of all the standards was required to establish the RRT and RRF between the cannabinoids and the reference compounds. This included CBD as a reference for neutral cannabinoids, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiolic_acid\" title=\"Cannabidiolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"772927eeed478eff799c410179be18a1\">cannabidiolic acid<\/a> (CBDA) as a reference for acidic cannabinoids; they were chosen as they are cheaper and available in many jurisdictions. Subsequently, the method may be routinely used in QC laboratories for the quantification of a panel of 10 cannabinoids, requiring only sparing amounts of the reference compounds.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Materials_and_methods\">Materials and methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Reagents_and_standards\">Reagents and standards<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>LC-grade <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Acetonitrile\" title=\"Acetonitrile\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"582d25d2e9d0fbfc0c2dcc54938b6798\">acetonitrile<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Methanol\" title=\"Methanol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e0e6fe7bacded0b162958a69f290a7bd\">methanol<\/a> (purity >99.9%) were sourced from Honeywell (North Ryde, NSW, AU). Formic acid (>98%), ammonium formate (>98%), and dichloromethane (>99.8%) were sourced from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, AU). Ultra-pure water (resistivity >18.0 M\u03a9.cm) was obtained from a Milli-Q Direct 9 system (Sigma-Aldrich). A mixed 250 \u00b5g\/mL standard of neutral cannabinoids\u2014\u03949-THC, CBD, CBG, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol\" title=\"Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4cf5a46e9ae00a6c06d184c6d9675e9e\">delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol<\/a> (\u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinol\" title=\"Cannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"651d2d238facf7e91a42dc755b1cdb88\">cannabinol<\/a> (CBN), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabichromene\" title=\"Cannabichromene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1fa141abe89973bfa85a54e2632edf31\">cannabichromene<\/a> (CBC), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidivarin\" title=\"Cannabidivarin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"82cc8e549e09059f448fbd8d352b8f7f\">cannabidivarin<\/a> (CBDV)\u2014and acidic cannabinoids\u2014CBDA, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinolic_acid\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a047dcf0f7a85c57e1d2d308b56e5e4a\">delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A<\/a> (THCA-A), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabigerolic_acid\" title=\"Cannabigerolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d0a5399af99137ebf5aa893d34531e49\">cannabigerolic acid<\/a> (CBGA)\u2014in acetonitrile was produced by Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and distributed by Sapphire Bioscience (Redfern, NSW, AU). Primary standards of single cannabinoids were also from the Cayman Chemical Company: CBN, THCA-A, and CBDA were obtained as 1000 \u00b5g\/mL acetonitrile solutions; CBDV, CBC and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabivarin\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabivarin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3d3d85708945bc2119701d78e7042afa\">tetrahydrocannabivarin<\/a> (THCV) were obtained as 1000 \u00b5g\/mL methanol solutions; and CBD, \u03949-THC, \u03948-THC, CBG, and CBGA were sourced as anhydrous solids. All standards were stored at \u221220 \u00b0C and allowed to come to room temperature in a desiccator before use.\n<\/p><p>An extraction solvent of acetonitrile:methanol (4:1 <i>v<\/i>\/<i>v<\/i>) was prepared fresh daily, as required for the dilution of standards and the extraction of samples. For the conventional multipoint calibration curve, a 50 \u00b5g\/mL dilution was prepared directly from the original 250 \u00b5g\/mL mixed standard, and serial dilutions with a factor of two covered the concentration range of 1.6 to 25 \u00b5g\/mL. For the quantification by RRF, a 25 \u00b5g\/mL working standard of CBD and CBDA was prepared from their primary standards. This working standard concentration was chosen to be in the same order of magnitude as the sample concentration obtained when a 10 mg\/g CBD oil is extracted according to the \"sample preparation\" subsection, below. All dilutions were prepared in the extraction solvent.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Sample_preparation\">Sample preparation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Six air-dried and coarsely ground cannabis inflorescences, denoted as samples A-F, were provided by Little Green Pharma (Kings Park, WA, Australia). To ensure representative sampling of the biomass, the inflorescences were mechanically processed to pass through a 24-mesh sieve (710 \u00b5m openings). Residual water content (mean 5.5% <i>w<\/i>\/<i>w<\/i>; CV <3%) was verified by drying triplicate sub-samples (\u223c 800 mg) of the air-dried inflorescence over phosphorous pentoxide in a vacuum desiccator; drying was to a constant mass (<2 mg difference between days 7 and 8). For the analysis of cannabinoids, air-dried samples (400 mg) prepared in extraction solvent (25 mL) were sonicated in a Powersonic 420 ultrasonic bath (Thermoline Scientific; Sydney, NSW, Australia) on low power at room temperature for 30 minutes. Extracts were passed through 0.45 \u00b5m Nylon syringe filters into 2 mL HPLC autosampler vials. Where necessary, the extraction solvent was used to prepare 1:9 <i>v<\/i>\/<i>v<\/i> dilutions of these extracts, so that cannabinoids with high concentrations (15\u2013150 mg\/g) could be analyzed in the same batch as those at low concentrations (0.1\u201315 mg\/g). Both the undiluted and the diluted extract solutions were analyzed.\n<\/p><p>Medicinal cannabis oil (Cannimed; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada) was supplied by Health House International (Perth, WA, AU). The claimed composition was 10 mg\/g total THC and 10 mg\/g total CBD. These totals are corrected for the mass loss due to decarboxylation to report the concentrations in terms of neutral cannabinoid equivalents: CBD <sub>Total<\/sub> (mg\/g) = CBD (mg\/g) + 0.877 \u00d7 CBDA (mg\/g); and THC <sub>Total<\/sub> (mg\/g) = \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC (mg\/g) + 0.877 \u00d7 THCA-A (mg\/g). Oil samples were prepared for analysis by dissolving 50 \u00b5g in dichloromethane (1 mL), which made it miscible with the extraction solvent (total, 25 mL), and was subsequently sonicated on low power for 10 minutes. Extracts were passed through 0.45 \u00b5m Nylon syringe filters before analysis.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instrumentation_and_analytical_method\">Instrumentation and analytical method<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A Shimadzu Prominence-i LC-2030C 3D Plus HPLC-PDA (Rydalmere, NSW, AU)\u2014comprising of a low-pressure quaternary solvent system, an auto sampler, and a PDA detector\u2014was used. Shimadzu LabSolutions (v5.93A) was used for instrument control, data acquisition, and processing. A Phenomenex Luna C18(2) (150 \u00d7 4.6 mm \u00d7 5 \u00b5m) analytical column with a Security C18 (20 \u00d7 4.6 mm \u00d7 5 \u00b5m) guard column (Lane Cove West, NSW, AU) was employed to achieve reversed phase separation. The column was maintained at 40 \u00b0C, with a mobile phase flow rate of 2.5 mL\/min. The injection volume was 10 \u00b5L, and all standards and samples were injected in duplicate. Gradient elution employing mobile phase A (Milli-Q water buffered with 20 mM ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid), mobile phase B (acetonitrile) and mobile phase C (methanol buffered with 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.05% formic acid) was used. The gradient program is summarized in Table 1, which includes two minutes of column rinse with the organic phases and two minutes of re-equilibration at the starting condition. During each run, the PDA was set to acquire data from 190 to 800 nm and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chromatography\" title=\"Chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1b40e146652470be00cebaf949c68b24\">chromatograms<\/a> was visualized at 232 nm.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Gradient program for the HPLC method for mobile phase A (Milli-Q water buffered with 20 mM ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid), mobile phase B (acetonitrile), and mobile phase C (methanol buffered with 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.05% formic acid).\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Time (minutes)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mobile phase A (%)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mobile phase B (%)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mobile phase C (%)\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">53\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.01\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">32.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">45\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">32.01\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">34.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"System_suitability\">System suitability<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>System suitability criteria were established to routinely ensure that the chromatographic system functioned as specified for each batch. To this end, a minimum of six injections of the CBD and CBDA 25 \u00b5g\/mL working standard was made throughout each batch. To pass, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the standard retention times and peak areas of the six injections must be <2%.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Analysis_by_relative_retention_times_and_relative_response_factors\">Analysis by relative retention times and relative response factors<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Standard values for the RRT and RRF were determined from three independent analysts who each performed six replicate injections of the mixed cannabinoid at the working standard concentration. The reference standards were CBD for neutral cannabinoids and CBDA for acidic cannabinoids. Adjusted retention time (<i>t<sub>R<\/sub>' <\/i>) is the difference between the analyte retention time (<i>t<sub>R<\/sub><\/i>) and the void time (<i>t<sub>void<\/sub><\/i>); <i>t<sub>R<\/sub>' <\/i> = <i>t<sub>R<\/sub><\/i> - <i>t<sub>void<\/sub><\/i>. The RRT of a generic cannabinoid denoted as \"a,\" relative to the reference, is the ratio of their adjusted retention times; <i>t<sub>R<\/sub>' <\/i>(a) \/ <i>t<sub>R<\/sub>' <\/i>(reference). Likewise, the response factor (<i>RF<\/i>) is the cannabinoid peak area (<i>A<\/i>) divided by its concentration (<i>C<\/i>); <i>RF<\/i> = <i>A<\/i> \/ <i>C<\/i>. The RRF of a generic cannabinoid denoted as \"a,\" relative to the reference, is the ratio of their response factors; <i>RF<\/i>(a) \/ <i>RF<\/i>(reference).\n<\/p><p>Quantitative analyses using RRT and RRF values required that the CBD and CBDA working standards be tested in every batch of analysis. Using the reference retention times and the known RRT values, the expected retention time for cannabinoid \"a\" is determined; <i>t<sub>R<\/sub><\/i> (a, expected) = [<i>t<sub>R<\/sub><\/i> (reference, standard) - <i>t<sub>0<\/sub><\/i>] x RRT (a) + <i>t<sub>0<\/sub><\/i>. UV-vis spectra can verify this peak identification. Subsequently, the unknown concentration of cannabinoid \"a\" can be calculated; <i>C<\/i>(a) = [<i>A<\/i> (a, sample) \/ <i>A<\/i> (reference, standard)] x [1 \/ RRF (a)]. This represents the x <i>C<\/i> (reference, standard) concentration in the extract solution which, using the precise mass extracted in the known volumetric flask, is converted into the concentration of the original sample; reported as the mass of the cannabinoid (mg or \u00b5g) relative to the mass of the air-dried inflorescence or oil sample (\/g).\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Method_validation\">Method validation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Analytical method validation was informed by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> For the dried inflorescence sample, validation was performed for the quantification of all 10 cannabinoids. However, for the oil matrix, validation was only performed for the cannabinoids present in the preparation, namely \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC, THCA-A, CBD, and CBDA.\n<\/p><p>Linearity of the detector response was evaluated from calibration curves, considering both the R<sup>2<\/sup> and the significance of the intercept. The detection and quantification limits were determined as limit of detection (LoD) = 3.3 <i>s<\/i> \/ <i>m<\/i> and LoQ = 10 <i>s<\/i> \/ <i>m<\/i>, respectively; where <i>s<\/i> is the sample standard deviation of the lowest linear concentration (3.1 \u00b5g\/mL), and <i>m<\/i> is the calibration slope. The instrument and method precision were determined as the CV from six replicate standard injections and sample preparations, respectively. Intermediate precision was evaluated from the pooled CV between three analysts who independently prepared the same samples six times on separate days. The accuracy of the method was determined by a recovery study (see the \"Accuracy protocol\" sub-section, below). The stability of the standard and sample extracts was tested for up to 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively. Finally, the quantitative results obtained using the multipoint calibration curve and RRF method were compared.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Accuracy_protocol\">Accuracy protocol<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Recoveries of the 10 cannabinoids were tested using chamomile as a surrogate matrix for the cannabis inflorescence. For the cannabis oil, the recoveries of \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC, THCA-A, CBD, and CBDA were tested using olive oil as a surrogate matrix. These surrogate matrices were extracted according to the \"Sample preparation\" sub-section (above) to confirm that they did not give rise to peaks at the retention times of interest. Triplicate preparations of the surrogate matrices were spiked with the individual cannabinoid standards at levels relative to a representative sample for each matrix: \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC, CBD, and CBGA were spiked at 50%, 100%, and 200% levels; THCA-A, CBDA, and CBG were spiked at the 100% level due to limited supply; and all other cannabinoids were spiked at their LoQ.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Results_and_discussion\">Results and discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Method_development\">Method development<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To optimize sample preparation, a variety of extraction solvents were tested with duplicate extractions. The solvents trailed were methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, methanol:water (1:1 <i>v<\/i>\/<i>v<\/i>), and acetonitrile:methanol (4:1 <i>v<\/i>\/<i>v<\/i>). Cannabinoid peak areas were maximized by ethyl acetate and acetonitrile:methanol. However, due to markedly mismatching the initial mobile phase condition, ethyl acetate gave rise to significant band broadening. Thus, acetonitrile:methanol (4:1 <i>v<\/i>\/<i>v<\/i>) was selected as the extraction solvent, which is consistent with other extraction optimization reports.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The CV contribution of the method preparation procedure to the total uncertainty was determined by performing six replicate extractions and analysis of a single cannabis inflorescence sample. Grinding the inflorescence to pass through a < 710 \u00b5m sieve before subsampling achieved a CV range of 1.2 to 3.6%. When subsampling without grinding, the CV unacceptably ranged from 7.6 to 23.6%, thus indicating the importance of preparing a homogeneous sample.\n<\/p><p>To optimize the chromatographic conditions, the method was iteratively developed. Baseline separation was achieved for eight of the 10 cannabinoid standards (resolution > 2.0); however, the CBD and CBG standard peaks overlapped slightly (resolution > 1.5, in all batches), as shown in Fig. 1A. Likewise, acceptable separation of cannabinoids in the extracts of cannabis inflorescence and cannabis oil were demonstrated in Fig. 1B and C, respectively. Whilst most matrix components eluted before the cannabinoids, a compound in inflorescence samples was observed to elute between CBDA and CBGA. This peak was identified to be tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV, t<sub>R<\/sub> 13.70 minutes) by comparison with the UV spectrum and retention time obtained for the THCV standard. THCV was not included in the present method validation study as it was not part of the original selected set of analytes. When the analytes were sufficiently abundant in the sample, the UV spectra of their peaks were compared to that of the standard. As shown in Fig. 2, spectra superimposed closely, indicating good peak purity.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig1_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"7cd9c64e5f6939055bfd1cc385669c6d\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Hall TalantaOpen2022 5.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/e\/e2\/Fig1_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 1.<\/b> Representative chromatograms at 232 nm. <b>A<\/b> Mixed cannabinoid standard. <b>B<\/b> Cannabis inflorescence. <b>C<\/b> Cannabis oil.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig2_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"11c7e0dca8c214d7043fd45db0924497\"><img alt=\"Fig2 Hall TalantaOpen2022 5.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/2\/2b\/Fig2_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 2.<\/b> Spectra of cannabinoid peaks recorded from the standards (black) and inflorescence sample (red). <b>A<\/b> THCA-A. <b>B<\/b> \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC. <b>C<\/b> CBDA.<b> D<\/b> CBD. <b>E<\/b> CBGA. <b>F<\/b> CBG. <b>G<\/b> CBC. <b>H<\/b> \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THCV. Note that different abundances relative to an uneven baseline absorbance accounts for the imperfect overlap.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>To optimize PDA detection, wavelengths corresponding to the \u03bb<sub>max<\/sub> of the different cannabinoids, specifically 210, 232, and 270 nm, were considered. Whilst 210 nm has been used in other studies<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_24-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_25-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>, it produced a sloping baseline in the present study due to the use of methanol (UV cut-off 210 nm) rather than exclusively using acetonitrile (UV cut-off 190 nm) as the organic component of the mobile phase. Instead, it was found that visualizing the chromatogram at 232 nm gave the best compromise between sensitivity and baseline noise. Some studies used 270 nm to improve sensitivity for the acidic cannabinoids<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>, but this higher sensitivity is not required due to their relatively high abundance in the inflorescence samples. This high abundance was anticipated as acidic cannabinoids are the secondary metabolites synthesized in cannabis, whereas the neutral forms are produced by spontaneous decarboxylation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Linearity_and_calibration_range\">Linearity and calibration range<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Considering the seven mixed-standard dilutions prepared over the 1.6 to 250 \u00b5g\/mL range, replicates at the lowest concentration for most cannabinoids deviated from their mean by >5%, indicating significant baseline noise at this level. Accordingly, calibration curves were constructed using the six standards from 3.1 to 250 \u00b5g\/mL. The corresponding linear equations and their R<sup>2<\/sup> are summarized in Table 2. Good linearity was obtained, with R<sup>2<\/sup> > 0.9999 for all the analytes. The magnitudes of the intercepts were compared to the integrations at the working standard concentration, and all were deemed insignificant, as 3% of the working standard integration was greater than the absolute value of the intercept. Thus, the calibration equations were linear and passed sufficiently close to the origin for RRF values determined from the working standard concentration to be reliable.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 2.<\/b> Linearity of calibration curves including the calibration range, calibration equation, and coefficient of determination. <sup>a<\/sup> Where: <i>y<\/i> represents the peak integration (mV.min), and <i>x<\/i> is the concentration (\u00b5g\/mL).\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Compound\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Calibration range (\u00b5g\/mL)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Equation<sup>a<\/sup>\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">R<sup>2<\/sup>\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.0 - 240\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 6294 <i>x<\/i> + 2692\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.999 93\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.1 - 250\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 5458 <i>x<\/i> + 3194\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.999 98\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">THCA-A\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.0 - 240\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 11,712 <i>x<\/i> + 4031\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000 00\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.0 - 240\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 6687 <i>x<\/i> + 1062\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.999 98\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBN\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.8 - 220\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 17,792 <i>x<\/i> + 9181\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.999 99\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDV\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.1 - 240\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 7225 <i>x<\/i> + 4889\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.999 98\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.1 - 250\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 17,498 <i>x<\/i> + 5227\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.999 99\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.8 - 230\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 13,059 <i>x<\/i> + 4836\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.999 98\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBG\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.9 - 230\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 6452 <i>x<\/i> - 881\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.999 96\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBGA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.0 - 240\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><i>y<\/i> = 12,006 <i>x<\/i> + 2247\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.999 98\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Retention_times_compared_to_relative_retention_times\">Retention times compared to relative retention times<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Retention times pooled from the three analysts are reported in Table 3. The CV in the retention times for each cannabinoid ranged from 0.18% to 0.56%, demonstrating an excellent inter-batch repeatability. For the cannabinoids detected in the available inflorescence samples, the retention times observed for the sample peaks deviated by <1% from the standard retention times.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 3.<\/b> Retention time (tR), relative retention time (RRT), and relative response factors (RRF) for the 10 cannabinoids, calculated relative to CBD (for neutral cannabinoids) or CBDA (for acidic cannabinoids); determined as the mean \u00b1 standard deviation (CV%) from 18 runs of the mixed standard (six extractions and analysis \u00d7 three analysts).\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Compound\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">tR (minutes)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">RRT (unitless)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">RRF (unitless)\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">24.88 \u00b1 0.06 (0.24)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.631 \u00b1 0.004 (0.26)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.944 \u00b1 0.025 (2.67)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.60 \u00b1 0.05 (0.21)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.679 \u00b1 0.005 (0.29)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.821 \u00b1 0.020 (2.43)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">THCA-A\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">26.72 \u00b1 0.07 (0.26)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.370 \u00b1 0.006 (0.24)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.931 \u00b1 0.014 (1.46)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">15.53 \u00b1 0.07 (0.46)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBN\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">21.84 \u00b1 0.07 (0.33)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.4258 \u00b1 0.0024 (0.17)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.23 \u00b1 0.04 (1.91)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDV\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">7.82 \u00b1 0.04 (0.56)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.4805 \u00b1 0.0007 (0.15)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.037 \u00b1 0.020 (1.93)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">28.91 \u00b1 0.05 (0.18)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.903 \u00b1 0.006 (0.34)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.39 \u00b1 0.03 (1.29)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.68 \u00b1 0.03 (0.24)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBG\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.27 \u00b1 0.08 (0.49)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.0501 \u00b1 0.0004 (0.04)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.991 \u00b1 0.025 (2.57)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBGA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">14.20 \u00b1 0.04 (0.29)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.2298 \u00b1 0.0011 (0.09)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.003 \u00b1 0.021 (2.10)\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>To formalize the peak identification, and to demonstrate further gains in the inter-batch repeatability, the RRT were also pooled from the three analysts and were appended to Table 3. RRT should correct for inter-batch variations in retention times, provided that the variation in conditions proportionally affected all of the closely related analytes being studied.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup> As anticipated, the pooled RRT values for each cannabinoid had CV ranging from 0.04 to 0.34%. This represents a modest gain in repeatability, which should be maintained even if the retention times start to shift by >1%. Critically, it was also shown that the range of RRT values for each cannabinoid did not overlap. This means that analysts reported comparable values for the RRT, and that these values were unique for each cannabinoid. Thus, cannabinoid peaks in samples may be identified from their RRT values relative to the retention time of the CBD or CBDA from the working standard tested in the same batch of analysis.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Relative_response_factors\">Relative response factors<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>From the same replicate working standard injections performed by the three analysts, the pooled RRF were determined and appended to Table 3. The CV ranged from 1.29 to 2.67%, acceptably within the 3% criteria. Agreement was demonstrated between the RRF values calculated by each analyst. Thus, with an acceptably small error, cannabinoids can be quantified using the RRF values relative to response factors for CBD or CBDA from the working standard tested in the same batch of analysis. This use of RRF for the quantification of selected cannabinoids in cannabis products is a novel contribution of the present study, which eliminates the need for the expensive cannabinoid standards during routine analysis.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Detection_and_quantification_limits\">Detection and quantification limits<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Detection and quantification limits for the cannabinoids are presented in Table 4. The LoD ranged from 20 to 78 \u00b5g\/g and the LoQ ranged from 60 to 238 \u00b5g\/g, relative to the inflorescence sample preparation. These limits are sufficiently low to enable the quantification of the studied cannabinoids in cannabis biomass and, observing that even relatively small amounts in crude biomass can be extracted and concentrated to therapeutically relevant concentrations in final products, these limits are suitable for quality control throughout the supply chain. However, with the quantification limits in the determined order of magnitude, it is unlikely that this method could be adapted for the analysis of the recently identified trace cannabinoids with heptyl side-chains (denoted with the suffix \"-phoryl\").<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> This includes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabiphorol\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabiphorol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b3cef1925c4016c68ea6fa55619f9cea\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-trans-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol<\/a> (THCP), which, by a published MS method, was identified in the inflorescences of THC dominant <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chemotype\" title=\"Chemotype\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2cee49cb83af61d36357ce99efa5ab72\">chemovars<\/a> at concentrations routinely less than 140 \u00b5g\/g and was undetected in CBD dominant chemovars.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 4.<\/b> Cannabinoid limit of detection and quantification, relative to the inflorescence sample preparation.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Compound\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LoD (\u03bcg\/g)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LoQ (\u03bcg\/g)\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">78\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">238\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">48\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">144\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">THCA-A\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">32\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">96\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">35\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">107\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBN\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">55\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">167\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDV\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">39\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">118\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">20\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">60\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">123\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBG\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">57\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">172\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBGA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">31\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">94\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Instrument,_method,_and_intermediate_precision\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instrument.2C_method.2C_and_intermediate_precision\">Instrument, method, and intermediate precision<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Instrument and method precision results are collated in Table 5. Instrument precision ranged from 0.10 to 2.00%, which was acceptably below 2%. Method precision ranged from 1.15 to 3.58% for the inflorescence and from 1.27 to 1.32% for the oil, acceptably within 5% for both sample matrices. Concentrations reported by the independent analysts for the samples tested on separate days and the intermediate precision were reported in Table 6. The results of the analysts agreed, with the intermediate precision ranging from 0.67 to 4.58% for the inflorescence and from 1.28 to 1.60% for the oil. Though two of the analysts had no prior exposure to the method, an acceptable precision of <5% was achieved for both sample matrices, thus demonstrating the robustness of the method.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 5.<\/b> Instrumental precision for the determination of cannabinoids in the standard mixture, and method precision for the inflorescence and oil preparations. \"\u2013\" = Not analyzed for the oil sample matrix.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Compound\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Instrument precision\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Method precision\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CV (%), standard\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CV (%), inflorescence\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CV (%), oil\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.21\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.23\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.32\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.14\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">THCA-A\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.68\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.09\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.49\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.15\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.27\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBN\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.38\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.58\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDV\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.44\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.32\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.41\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.10\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.24\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBG\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.00\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.61\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBGA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.68\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.76\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"7\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 6.<\/b> Intermediate precision of analytical method.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Sample\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Compound\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"4\" style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Analyte concentration (mg\/g)\n<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Inter-analyst CV (%)\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Analyst 1\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Analyst 2\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Analyst 3\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mean\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"10\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Inflorescence\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">24.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">25.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">24.2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">24.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.34\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">THCA-A\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">31.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">29.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">30.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.97\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">16.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">17.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.67\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBN\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.514\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.543\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.563\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.540\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.58\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDV\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.45\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.46\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.42\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.44\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.23\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">83.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">79.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">80.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.01\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBG\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.16\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.20\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.18\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.18\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.76\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBGA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.39\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.47\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.42\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.42\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.70\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Oil\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10.6\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.28\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">THCA-A\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">10.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">11.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.60\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><LoD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u2013\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Accuracy_and_recovery\">Accuracy and recovery<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Accuracy of the method was evaluated from the recoveries of analytes spiked onto surrogate matrices, as presented in Table 7. For the cannabis inflorescence and oil, the spike recoveries from the surrogate matrices ranged from 90.1 to 109.3% (mean 100.9%) and from 95.4 to 103.1% (mean 99.6%), respectively. Most recoveries were within 5% of the nominal concentration and the only two recoveries which were outside of this criterion had been spiked at the quantification limit, so their recoveries within 10% were acceptable. The precision of the recoveries was also acceptable, except at the LoQ of \u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC and CBDV, which were only precise to 12%. Therefore, the method for the quantification of cannabinoids has acceptable accuracy.\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td colspan=\"7\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Table 7.<\/b> Recoveries of cannabinoids spiked into surrogate matrices (<i>n<\/i> = 3 replicate preparation at each level \u00d7 two replicate injections). n\/a = not applicable.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Sample\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Compound\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Spike level (%)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Spiked concentration (mg\/g)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Recovered concentration (mg\/g)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Recovery (%)\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CV (%)\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Inflorescence control<\/b>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.500\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.514\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">102.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>(<i>camomile tea<\/i>)<\/b>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">n\/a\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.051\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">105.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.4\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">200\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.000\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.999\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.0\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.4\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"11\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LoQ\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.167\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.151\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">90.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">12.7\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">THCA-A\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.500\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.328\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">96.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.8\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.402\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.411\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">102.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.2\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">200\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.803\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.765\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">95.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.4\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBN\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LoQ\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.188\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.193\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">102.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.1\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDV\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LoQ\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.187\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.193\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">103.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">12.4\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LoQ\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.400\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.403\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.8\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.5\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.500\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.633\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">102.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.5\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBG\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.900\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.858\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">95.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.1\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBGA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.088\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.096\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">109.3\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">6.6\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">200\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.176\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.173\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">7.0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>Oil control<\/b>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.625\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.614\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><b>(<i>olive oil<\/i>)<\/b>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">n\/a\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.250\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.221\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">97.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.9\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">200\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.500\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.384\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">95.4\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.6\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">THCA-A\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LoQ\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.101\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100.7\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.1\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBD\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">50\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.603\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.622\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">103.1\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">4.5\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.206\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.224\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">101.5\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">1.8\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">200\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.411\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">2.368\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">98.2\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">3.1\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CBDA\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LoQ\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.100\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">0.102\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">101.9\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">5.0\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>`\nIn this study, chamomile was selected as a surrogate matrix for cannabis inflorescence as it was floral, available at little cost, and, with the exception of the cannabinoids, shared phytochemical classes such as fragrant <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Terpene\" title=\"Terpene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6bcbb95d582c08073101e9c4cfc91931\">terpenes<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Flavonoid\" title=\"Flavonoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2680108c4b4b45ff6c819f1ff4d5e035\">flavonoids<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup> Other published articles have used <i>Urtica dioica<\/i> (stinging nettle)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> or <i>Humulus lupulus<\/i> (beer hops)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_24-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>, with justifications based on tracing their phylogenies relative to <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i>. Whilst sharing botanical orders or even families does not necessarily provide better matrix matching, it may be a reasonable approximation. Likewise, for cannabis oil, the choice of olive oil as a surrogate matrix had precedent from previous publications.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> Indeed, some cannabis oil products contain refined resins or even crude inflorescence extracted into an olive oil base<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>, making its choice as the surrogate matrix reasonable for such products. The appearance of publications employing surrogate matrices is being increasingly accepted as a cost-reduction strategy during method development, which is a clear advantage over articles which did not conduct recovery studies at all.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup> Analysts in some jurisdictions may also find it pertinent to consider the use of surrogate matrices if licensing requirements preclude the use of the amount of cannabis material which would be required for the complete spike-recovery protocol on the true matrices.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Standard_and_sample_stability\">Standard and sample stability<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Response factors were determined from six replicate injections of a freshly diluted CBD and CBDA working standard. The standards were stored for 24 hours in a resealing vial within the autosampler at 10 \u00b0C. Subsequently, another six injections were made, and the response factors from the original determination were used to calculate that CBD and CBDA were 101.5% and 98.1% of their original concentrations, respectively. Observing that the changes in concentration were less than the 2% criteria used to validate instrument precision, the working standard was deemed stable. The stability of cannabinoids in the cannabis oil extract was evaluated at 48 hours. At this time point, \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC and CBD were 98.4% and 97.3% of their original concentrations, respectively. Accordingly, compared to the 5% criteria utilized to validate the method precision, the oil sample extracts were deemed stable. This extended stability relieves the pressure on laboratories to analyze the samples quickly after extraction.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Comparing_quantification_methods\">Comparing quantification methods<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Cannabinoid concentrations in six different inflorescence samples were determined by conventional multipoint calibrations and the RRF method, as reported in Fig. 3. For cannabinoids above the order of magnitude of the LoQ, concentrations determined by the two methods agreed satisfactorily (range, 95.0 to 111.9%; mean, 100.0%). The only cannabinoid above the LoQ which differed between quantifications by more than 5% was CBC but, relative to its low concentrations, the absolute differences was always acceptably less than 80 \u00b5g\/g. The good agreement between the results obtained using the two different quantification methods applied to real samples demonstrates that the use of RRF for quantification is a valid alternative with its concomitant cost saving.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig3_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"049eab9fb271c89c5095da84a1d147b7\"><img alt=\"Fig3 Hall TalantaOpen2022 5.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/e\/ed\/Fig3_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 3.<\/b> Cannabinoid concentrations for inflorescence samples A to F, as reported by the multipoint calibration (white) against the RRF calibration (black); mean \u00b1 sample standard deviation (<i>n<\/i> = 2 \u00d7 2, sample preparations \u00d7 injections). No sample contained detectable amounts of \u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC or CBDV.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Considering the cannabinoid profiles of the inflorescence samples, the high ratios of acidic to neutral cannabinoids were indicative of good drying and storage conditions. Furthermore, samples A and B were classified as having moderately high total THC (\u223c100 mg\/g) and low total CBD (<1 mg\/g), whilst samples C to F had moderate amounts of both (\u223c60 to 90 mg\/g). Beyond these observed concentrations, the proposed method is appropriate to analyse most samples with even greater levels of cannabinoids, as very few inflorescences exceed 200 mg\/g total THC.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup> Other cannabinoids such as CBC and CBN were also quantifiable, but \u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC was not detected in any sample. However, other authors have reportedly identified inflorescence samples with \u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC concentrations up to 4.9 mg\/g<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup>, well above the LoQ of the present method. Accordingly, the present method has sufficient dynamic range to quantify cannabinoids at their various native concentrations.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A simple HPLC-PDA method has been developed for the analysis of \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC, \u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC, THCA-A, CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA, CBN, CBDV, and CBC in the inflorescence and oil of medicinal cannabis. This method was validated according to ICH guidelines. During the validation process, surrogate matrices were shown to be viable substitutions when costs prohibit the required replicates for spiking onto the true matrices. Considering the RRT and RRF values, they were consistent between batches independently performed by three analysts. Moreover, the validity of using RRT and RRF was demonstrated as the quantifications of cannabinoids in six inflorescence samples agreed with the conventional approach of multipoint calibration. \n<\/p><p>Collectively, analysts in the medicinal cannabis field are encouraged to examine this method and considerate for use. Before use, analysts need to validate the RRF quantification for their existing methods and for any new methods that they design; potentially including methods capable of analyzing broader panels than the 10-cannabinoid panel tested in this work. In doing so, cost barriers for the analysis of panels of cannabinoids can be overcome, such that a diversity of cannabinoids can be analyzed as a part of routine quality control, with results that reflect the therapeutic efficacy for the consumer.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Abbreviations,_acronyms,_and_initialisms\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abbreviations.2C_acronyms.2C_and_initialisms\">Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><b>\u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC<\/b>: delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC<\/b>: tetrahydrocannabinol<\/li>\n<li><b>CBC<\/b>: cannabichromene<\/li>\n<li><b>CBD<\/b>: cannabidiol<\/li>\n<li><b>CBDA<\/b>: cannabidiolic acid<\/li>\n<li><b>CBDV<\/b>: cannabidivarin<\/li>\n<li><b>CBG<\/b>: cannabigerol<\/li>\n<li><b>CBGA<\/b>: cannabigerolic acid<\/li>\n<li><b>CBN<\/b>: cannabinol<\/li>\n<li><b>CV<\/b>: coefficient of variation<\/li>\n<li><b>GC<\/b>: gas chromatography<\/li>\n<li><b>HPLC-PDA<\/b>: high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array<\/li>\n<li><b>ICH<\/b>: International Council for Harmonisation<\/li>\n<li><b>LC<\/b>: liquid chromatography<\/li>\n<li><b>LoD<\/b>: limit of detection<\/li>\n<li><b>LoQ<\/b>: limit of quantitation<\/li>\n<li><b>MS<\/b>: mass spectrometry<\/li>\n<li><b>PDA<\/b>: photodiode array<\/li>\n<li><b>QC<\/b>: quality control<\/li>\n<li><b>RF<\/b>: response factor<\/li>\n<li><b>RRF<\/b>: relative response factor<\/li>\n<li><b>RRT<\/b>: relative retention time<\/li>\n<li><b>THCA-A<\/b>: delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A<\/li>\n<li><b>THCP<\/b>: delta-9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol<\/li>\n<li><b>THCV<\/b>: tetrahydrocannabivarin<\/li>\n<li><b>tR<\/b>: retention time<\/li>\n<li><b>UV-Vis<\/b>: ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The authors wish to thank Little Green Pharma and Health House International for supplying products to assist with this method development project.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Funding\">Funding<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conflict_of_interest\">Conflict of interest<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>None stated.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zuardi, Antonio Waldo (1 June 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000200015&lng=en&tlng=en\" target=\"_blank\">\"History of cannabis as a medicine: a review\"<\/a>. <i>Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria<\/i> <b>28<\/b> (2): 153\u2013157. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1590%2FS1516-44462006000200015\" target=\"_blank\">10.1590\/S1516-44462006000200015<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1516-4446\" target=\"_blank\">1516-4446<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000200015&lng=en&tlng=en\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000200015&lng=en&tlng=en<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+cannabis+as+a+medicine%3A+a+review&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Psiquiatria&rft.aulast=Zuardi&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Waldo&rft.au=Zuardi%2C%26%2332%3BAntonio+Waldo&rft.date=1+June+2006&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153%E2%80%93157&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1590%2FS1516-44462006000200015&rft.issn=1516-4446&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1516-44462006000200015%26lng%3Den%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Guy, Geoffrey W.; Whittle, B. A.; Robson, Philip, eds. (2004). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/ocm56593404\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The medicinal uses of cannabis and cannabinoids<\/i><\/a>. London ; Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 1\u201316. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-0-85369-517-2. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_Computer_Library_Center\" data-key=\"b53206e2204c7e657858a88b56c8ac4a\">OCLC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/ocm56593404\" target=\"_blank\">ocm56593404<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/ocm56593404\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/ocm56593404<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+medicinal+uses+of+cannabis+and+cannabinoids&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%9316&rft.place=London+%3B+Chicago&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-85369-517-2&rft_id=info:oclcnum\/ocm56593404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fmediawiki%2Foclc%2Focm56593404&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Russo, Ethan\u2005B. (21 August 2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.200790144\" target=\"_blank\">\"History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Chemistry & Biodiversity<\/i> <b>4<\/b> (8): 1614\u20131648. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fcbdv.200790144\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/cbdv.200790144<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.200790144\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.200790144<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+Cannabis+and+Its+Preparations+in+Saga%2C+Science%2C+and+Sobriquet&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%26+Biodiversity&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Ethan%E2%80%85B.&rft.au=Russo%2C%26%2332%3BEthan%E2%80%85B.&rft.date=21+August+2007&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1614%E2%80%931648&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fcbdv.200790144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcbdv.200790144&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Musto, David F. (1 February 1972). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/archpsyc.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?doi=10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750200005002\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Archives of General Psychiatry<\/i> <b>26<\/b> (2): 101\u20138. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1972.01750200005002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750200005002<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0003-990X\" target=\"_blank\">0003-990X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/archpsyc.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?doi=10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750200005002\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/archpsyc.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?doi=10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750200005002<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Marihuana+Tax+Act+of+1937&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Musto&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.au=Musto%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+F.&rft.date=1+February+1972&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1972.01750200005002&rft.issn=0003-990X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchpsyc.jamanetwork.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fdoi%3D10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1972.01750200005002&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ferraiolo, Kathleen (1 April 2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0898030600001615\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">\"From Killer Weed to Popular Medicine: The Evolution of American Drug Control Policy, 1937\u20132000\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Policy History<\/i> <b>19<\/b> (2): 147\u2013179. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1353%2Fjph.2007.0009\" target=\"_blank\">10.1353\/jph.2007.0009<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0898-0306\" target=\"_blank\">0898-0306<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0898030600001615\/type\/journal_article\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0898030600001615\/type\/journal_article<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+Killer+Weed+to+Popular+Medicine%3A+The+Evolution+of+American+Drug+Control+Policy%2C+1937%E2%80%932000&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.aulast=Ferraiolo&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Ferraiolo%2C%26%2332%3BKathleen&rft.date=1+April+2007&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147%E2%80%93179&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1353%2Fjph.2007.0009&rft.issn=0898-0306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0898030600001615%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.), ed. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/984512600\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research<\/i><\/a>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-0-309-45304-2. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_Computer_Library_Center\" data-key=\"b53206e2204c7e657858a88b56c8ac4a\">OCLC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/984512600\" target=\"_blank\">984512600<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/984512600\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/mediawiki\/oclc\/984512600<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+health+effects+of+cannabis+and+cannabinoids%3A+the+current+state+of+evidence+and+recommendations+for+research&rft.date=2017&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-309-45304-2&rft_id=info:oclcnum\/984512600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fmediawiki%2Foclc%2F984512600&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Press, Craig A.; Knupp, Kelly G.; Chapman, Kevin E. (1 April 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525505015001043\" target=\"_blank\">\"Parental reporting of response to oral cannabis extracts for treatment of refractory epilepsy\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Epilepsy & Behavior<\/i> <b>45<\/b>: 49\u201352. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2015.02.043\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.02.043<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525505015001043\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525505015001043<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parental+reporting+of+response+to+oral+cannabis+extracts+for+treatment+of+refractory+epilepsy&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft.au=Press%2C%26%2332%3BCraig+A.&rft.au=Knupp%2C%26%2332%3BKelly+G.&rft.au=Chapman%2C%26%2332%3BKevin+E.&rft.date=1+April+2015&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=49%E2%80%9352&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2015.02.043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1525505015001043&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Suraev, A.; Lintzeris, N.; Stuart, J.; Kevin, R. C.; Blackburn, R.; Richards, E.; Arnold, J. C.; Ireland, C. <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-28127-0\" target=\"_blank\">\"Composition and Use of Cannabis Extracts for Childhood Epilepsy in the Australian Community\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (1): 10154. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-28127-0\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41598-018-28127-0<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2045-2322\" target=\"_blank\">2045-2322<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6033872\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6033872<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29977078\" target=\"_blank\">29977078<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-28127-0\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-28127-0<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Composition+and+Use+of+Cannabis+Extracts+for+Childhood+Epilepsy+in+the+Australian+Community&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Suraev&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Suraev%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Lintzeris%2C%26%2332%3BN.&rft.au=Stuart%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.au=Kevin%2C%26%2332%3BR.+C.&rft.au=Blackburn%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.au=Richards%2C%26%2332%3BE.&rft.au=Arnold%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+C.&rft.au=Ireland%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.au=Todd%2C%26%2332%3BL.&rft.date=1+December+2018&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10154&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-28127-0&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6033872&rft_id=info:pmid\/29977078&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-018-28127-0&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Treat, Lauren; Chapman, Kevin E.; Colborn, Kathryn L.; Knupp, Kelly G. (1 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.13617\" target=\"_blank\">\"Duration of use of oral cannabis extract in a cohort of pediatric epilepsy patients\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Epilepsia<\/i> <b>58<\/b> (1): 123\u2013127. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fepi.13617\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/epi.13617<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.13617\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.13617<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Duration+of+use+of+oral+cannabis+extract+in+a+cohort+of+pediatric+epilepsy+patients&rft.jtitle=Epilepsia&rft.aulast=Treat&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.au=Treat%2C%26%2332%3BLauren&rft.au=Chapman%2C%26%2332%3BKevin+E.&rft.au=Colborn%2C%26%2332%3BKathryn+L.&rft.au=Knupp%2C%26%2332%3BKelly+G.&rft.date=1+January+2017&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123%E2%80%93127&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fepi.13617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fepi.13617&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gon\u00e7alves, Joana; Rosado, Tiago; Soares, Sofia; Sim\u00e3o, Ana; Caramelo, D\u00e9bora; Lu\u00eds, \u00c2ngelo; Fern\u00e1ndez, Nicol\u00e1s; Barroso, M\u00e1rio <i>et al.<\/i> (23 February 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/6\/1\/31\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Medicines<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (1): 31. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fmedicines6010031\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/medicines6010031<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2305-6320\" target=\"_blank\">2305-6320<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6473697\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6473697<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30813390\" target=\"_blank\">30813390<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/6\/1\/31\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/6\/1\/31<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+and+Its+Secondary+Metabolites%3A+Their+Use+as+Therapeutic+Drugs%2C+Toxicological+Aspects%2C+and+Analytical+Determination&rft.jtitle=Medicines&rft.aulast=Gon%C3%A7alves&rft.aufirst=Joana&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C%26%2332%3BJoana&rft.au=Rosado%2C%26%2332%3BTiago&rft.au=Soares%2C%26%2332%3BSofia&rft.au=Sim%C3%A3o%2C%26%2332%3BAna&rft.au=Caramelo%2C%26%2332%3BD%C3%A9bora&rft.au=Lu%C3%ADs%2C%26%2332%3B%C3%82ngelo&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C%26%2332%3BNicol%C3%A1s&rft.au=Barroso%2C%26%2332%3BM%C3%A1rio&rft.au=Gallardo%2C%26%2332%3BEugenia&rft.date=23+February+2019&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fmedicines6010031&rft.issn=2305-6320&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6473697&rft_id=info:pmid\/30813390&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2305-6320%2F6%2F1%2F31&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hanu\u0161, Lum\u00edr Ond\u0159ej; Meyer, Stefan Martin; Mu\u00f1oz, Eduardo; Taglialatela-Scafati, Orazio; Appendino, Giovanni (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C6NP00074F\" target=\"_blank\">\"Phytocannabinoids: a unified critical inventory\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Natural Product Reports<\/i> <b>33<\/b> (12): 1357\u20131392. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1039%2FC6NP00074F\" target=\"_blank\">10.1039\/C6NP00074F<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0265-0568\" target=\"_blank\">0265-0568<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C6NP00074F\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=C6NP00074F<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phytocannabinoids%3A+a+unified+critical+inventory&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Reports&rft.aulast=Hanu%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Lum%C3%ADr+Ond%C5%99ej&rft.au=Hanu%C5%A1%2C%26%2332%3BLum%C3%ADr+Ond%C5%99ej&rft.au=Meyer%2C%26%2332%3BStefan+Martin&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz%2C%26%2332%3BEduardo&rft.au=Taglialatela-Scafati%2C%26%2332%3BOrazio&rft.au=Appendino%2C%26%2332%3BGiovanni&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1357%E2%80%931392&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1039%2FC6NP00074F&rft.issn=0265-0568&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxlink.rsc.org%2F%3FDOI%3DC6NP00074F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al. (2013). <i>American Herbal Pharmacopeia: Cannabis Inflorescence<\/i>. American Herbal Pharmacopeia. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 1929425333.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Herbal+Pharmacopeia%3A+Cannabis+Inflorescence&rft.aulast=Upton%2C+R.%3B+Craker%2C+L.%3B+ElSohly%2C+M.+et+al.&rft.au=Upton%2C+R.%3B+Craker%2C+L.%3B+ElSohly%2C+M.+et+al.&rft.date=2013&rft.pub=American+Herbal+Pharmacopeia&rft.isbn=1929425333&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Anderson, Lyndsey L.; Low, Ivan K.; Banister, Samuel D.; McGregor, Iain S.; Arnold, Jonathon C. (22 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b00600\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pharmacokinetics of Phytocannabinoid Acids and Anticonvulsant Effect of Cannabidiolic Acid in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Natural Products<\/i> <b>82<\/b> (11): 3047\u20133055. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.9b00600\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b00600<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0163-3864\" target=\"_blank\">0163-3864<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b00600\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b00600<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+of+Phytocannabinoid+Acids+and+Anticonvulsant+Effect+of+Cannabidiolic+Acid+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Dravet+Syndrome&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Lyndsey+L.&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BLyndsey+L.&rft.au=Low%2C%26%2332%3BIvan+K.&rft.au=Banister%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel+D.&rft.au=McGregor%2C%26%2332%3BIain+S.&rft.au=Arnold%2C%26%2332%3BJonathon+C.&rft.date=22+November+2019&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3047%E2%80%933055&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.9b00600&rft.issn=0163-3864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.9b00600&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ben-Shabat, Shimon; Fride, Ester; Sheskin, Tzviel; Tamiri, Tsippy; Rhee, Man-Hee; Vogel, Zvi; Bisogno, Tiziana; De Petrocellis, Luciano <i>et al.<\/i> (1 July 1998). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299998003926\" target=\"_blank\">\"An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity\"<\/a> (in en). <i>European Journal of Pharmacology<\/i> <b>353<\/b> (1): 23\u201331. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0014-2999%2898%2900392-6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00392-6<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299998003926\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299998003926<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+entourage+effect%3A+inactive+endogenous+fatty+acid+glycerol+esters+enhance+2-arachidonoyl-glycerol+cannabinoid+activity&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.aulast=Ben-Shabat&rft.aufirst=Shimon&rft.au=Ben-Shabat%2C%26%2332%3BShimon&rft.au=Fride%2C%26%2332%3BEster&rft.au=Sheskin%2C%26%2332%3BTzviel&rft.au=Tamiri%2C%26%2332%3BTsippy&rft.au=Rhee%2C%26%2332%3BMan-Hee&rft.au=Vogel%2C%26%2332%3BZvi&rft.au=Bisogno%2C%26%2332%3BTiziana&rft.au=De+Petrocellis%2C%26%2332%3BLuciano&rft.au=Di+Marzo%2C%26%2332%3BVincenzo&rft.date=1+July+1998&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23%E2%80%9331&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2FS0014-2999%2898%2900392-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0014299998003926&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">McPartland, John M.; Russo, Ethan B. (1 June 2001). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1300\/J175v01n03_08\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and Cannabis Extracts: Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts?\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (3-4): 103\u2013132. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1300%2FJ175v01n03_08\" target=\"_blank\">10.1300\/J175v01n03_08<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1529-9775\" target=\"_blank\">1529-9775<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1300\/J175v01n03_08\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1300\/J175v01n03_08<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+and+Cannabis+Extracts%3A+Greater+Than+the+Sum+of+Their+Parts%3F&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cannabis+Therapeutics&rft.aulast=McPartland&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=McPartland%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+M.&rft.au=Russo%2C%26%2332%3BEthan+B.&rft.date=1+June+2001&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3-4&rft.pages=103%E2%80%93132&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1300%2FJ175v01n03_08&rft.issn=1529-9775&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1300%2FJ175v01n03_08&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Anderson, Lyndsey L.; Etchart, Maia G.; Bahceci, Dilara; Golembiewski, Taliesin A.; Arnold, Jonathon C. (22 July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-94212-6\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis constituents interact at the drug efflux pump BCRP to markedly increase plasma cannabidiolic acid concentrations\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (1): 14948. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-94212-6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41598-021-94212-6<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2045-2322\" target=\"_blank\">2045-2322<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC8298633\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8298633<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34294753\" target=\"_blank\">34294753<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-94212-6\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-94212-6<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+constituents+interact+at+the+drug+efflux+pump+BCRP+to+markedly+increase+plasma+cannabidiolic+acid+concentrations&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Lyndsey+L.&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BLyndsey+L.&rft.au=Etchart%2C%26%2332%3BMaia+G.&rft.au=Bahceci%2C%26%2332%3BDilara&rft.au=Golembiewski%2C%26%2332%3BTaliesin+A.&rft.au=Arnold%2C%26%2332%3BJonathon+C.&rft.date=22+July+2021&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14948&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-94212-6&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8298633&rft_id=info:pmid\/34294753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-021-94212-6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Goerl, Brett; Watkins, Sarah; Metcalf, Cameron; Smith, Misty; Beenhakker, Mark (1 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920121120305763\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabidiolic acid exhibits entourage-like improvements of anticonvulsant activity in an acute rat model of seizures\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Epilepsy Research<\/i> <b>169<\/b>: 106525. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.eplepsyres.2020.106525\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2020.106525<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC7855831\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7855831<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33310415\" target=\"_blank\">33310415<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920121120305763\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920121120305763<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabidiolic+acid+exhibits+entourage-like+improvements+of+anticonvulsant+activity+in+an+acute+rat+model+of+seizures&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+Research&rft.aulast=Goerl&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft.au=Goerl%2C%26%2332%3BBrett&rft.au=Watkins%2C%26%2332%3BSarah&rft.au=Metcalf%2C%26%2332%3BCameron&rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BMisty&rft.au=Beenhakker%2C%26%2332%3BMark&rft.date=1+January+2021&rft.volume=169&rft.pages=106525&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.eplepsyres.2020.106525&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7855831&rft_id=info:pmid\/33310415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0920121120305763&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hill, T D M; Cascio, M-G; Romano, B; Duncan, M; Pertwee, R G; Williams, C M; Whalley, B J; Hill, A J (1 October 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.12321\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabidivarin-rich cannabis extracts are anticonvulsant in mouse and rat via a CB 1 receptor-independent mechanism: CBDV-rich extracts are anticonvulsant\"<\/a> (in en). <i>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/i> <b>170<\/b> (3): 679\u2013692. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fbph.12321\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/bph.12321<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3792005\" target=\"_blank\">PMC3792005<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23902406\" target=\"_blank\">23902406<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.12321\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.12321<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabidivarin-rich+cannabis+extracts+are+anticonvulsant+in+mouse+and+rat+via+a+CB+1+receptor-independent+mechanism%3A+CBDV-rich+extracts+are+anticonvulsant&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=T+D+M&rft.au=Hill%2C%26%2332%3BT+D+M&rft.au=Cascio%2C%26%2332%3BM-G&rft.au=Romano%2C%26%2332%3BB&rft.au=Duncan%2C%26%2332%3BM&rft.au=Pertwee%2C%26%2332%3BR+G&rft.au=Williams%2C%26%2332%3BC+M&rft.au=Whalley%2C%26%2332%3BB+J&rft.au=Hill%2C%26%2332%3BA+J&rft.date=1+October+2013&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=679%E2%80%93692&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fbph.12321&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC3792005&rft_id=info:pmid\/23902406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fbph.12321&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Samarut, \u00c9ric; Nixon, Jessica; Kundap, Uday P.; Drapeau, Pierre; Ellis, Lee D. (20 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.00226\/full\" target=\"_blank\">\"Single and Synergistic Effects of Cannabidiol and \u0394-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Zebrafish Models of Neuro-Hyperactivity\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Pharmacology<\/i> <b>10<\/b>: 226. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffphar.2019.00226\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fphar.2019.00226<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1663-9812\" target=\"_blank\">1663-9812<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6435997\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6435997<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30949046\" target=\"_blank\">30949046<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.00226\/full\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.00226\/full<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Single+and+Synergistic+Effects+of+Cannabidiol+and+%CE%94-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol+on+Zebrafish+Models+of+Neuro-Hyperactivity&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Pharmacology&rft.aulast=Samarut&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.au=Samarut%2C%26%2332%3B%C3%89ric&rft.au=Nixon%2C%26%2332%3BJessica&rft.au=Kundap%2C%26%2332%3BUday+P.&rft.au=Drapeau%2C%26%2332%3BPierre&rft.au=Ellis%2C%26%2332%3BLee+D.&rft.date=20+March+2019&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=226&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffphar.2019.00226&rft.issn=1663-9812&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6435997&rft_id=info:pmid\/30949046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticle%2F10.3389%2Ffphar.2019.00226%2Ffull&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Casey, Sherelle L.; Atwal, Nicholas; Vaughan, Christopher W. (1 December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006396-201712000-00019\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis constituent synergy in a mouse neuropathic pain model\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Pain<\/i> <b>158<\/b> (12): 2452\u20132460. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097%2Fj.pain.0000000000001051\" target=\"_blank\">10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001051<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0304-3959\" target=\"_blank\">0304-3959<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006396-201712000-00019\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006396-201712000-00019<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+constituent+synergy+in+a+mouse+neuropathic+pain+model&rft.jtitle=Pain&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Sherelle+L.&rft.au=Casey%2C%26%2332%3BSherelle+L.&rft.au=Atwal%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&rft.au=Vaughan%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher+W.&rft.date=1+December+2017&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2452%E2%80%932460&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1097%2Fj.pain.0000000000001051&rft.issn=0304-3959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00006396-201712000-00019&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">King, Kirsten M; Myers, Alyssa M; Soroka-Monzo, Ariele J; Tuma, Ronald F; Tallarida, Ronald J; Walker, Ellen A; Ward, Sara Jane (1 September 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.13887\" target=\"_blank\">\"Single and combined effects of \u0394 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain: THC and CBD synergistically attenuate neuropathic pain\"<\/a> (in en). <i>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/i> <b>174<\/b> (17): 2832\u20132841. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fbph.13887\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/bph.13887<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5554313\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5554313<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28548225\" target=\"_blank\">28548225<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.13887\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bph.13887<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Single+and+combined+effects+of+%CE%94+9+-tetrahydrocannabinol+and+cannabidiol+in+a+mouse+model+of+chemotherapy-induced+neuropathic+pain%3A+THC+and+CBD+synergistically+attenuate+neuropathic+pain&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Kirsten+M&rft.au=King%2C%26%2332%3BKirsten+M&rft.au=Myers%2C%26%2332%3BAlyssa+M&rft.au=Soroka-Monzo%2C%26%2332%3BAriele+J&rft.au=Tuma%2C%26%2332%3BRonald+F&rft.au=Tallarida%2C%26%2332%3BRonald+J&rft.au=Walker%2C%26%2332%3BEllen+A&rft.au=Ward%2C%26%2332%3BSara+Jane&rft.date=1+September+2017&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2832%E2%80%932841&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fbph.13887&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5554313&rft_id=info:pmid\/28548225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fbph.13887&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pamplona, Fabricio A.; da Silva, Lorenzo Rolim; Coan, Ana Carolina (12 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00759\/full\" target=\"_blank\">\"Potential Clinical Benefits of CBD-Rich Cannabis Extracts Over Purified CBD in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy: Observational Data Meta-analysis\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Neurology<\/i> <b>9<\/b>: 759. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffneur.2018.00759\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fneur.2018.00759<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1664-2295\" target=\"_blank\">1664-2295<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6143706\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6143706<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30258398\" target=\"_blank\">30258398<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00759\/full\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00759\/full<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Potential+Clinical+Benefits+of+CBD-Rich+Cannabis+Extracts+Over+Purified+CBD+in+Treatment-Resistant+Epilepsy%3A+Observational+Data+Meta-analysis&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neurology&rft.aulast=Pamplona&rft.aufirst=Fabricio+A.&rft.au=Pamplona%2C%26%2332%3BFabricio+A.&rft.au=da+Silva%2C%26%2332%3BLorenzo+Rolim&rft.au=Coan%2C%26%2332%3BAna+Carolina&rft.date=12+September+2018&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=759&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffneur.2018.00759&rft.issn=1664-2295&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6143706&rft_id=info:pmid\/30258398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticle%2F10.3389%2Ffneur.2018.00759%2Ffull&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mehmedic, Zlatko; Chandra, Suman; Slade, Desmond; Denham, Heather; Foster, Susan; Patel, Amit S.; Ross, Samir A.; Khan, Ikhlas A. <i>et al.<\/i> (1 September 2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01441.x\" target=\"_blank\">\"Potency Trends of \u03949-THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Cannabis Preparations from 1993 to 2008*: POTENCY TRENDS OF \u03949-THC (1993-2008)\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Forensic Sciences<\/i> <b>55<\/b> (5): 1209\u20131217. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1556-4029.2010.01441.x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01441.x<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01441.x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01441.x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Potency+Trends+of+%CE%949-THC+and+Other+Cannabinoids+in+Confiscated+Cannabis+Preparations+from+1993+to+2008%2A%3A+POTENCY+TRENDS+OF+%CE%949-THC+%281993-2008%29&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.aulast=Mehmedic&rft.aufirst=Zlatko&rft.au=Mehmedic%2C%26%2332%3BZlatko&rft.au=Chandra%2C%26%2332%3BSuman&rft.au=Slade%2C%26%2332%3BDesmond&rft.au=Denham%2C%26%2332%3BHeather&rft.au=Foster%2C%26%2332%3BSusan&rft.au=Patel%2C%26%2332%3BAmit+S.&rft.au=Ross%2C%26%2332%3BSamir+A.&rft.au=Khan%2C%26%2332%3BIkhlas+A.&rft.au=ElSohly%2C%26%2332%3BMahmoud+A.&rft.date=1+September+2010&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1209%E2%80%931217&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fj.1556-4029.2010.01441.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1556-4029.2010.01441.x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_24-0\">24.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_24-1\">24.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_24-2\">24.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_24-3\">24.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_24-4\">24.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Leghissa, Allegra; Hildenbrand, Zacariah L.; Foss, Frank W.; Schug, Kevin A. (1 January 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.201700946\" target=\"_blank\">\"Determination of cannabinoids from a surrogate hops matrix using multiple reaction monitoring gas chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Separation Science<\/i> <b>41<\/b> (2): 459\u2013468. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fjssc.201700946\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/jssc.201700946<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.201700946\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.201700946<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Determination+of+cannabinoids+from+a+surrogate+hops+matrix+using+multiple+reaction+monitoring+gas+chromatography+with+triple+quadrupole+mass+spectrometry&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Separation+Science&rft.aulast=Leghissa&rft.aufirst=Allegra&rft.au=Leghissa%2C%26%2332%3BAllegra&rft.au=Hildenbrand%2C%26%2332%3BZacariah+L.&rft.au=Foss%2C%26%2332%3BFrank+W.&rft.au=Schug%2C%26%2332%3BKevin+A.&rft.date=1+January+2018&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=459%E2%80%93468&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fjssc.201700946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjssc.201700946&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_25-0\">25.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_25-1\">25.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_25-2\">25.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ibrahim, Elsayed; Gul, Waseem; Gul, Shahbaz; Stamper, Brandon; Hadad, Ghada; Abdel Salam, Randa; Ibrahim, Amany; Ahmed, Safwat <i>et al.<\/i> (1 March 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-124088\" target=\"_blank\">\"Determination of Acid and Neutral Cannabinoids in Extracts of Different Strains of Cannabis sativa Using GC-FID\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Planta Medica<\/i> <b>84<\/b> (04): 250\u2013259. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1055%2Fs-0043-124088\" target=\"_blank\">10.1055\/s-0043-124088<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0032-0943\" target=\"_blank\">0032-0943<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-124088\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-124088<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Determination+of+Acid+and+Neutral+Cannabinoids+in+Extracts+of+Different+Strains+of+Cannabis+sativa+Using+GC-FID&rft.jtitle=Planta+Medica&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Elsayed&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C%26%2332%3BElsayed&rft.au=Gul%2C%26%2332%3BWaseem&rft.au=Gul%2C%26%2332%3BShahbaz&rft.au=Stamper%2C%26%2332%3BBrandon&rft.au=Hadad%2C%26%2332%3BGhada&rft.au=Abdel+Salam%2C%26%2332%3BRanda&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C%26%2332%3BAmany&rft.au=Ahmed%2C%26%2332%3BSafwat&rft.au=Chandra%2C%26%2332%3BSuman&rft.date=1+March+2018&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=04&rft.pages=250%E2%80%93259&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1055%2Fs-0043-124088&rft.issn=0032-0943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thieme-connect.de%2FDOI%2FDOI%3F10.1055%2Fs-0043-124088&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Berman, Paula; Futoran, Kate; Lewitus, Gil M.; Mukha, Dzmitry; Benami, Maya; Shlomi, Tomer; Meiri, David (1 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32651-4\" target=\"_blank\">\"A new ESI-LC\/MS approach for comprehensive metabolic profiling of phytocannabinoids in Cannabis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (1): 14280. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-32651-4\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41598-018-32651-4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2045-2322\" target=\"_blank\">2045-2322<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6155167\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6155167<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30250104\" target=\"_blank\">30250104<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32651-4\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32651-4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+new+ESI-LC%2FMS+approach+for+comprehensive+metabolic+profiling+of+phytocannabinoids+in+Cannabis&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Berman%2C%26%2332%3BPaula&rft.au=Futoran%2C%26%2332%3BKate&rft.au=Lewitus%2C%26%2332%3BGil+M.&rft.au=Mukha%2C%26%2332%3BDzmitry&rft.au=Benami%2C%26%2332%3BMaya&rft.au=Shlomi%2C%26%2332%3BTomer&rft.au=Meiri%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=1+December+2018&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14280&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-32651-4&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6155167&rft_id=info:pmid\/30250104&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-018-32651-4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_27-0\">27.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_27-1\">27.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hazekamp, Arno; Peltenburg, Anja; Verpoorte, Rob; Giroud, Christian (1 September 2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826070500187558\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Data of Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L.\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies<\/i> <b>28<\/b> (15): 2361\u20132382. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F10826070500187558\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/10826070500187558<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1082-6076\" target=\"_blank\">1082-6076<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826070500187558\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826070500187558<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chromatographic+and+Spectroscopic+Data+of+Cannabinoids+from+Cannabis+sativa+L.&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liquid+Chromatography+%26+Related+Technologies&rft.aulast=Hazekamp&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Hazekamp%2C%26%2332%3BArno&rft.au=Peltenburg%2C%26%2332%3BAnja&rft.au=Verpoorte%2C%26%2332%3BRob&rft.au=Giroud%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&rft.date=1+September+2005&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2361%E2%80%932382&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F10826070500187558&rft.issn=1082-6076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10826070500187558&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_28-0\">28.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_28-1\">28.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Citti, Cinzia; Linciano, Pasquale; Russo, Fabiana; Luongo, Livio; Iannotta, Monica; Maione, Sabatino; Lagan\u00e0, Aldo; Capriotti, Anna Laura <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-56785-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol: \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> <b>9<\/b> (1): 20335. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-56785-1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41598-019-56785-1<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2045-2322\" target=\"_blank\">2045-2322<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6937300\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6937300<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31889124\" target=\"_blank\">31889124<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-56785-1\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-56785-1<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+novel+phytocannabinoid+isolated+from+Cannabis+sativa+L.+with+an+in+vivo+cannabimimetic+activity+higher+than+%CE%949-tetrahydrocannabinol%3A+%CE%949-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Citti&rft.aufirst=Cinzia&rft.au=Citti%2C%26%2332%3BCinzia&rft.au=Linciano%2C%26%2332%3BPasquale&rft.au=Russo%2C%26%2332%3BFabiana&rft.au=Luongo%2C%26%2332%3BLivio&rft.au=Iannotta%2C%26%2332%3BMonica&rft.au=Maione%2C%26%2332%3BSabatino&rft.au=Lagan%C3%A0%2C%26%2332%3BAldo&rft.au=Capriotti%2C%26%2332%3BAnna+Laura&rft.au=Forni%2C%26%2332%3BFlavio&rft.date=1+December+2019&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20335&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-56785-1&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6937300&rft_id=info:pmid\/31889124&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-019-56785-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Linciano, Pasquale; Russo, Fabiana; Citti, Cinzia; Tolomeo, Francesco; Paris, Roberta; Fulvio, Flavia; Pecchioni, Nicola; Vandelli, Maria Angela <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039914021006251\" target=\"_blank\">\"The novel heptyl phorolic acid cannabinoids content in different Cannabis sativa L. accessions\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Talanta<\/i> <b>235<\/b>: 122704. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.talanta.2021.122704\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122704<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039914021006251\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039914021006251<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+novel+heptyl+phorolic+acid+cannabinoids+content+in+different+Cannabis+sativa+L.+accessions&rft.jtitle=Talanta&rft.aulast=Linciano&rft.aufirst=Pasquale&rft.au=Linciano%2C%26%2332%3BPasquale&rft.au=Russo%2C%26%2332%3BFabiana&rft.au=Citti%2C%26%2332%3BCinzia&rft.au=Tolomeo%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesco&rft.au=Paris%2C%26%2332%3BRoberta&rft.au=Fulvio%2C%26%2332%3BFlavia&rft.au=Pecchioni%2C%26%2332%3BNicola&rft.au=Vandelli%2C%26%2332%3BMaria+Angela&rft.au=Lagan%C3%A0%2C%26%2332%3BAldo&rft.date=1+December+2021&rft.volume=235&rft.pages=122704&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.talanta.2021.122704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0039914021006251&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">International Conference for Harmonisation (2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Q2(R1)%20Guideline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Validation of analytical procedures: Text and methodology\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Q2(R1)%20Guideline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Q2(R1)%20Guideline.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 12 October 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Validation+of+analytical+procedures%3A+Text+and+methodology&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=International+Conference+for+Harmonisation&rft.au=International+Conference+for+Harmonisation&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.ich.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FQ2%28R1%29%2520Guideline.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wang, Yan-Hong; Avula, Bharathi; ElSohly, Mahmoud; Radwan, Mohamed; Wang, Mei; Wanas, Amira; Mehmedic, Zlatko; Khan, Ikhlas (1 March 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-124873\" target=\"_blank\">\"Quantitative Determination of \u03949-THC, CBG, CBD, Their Acid Precursors and Five Other Neutral Cannabinoids by UHPLC-UV-MS\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Planta Medica<\/i> <b>84<\/b> (04): 260\u2013266. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1055%2Fs-0043-124873\" target=\"_blank\">10.1055\/s-0043-124873<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0032-0943\" target=\"_blank\">0032-0943<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-124873\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-124873<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quantitative+Determination+of+%CE%949-THC%2C+CBG%2C+CBD%2C+Their+Acid+Precursors+and+Five+Other+Neutral+Cannabinoids+by+UHPLC-UV-MS&rft.jtitle=Planta+Medica&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yan-Hong&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BYan-Hong&rft.au=Avula%2C%26%2332%3BBharathi&rft.au=ElSohly%2C%26%2332%3BMahmoud&rft.au=Radwan%2C%26%2332%3BMohamed&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BMei&rft.au=Wanas%2C%26%2332%3BAmira&rft.au=Mehmedic%2C%26%2332%3BZlatko&rft.au=Khan%2C%26%2332%3BIkhlas&rft.date=1+March+2018&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=04&rft.pages=260%E2%80%93266&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1055%2Fs-0043-124873&rft.issn=0032-0943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thieme-connect.de%2FDOI%2FDOI%3F10.1055%2Fs-0043-124873&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Nahar, Lutfun; Guo, Mingquan; Sarker, Satyajit D. (1 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pca.2886\" target=\"_blank\">\"Gas chromatographic analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids: A review of literature published during the past decade\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Phytochemical Analysis<\/i> <b>31<\/b> (2): 135\u2013146. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fpca.2886\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/pca.2886<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0958-0344\" target=\"_blank\">0958-0344<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pca.2886\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pca.2886<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gas+chromatographic+analysis+of+naturally+occurring+cannabinoids%3A+A+review+of+literature+published+during+the+past+decade&rft.jtitle=Phytochemical+Analysis&rft.aulast=Nahar&rft.aufirst=Lutfun&rft.au=Nahar%2C%26%2332%3BLutfun&rft.au=Guo%2C%26%2332%3BMingquan&rft.au=Sarker%2C%26%2332%3BSatyajit+D.&rft.date=1+March+2020&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135%E2%80%93146&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fpca.2886&rft.issn=0958-0344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fpca.2886&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ciolino, Laura A.; Ranieri, Tracy L.; Taylor, Allison M. (1 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073818302858\" target=\"_blank\">\"Commercial cannabis consumer products part 2: HPLC-DAD quantitative analysis of cannabis cannabinoids\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Forensic Science International<\/i> <b>289<\/b>: 438\u2013447. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2018.05.033\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.05.033<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073818302858\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073818302858<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Commercial+cannabis+consumer+products+part+2%3A+HPLC-DAD+quantitative+analysis+of+cannabis+cannabinoids&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.aulast=Ciolino&rft.aufirst=Laura+A.&rft.au=Ciolino%2C%26%2332%3BLaura+A.&rft.au=Ranieri%2C%26%2332%3BTracy+L.&rft.au=Taylor%2C%26%2332%3BAllison+M.&rft.date=1+August+2018&rft.volume=289&rft.pages=438%E2%80%93447&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2018.05.033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0379073818302858&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_34-0\">34.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_34-1\">34.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Taschwer, Magdalena; Schmid, Martin G. (1 September 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073815002972\" target=\"_blank\">\"Determination of the relative percentage distribution of THCA and \u03949-THC in herbal cannabis seized in Austria \u2013 Impact of different storage temperatures on stability\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Forensic Science International<\/i> <b>254<\/b>: 167\u2013171. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2015.07.019\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.07.019<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073815002972\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073815002972<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Determination+of+the+relative+percentage+distribution+of+THCA+and+%CE%949-THC+in+herbal+cannabis+seized+in+Austria+%E2%80%93+Impact+of+different+storage+temperatures+on+stability&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.aulast=Taschwer&rft.aufirst=Magdalena&rft.au=Taschwer%2C%26%2332%3BMagdalena&rft.au=Schmid%2C%26%2332%3BMartin+G.&rft.date=1+September+2015&rft.volume=254&rft.pages=167%E2%80%93171&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2015.07.019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0379073815002972&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bueno, Justin; Greenbaum, Eric A. (26 February 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c01034\" target=\"_blank\">\"(\u2212)- trans -\u0394 9 -Tetrahydrocannabiphorol Content of Cannabis sativa Inflorescence from Various Chemotypes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Natural Products<\/i> <b>84<\/b> (2): 531\u2013536. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.0c01034\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c01034<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0163-3864\" target=\"_blank\">0163-3864<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c01034\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c01034<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%28%E2%88%92%29-+trans+-%CE%94+9+-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol+Content+of+Cannabis+sativa+Inflorescence+from+Various+Chemotypes&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.aulast=Bueno&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.au=Bueno%2C%26%2332%3BJustin&rft.au=Greenbaum%2C%26%2332%3BEric+A.&rft.date=26+February+2021&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=531%E2%80%93536&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.0c01034&rft.issn=0163-3864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.0c01034&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Singh, Ompal; Khanam, Zakia; Misra, Neelam; Srivastava, ManojKumar (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.phcogrev.com\/article\/2011\/5\/9\/1041030973-784779103\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Pharmacognosy Reviews<\/i> <b>5<\/b> (9): 82. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4103%2F0973-7847.79103\" target=\"_blank\">10.4103\/0973-7847.79103<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0973-7847\" target=\"_blank\">0973-7847<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3210003\" target=\"_blank\">PMC3210003<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22096322\" target=\"_blank\">22096322<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.phcogrev.com\/article\/2011\/5\/9\/1041030973-784779103\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.phcogrev.com\/article\/2011\/5\/9\/1041030973-784779103<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chamomile+%28Matricaria+chamomilla+L.%29%3A+An+overview&rft.jtitle=Pharmacognosy+Reviews&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ompal&rft.au=Singh%2C%26%2332%3BOmpal&rft.au=Khanam%2C%26%2332%3BZakia&rft.au=Misra%2C%26%2332%3BNeelam&rft.au=Srivastava%2C%26%2332%3BManojKumar&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=82&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4103%2F0973-7847.79103&rft.issn=0973-7847&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC3210003&rft_id=info:pmid\/22096322&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phcogrev.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F5%2F9%2F1041030973-784779103&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">De Backer, Benjamin; Debrus, Benjamin; Lebrun, Pierre; Theunis, Laetitia; Dubois, Nathalie; Decock, Lies; Verstraete, Alain; Hubert, Philippe <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570023209007545\" target=\"_blank\">\"Innovative development and validation of an HPLC\/DAD method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major cannabinoids in cannabis plant material\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Chromatography B<\/i> <b>877<\/b> (32): 4115\u20134124. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jchromb.2009.11.004\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.11.004<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570023209007545\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570023209007545<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Innovative+development+and+validation+of+an+HPLC%2FDAD+method+for+the+qualitative+and+quantitative+determination+of+major+cannabinoids+in+cannabis+plant+material&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+B&rft.aulast=De+Backer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=De+Backer%2C%26%2332%3BBenjamin&rft.au=Debrus%2C%26%2332%3BBenjamin&rft.au=Lebrun%2C%26%2332%3BPierre&rft.au=Theunis%2C%26%2332%3BLaetitia&rft.au=Dubois%2C%26%2332%3BNathalie&rft.au=Decock%2C%26%2332%3BLies&rft.au=Verstraete%2C%26%2332%3BAlain&rft.au=Hubert%2C%26%2332%3BPhilippe&rft.au=Charlier%2C%26%2332%3BCorinne&rft.date=1+December+2009&rft.volume=877&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=4115%E2%80%934124&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jchromb.2009.11.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1570023209007545&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mudge, Elizabeth M.; Murch, Susan J.; Brown, Paula N. (1 May 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-017-0256-3\" target=\"_blank\">\"Leaner and greener analysis of cannabinoids\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry<\/i> <b>409<\/b> (12): 3153\u20133163. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00216-017-0256-3\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s00216-017-0256-3<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1618-2642\" target=\"_blank\">1618-2642<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5395585\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5395585<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28233028\" target=\"_blank\">28233028<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-017-0256-3\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-017-0256-3<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leaner+and+greener+analysis+of+cannabinoids&rft.jtitle=Analytical+and+Bioanalytical+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Mudge&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+M.&rft.au=Mudge%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth+M.&rft.au=Murch%2C%26%2332%3BSusan+J.&rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BPaula+N.&rft.date=1+May+2017&rft.volume=409&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3153%E2%80%933163&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs00216-017-0256-3&rft.issn=1618-2642&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5395585&rft_id=info:pmid\/28233028&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00216-017-0256-3&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Madej, Katarzyna; K\u00f3zka, Gabriela; Winiarski, Maciej; Piekoszewski, Wojciech (29 October 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2297-8739\/7\/4\/60\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Simple, Fast, and Green Oil Sample Preparation Method for Determination of Cannabidioloic Acid and Cannabidiol by HPLC-DAD\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Separations<\/i> <b>7<\/b> (4): 60. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fseparations7040060\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/separations7040060<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2297-8739\" target=\"_blank\">2297-8739<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2297-8739\/7\/4\/60\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2297-8739\/7\/4\/60<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Simple%2C+Fast%2C+and+Green+Oil+Sample+Preparation+Method+for+Determination+of+Cannabidioloic+Acid+and+Cannabidiol+by+HPLC-DAD&rft.jtitle=Separations&rft.aulast=Madej&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft.au=Madej%2C%26%2332%3BKatarzyna&rft.au=K%C3%B3zka%2C%26%2332%3BGabriela&rft.au=Winiarski%2C%26%2332%3BMaciej&rft.au=Piekoszewski%2C%26%2332%3BWojciech&rft.date=29+October+2020&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=60&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fseparations7040060&rft.issn=2297-8739&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2297-8739%2F7%2F4%2F60&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Citti, Cinzia; Ciccarella, Giuseppe; Braghiroli, Daniela; Parenti, Carlo; Vandelli, Maria Angela; Cannazza, Giuseppe (1 September 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708516302722\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medicinal cannabis: Principal cannabinoids concentration and their stability evaluated by a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry method\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis<\/i> <b>128<\/b>: 201\u2013209. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jpba.2016.05.033\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.05.033<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708516302722\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708516302722<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Medicinal+cannabis%3A+Principal+cannabinoids+concentration+and+their+stability+evaluated+by+a+high+performance+liquid+chromatography+coupled+to+diode+array+and+quadrupole+time+of+flight+mass+spectrometry+method&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+and+Biomedical+Analysis&rft.aulast=Citti&rft.aufirst=Cinzia&rft.au=Citti%2C%26%2332%3BCinzia&rft.au=Ciccarella%2C%26%2332%3BGiuseppe&rft.au=Braghiroli%2C%26%2332%3BDaniela&rft.au=Parenti%2C%26%2332%3BCarlo&rft.au=Vandelli%2C%26%2332%3BMaria+Angela&rft.au=Cannazza%2C%26%2332%3BGiuseppe&rft.date=1+September+2016&rft.volume=128&rft.pages=201%E2%80%93209&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jpba.2016.05.033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0731708516302722&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-41\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ingallina, Cinzia; Sobolev, Anatoly P.; Circi, Simone; Spano, Mattia; Fraschetti, Caterina; Filippi, Antonello; Di Sotto, Antonella; Di Giacomo, Silvia <i>et al.<\/i> (20 April 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/8\/1908\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences from Monoecious Cultivars Grown in Central Italy: An Untargeted Chemical Characterization from Early Flowering to Ripening\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Molecules<\/i> <b>25<\/b> (8): 1908. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fmolecules25081908\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/molecules25081908<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1420-3049\" target=\"_blank\">1420-3049<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC7221798\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7221798<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32326129\" target=\"_blank\">32326129<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/8\/1908\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/8\/1908<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+sativa+L.+Inflorescences+from+Monoecious+Cultivars+Grown+in+Central+Italy%3A+An+Untargeted+Chemical+Characterization+from+Early+Flowering+to+Ripening&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.aulast=Ingallina&rft.aufirst=Cinzia&rft.au=Ingallina%2C%26%2332%3BCinzia&rft.au=Sobolev%2C%26%2332%3BAnatoly+P.&rft.au=Circi%2C%26%2332%3BSimone&rft.au=Spano%2C%26%2332%3BMattia&rft.au=Fraschetti%2C%26%2332%3BCaterina&rft.au=Filippi%2C%26%2332%3BAntonello&rft.au=Di+Sotto%2C%26%2332%3BAntonella&rft.au=Di+Giacomo%2C%26%2332%3BSilvia&rft.au=Mazzoccanti%2C%26%2332%3BGiulia&rft.date=20+April+2020&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1908&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fmolecules25081908&rft.issn=1420-3049&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7221798&rft_id=info:pmid\/32326129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1420-3049%2F25%2F8%2F1908&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-42\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ambach, Lars; Penitschka, Franziska; Broillet, Alain; K\u00f6nig, Stefan; Weinmann, Wolfgang; Bernhard, Werner (1 October 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073814002448\" target=\"_blank\">\"Simultaneous quantification of delta-9-THC, THC-acid A, CBN and CBD in seized drugs using HPLC-DAD\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Forensic Science International<\/i> <b>243<\/b>: 107\u2013111. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2014.06.008\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.008<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073814002448\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073814002448<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+quantification+of+delta-9-THC%2C+THC-acid+A%2C+CBN+and+CBD+in+seized+drugs+using+HPLC-DAD&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.aulast=Ambach&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Ambach%2C%26%2332%3BLars&rft.au=Penitschka%2C%26%2332%3BFranziska&rft.au=Broillet%2C%26%2332%3BAlain&rft.au=K%C3%B6nig%2C%26%2332%3BStefan&rft.au=Weinmann%2C%26%2332%3BWolfgang&rft.au=Bernhard%2C%26%2332%3BWerner&rft.date=1+October+2014&rft.volume=243&rft.pages=107%E2%80%93111&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2014.06.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0379073814002448&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-43\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Elkins, Aaron C.; Deseo, Myrna A.; Rochfort, Simone; Ezernieks, Vilnis; Spangenberg, German (1 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570023218318257\" target=\"_blank\">\"Development of a validated method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of cannabinoids in plant biomass and medicinal cannabis resin extracts obtained by super-critical fluid extraction\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Chromatography B<\/i> <b>1109<\/b>: 76\u201383. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jchromb.2019.01.027\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.01.027<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570023218318257\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570023218318257<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+validated+method+for+the+qualitative+and+quantitative+analysis+of+cannabinoids+in+plant+biomass+and+medicinal+cannabis+resin+extracts+obtained+by+super-critical+fluid+extraction&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+B&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Aaron+C.&rft.au=Elkins%2C%26%2332%3BAaron+C.&rft.au=Deseo%2C%26%2332%3BMyrna+A.&rft.au=Rochfort%2C%26%2332%3BSimone&rft.au=Ezernieks%2C%26%2332%3BVilnis&rft.au=Spangenberg%2C%26%2332%3BGerman&rft.date=1+March+2019&rft.volume=1109&rft.pages=76%E2%80%9383&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jchromb.2019.01.027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1570023218318257&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gul, Waseem; Gul, Shahbaz W; Radwan, Mohamed M; Wanas, Amira S; Mehmedic, Zlatko; Khan, Ikhlas I; Sharaf, Maged H M; ElSohly, Mahmoud A (1 November 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/article\/98\/6\/1523\/5654536\" target=\"_blank\">\"Determination of 11 Cannabinoids in Biomass and Extracts of Different Varieties of Cannabis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL<\/i> <b>98<\/b> (6): 1523\u20131528. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5740%2Fjaoacint.15-095\" target=\"_blank\">10.5740\/jaoacint.15-095<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1060-3271\" target=\"_blank\">1060-3271<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/article\/98\/6\/1523\/5654536\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/article\/98\/6\/1523\/5654536<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Determination+of+11+Cannabinoids+in+Biomass+and+Extracts+of+Different+Varieties+of+Cannabis+Using+High-Performance+Liquid+Chromatography&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+AOAC+INTERNATIONAL&rft.aulast=Gul&rft.aufirst=Waseem&rft.au=Gul%2C%26%2332%3BWaseem&rft.au=Gul%2C%26%2332%3BShahbaz+W&rft.au=Radwan%2C%26%2332%3BMohamed+M&rft.au=Wanas%2C%26%2332%3BAmira+S&rft.au=Mehmedic%2C%26%2332%3BZlatko&rft.au=Khan%2C%26%2332%3BIkhlas+I&rft.au=Sharaf%2C%26%2332%3BMaged+H+M&rft.au=ElSohly%2C%26%2332%3BMahmoud+A&rft.date=1+November+2015&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1523%E2%80%931528&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5740%2Fjaoacint.15-095&rft.issn=1060-3271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjaoac%2Farticle%2F98%2F6%2F1523%2F5654536&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. One of the sentences in the original's conclusion was incomplete (\"analysts in the medicinal cannabis field are encouraged to\"); for this version, a reasonable presumption was made towards how that sentence should have ended.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103184827\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.469 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.526 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 47408\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 445325\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 131874\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 119300\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 445.132 1 -total\n 90.72% 403.827 1 Template:Reflist\n 66.02% 293.875 44 Template:Citation\/core\n 64.71% 288.027 40 Template:Cite_journal\n 11.04% 49.155 43 Template:Date\n 8.54% 38.012 95 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.92% 21.897 1 Template:Infobox_journal_article\n 4.78% 21.259 3 Template:Cite_book\n 4.54% 20.229 1 Template:Infobox\n 3.20% 14.230 190 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5925-0!canonical and timestamp 20230103184827 and revision id 18130. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:Quality_control_of_cannabis_inflorescence_and_oil_products:_Response_factors_for_the_cost-efficient_determination_of_ten_cannabinoids_by_HPLC<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","5c1b29e99f3312cca3b2e4f1c0703b48_images":["https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/2\/26\/GA_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg","https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/e\/e2\/Fig1_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg","https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/2\/2b\/Fig2_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg","https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/e\/ed\/Fig3_Hall_TalantaOpen2022_5.jpg"],"5c1b29e99f3312cca3b2e4f1c0703b48_timestamp":1672771707,"8fcc37ecaee0ffffeab91dd890c58ce7_type":"article","8fcc37ecaee0ffffeab91dd890c58ce7_title":"A sustainable approach for the reliable and simultaneous determination of terpenoids and cannabinoids in hemp inflorescences by vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (Capetti et al. 2022)","8fcc37ecaee0ffffeab91dd890c58ce7_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction","8fcc37ecaee0ffffeab91dd890c58ce7_plaintext":"\n\nJournal:A sustainable approach for the reliable and simultaneous determination of terpenoids and cannabinoids in hemp inflorescences by vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextractionFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchFull article title\n \nA sustainable approach for the reliable and simultaneous determination of terpenoids and cannabinoids in hemp inflorescences by vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextractionJournal\n \nAdvances in Sample PreparationAuthor(s)\n \nCapetti, Francesca; Rubiolo, Patrizia; Mastellone, Giulia; Marengo, Arianna; Sgorbini, Barbara; Cagliero, CeciliaAuthor affiliation(s)\n \nUniversit\u00e0 di TorinoPrimary contact\n \nEmail: cecilia dot cagliero at unito dot itYear published\n \n2022Volume and issue\n \n2Article #\n \n100014DOI\n \n10.1016\/j.sampre.2022.100014ISSN\n \n2772-5820Distribution license\n \nCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalWebsite\n \nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2772582022000110Download\n \nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2772582022000110\/pdfft (PDF)\n\n\n\n\n \n This article contains rendered mathematical formulae. You may require the TeX All the Things plugin for Chrome or the Native MathML add-on and fonts for Firefox if they don't render properly for you. \n\n\nContents \n\n1 Abstract \n2 Introduction \n3 Materials and methods \n\n3.1 Chemicals and samples \n3.2 Procedures under reduced (Vac-HSSPME) and atmospheric pressure conditions (HSSPME) \n3.3 Instrument set-up \n\n3.3.1 GC-MS systems and columns \n3.3.2 GC-MS conditions \n\n\n\n\n4 Results and discussion \n\n4.1 Preliminary optimization of the fiber coating and chromatographic conditions \n4.2 Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME \n4.3 Thermal stability of CBD under the investigated sampling conditions \n\n\n5 Concluding remarks \n6 Supplementary materials \n7 Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \n8 Acknowledgements \n\n8.1 Funding \n8.2 Competing interests \n\n\n9 References \n10 Notes \n\n\n\nAbstract \nCannabis sativa L. is an intriguing plant that has been exploited since ancient times for recreational, medical, textile and food purposes. The plant's most promising bioactive constituents discovered so far belong to the terpenoid and cannabinoid classes. These specialized metabolites are highly concentrated in the plant aerial parts, and their chemical characterization is crucial to guarantee the safe and efficient use of the plant material irrespective of which use it is. \nThis study investigates for the first time the use of vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HSSPME) as a sample preparation process in an analytical protocol based on Vac-HSSPME combined to fast gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis that aims at comprehensively characterizing both the terpenoid and cannabinoid profiles of Cannabis inflorescences in a single step. The results proved that vacuum in the headspace should be preferred over atmospheric pressure conditions as it ensures the fast recovery of cannabinoid markers at relatively lower sampling temperatures (i.e., 90\u00b0C) that do not discriminate the most volatile fraction nor cause the formation of artifacts when the sampling time is minimized.\nKeywords: Cannabis sativa inflorescences, vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction, volatilome, terpenoids, cannabinoids\n\nIntroduction \nCannabis sativa L. currently can be considered one of the most studied plants due to its relevance in the illicit drug market and in the textile and food industry[1], as well as its potential medical usage. Whether the plant is intended for recreational purposes, fiber production (hemp), or medical use depends on the content of two major cannabinoids in the aerial parts of the plant: the psychoactive (-)-trans-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the latter displaying several biological activities but not the psychotropic one.[2][3] The illicit drug chemotype, also known as type I, contains an excess of \u03949-THC and a limited amount of CBD. Contrary to that is the cannabis chemotype used in manufacturing (i.e., industrial hemp or type III), where the ratio is reversed and \u03949-THC content cannot exceed 0.2%. Finally, the type II chemotype, which is used for medical purposes, is defined as having high mean contents of both CBD and \u03949-THC (i.e., Bedrocan: 22% THC, <1% CBD; Bediol: 6.5% THC, 8% CBD).[3][4][5]\nOther than \u03949-THC and CBD, the plant may synthesize several specialised metabolites, including additional phytocannabinoids and terpenes, amongst others[6], which are both produced by stalked glandular trichomes that are highly concentrated on female inflorescences.[7] Phytocannabinoids are C21 compounds known as terpenophenolic compounds. They are produced by the plant in their acidic form, which under heating or during storage is decarboxylated into the active neutral form.[6] At least 104 cannabinoids have been isolated so far.[8] Aside from \u03949-THC, CBD, cannabichromene (CBC), and cannabigerol (CBG), other predominant secondary metabolites are \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (\u03949-THCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), which are the precursors of the formerly mentioned compounds. Other minor cannabinoids include cannabinolic acid (CBNA) and \u03948THCA, which are artifacts of \u03949THCA, as well as cannabielsoic acid (CBEA) and cannabinodiolic acid (CBNDA), which derive from CBDA.[9] \nTerpenes are cannabis's most abundant specialized metabolites, including at least 120 identified terpenoids.[8] Literature data suggest that varying pharmaceutical properties between different Cannabis varieties can be attributed to synergistic interactions, known as the \"entourage effect,\" between cannabinoids and terpenes.[9] A comprehensive qualitative characterization of both the cannabinoid and terpene profiles of the plant raw material is therefore of utmost importance not only to define its rational use (i.e., whether the plant under investigation was cultivated for fiber production, medical, or drug purposes) but also to guarantee the efficacy and safety of its potential pharmaceutical application.\nThe most employed method of extraction of cannabinoids from plant raw material is solid-liquid extraction (SLE) using ethanol or acetone as extracting solvents due to their affinity and consequent high extracting efficiency for cannabinoids.[10][11] High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are the analytical techniques of choice for many qualitative and quantitative analyses.[11] HPLC is usually employed when the acid and the neutral form of the investigated cannabinoids must be measured separately, while GC analyses enable the characterization of the total cannabinoid content (e.g. the combined amount of THC and THCA), as GC systems, by definition, work with high temperatures that lead unavoidably to the decarboxylation of cannabinoid acids.[11] The total cannabinoid content is usually measured as it best represents the pharmacological activity of the material, unless differently stated by legislation.[12]\nThanks to their volatile nature, the isolation of terpenes\u2014and in particular of mono- and sesquiterpenes\u2014from plant raw material is straightforward, and their profiling can be performed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HSSPME) online combined to GC-MS analysis.[5]\nThe recovery of cannabinoids from solid matrices by HSSPME is also feasible but requires long sampling times in combination to high sampling temperatures due to their low volatility and low tendency to escape to the headspace. In 2004, Lachenmeier et al. optimized a successful HSSPME method followed by on-coating derivatization of the cannabinoids with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) for the extraction of cannabinoids from hemp food products using 90\u00b0C as sampling temperature and 30 minutes of extraction time[13], while in 2005, Ilias et al. showed that cannabinoid extraction should be performed at 150\u00b0C to maximize their recovery in short sampling times (e.g., five minutes).[14] However, in more recent work, Cz\u00e9g\u00e9ny et al. investigated the effect of temperature on the composition of pyrolysis products of CBD in e-cigarettes. They tested different operating temperatures (250\u2013400\u00b0C), and they proved that, depending on the temperature and atmosphere (i.e., inert of oxidative condition), 25\u201352% of CBD can be converted into other cannabinoids, amongst which \u03949-THC, \u03948-THC, cannabinol (CBN), and CBC are the predominant pyrolysates.[15] Even though when performing HSSPME it is usually unlikely to reach such extreme temperatures, the results of Cz\u00e9g\u00e9ny et al. suggest that (1) reduced sampling temperature should be preferred to obtain a truthful cannabinoid fingerprint profile in the plant raw material, and (2) CBD potential degradation should be investigated during the optimization of the sampling temperature.\nAs thoroughly described by Psillakis et al.[16][17][18][19], vacuum is a powerful experimental parameter to consider for increasing the extraction kinetic of semi-volatile compounds during the HSSPME process. This is because in the case of semi-volatiles and under non-equilibrium conditions, a reduced pressure inside the sample container decreases the resistance to mass transfer in the gas zone at the solid-headspace interface. As a consequence, higher extraction efficiencies for semi-volatile compounds can be achieved in shorter sampling times, and potentially at milder extraction temperatures.[20][21]\nThis study investigates the advantages and disadvantages of using vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HSSPME) over HSSPME as a sample preparation process to be exploited in analytical protocols, aiming to comprehensively characterize both the terpene and cannabinoid profiles of Cannabis inflorescences in a single step while employing a total analysis system.\n\nMaterials and methods \nChemicals and samples \nCBD and CBC standard solutions 1.0 mg mL\u22121 in methanol were purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Dried Cannabis inflorescences of type III chemotype were purchased from an authorized local hemp shop. The dried plant material was pulverized by an electric blender and stored at -18\u00b0C.\n\n Procedures under reduced (Vac-HSSPME) and atmospheric pressure conditions (HSSPME) \nDivinylbenzene\/carboxen\/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB\/CAR\/PDMS) 50\/30 \u03bcm (2 cm length) and over coated PDMS\/DVB 75 \u03bcm (coating thickness includes 65 \u03bcm coating\u202f+\u202f10 \u03bcm OC [overcoating]) fibers were employed for the experiments. The fibers were purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and conditioned following the manufacturer's instructions.\nHSSPME experiments were performed using conventional headspace 20 mL crimp vials provided by Restek, Bellefonte, USA, as well as a 20 mm magnetic ring crimp cap, fitted with 20.6 mm septa (Buty red\/PTFE grey, 55 shore A, 1.3 mm).\nVac-HSSPME experiments were performed in the same commercial headspace 20 mL crimp vials but hermetically sealed with a stainless steel closure (provided by Prof. Elefteria Psillakis) having a hole that could tightly accommodate a Thermogreen LB-1 septum with half-hole (Supelco, Bellefonte, USA), through which the air evacuation step and the SPME sampling were performed.\nFor the inflorescences, 10 mg of the pulverized sample were placed inside the vial, which was again stored at \u221218\u00b0C for one hour and then air-evacuated.[20] The air-evacuation step was performed with a 22-gauge hypodermic needle sealed to a 5 mL syringe tightly secured to the tubing of a N 820.3 FT.18 (7 mbar ultimate vacuum) pumping unit manufactured by KNF Lab (Milan, Italy). The needle was inserted through the septum, and the vial was air-evacuated for one minute. The procedure was the same for HSSPME, while omitting the air evacuation step.\nFor CBD standard sampling, 10 \u00b5L of the 1.0 mg mL\u22121 solution were introduced through the closure septum after the air-evacuation step. For HSSPME experiments, the liquid sample was introduced into the vial by the open-vial technique.[22]\nAfter sampling, the fiber was withdrawn and the SPME device moved to the GC-MS system for analysis. GC desorption lasted 10 minutes to minimize carry-over.\nTen milligrams of pulverized plant material were sampled at three different extraction temperatures (i.e., 80, 90 and 150\u00b0C) under both Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME experiments. Sampling-time profiles were obtained for all the above mentioned conditions by sampling for 5, 15, and 30 minutes. 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1.0 mg mL\u22121 were sampled at 90 and 150\u00b0C for 5 minutes, under both pressure conditions. All extractions were run in triplicate.\n\nInstrument set-up \nGC-MS systems and columns \nAnalyses were carried out on two different instruments: (1) a MPS-2 multipurpose sampler (Gerstel, M\u00fclheim a\/d Ruhr, Germany) installed on a Shimadzu gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detector\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-FID-MS) system, consisting of a Shimadzu GC 2010 system, equipped with FID, in parallel with a Shimadzu QP2010-PLUS GC\u2013MS mass spectrometer (Shimadzu, Milan, Italy); (2) a MPS-2 multipurpose sampler (Gerstel, M\u00fclheim a\/d Ruhr, Germany) installed on an Agilent 6890 N GC system coupled to a 5975 MSD mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA).\nGC analyses were carried out using two MEGA-5 95% methyl-polysiloxane 5%-phenyl (MEGA, Legnano, MI, Italy) columns: a conventional 30 m \u00d7 0.25 mm dc, 0.25 \u00b5m df column installed on the Agilent 6890 N GC - 5975 MSD, and a narrow-bore 15 m \u00d7 0.18 mm dc, 0.18 \u00b5m df column installed on the Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010.\nData was processed with the ChemStation Version E.02.02.1431 data processing system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA).\n\nGC-MS conditions \nAnalyses were carried out under the following conditions. Temperatures: injector: 250 \u00b0C, transfer line: 270 \u00b0C, ion source: 200 \u00b0C; carrier gas: He; flow control mode: constant linear velocity; flow rate: 1.00 mL min\u22121 (conventional column), 0.72 mL min\u22121 (narrow bore column); injection mode: split; split ratio: 1:20. \nThe MS was operated in electron ionization mode (EI) at 70 eV, scan rate: 666 u\/s, mass range: 35\u2013350 m\/z. Temperature programs: (i) 50\u00b0C (one minute)\/\/ 3\u00b0C\/min\/\/250\u00b0C (five minutes) for conventional MEGA-%; (ii) 50\u00b0C (30 seconds) \/\/7.2\u00b0C\/min\/\/ 250\u00b0C (two minutes) for the narrow-bore column. The chromatographic conditions for the narrow-bore columns were obtained by translating the method parameters through the Agilent method translator software.[23] Identification was performed via comparisons of linear retention indices and mass spectra either with those of authentic standards, or with data stored in commercial[24] and in-house libraries.\n\nResults and discussion \nTable S1 in the Supplementary materials provides the list of the target compounds together with their physicochemical properties (i.e., LogKow, boiling point, and vapor pressure). The mono- and sesquiterpene markers to be investigated were chosen according to the results of Jin et al., who comprehensively profiled reference specialized metabolites in Cannabis inflorescences, leaves, stem barks, and roots for the three Cannabis chemotypes (i.e., Type I, II and III).[8]\n\nPreliminary optimization of the fiber coating and chromatographic conditions \nThe first set of experiments aimed at selecting (1) the optimum fiber coating that could extract all the investigated analytes with acceptable sensitivity and (2) the best chromatographic conditions providing an acceptable resolution of all the investigated markers in a reasonable time for high-throughput analyses. In our study, two fiber coatings were tested: the PDMS\/DVB and the DVB\/CAR\/PDMS fibers. Fig. 1A and B show the profiles obtained with the two investigated coatings when sampling 10 mg of matrix with HSSPME at 90\u00b0C for 30 minutes of extraction. The chromatographic analyses were performed employing a conventional 30 m \u00d7 0.25 mm dc, 0.25 \u00b5m df MEGA-5 column. Irrespective of the fiber coating, the most abundant compounds amongst the recovered mono- and sesquiterpenes were \u03b2-myrcene (3), trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene (11), and selina-3,7(11)-diene (20), while only one cannabinoid\u2014CBD (29)\u2014was recovered. In agreement with the results of Ilias et al.[14], the PDMS\/DVB fiber proved to be more efficient for the recovery of CBD compared to the triphasic fiber which, however, extracted a quantitative richer mono- and sesquiterpene profile. The PDMS\/DVB fiber was chosen for the subsequent experiments because of its higher recovery of CBD while still providing an acceptable sensitivity for the investigated mono- and sesquiterpene metabolites.\nThe employed conventional MEGA-5 column proved to separate the main selected markers with an acceptable resolution. The possibility to improve the analysis speed and to decrease the use of gas with a greener analytical protocol was then investigated. The chromatographic analysis was sped up by translating the method to a 15 m \u00d7 0.18 mm dc, 0.18 \u00b5m df column using the method translation approach.[23][25][26] Fig. 1C reports the translated GC-MS profile of the investigated hemp inflorescences with the narrow-bore MEGA-5 column. The analysis time was reduced from 72.67 to 30.28 minutes, while maintaining the separation and the elution pattern of the investigated markers.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 1 HSSPME GC-MS profiles of the investigational hemp inflorescences obtained with different polymer coatings and chromatographic conditions. A) Polymer coating: CAR\/PDMS\/DVB; Column: conventional MEGA-5; GC-MS instrument: Agilent 6890 N GC coupled to a 5975 MSD. B) Polymer coating: PDMS\/DVB; Column: conventional MEGA-5; GC-MS instrument: Agilent 6890 N GC coupled to a 5975 MSD. C) Polymer coating: PDMS\/DVB; Column: narrow-bore MEGA-5; GC-MS instrument: Shimadzu QP2010-PLUS GC\u2013MS system. GC-MS Analysis conditions: see experimental section. HSSPME parameters: sampling temperature 90\u00b0C, extraction time 30 minutes.\r\n \r\nLegend: (1) \u03b1-Pinene, (2) \u03b2-Pinene, (3) \u03b2-Myrcene, (4) Limonene, (5) Linalool, (6) Fenchol, (7) cis-Pinene hydrate, (8) Borneol, (9) \u03b1-Terpineol, (10) \u03b1-Patchoulene, (11) trans-\u03b2-Caryophyllene, (12) trans-\u03b1-Bergamotene, (13) \u03b1-Humulene, (14) trans-\u03b2-Farnesene, (15) \u03b2-Selinene, (16) \u03b1-Selinene, (17) \u03b1-Farnesene, (18-19) Sesquiterpenes (MW 204), (20) Selina-3,7(11)-diene, (21) trans-Nerolidol, (22) Caryophyllene oxide, (23) Guaiol, (24) 10-epi-\u03b3-Eudesmol, (25) \u03b2-Eudesmol, (26) \u03b1-Eudesmol, (27) Bulnesol, (28) \u03b1-Bisabolol, (29) Cannabidiol.\n\n\n\nVac-HSSPME and HSSPME \nDue to their relative high molecular weights and boiling points (e.g., CBD 428.52\u00b0C, 760 mmHg[27]) cannabinoids have a low tendency to escape to headspace and require high sampling temperatures to be recovered by HSSPME.[14] However, in view of a reliable and comprehensive HSSPME method suitable for the simultaneous qualitative characterization of both the terpenoid and the cannabinoid fractions of Cannabis inflorescences, high sampling temperatures are not advisable for two reasons. First, they may decrease the distribution coefficient between the fiber and the headspace (i.e., Kfs) of the most volatile components, reducing their recovery.[28] In addition, a high sampling temperature, especially when combined with relatively long extraction times, may induce decomposition of some compounds and\/or creation of other components or artifacts.[29] According to the theory, a reduced pressure inside the headspace sample container increases the compounds' molecular diffusion coefficient in air and favors their vapor flux at the solid surface. As a result, reducing the total headspace pressure is an alternative and complementary strategy, compared to the adoption of high sampling temperatures, to speed up the extraction kinetic of semi-volatile compounds.[30]\nIn this study we compared the performances of Vac-HSSPME to those of HSSPME under different sampling temperatures (i.e., 150\u00b0C, 90\u00b0C, and 80\u00b0C) and extraction times (i.e., 5, 15, 30 minutes), and we explored whether Vac-HSSPME could be a more suitable sample preparation technique for the simultaneous characterization of both the terpenoid and cannabinoid profiles of Cannabis inflorescences. For the following discussion, CBD will be considered as representative of the plant cannabinoids, while \u03b2-myrcene and trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene will be considered representative of the mono- and sesquiterpene markers, respectively.\nTables 1, 2, and 3 report (1) the average peak area and % RSD (n = 3) of all the investigated compounds when testing 10 mg of matrix under the different experimental conditions, and (2) the relative analyte abundance (RAA) defined as the ratio between the average peak area obtained under vacuum to that measured at atmospheric pressure conditions at 150\u00b0C, 90\u00b0C and 80\u00b0C, respectively. \n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1 Mean peak area, %RSD (n=3) and Relative Analyte Abundance (RAA) of investigated markers sampled by HSSPME and Vac-HSSPME at 150\u00b0C. RAA defines the ratio between Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME area. Legend: red triangle RAA < 0.8; yellow line 0.8 < RAA < 1.2; green triangle RAA > 1.2\n\n\n\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 2 Mean peak area, %RSD (n=3) and Relative Analyte Abundance (RAA) of investigated markers sampled by HSSPME and Vac-HSSPME at 90\u00b0C. RAA defines the ratio between Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME area. Legend: red triangle RAA < 0.8; yellow line 0.8 < RAA < 1.2; green triangle RAA > 1.2\n\n\n\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 3 Mean peak area, %RSD (n=3) and Relative Analyte Abundance (RAA) of investigated markers sampled by HSSPME and Vac-HSSPME at 80\u00b0C. RAA defines the ratio between Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME area. Legend: red triangle RAA < 0.8; yellow line 0.8 < RAA < 1.2; green triangle RAA > 1.2.\n\n\n\nFig. 2 shows the extraction temperature profiles of \u03b2-myrcene, trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene, and CBD acquired when sampling 10 mg of the matrix for 5 minutes at the different investigated temperatures. Finally, Fig. 3 provides the extraction times profiles for CBD for each sampling temperature (i.e., 150, 90, and 80\u00b0C). In all the cases, the results of both reduced and atmospheric pressure conditions are reported.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 2 Extraction temperature profiles of CBD, \u03b2-myrcene, and trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene obtained under (A) HSSPME and (B) reduced pressure (Vac-HSSPME) conditions. Experimental parameters: PDMS\/DVB fiber; 10 mg of sample; 5 minutes of extraction time.\n\n\n\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 3 Extraction time profiles for CBD obtained under reduced (Vac-HSSPME; green profile) and regular (HSSPME; blue profile) conditions. Experimental parameters: PDMS\/DVB fiber; 10 mg of sample; extraction times 5, 15, 30 minutes; Sampling temperature: (A) 150\u00b0C; (B) 90\u00b0C; (C) 80\u00b0C.\n\n\n\nIn good agreement with the outcomes of Ilias et al.[14], sampling under extremely high temperatures (i.e., 150\u00b0C) maximized the recovery of CBD even within a short sampling time (i.e., 5 minutes) and under both pressure conditions as stands out in Fig. 2. In addition to CBD, two other less abundant cannabinoids were recovered. One of them is CBC, whose identity was confirmed by comparing its retention time and mass spectrum to those of a certified standard, while the other one is supposed to be \u03949-THC, as its mass spectrum matches National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and WILEY MS data, as well as its linear retention index.[24] Figs. S1, S2 and S4 in the Supplementary materials report the mass spectra of the detected cannabinoids.\nThe positive effect of vacuum on the recovery of CBD was more important after 5 minutes of sampling (i.e., CBD RAA equal to 3) compared to 15 and 30 minutes (i.e., CBD RAA equal to 1.6), suggesting that equilibrium was being approached after 15 minutes of extraction. In contrast, irrespective of the pressure conditions, sampling at 150\u00b0C significantly discriminated against the recovery of the more volatile markers (i.e., mono- and sesquiterpenes). This trend was probably due to the combination of two phenomena: (1) a decrease of the distribution coefficient between the fiber and the headspace (i.e., Kfs)[28], and (2) an intensification of competitive adsorption and displacement of low molecular weight analytes given the extremely high amount of extracted CBD.[31] Therefore, 150\u00b0C as sampling temperature proved to be inappropriate for the simultaneous characterization of the terpene and cannabinoid profiles.\nThe recovery of CBD was significantly reduced when sampling at relatively lower temperature (i.e., 80 and 90\u00b0C) compared to 150\u00b0C. Despite this, very promising results were obtained at 90\u00b0C, especially when sampling under reduced pressure conditions. What is striking, as seen in Fig. 3 above, is the steep rise in the extraction kinetic of CBD obtained when sampling at reduced pressure conditions. At 90\u00b0C, irrespective of the sampling time, the amount of CBD extracted with vacuum was at least 60 times greater than that recovered under regular conditions, and in just 5 minutes, vacuum ensured the extraction of a sufficient amount of CBD to meet the instrument sensitivity and to provide a good picture of CBD abundance in the inflorescences. As regards the more volatile markers (i.e., \u03b2-myrcene and trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene), at 90\u00b0C their recovery was on average 10 times higher than that obtained at 150\u00b0C irrespective of the pressure conditions. As evidenced by the RAA values reported in Table 2 and in Fig. 5 (below), with 5 minutes of sampling, lowering the total pressure in the headspace did not improve the extraction of the monoterpene markers (RAA close to one), while on average it doubled the recovery of sesquiterpenes, as was expected by their lower volatilities. With longer sampling times (i.e., 15 and 30 minutes) the RAA significantly dropped for both mono- and sesquiterpenes, indicating decreased mass loadings under vacuum conditions.\nThe results obtained when sampling at 80\u00b0C were very similar to those observed at 90\u00b0C. Under regular conditions, the amount of CBD extracted after 5 minutes was below the instrument limit of detection (signal to noise ratio below three), while when sampling with vacuum the amount of CBD recovered was far above the instrument limit of quantification (signal to noise ratio close to 1000). When sampling at 80\u00b0C, the amount of CBD extracted after 5 minutes of sampling was four times lower than that recovered at 90\u00b0C, and the repeatability of the extraction of the minor cannabinoids dropped down to RSD values higher than 40%, while there were no significant differences in the recovery of the most volatile markers, irrespective of the extraction times. These results suggest that under vacuum conditions, 90\u00b0C is a more suitable extraction temperature compared to 80\u00b0C for the simultaneous optimal recovery of both the volatile (i.e., mono- and sesquiterpenes) and semi-volatile markers (i.e., cannabinoids) of Cannabis inflorescences.\n\nThermal stability of CBD under the investigated sampling conditions \nIn light of the results obtained by Cz\u00e9g\u00e9ny et al.[15], the thermal stability of CBD at 150\u00b0C and 90\u00b0C was studied. First, to ensure that no CDB degradation occurs within the analytical instrument, one \u00b5L of a CBD standard solution 1 mg mL\u22121 was directly injected and analyzed by GC-MS. Fig. 4A reports the obtained chromatogram, which proved a standard purity in-line with that declared by the manufacturer and excluded the possibility of CBD degradation within the gas chromatograph.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 4 GC-MS profiles of CBD standard solution obtained with MEGA-5 narrow-bore column under the following conditions: A injection of 1 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL\u22121; B 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL\u22121 recovered by Vac-HSSPME after 5 minutes at 150\u00b0C; C 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL\u22121 recovered by HSSPME after 5 minutes at 150\u00b0C; D 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL\u22121 recovered after 5 minutes by Vac-HSSPME at 90\u00b0C; E 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL\u22121 recovered by HSSPME after 5 minutes at 90\u00b0C. GC-MS Analysis conditions: see experimental section. Legend: (1) Cannabidiol, (2) Cannabichromene, (3) Cannabinoid 1 (supposed \u03948-tetrahydrocannabinol), (4) Cannabinoid 2 (supposed \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol).\n\n\n\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 5 HSSPME GC-MS profiles obtained when sampling 10 mg of matrix at 90\u00b0C for 5 minutes under reduced (Vac-HSSPME) pressure A and atmospheric (HSSPME) pressure B conditions. Legend: (1) \u03b1-Pinene, (2) \u03b2-Pinene, (3) \u03b2-Myrcene, (4) Limonene, (5) Linalool, (6) Fenchol, (7) cis-Pinene hydrate, (8) Borneol, (9) \u03b1-Terpineol, (10) \u03b2-Patchoulene, (11) trans-\u03b2-Caryophyllene, (12) trans-\u03b1-Bergamotene, (13) \u03b1-Humulene, (14) trans-\u03b2-Farnesene (15) \u03b2-Selinene, 16) \u03b1-Selinene17) \u03b1-Farnesene, (18-19) Sesquiterpenes (MW 204), 20) Selina-3,7(11)-diene, (21) trans-Nerolidol, (22) Caryophyllene oxide (23) Guaiol, (24) 10-epi-\u03b3-Eudesmol, (25) \u03b2-Eudesmol, (26) \u03b1-Eudesmol, (27) Bulnesol, (28) \u03b1-Bisabolol, (29) Cannabidiol, (30) Cannabichromene, (31) Cannabinoid 2 (Supposed \u03949-THC).\n\n\n\n10 \u00b5L of the same 1.0 mg mL\u22121 CBD standard solution were then sampled by HSSPME, under both pressure conditions for 5 minutes at 150 and 90\u00b0C. Three replicates for each sampling temperature were performed. The chromatograms reported in Fig. 4B and C demonstrate that after 5 minutes of extraction at 150\u00b0C, under both pressure conditions, CBD undergoes degradation, forming three cannabinoids. The first one is CBC, whose identity was again confirmed by comparing its retention time and mass spectrum to those of a certified standard. The other two cannabinoids are supposed to be \u03949-THC and \u03948-THC as their mass spectra matched NIST and WILEY MS data, and so did their linear retention index.[24] The relative amount of CBD undergoing degradation was measured according to the following formula:\n\n\n \n \n \n %\n \n  \n  \n \n o\n f\n \n  \n  \n \n d\n e\n g\n r\n a\n d\n e\n d\n \n  \n  \n \n C\n B\n D\n =\n (\n \n \n \n T\n o\n t\n a\n l\n \n  \n  \n \n a\n r\n e\n a\n −\n A\n r\n e\n a\n \n  \n  \n \n C\n B\n D\n \n \n T\n o\n t\n a\n l\n \n  \n  \n \n a\n r\n e\n a\n \n \n \n )\n ×\n  \n 100\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\%{~~}of{~~}degraded{~~}CBD=({\\frac {Total{~~}area-Area{~~}CBD}{Total{~~}area}})\\times \\ 100}\n \n \nwhere the total area is the sum of the areas of all the detected cannabinoids. The results proved that the percentage of the degraded CBD was not constant amongst the replicates and accounted for 19.5 \u00b1 17.1% and 38.7 \u00b1 17.4% under vacuum and regular conditions, respectively. Cannabinoid 2 (i.e., supposed \u03949-THC) was the most abundant degradation products with a relative abundance of 14.6 \u00b1 12.6% and 20.9 \u00b1 15%, under vacuum and regular conditions, respectively. The same degradation trend is not observed by direct injection into the gas chromatograph, even though the CBD is exposed to even higher temperature (i.e., injection port temperature 250\u00b0C), probably because the exposure time is too short to cause the degradation.\nFig. 4D and E report the chromatograms obtained when sampling 10 \u00b5L of the same 1.0 mg mL\u22121 CBD standard solution at 90\u00b0C. The results show that, at the investigated temperature, no degradation products were generally detected irrespective of the pressure conditions. Cannabinoid 2 (i.e., supposed \u03949-THC) was detected only in one replicate under vacuum condition, but its relative abundance was in any case below 0.6%. These results provide further evidence that relative low sampling temperatures (i.e., 90\u00b0C) should be preferred for a more reliable characterization of Cannabis inflorescences' volatile and semi-volatile fractions.\n\nConcluding remarks \nThe primary aim of this study was to investigate whether Vac-HSSPME could be a suitable sample preparation technique to be combined to fast GC-MS analysis for the simultaneous characterisation of both the volatile (i.e., mono- and sesquiterpenes) and semi-volatile (i.e., cannabinoids) fractions of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences. The results proved that compared to standard HSSPME, vacuum conditions in the headspace ensure the fast recovery of cannabinoid markers at considerably lower sampling temperature (i.e., 90\u00b0C) that do not discriminate the most volatile fraction nor cause the formation of artifacts when the sampling time is minimized. The possibility of accelerating the subsequent GC-MS analysis, by the use of a short narrow-bore column, was also assessed, and a satisfactory resolution of all the investigated markers was obtained in less than 30 minutes. Overall, since it is fast, totally automatable, and solvent-free, the combination of Vac-HSSPME and fast GC-MS should be considered as a green alternative analytical approach for the characterization of Cannabis inflorescences.\nDespite these very promising results, further experiments are still required to concretize the use of Vac-HSSPME and fast GC-MS analysis for the reliable qualitative and quantitative characterization of Cannabis samples. These experiments should aim to (1) validate a protocol, based on Vac-HSSPME and fast GC-MS analysis, to quantify specific cannabinoid markers (i.e., CBD and \u03949-THC), and (2) prove that the quantification results, obtained at relatively low temperatures, describe the absolute total amount of the investigated cannabinoids (i.e., the sum of the acidic and neutral form in the inflorescence) rather than the only neutral form.\n\nSupplementary materials \nSupplementary Material: A Microsoft Word document containing tables and figures of supplementary data related to this work.\n Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms \n\u03949-THC: \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol\n\u03949-THCA: \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid\nCBC: cannabichromene\nCBCA: cannabichromenic acid\nCBD: cannabidiol\nCBDA: cannabidiolic acid\nCBEA: cannabielsoic acid\nCBG: cannabigerol\nCBGA: cannabigerolic acid\nCBN: cannabinol\nCBNA: cannabinolic acid\nCBNDA: cannabinodiolic acid\nGC: gas chromatography\nGC-FID-MS: gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detector\u2013mass spectrometry\nGC-MS: Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry\nHPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography\nHSSPME: headspace solid-phase microextraction\nSLE: solid-liquid extraction\nSPME: solid-phase microextraction\nVac-HSSPME: vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction\nAcknowledgements \nThe authors are indebted to Professor Eleftheria Psillakis, who provided helpful consultancy and advice. This article is based upon work from the Sample Preparation Study Group and Network, supported by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the European Chemical Society.\n\nFunding \nThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\n\nCompeting interests \nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Pellati, Federica; Brighenti, Virginia; Sperlea, Johanna; Marchetti, Lucia; Bertelli, Davide; Benvenuti, Stefania (14 October 2018). \"New Methods for the Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp)\" (in en). Molecules 23 (10): 2639. doi:10.3390\/molecules23102639. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC PMC6222702. PMID 30322208. http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/10\/2639 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Appendino, G.; Chianese, G.; Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (1 March 2011). \"Cannabinoids: Occurrence and Medicinal Chemistry\" (in en). 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Analytica Chimica Acta 890: 108\u2013116. doi:10.1016\/j.aca.2015.05.047. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267015007989 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Trujillo-Rodr\u00edguez, Mar\u00eda J.; Pino, Ver\u00f3nica; Psillakis, Elefteria; Anderson, Jared L.; Ayala, Juan H.; Yiantzi, Evangelia; Afonso, Ana M. (1 April 2017). \"Vacuum-assisted headspace-solid phase microextraction for determining volatile free fatty acids and phenols. Investigations on the effect of pressure on competitive adsorption phenomena in a multicomponent system\" (in en). Analytica Chimica Acta 962: 41\u201351. doi:10.1016\/j.aca.2017.01.056. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267017301472 .   \n \n\n\nNotes \nThis presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. Nothing else was changed in accordance with the NoDerivatives portion of the license.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction<\/a>\nCategories: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parametersCannaQAwiki journal articles (added in 2022)CannaQAwiki journal articles (all)CannaQAwiki journal articles on cannabis cannabinoidsCannaQAwiki journal articles on cannabis terpenesCannaQAwiki journal articles on cannabis testingNavigation menuPage actionsJournalDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsJournalDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 November 2022, at 19:08.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","8fcc37ecaee0ffffeab91dd890c58ce7_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-170 ns-subject page-Journal_A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction rootpage-Journal_A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Journal:A sustainable approach for the reliable and simultaneous determination of terpenoids and cannabinoids in hemp inflorescences by vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abstract\">Abstract<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_sativa\" title=\"Cannabis sativa\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e003358742012354d1ff6002bc5781de\">Cannabis sativa<\/a><\/i> L. is an intriguing plant that has been exploited since ancient times for recreational, medical, textile and food purposes. The plant's most promising bioactive constituents discovered so far belong to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Terpenoid\" title=\"Terpenoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ec93231d19f81064deeb38b392a0dadc\">terpenoid<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinoid\" title=\"Cannabinoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c224c3041748677fcdce5b5209900b7b\">cannabinoid<\/a> classes. These specialized metabolites are highly concentrated in the plant aerial parts, and their chemical characterization is crucial to guarantee the safe and efficient use of the plant material irrespective of which use it is. \n<\/p><p>This study investigates for the first time the use of vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HSSPME) as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Sample_(material)\" title=\"Sample (material)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2d7596b7c3616db8f56af698be478d3d\">sample<\/a> preparation process in an analytical protocol based on Vac-HSSPME combined to fast <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"afbcab5867e499fab32b49e2b77c9e32\">gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry<\/a> (GC-MS) analysis that aims at comprehensively characterizing both the terpenoid and cannabinoid profiles of <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">Cannabis<\/a><\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inflorescence\" title=\"Inflorescence\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d8122354225ee6a932a086ca8a1b999f\">inflorescences<\/a> in a single step. The results proved that vacuum in the headspace should be preferred over atmospheric pressure conditions as it ensures the fast recovery of cannabinoid markers at relatively lower sampling temperatures (i.e., 90\u00b0C) that do not discriminate the most volatile fraction nor cause the formation of artifacts when the sampling time is minimized.\n<\/p><p><b>Keywords<\/b>: <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> inflorescences, vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction, volatilome, terpenoids, cannabinoids\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_sativa\" title=\"Cannabis sativa\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e003358742012354d1ff6002bc5781de\">Cannabis sativa<\/a><\/i> L. currently can be considered one of the most studied plants due to its relevance in the illicit drug market and in the textile and food industry<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>, as well as its potential medical usage. Whether the plant is intended for recreational purposes, fiber production (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c23e30b6cf1df54f1dc338492c9f9da2\">hemp<\/a>), or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_(drug)\" title=\"Cannabis (drug)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6500790ffdd84957d4b055c47e48efca\">medical use<\/a> depends on the content of two major <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinoid\" title=\"Cannabinoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c224c3041748677fcdce5b5209900b7b\">cannabinoids<\/a> in the aerial parts of the plant: the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Psychoactive_drug\" title=\"Psychoactive drug\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"abba12c7100bf1c8457208da20b4234b\">psychoactive<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinol\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"15f3b3e338baeb54c04c715818759ec9\">(-)-<i>trans<\/i>-\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol<\/a> (\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiol\" title=\"Cannabidiol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bbfcdd40d5eda5d20d1d5ab368c922a0\">cannabidiol<\/a> (CBD), the latter displaying several biological activities but not the psychotropic one.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> The illicit drug chemotype, also known as type I, contains an excess of \u03949-THC and a limited amount of CBD. Contrary to that is the cannabis chemotype used in manufacturing (i.e., industrial hemp or type III), where the ratio is reversed and \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC content cannot exceed 0.2%. Finally, the type II chemotype, which is used for medical purposes, is defined as having high mean contents of both CBD and \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC (i.e., Bedrocan: 22% THC, <1% CBD; Bediol: 6.5% THC, 8% CBD).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:0_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Other than \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC and CBD, the plant may synthesize several specialised metabolites, including additional phytocannabinoids and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Terpene\" title=\"Terpene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6bcbb95d582c08073101e9c4cfc91931\">terpenes<\/a>, amongst others<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>, which are both produced by stalked glandular <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Trichome\" title=\"Trichome\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"40afd6e0542ec77b9084ef6d7bdb72bb\">trichomes<\/a> that are highly concentrated on female <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inflorescence\" title=\"Inflorescence\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d8122354225ee6a932a086ca8a1b999f\">inflorescences<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Phytocannabinoids are C21 compounds known as terpenophenolic compounds. They are produced by the plant in their acidic form, which under heating or during storage is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Decarboxylation\" title=\"Decarboxylation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d193a62772bddc5385f7d9c5e8543446\">decarboxylated<\/a> into the active neutral form.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:2_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> At least 104 cannabinoids have been isolated so far.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Aside from \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC, CBD, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabichromene\" title=\"Cannabichromene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1fa141abe89973bfa85a54e2632edf31\">cannabichromene<\/a> (CBC), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabigerol\" title=\"Cannabigerol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6fc007b4c33a4c59a485b2c621035714\">cannabigerol<\/a> (CBG), other predominant secondary metabolites are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinolic_acid\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a047dcf0f7a85c57e1d2d308b56e5e4a\">\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid<\/a> (\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THCA), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiolic_acid\" title=\"Cannabidiolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"772927eeed478eff799c410179be18a1\">cannabidiolic acid<\/a> (CBDA), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabichromenic_acid\" title=\"Cannabichromenic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e8e68540671d5adcbb1b2dac8d088b69\">cannabichromenic acid<\/a> (CBCA), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabigerolic_acid\" title=\"Cannabigerolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d0a5399af99137ebf5aa893d34531e49\">cannabigerolic acid<\/a> (CBGA), which are the precursors of the formerly mentioned compounds. Other minor cannabinoids include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinol\" title=\"Cannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"651d2d238facf7e91a42dc755b1cdb88\">cannabinolic acid<\/a> (CBNA) and \u0394<sup>8<\/sup>THCA, which are artifacts of \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>THCA, as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabielsoin\" title=\"Cannabielsoin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8f2f8e9e23fa1aa65a8ff6284e125cbe\">cannabielsoic acid<\/a> (CBEA) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinodiol\" title=\"Cannabinodiol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e86c5f014184014573c1ed6706158f05\">cannabinodiolic acid<\/a> (CBNDA), which derive from CBDA.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Terpene\" title=\"Terpene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6bcbb95d582c08073101e9c4cfc91931\">Terpenes<\/a> are <i>cannabis<\/i>'s most abundant specialized metabolites, including at least 120 identified terpenoids.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Literature data suggest that varying pharmaceutical properties between different <i>Cannabis<\/i> varieties can be attributed to synergistic interactions, known as the \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Entourage_effect\" title=\"Entourage effect\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"055e82f0e8d889abcab91887eaa36be5\">entourage effect<\/a>,\" between cannabinoids and terpenes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:4_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> A comprehensive qualitative characterization of both the cannabinoid and terpene profiles of the plant raw material is therefore of utmost importance not only to define its rational use (i.e., whether the plant under investigation was cultivated for fiber production, medical, or drug purposes) but also to guarantee the efficacy and safety of its potential pharmaceutical application.\n<\/p><p>The most employed method of extraction of cannabinoids from plant raw material is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extraction_(chemistry)\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Extraction (chemistry)\" data-key=\"e26d5543f243085c2906ef51ce60adcf\">solid-liquid extraction<\/a> (SLE) using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Ethanol\" title=\"Ethanol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e0bdbbae89fcedde33e133fdfd2a2994\">ethanol<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Acetone\" title=\"Acetone\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"89e520a43bf29eb1413f5e60c5ff30bc\">acetone<\/a> as extracting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Solvent\" title=\"Solvent\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"978fd0f359891b1cb3927105fa01e23f\">solvents<\/a> due to their affinity and consequent high extracting efficiency for cannabinoids.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=High-performance_liquid_chromatography\" title=\"High-performance liquid chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4c5d83ffa9785383c3eb0be7ea78dd2b\">High-performance liquid chromatography<\/a> (HPLC) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Gas_chromatography\" title=\"Gas chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5094f035cb8bead5003deb9181e398b8\">gas chromatography<\/a> coupled to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"18314b70982e52d5a81db4a757d6461f\">mass spectrometry<\/a> (GC-MS) are the analytical techniques of choice for many qualitative and quantitative analyses.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> HPLC is usually employed when the acid and the neutral form of the investigated cannabinoids must be measured separately, while GC analyses enable the characterization of the total cannabinoid content (e.g. the combined amount of THC and THCA), as GC systems, by definition, work with high temperatures that lead unavoidably to the decarboxylation of cannabinoid acids.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:5_11-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> The total cannabinoid content is usually measured as it best represents the pharmacological activity of the material, unless differently stated by legislation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Thanks to their volatile nature, the isolation of terpenes\u2014and in particular of mono- and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Sesquiterpene\" title=\"Sesquiterpene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"653e75732a5ec40d82c735b97412707f\">sesquiterpenes<\/a>\u2014from plant raw material is straightforward, and their profiling can be performed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Headspace_technology\" title=\"Headspace technology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8bab1c6b137be55b2ecafb14aed5094a\">headspace<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Solid-phase_microextraction\" title=\"Solid-phase microextraction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c0044f33396758ceb031c7c223ff6ddd\">solid-phase microextraction<\/a> (HSSPME) online combined to GC-MS analysis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:1_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The recovery of cannabinoids from solid matrices by HSSPME is also feasible but requires long sampling times in combination to high sampling temperatures due to their low volatility and low tendency to escape to the headspace. In 2004, Lachenmeier <i>et al.<\/i> optimized a successful HSSPME method followed by on-coating derivatization of the cannabinoids with <i>N<\/i>-methyl-<i>N<\/i>-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) for the extraction of cannabinoids from hemp food products using 90\u00b0C as sampling temperature and 30 minutes of extraction time<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>, while in 2005, Ilias <i>et al.<\/i> showed that cannabinoid extraction should be performed at 150\u00b0C to maximize their recovery in short sampling times (e.g., five minutes).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> However, in more recent work, Cz\u00e9g\u00e9ny <i>et al.<\/i> investigated the effect of temperature on the composition of pyrolysis products of CBD in e-cigarettes. They tested different operating temperatures (250\u2013400\u00b0C), and they proved that, depending on the temperature and atmosphere (i.e., inert of oxidative condition), 25\u201352% of CBD can be converted into other cannabinoids, amongst which \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC, \u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC, cannabinol (CBN), and CBC are the predominant <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pyrolysis\" title=\"Pyrolysis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"24071e1c15d545fa2aac5c9b325153f4\">pyrolysates<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> Even though when performing HSSPME it is usually unlikely to reach such extreme temperatures, the results of Cz\u00e9g\u00e9ny <i>et al.<\/i> suggest that (1) reduced sampling temperature should be preferred to obtain a truthful cannabinoid fingerprint profile in the plant raw material, and (2) CBD potential degradation should be investigated during the optimization of the sampling temperature.\n<\/p><p>As thoroughly described by Psillakis <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>, vacuum is a powerful experimental parameter to consider for increasing the extraction kinetic of semi-volatile compounds during the HSSPME process. This is because in the case of semi-volatiles and under non-equilibrium conditions, a reduced pressure inside the sample container decreases the resistance to mass transfer in the gas zone at the solid-headspace interface. As a consequence, higher extraction efficiencies for semi-volatile compounds can be achieved in shorter sampling times, and potentially at milder extraction temperatures.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>This study investigates the advantages and disadvantages of using vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HSSPME) over HSSPME as a sample preparation process to be exploited in analytical protocols, aiming to comprehensively characterize both the terpene and cannabinoid profiles of <i>Cannabis<\/i> inflorescences in a single step while employing a total analysis system.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Materials_and_methods\">Materials and methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Chemicals_and_samples\">Chemicals and samples<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>CBD and CBC standard solutions 1.0 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Methanol\" title=\"Methanol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e0e6fe7bacded0b162958a69f290a7bd\">methanol<\/a> were purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Dried <i>Cannabis<\/i> inflorescences of type III chemotype were purchased from an authorized local hemp shop. The dried plant material was pulverized by an electric blender and stored at -18\u00b0C.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Procedures_under_reduced_(Vac-HSSPME)_and_atmospheric_pressure_conditions_(HSSPME)\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Procedures_under_reduced_.28Vac-HSSPME.29_and_atmospheric_pressure_conditions_.28HSSPME.29\">Procedures under reduced (Vac-HSSPME) and atmospheric pressure conditions (HSSPME)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Divinylbenzene\/carboxen\/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB\/CAR\/PDMS) 50\/30 \u03bcm (2 cm length) and over coated PDMS\/DVB 75 \u03bcm (coating thickness includes 65 \u03bcm coating\u202f+\u202f10 \u03bcm OC [overcoating]) fibers were employed for the experiments. The fibers were purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and conditioned following the manufacturer's instructions.\n<\/p><p>HSSPME experiments were performed using conventional headspace 20 mL crimp vials provided by Restek, Bellefonte, USA, as well as a 20 mm magnetic ring crimp cap, fitted with 20.6 mm septa (Buty red\/PTFE grey, 55 shore A, 1.3 mm).\n<\/p><p>Vac-HSSPME experiments were performed in the same commercial headspace 20 mL crimp vials but hermetically sealed with a stainless steel closure (provided by Prof. Elefteria Psillakis) having a hole that could tightly accommodate a Thermogreen LB-1 septum with half-hole (Supelco, Bellefonte, USA), through which the air evacuation step and the SPME sampling were performed.\n<\/p><p>For the inflorescences, 10 mg of the pulverized sample were placed inside the vial, which was again stored at \u221218\u00b0C for one hour and then air-evacuated.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:8_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> The air-evacuation step was performed with a 22-gauge hypodermic needle sealed to a 5 mL syringe tightly secured to the tubing of a N 820.3 FT.18 (7 mbar ultimate vacuum) pumping unit manufactured by KNF Lab (Milan, Italy). The needle was inserted through the septum, and the vial was air-evacuated for one minute. The procedure was the same for HSSPME, while omitting the air evacuation step.\n<\/p><p>For CBD standard sampling, 10 \u00b5L of the 1.0 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> solution were introduced through the closure septum after the air-evacuation step. For HSSPME experiments, the liquid sample was introduced into the vial by the open-vial technique.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>After sampling, the fiber was withdrawn and the SPME device moved to the GC-MS system for analysis. GC desorption lasted 10 minutes to minimize carry-over.\n<\/p><p>Ten milligrams of pulverized plant material were sampled at three different extraction temperatures (i.e., 80, 90 and 150\u00b0C) under both Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME experiments. Sampling-time profiles were obtained for all the above mentioned conditions by sampling for 5, 15, and 30 minutes. 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1.0 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> were sampled at 90 and 150\u00b0C for 5 minutes, under both pressure conditions. All extractions were run in triplicate.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instrument_set-up\">Instrument set-up<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"GC-MS_systems_and_columns\">GC-MS systems and columns<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Analyses were carried out on two different instruments: (1) a MPS-2 multipurpose sampler (Gerstel, M\u00fclheim a\/d Ruhr, Germany) installed on a Shimadzu gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detector\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-FID-MS) system, consisting of a Shimadzu GC 2010 system, equipped with FID, in parallel with a Shimadzu QP2010-PLUS GC\u2013MS mass spectrometer (Shimadzu, Milan, Italy); (2) a MPS-2 multipurpose sampler (Gerstel, M\u00fclheim a\/d Ruhr, Germany) installed on an Agilent 6890 N GC system coupled to a 5975 MSD mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA).\n<\/p><p>GC analyses were carried out using two MEGA-5 95% methyl-polysiloxane 5%-phenyl (MEGA, Legnano, MI, Italy) columns: a conventional 30 m \u00d7 0.25 mm <i>d<sub>c<\/sub><\/i>, 0.25 \u00b5m <i>d<sub>f<\/sub><\/i> column installed on the Agilent 6890 N GC - 5975 MSD, and a narrow-bore 15 m \u00d7 0.18 mm <i>d<sub>c<\/sub><\/i>, 0.18 \u00b5m <i>d<sub>f<\/sub><\/i> column installed on the Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010.\n<\/p><p>Data was processed with the ChemStation Version E.02.02.1431 data processing system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA).\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"GC-MS_conditions\">GC-MS conditions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Analyses were carried out under the following conditions. Temperatures: injector: 250 \u00b0C, transfer line: 270 \u00b0C, ion source: 200 \u00b0C; carrier gas: He; flow control mode: constant linear velocity; flow rate: 1.00 mL min<sup>\u22121<\/sup> (conventional column), 0.72 mL min<sup>\u22121<\/sup> (narrow bore column); injection mode: split; split ratio: 1:20. \n<\/p><p>The MS was operated in electron ionization mode (EI) at 70 eV, scan rate: 666 u\/s, mass range: 35\u2013350 m\/z. Temperature programs: (i) 50\u00b0C (one minute)\/\/ 3\u00b0C\/min\/\/250\u00b0C (five minutes) for conventional MEGA-%; (ii) 50\u00b0C (30 seconds) \/\/7.2\u00b0C\/min\/\/ 250\u00b0C (two minutes) for the narrow-bore column. The chromatographic conditions for the narrow-bore columns were obtained by translating the method parameters through the Agilent method translator software.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:9_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> Identification was performed via comparisons of linear retention indices and mass spectra either with those of authentic standards, or with data stored in commercial<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> and in-house libraries.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Results_and_discussion\">Results and discussion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Table S1 in the Supplementary materials provides the list of the target compounds together with their physicochemical properties (i.e., LogKow, boiling point, and vapor pressure). The mono- and sesquiterpene markers to be investigated were chosen according to the results of Jin <i>et al.<\/i>, who comprehensively profiled reference specialized metabolites in <i>Cannabis<\/i> inflorescences, leaves, stem barks, and roots for the three <i>Cannabis<\/i> chemotypes (i.e., Type I, II and III).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:3_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Preliminary_optimization_of_the_fiber_coating_and_chromatographic_conditions\">Preliminary optimization of the fiber coating and chromatographic conditions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The first set of experiments aimed at selecting (1) the optimum fiber coating that could extract all the investigated analytes with acceptable sensitivity and (2) the best chromatographic conditions providing an acceptable resolution of all the investigated markers in a reasonable time for high-throughput analyses. In our study, two fiber coatings were tested: the PDMS\/DVB and the DVB\/CAR\/PDMS fibers. Fig. 1A and B show the profiles obtained with the two investigated coatings when sampling 10 mg of matrix with HSSPME at 90\u00b0C for 30 minutes of extraction. The chromatographic analyses were performed employing a conventional 30 m \u00d7 0.25 mm <i>d<sub>c<\/sub><\/i>, 0.25 \u00b5m <i>d<sub>f<\/sub><\/i> MEGA-5 column. Irrespective of the fiber coating, the most abundant compounds amongst the recovered mono- and sesquiterpenes were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Myrcene\" title=\"Myrcene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"41d45def1bca53b072962a823709a0ad\">\u03b2-myrcene<\/a> (3), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Caryophyllene\" title=\"Caryophyllene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2b57176900e3cbad5be1ea724ba37cfd\">trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene<\/a> (11), and selina-3,7(11)-diene (20), while only one cannabinoid\u2014CBD (29)\u2014was recovered. In agreement with the results of Ilias <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>, the PDMS\/DVB fiber proved to be more efficient for the recovery of CBD compared to the triphasic fiber which, however, extracted a quantitative richer mono- and sesquiterpene profile. The PDMS\/DVB fiber was chosen for the subsequent experiments because of its higher recovery of CBD while still providing an acceptable sensitivity for the investigated mono- and sesquiterpene metabolites.\n<\/p><p>The employed conventional MEGA-5 column proved to separate the main selected markers with an acceptable resolution. The possibility to improve the analysis speed and to decrease the use of gas with a greener analytical protocol was then investigated. The chromatographic analysis was sped up by translating the method to a 15 m \u00d7 0.18 mm <i>d<sub>c<\/sub><\/i>, 0.18 \u00b5m <i>d<sub>f<\/sub><\/i> column using the method translation approach.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:9_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> Fig. 1C reports the translated GC-MS profile of the investigated hemp inflorescences with the narrow-bore MEGA-5 column. The analysis time was reduced from 72.67 to 30.28 minutes, while maintaining the separation and the elution pattern of the investigated markers.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig1_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"49db4483709d7ccb225975b682807c7e\"><img alt=\"Fig1 Capetti AdvSampPrep2022 2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/0\/02\/Fig1_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 1<\/b> HSSPME GC-MS profiles of the investigational hemp inflorescences obtained with different polymer coatings and chromatographic conditions. <b>A)<\/b> Polymer coating: CAR\/PDMS\/DVB; Column: conventional MEGA-5; GC-MS instrument: Agilent 6890 N GC coupled to a 5975 MSD. <b>B)<\/b> Polymer coating: PDMS\/DVB; Column: conventional MEGA-5; GC-MS instrument: Agilent 6890 N GC coupled to a 5975 MSD. <b>C)<\/b> Polymer coating: PDMS\/DVB; Column: narrow-bore MEGA-5; GC-MS instrument: Shimadzu QP2010-PLUS GC\u2013MS system. GC-MS Analysis conditions: see experimental section. HSSPME parameters: sampling temperature 90\u00b0C, extraction time 30 minutes.<br \/> <br \/>Legend: (1) \u03b1-Pinene, (2) \u03b2-Pinene, (3) \u03b2-Myrcene, (4) Limonene, (5) Linalool, (6) Fenchol, (7) cis-Pinene hydrate, (8) Borneol, (9) \u03b1-Terpineol, (10) \u03b1-Patchoulene, (11) trans-\u03b2-Caryophyllene, (12) trans-\u03b1-Bergamotene, (13) \u03b1-Humulene, (14) trans-\u03b2-Farnesene, (15) \u03b2-Selinene, (16) \u03b1-Selinene, (17) \u03b1-Farnesene, (18-19) Sesquiterpenes (MW 204), (20) Selina-3,7(11)-diene, (21) trans-Nerolidol, (22) Caryophyllene oxide, (23) Guaiol, (24) 10-epi-\u03b3-Eudesmol, (25) \u03b2-Eudesmol, (26) \u03b1-Eudesmol, (27) Bulnesol, (28) \u03b1-Bisabolol, (29) Cannabidiol.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Vac-HSSPME_and_HSSPME\">Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Due to their relative high molecular weights and boiling points (e.g., CBD 428.52\u00b0C, 760 mmHg<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>) cannabinoids have a low tendency to escape to headspace and require high sampling temperatures to be recovered by HSSPME.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> However, in view of a reliable and comprehensive HSSPME method suitable for the simultaneous qualitative characterization of both the terpenoid and the cannabinoid fractions of <i>Cannabis<\/i> inflorescences, high sampling temperatures are not advisable for two reasons. First, they may decrease the distribution coefficient between the fiber and the headspace (i.e., K<sub>fs<\/sub>) of the most volatile components, reducing their recovery.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, a high sampling temperature, especially when combined with relatively long extraction times, may induce decomposition of some compounds and\/or creation of other components or artifacts.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> According to the theory, a reduced pressure inside the headspace sample container increases the compounds' molecular diffusion coefficient in air and favors their vapor flux at the solid surface. As a result, reducing the total headspace pressure is an alternative and complementary strategy, compared to the adoption of high sampling temperatures, to speed up the extraction kinetic of semi-volatile compounds.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In this study we compared the performances of Vac-HSSPME to those of HSSPME under different sampling temperatures (i.e., 150\u00b0C, 90\u00b0C, and 80\u00b0C) and extraction times (i.e., 5, 15, 30 minutes), and we explored whether Vac-HSSPME could be a more suitable sample preparation technique for the simultaneous characterization of both the terpenoid and cannabinoid profiles of <i>Cannabis<\/i> inflorescences. For the following discussion, CBD will be considered as representative of the plant cannabinoids, while \u03b2-myrcene and trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene will be considered representative of the mono- and sesquiterpene markers, respectively.\n<\/p><p>Tables 1, 2, and 3 report (1) the average peak area and % RSD (<i>n<\/i> = 3) of all the investigated compounds when testing 10 mg of matrix under the different experimental conditions, and (2) the relative analyte abundance (RAA) defined as the ratio between the average peak area obtained under vacuum to that measured at atmospheric pressure conditions at 150\u00b0C, 90\u00b0C and 80\u00b0C, respectively. \n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Tab1_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"eeb69ae22b35e100ee7a5be77b35a569\"><img alt=\"Tab1 Capetti AdvSampPrep2022 2.png\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/0\/05\/Tab1_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Table 1<\/b> Mean peak area, %RSD (<i>n<\/i>=3) and Relative Analyte Abundance (RAA) of investigated markers sampled by HSSPME and Vac-HSSPME at 150\u00b0C. RAA defines the ratio between Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME area. Legend: red triangle RAA < 0.8; yellow line 0.8 < RAA < 1.2; green triangle RAA > 1.2<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Tab2_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"aa3258df04c1a6db420c8461759004fb\"><img alt=\"Tab2 Capetti AdvSampPrep2022 2.png\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/0\/0f\/Tab2_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Table 2<\/b> Mean peak area, %RSD (<i>n<\/i>=3) and Relative Analyte Abundance (RAA) of investigated markers sampled by HSSPME and Vac-HSSPME at 90\u00b0C. RAA defines the ratio between Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME area. Legend: red triangle RAA < 0.8; yellow line 0.8 < RAA < 1.2; green triangle RAA > 1.2<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Tab3_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"eda283dc9c9fc19df582c37e721d3f52\"><img alt=\"Tab3 Capetti AdvSampPrep2022 2.png\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/4\/4b\/Tab3_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Table 3<\/b> Mean peak area, %RSD (<i>n<\/i>=3) and Relative Analyte Abundance (RAA) of investigated markers sampled by HSSPME and Vac-HSSPME at 80\u00b0C. RAA defines the ratio between Vac-HSSPME and HSSPME area. Legend: red triangle RAA < 0.8; yellow line 0.8 < RAA < 1.2; green triangle RAA > 1.2.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Fig. 2 shows the extraction temperature profiles of \u03b2-myrcene, trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene, and CBD acquired when sampling 10 mg of the matrix for 5 minutes at the different investigated temperatures. Finally, Fig. 3 provides the extraction times profiles for CBD for each sampling temperature (i.e., 150, 90, and 80\u00b0C). In all the cases, the results of both reduced and atmospheric pressure conditions are reported.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig2_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"a3e18e74855fa60bfaad5c7f8a7217de\"><img alt=\"Fig2 Capetti AdvSampPrep2022 2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/4\/47\/Fig2_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 2<\/b> Extraction temperature profiles of CBD, \u03b2-myrcene, and trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene obtained under <b>(A)<\/b> HSSPME and <b>(B)<\/b> reduced pressure (Vac-HSSPME) conditions. Experimental parameters: PDMS\/DVB fiber; 10 mg of sample; 5 minutes of extraction time.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig3_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"4b7b628a3709e0c9f2eb2ee22192333a\"><img alt=\"Fig3 Capetti AdvSampPrep2022 2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/f\/f9\/Fig3_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 3<\/b> Extraction time profiles for CBD obtained under reduced (Vac-HSSPME; green profile) and regular (HSSPME; blue profile) conditions. Experimental parameters: PDMS\/DVB fiber; 10 mg of sample; extraction times 5, 15, 30 minutes; Sampling temperature: (A) 150\u00b0C; (B) 90\u00b0C; (C) 80\u00b0C.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>In good agreement with the outcomes of Ilias <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:6_14-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>, sampling under extremely high temperatures (i.e., 150\u00b0C) maximized the recovery of CBD even within a short sampling time (i.e., 5 minutes) and under both pressure conditions as stands out in Fig. 2. In addition to CBD, two other less abundant cannabinoids were recovered. One of them is CBC, whose identity was confirmed by comparing its retention time and mass spectrum to those of a certified standard, while the other one is supposed to be \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC, as its mass spectrum matches National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and WILEY MS data, as well as its linear retention index.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> Figs. S1, S2 and S4 in the Supplementary materials report the mass spectra of the detected cannabinoids.\n<\/p><p>The positive effect of vacuum on the recovery of CBD was more important after 5 minutes of sampling (i.e., CBD RAA equal to 3) compared to 15 and 30 minutes (i.e., CBD RAA equal to 1.6), suggesting that equilibrium was being approached after 15 minutes of extraction. In contrast, irrespective of the pressure conditions, sampling at 150\u00b0C significantly discriminated against the recovery of the more volatile markers (i.e., mono- and sesquiterpenes). This trend was probably due to the combination of two phenomena: (1) a decrease of the distribution coefficient between the fiber and the headspace (i.e., K<sub>fs<\/sub>)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:11_28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>, and (2) an intensification of competitive adsorption and displacement of low molecular weight analytes given the extremely high amount of extracted CBD.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, 150\u00b0C as sampling temperature proved to be inappropriate for the simultaneous characterization of the terpene and cannabinoid profiles.\n<\/p><p>The recovery of CBD was significantly reduced when sampling at relatively lower temperature (i.e., 80 and 90\u00b0C) compared to 150\u00b0C. Despite this, very promising results were obtained at 90\u00b0C, especially when sampling under reduced pressure conditions. What is striking, as seen in Fig. 3 above, is the steep rise in the extraction kinetic of CBD obtained when sampling at reduced pressure conditions. At 90\u00b0C, irrespective of the sampling time, the amount of CBD extracted with vacuum was at least 60 times greater than that recovered under regular conditions, and in just 5 minutes, vacuum ensured the extraction of a sufficient amount of CBD to meet the instrument sensitivity and to provide a good picture of CBD abundance in the inflorescences. As regards the more volatile markers (i.e., \u03b2-myrcene and trans-\u03b2-caryophyllene), at 90\u00b0C their recovery was on average 10 times higher than that obtained at 150\u00b0C irrespective of the pressure conditions. As evidenced by the RAA values reported in Table 2 and in Fig. 5 (below), with 5 minutes of sampling, lowering the total pressure in the headspace did not improve the extraction of the monoterpene markers (RAA close to one), while on average it doubled the recovery of sesquiterpenes, as was expected by their lower volatilities. With longer sampling times (i.e., 15 and 30 minutes) the RAA significantly dropped for both mono- and sesquiterpenes, indicating decreased mass loadings under vacuum conditions.\n<\/p><p>The results obtained when sampling at 80\u00b0C were very similar to those observed at 90\u00b0C. Under regular conditions, the amount of CBD extracted after 5 minutes was below the instrument limit of detection (signal to noise ratio below three), while when sampling with vacuum the amount of CBD recovered was far above the instrument limit of quantification (signal to noise ratio close to 1000). When sampling at 80\u00b0C, the amount of CBD extracted after 5 minutes of sampling was four times lower than that recovered at 90\u00b0C, and the repeatability of the extraction of the minor cannabinoids dropped down to RSD values higher than 40%, while there were no significant differences in the recovery of the most volatile markers, irrespective of the extraction times. These results suggest that under vacuum conditions, 90\u00b0C is a more suitable extraction temperature compared to 80\u00b0C for the simultaneous optimal recovery of both the volatile (i.e., mono- and sesquiterpenes) and semi-volatile markers (i.e., cannabinoids) of <i>Cannabis<\/i> inflorescences.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Thermal_stability_of_CBD_under_the_investigated_sampling_conditions\">Thermal stability of CBD under the investigated sampling conditions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In light of the results obtained by Cz\u00e9g\u00e9ny <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:7_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>, the thermal stability of CBD at 150\u00b0C and 90\u00b0C was studied. First, to ensure that no CDB degradation occurs within the analytical instrument, one \u00b5L of a CBD standard solution 1 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> was directly injected and analyzed by GC-MS. Fig. 4A reports the obtained chromatogram, which proved a standard purity in-line with that declared by the manufacturer and excluded the possibility of CBD degradation within the gas chromatograph.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig4_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"bd3df31c853fd48630ff7dc7e5915214\"><img alt=\"Fig4 Capetti AdvSampPrep2022 2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/0\/02\/Fig4_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 4<\/b> GC-MS profiles of CBD standard solution obtained with MEGA-5 narrow-bore column under the following conditions: <b>A<\/b> injection of 1 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup>; <b>B<\/b> 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> recovered by Vac-HSSPME after 5 minutes at 150\u00b0C; <b>C<\/b> 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> recovered by HSSPME after 5 minutes at 150\u00b0C; <b>D<\/b> 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> recovered after 5 minutes by Vac-HSSPME at 90\u00b0C; <b>E<\/b> 10 \u00b5L of CBD standard solution 1 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> recovered by HSSPME after 5 minutes at 90\u00b0C. GC-MS Analysis conditions: see experimental section. Legend: (1) Cannabidiol, (2) Cannabichromene, (3) Cannabinoid 1 (supposed \u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol), (4) Cannabinoid 2 (supposed \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Fig5_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"6ab26e1eea64a757f90ea44171585f68\"><img alt=\"Fig5 Capetti AdvSampPrep2022 2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/6\/66\/Fig5_Capetti_AdvSampPrep2022_2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Fig. 5<\/b> HSSPME GC-MS profiles obtained when sampling 10 mg of matrix at 90\u00b0C for 5 minutes under reduced (Vac-HSSPME) pressure <b>A<\/b> and atmospheric (HSSPME) pressure <b>B<\/b> conditions. Legend: (1) \u03b1-Pinene, (2) \u03b2-Pinene, (3) \u03b2-Myrcene, (4) Limonene, (5) Linalool, (6) Fenchol, (7) cis-Pinene hydrate, (8) Borneol, (9) \u03b1-Terpineol, (10) \u03b2-Patchoulene, (11) trans-\u03b2-Caryophyllene, (12) trans-\u03b1-Bergamotene, (13) \u03b1-Humulene, (14) trans-\u03b2-Farnesene (15) \u03b2-Selinene, 16) \u03b1-Selinene17) \u03b1-Farnesene, (18-19) Sesquiterpenes (MW 204), 20) Selina-3,7(11)-diene, (21) trans-Nerolidol, (22) Caryophyllene oxide (23) Guaiol, (24) 10-epi-\u03b3-Eudesmol, (25) \u03b2-Eudesmol, (26) \u03b1-Eudesmol, (27) Bulnesol, (28) \u03b1-Bisabolol, (29) Cannabidiol, (30) Cannabichromene, (31) Cannabinoid 2 (Supposed \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>10 \u00b5L of the same 1.0 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> CBD standard solution were then sampled by HSSPME, under both pressure conditions for 5 minutes at 150 and 90\u00b0C. Three replicates for each sampling temperature were performed. The chromatograms reported in Fig. 4B and C demonstrate that after 5 minutes of extraction at 150\u00b0C, under both pressure conditions, CBD undergoes degradation, forming three cannabinoids. The first one is CBC, whose identity was again confirmed by comparing its retention time and mass spectrum to those of a certified standard. The other two cannabinoids are supposed to be \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC and \u0394<sup>8<\/sup>-THC as their mass spectra matched NIST and WILEY MS data, and so did their linear retention index.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-:10_24-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> The relative amount of CBD undergoing degradation was measured according to the following formula:\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span><img src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/536416d4396fe43fd2f7c93bb52832d335e468a3\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:60.983ex; height:5.509ex;\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle \\%{~~}of{~~}degraded{~~}CBD=({\\frac {Total{~~}area-Area{~~}CBD}{Total{~~}area}})\\times \\ 100}\"\/><\/span><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p>where the total area is the sum of the areas of all the detected cannabinoids. The results proved that the percentage of the degraded CBD was not constant amongst the replicates and accounted for 19.5 \u00b1 17.1% and 38.7 \u00b1 17.4% under vacuum and regular conditions, respectively. Cannabinoid 2 (i.e., supposed \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC) was the most abundant degradation products with a relative abundance of 14.6 \u00b1 12.6% and 20.9 \u00b1 15%, under vacuum and regular conditions, respectively. The same degradation trend is not observed by direct injection into the gas chromatograph, even though the CBD is exposed to even higher temperature (i.e., injection port temperature 250\u00b0C), probably because the exposure time is too short to cause the degradation.\n<\/p><p>Fig. 4D and E report the chromatograms obtained when sampling 10 \u00b5L of the same 1.0 mg mL<sup>\u22121<\/sup> CBD standard solution at 90\u00b0C. The results show that, at the investigated temperature, no degradation products were generally detected irrespective of the pressure conditions. Cannabinoid 2 (i.e., supposed \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC) was detected only in one replicate under vacuum condition, but its relative abundance was in any case below 0.6%. These results provide further evidence that relative low sampling temperatures (i.e., 90\u00b0C) should be preferred for a more reliable characterization of <i>Cannabis<\/i> inflorescences' volatile and semi-volatile fractions.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Concluding_remarks\">Concluding remarks<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether Vac-HSSPME could be a suitable sample preparation technique to be combined to fast GC-MS analysis for the simultaneous characterisation of both the volatile (i.e., mono- and sesquiterpenes) and semi-volatile (i.e., cannabinoids) fractions of <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L. inflorescences. The results proved that compared to standard HSSPME, vacuum conditions in the headspace ensure the fast recovery of cannabinoid markers at considerably lower sampling temperature (i.e., 90\u00b0C) that do not discriminate the most volatile fraction nor cause the formation of artifacts when the sampling time is minimized. The possibility of accelerating the subsequent GC-MS analysis, by the use of a short narrow-bore column, was also assessed, and a satisfactory resolution of all the investigated markers was obtained in less than 30 minutes. Overall, since it is fast, totally automatable, and solvent-free, the combination of Vac-HSSPME and fast GC-MS should be considered as a green alternative analytical approach for the characterization of <i>Cannabis<\/i> inflorescences.\n<\/p><p>Despite these very promising results, further experiments are still required to concretize the use of Vac-HSSPME and fast GC-MS analysis for the reliable qualitative and quantitative characterization of <i>Cannabis<\/i> samples. These experiments should aim to (1) validate a protocol, based on Vac-HSSPME and fast GC-MS analysis, to quantify specific cannabinoid markers (i.e., CBD and \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC), and (2) prove that the quantification results, obtained at relatively low temperatures, describe the absolute total amount of the investigated cannabinoids (i.e., the sum of the acidic and neutral form in the inflorescence) rather than the only neutral form.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Supplementary_materials\">Supplementary materials<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S2772582022000110-mmc1.docx\" target=\"_blank\">Supplementary Material<\/a>: A Microsoft Word document containing tables and figures of supplementary data related to this work.<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"rdp-ebb-Abbreviations,_acronyms,_and_initialisms\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Abbreviations.2C_acronyms.2C_and_initialisms\">Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><b>\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THC<\/b>: \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-THCA<\/b>: \u0394<sup>9<\/sup>-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid<\/li>\n<li><b>CBC<\/b>: cannabichromene<\/li>\n<li><b>CBCA<\/b>: cannabichromenic acid<\/li>\n<li><b>CBD<\/b>: cannabidiol<\/li>\n<li><b>CBDA<\/b>: cannabidiolic acid<\/li>\n<li><b>CBEA<\/b>: cannabielsoic acid<\/li>\n<li><b>CBG<\/b>: cannabigerol<\/li>\n<li><b>CBGA<\/b>: cannabigerolic acid<\/li>\n<li><b>CBN<\/b>: cannabinol<\/li>\n<li><b>CBNA<\/b>: cannabinolic acid<\/li>\n<li><b>CBNDA<\/b>: cannabinodiolic acid<\/li>\n<li><b>GC<\/b>: gas chromatography<\/li>\n<li><b>GC-FID-MS<\/b>: gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detector\u2013mass spectrometry<\/li>\n<li><b>GC-MS<\/b>: Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry<\/li>\n<li><b>HPLC<\/b>: high-performance liquid chromatography<\/li>\n<li><b>HSSPME<\/b>: headspace solid-phase microextraction<\/li>\n<li><b>SLE<\/b>: solid-liquid extraction<\/li>\n<li><b>SPME<\/b>: solid-phase microextraction<\/li>\n<li><b>Vac-HSSPME<\/b>: vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The authors are indebted to Professor Eleftheria Psillakis, who provided helpful consultancy and advice. This article is based upon work from the Sample Preparation Study Group and Network, supported by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the European Chemical Society.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Funding\">Funding<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Competing_interests\">Competing interests<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pellati, Federica; Brighenti, Virginia; Sperlea, Johanna; Marchetti, Lucia; Bertelli, Davide; Benvenuti, Stefania (14 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/10\/2639\" target=\"_blank\">\"New Methods for the Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Cannabis sativa L. 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(1 March 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/openurl\/content.php?genre=article&issn=0929-8673&volume=18&issue=7&spage=1085\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabinoids: Occurrence and Medicinal Chemistry\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Current Medicinal Chemistry<\/i> <b>18<\/b> (7): 1085\u20131099. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2174%2F092986711794940888\" target=\"_blank\">10.2174\/092986711794940888<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/openurl\/content.php?genre=article&issn=0929-8673&volume=18&issue=7&spage=1085\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/openurl\/content.php?genre=article&issn=0929-8673&volume=18&issue=7&spage=1085<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabinoids%3A+Occurrence+and+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.jtitle=Current+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Appendino&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Appendino%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.au=Chianese%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.au=Taglialatela-Scafati%2C%26%2332%3BO.&rft.date=1+March+2011&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1085%E2%80%931099&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2174%2F092986711794940888&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekaselect.com%2Fopenurl%2Fcontent.php%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26issn%3D0929-8673%26volume%3D18%26issue%3D7%26spage%3D1085&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jin, Dan; Henry, Philippe; Shan, Jacqueline; Chen, Jie (1 July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.699530\/full\" target=\"_blank\">\"Identification of Chemotypic Markers in Three Chemotype Categories of Cannabis Using Secondary Metabolites Profiled in Inflorescences, Leaves, Stem Bark, and Roots\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science<\/i> <b>12<\/b>: 699530. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2021.699530\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fpls.2021.699530<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1664-462X\" target=\"_blank\">1664-462X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC8283674\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8283674<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34276749\" target=\"_blank\">34276749<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.699530\/full\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.699530\/full<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Chemotypic+Markers+in+Three+Chemotype+Categories+of+Cannabis+Using+Secondary+Metabolites+Profiled+in+Inflorescences%2C+Leaves%2C+Stem+Bark%2C+and+Roots&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Jin%2C%26%2332%3BDan&rft.au=Henry%2C%26%2332%3BPhilippe&rft.au=Shan%2C%26%2332%3BJacqueline&rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BJie&rft.date=1+July+2021&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=699530&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2021.699530&rft.issn=1664-462X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8283674&rft_id=info:pmid\/34276749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticles%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2021.699530%2Ffull&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2810\/930744\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Cannabis legislation in Europe: An overview<\/i><\/a>. LU: Publications Office. pp. 1\u201330. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2810%2F930744\" target=\"_blank\">10.2810\/930744<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2810\/930744\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2810\/930744<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cannabis+legislation+in+Europe%3A+An+overview&rft.aulast=European+Monitoring+Centre+for+Drugs+and+Drug+Addiction&rft.au=European+Monitoring+Centre+for+Drugs+and+Drug+Addiction&rft.date=2018&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%9330&rft.place=LU&rft.pub=Publications+Office&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2810%2F930744&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.europa.eu%2Fdoi%2F10.2810%2F930744&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_5-0\">5.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_5-1\">5.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Calvi, Lorenzo; Pentimalli, Daniela; Panseri, Sara; Giupponi, Luca; Gelmini, Fabrizio; Beretta, Giangiacomo; Vitali, Davide; Bruno, Massimo <i>et al.<\/i> (1 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708517325086\" target=\"_blank\">\"Comprehensive quality evaluation of medical Cannabis sativa L. inflorescence and macerated oils based on HS-SPME coupled to GC\u2013MS and LC-HRMS (q-exactive orbitrap\u00ae) approach\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis<\/i> <b>150<\/b>: 208\u2013219. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jpba.2017.11.073\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.11.073<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708517325086\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708517325086<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+quality+evaluation+of+medical+Cannabis+sativa+L.+inflorescence+and+macerated+oils+based+on+HS-SPME+coupled+to+GC%E2%80%93MS+and+LC-HRMS+%28q-exactive+orbitrap%C2%AE%29+approach&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+and+Biomedical+Analysis&rft.aulast=Calvi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft.au=Calvi%2C%26%2332%3BLorenzo&rft.au=Pentimalli%2C%26%2332%3BDaniela&rft.au=Panseri%2C%26%2332%3BSara&rft.au=Giupponi%2C%26%2332%3BLuca&rft.au=Gelmini%2C%26%2332%3BFabrizio&rft.au=Beretta%2C%26%2332%3BGiangiacomo&rft.au=Vitali%2C%26%2332%3BDavide&rft.au=Bruno%2C%26%2332%3BMassimo&rft.au=Zilio%2C%26%2332%3BEmanuela&rft.date=1+February+2018&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=208%E2%80%93219&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jpba.2017.11.073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0731708517325086&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Andre, Christelle M.; Hausman, Jean-Francois; Guerriero, Gea (4 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science<\/i> <b>7<\/b>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00019\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1664-462X\" target=\"_blank\">1664-462X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4740396<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26870049\" target=\"_blank\">26870049<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019\/abstract<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+sativa%3A+The+Plant+of+the+Thousand+and+One+Molecules&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.aulast=Andre&rft.aufirst=Christelle+M.&rft.au=Andre%2C%26%2332%3BChristelle+M.&rft.au=Hausman%2C%26%2332%3BJean-Francois&rft.au=Guerriero%2C%26%2332%3BGea&rft.date=4+February+2016&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00019&rft.issn=1664-462X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4740396&rft_id=info:pmid\/26870049&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.frontiersin.org%2FArticle%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00019%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Russo, Ethan B (1 August 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x\" target=\"_blank\">\"Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects: Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects\"<\/a> (in en). <i>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/i> <b>163<\/b> (7): 1344\u20131364. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2011.01238.x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3165946\" target=\"_blank\">PMC3165946<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21749363\" target=\"_blank\">21749363<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taming+THC%3A+potential+cannabis+synergy+and+phytocannabinoid-terpenoid+entourage+effects%3A+Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid+entourage+effects&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Ethan+B&rft.au=Russo%2C%26%2332%3BEthan+B&rft.date=1+August+2011&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1344%E2%80%931364&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2011.01238.x&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC3165946&rft_id=info:pmid\/21749363&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2011.01238.x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-2\">8.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jin, Dan; Dai, Kaiping; Xie, Zhen; Chen, Jie (1 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-60172-6\" target=\"_blank\">\"Secondary Metabolites Profiled in Cannabis Inflorescences, Leaves, Stem Barks, and Roots for Medicinal Purposes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> <b>10<\/b> (1): 3309. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-60172-6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41598-020-60172-6<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2045-2322\" target=\"_blank\">2045-2322<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC7039888\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7039888<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32094454\" target=\"_blank\">32094454<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-60172-6\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-60172-6<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Secondary+Metabolites+Profiled+in+Cannabis+Inflorescences%2C+Leaves%2C+Stem+Barks%2C+and+Roots+for+Medicinal+Purposes&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Jin%2C%26%2332%3BDan&rft.au=Dai%2C%26%2332%3BKaiping&rft.au=Xie%2C%26%2332%3BZhen&rft.au=Chen%2C%26%2332%3BJie&rft.date=1+December+2020&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3309&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-60172-6&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7039888&rft_id=info:pmid\/32094454&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-020-60172-6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_9-0\">9.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_9-1\">9.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pavlovic, Radmila; Panseri, Sara; Giupponi, Luca; Leoni, Valeria; Citti, Cinzia; Cattaneo, Chiara; Cavaletto, Maria; Giorgi, Annamaria (15 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpls.2019.01265\/full\" target=\"_blank\">\"Phytochemical and Ecological Analysis of Two Varieties of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Grown in a Mountain Environment of Italian Alps\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science<\/i> <b>10<\/b>: 1265. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2019.01265\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fpls.2019.01265<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1664-462X\" target=\"_blank\">1664-462X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6822994\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6822994<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31708938\" target=\"_blank\">31708938<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpls.2019.01265\/full\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpls.2019.01265\/full<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phytochemical+and+Ecological+Analysis+of+Two+Varieties+of+Hemp+%28Cannabis+sativa+L.%29+Grown+in+a+Mountain+Environment+of+Italian+Alps&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.aulast=Pavlovic&rft.aufirst=Radmila&rft.au=Pavlovic%2C%26%2332%3BRadmila&rft.au=Panseri%2C%26%2332%3BSara&rft.au=Giupponi%2C%26%2332%3BLuca&rft.au=Leoni%2C%26%2332%3BValeria&rft.au=Citti%2C%26%2332%3BCinzia&rft.au=Cattaneo%2C%26%2332%3BChiara&rft.au=Cavaletto%2C%26%2332%3BMaria&rft.au=Giorgi%2C%26%2332%3BAnnamaria&rft.date=15+October+2019&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=1265&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2019.01265&rft.issn=1664-462X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6822994&rft_id=info:pmid\/31708938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticle%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2019.01265%2Ffull&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mastellone, Giulia; Marengo, Arianna; Sgorbini, Barbara; Scaglia, Federica; Capetti, Francesca; Gai, Francesco; Peiretti, Pier Giorgio; Rubiolo, Patrizia <i>et al.<\/i> (3 February 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/3\/419\" target=\"_blank\">\"Characterization and Biological Activity of Fiber-Type Cannabis sativa L. Aerial Parts at Different Growth Stages\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Plants<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (3): 419. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fplants11030419\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/plants11030419<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2223-7747\" target=\"_blank\">2223-7747<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC8838183\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8838183<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35161400\" target=\"_blank\">35161400<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/3\/419\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/3\/419<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Characterization+and+Biological+Activity+of+Fiber-Type+Cannabis+sativa+L.+Aerial+Parts+at+Different+Growth+Stages&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.aulast=Mastellone&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft.au=Mastellone%2C%26%2332%3BGiulia&rft.au=Marengo%2C%26%2332%3BArianna&rft.au=Sgorbini%2C%26%2332%3BBarbara&rft.au=Scaglia%2C%26%2332%3BFederica&rft.au=Capetti%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesca&rft.au=Gai%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesco&rft.au=Peiretti%2C%26%2332%3BPier+Giorgio&rft.au=Rubiolo%2C%26%2332%3BPatrizia&rft.au=Cagliero%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&rft.date=3+February+2022&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=419&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fplants11030419&rft.issn=2223-7747&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8838183&rft_id=info:pmid\/35161400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2223-7747%2F11%2F3%2F419&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_11-0\">11.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_11-1\">11.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_11-2\">11.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Citti, Cinzia; Braghiroli, Daniela; Vandelli, Maria Angela; Cannazza, Giuseppe (1 January 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708517311895\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis of cannabinoids: A critical review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis<\/i> <b>147<\/b>: 565\u2013579. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jpba.2017.06.003\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.06.003<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708517311895\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708517311895<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pharmaceutical+and+biomedical+analysis+of+cannabinoids%3A+A+critical+review&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+and+Biomedical+Analysis&rft.aulast=Citti&rft.aufirst=Cinzia&rft.au=Citti%2C%26%2332%3BCinzia&rft.au=Braghiroli%2C%26%2332%3BDaniela&rft.au=Vandelli%2C%26%2332%3BMaria+Angela&rft.au=Cannazza%2C%26%2332%3BGiuseppe&rft.date=1+January+2018&rft.volume=147&rft.pages=565%E2%80%93579&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.jpba.2017.06.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0731708517311895&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\"> (in en) <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un-ilibrary.org\/content\/books\/9789210555890\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products<\/i><\/a>. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 6 March 2013. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18356%2F1e8e4f16-en\" target=\"_blank\">10.18356\/1e8e4f16-en<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-92-1-055589-0<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un-ilibrary.org\/content\/books\/9789210555890\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.un-ilibrary.org\/content\/books\/9789210555890<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recommended+Methods+for+the+Identification+and+Analysis+of+Cannabis+and+Cannabis+Products&rft.date=6+March+2013&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft_id=info:doi\/10.18356%2F1e8e4f16-en&rft.isbn=978-92-1-055589-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un-ilibrary.org%2Fcontent%2Fbooks%2F9789210555890&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Kroener, Lars; Musshoff, Frank; Madea, Burkhard (1 January 2004). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-003-2268-4\" target=\"_blank\">\"Determination of cannabinoids in hemp food products by use of headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography?mass spectrometry\"<\/a>. <i>Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry<\/i> <b>378<\/b> (1): 183\u2013189. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00216-003-2268-4\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s00216-003-2268-4<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1618-2642\" target=\"_blank\">1618-2642<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-003-2268-4\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-003-2268-4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Determination+of+cannabinoids+in+hemp+food+products+by+use+of+headspace+solid-phase+microextraction+and+gas+chromatography%3Fmass+spectrometry&rft.jtitle=Analytical+and+Bioanalytical+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Lachenmeier&rft.aufirst=Dirk+W.&rft.au=Lachenmeier%2C%26%2332%3BDirk+W.&rft.au=Kroener%2C%26%2332%3BLars&rft.au=Musshoff%2C%26%2332%3BFrank&rft.au=Madea%2C%26%2332%3BBurkhard&rft.date=1+January+2004&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=183%E2%80%93189&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs00216-003-2268-4&rft.issn=1618-2642&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00216-003-2268-4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_14-2\">14.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_14-3\">14.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ilias, Yara; Rudaz, Serge; Mathieu, Patrick; Christen, Philippe; Veuthey, Jean-Luc (1 November 2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.200500130\" target=\"_blank\">\"Extraction and analysis of differentCannabis samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Separation Science<\/i> <b>28<\/b> (17): 2293\u20132300. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fjssc.200500130\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/jssc.200500130<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1615-9306\" target=\"_blank\">1615-9306<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.200500130\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.200500130<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Extraction+and+analysis+of+differentCannabis+samples+by+headspace+solid-phase+microextraction+combined+with+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Separation+Science&rft.aulast=Ilias&rft.aufirst=Yara&rft.au=Ilias%2C%26%2332%3BYara&rft.au=Rudaz%2C%26%2332%3BSerge&rft.au=Mathieu%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick&rft.au=Christen%2C%26%2332%3BPhilippe&rft.au=Veuthey%2C%26%2332%3BJean-Luc&rft.date=1+November+2005&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2293%E2%80%932300&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fjssc.200500130&rft.issn=1615-9306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjssc.200500130&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:7-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_15-0\">15.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_15-1\">15.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cz\u00e9g\u00e9ny, Zsuzsanna; Nagy, Gr\u00e9ta; Babinszki, Bence; Bajtel, \u00c1kos; Sebesty\u00e9n, Zolt\u00e1n; Kiss, Tivadar; Csupor-L\u00f6ffler, Bogl\u00e1rka; T\u00f3th, Barbara <i>et al.<\/i> (1 December 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-88389-z\" target=\"_blank\">\"CBD, a precursor of THC in e-cigarettes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (1): 8951. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-88389-z\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41598-021-88389-z<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2045-2322\" target=\"_blank\">2045-2322<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC8076212\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8076212<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33903673\" target=\"_blank\">33903673<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-88389-z\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-88389-z<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CBD%2C+a+precursor+of+THC+in+e-cigarettes&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Cz%C3%A9g%C3%A9ny&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rft.au=Cz%C3%A9g%C3%A9ny%2C%26%2332%3BZsuzsanna&rft.au=Nagy%2C%26%2332%3BGr%C3%A9ta&rft.au=Babinszki%2C%26%2332%3BBence&rft.au=Bajtel%2C%26%2332%3B%C3%81kos&rft.au=Sebesty%C3%A9n%2C%26%2332%3BZolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kiss%2C%26%2332%3BTivadar&rft.au=Csupor-L%C3%B6ffler%2C%26%2332%3BBogl%C3%A1rka&rft.au=T%C3%B3th%2C%26%2332%3BBarbara&rft.au=Csupor%2C%26%2332%3BDezs%C5%91&rft.date=1+December+2021&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8951&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-88389-z&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8076212&rft_id=info:pmid\/33903673&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-021-88389-z&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Psillakis, Elefteria (1 September 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267017307390\" target=\"_blank\">\"Vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction: A tutorial review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Analytica Chimica Acta<\/i> <b>986<\/b>: 12\u201324. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2017.06.033\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.aca.2017.06.033<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267017307390\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267017307390<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vacuum-assisted+headspace+solid-phase+microextraction%3A+A+tutorial+review&rft.jtitle=Analytica+Chimica+Acta&rft.aulast=Psillakis&rft.aufirst=Elefteria&rft.au=Psillakis%2C%26%2332%3BElefteria&rft.date=1+September+2017&rft.volume=986&rft.pages=12%E2%80%9324&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2017.06.033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0003267017307390&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Psillakis, Elefteria (1 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-020-02738-x\" target=\"_blank\">\"The effect of vacuum: an emerging experimental parameter to consider during headspace microextraction sampling\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry<\/i> <b>412<\/b> (24): 5989\u20135997. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00216-020-02738-x\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s00216-020-02738-x<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1618-2642\" target=\"_blank\">1618-2642<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-020-02738-x\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-020-02738-x<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+vacuum%3A+an+emerging+experimental+parameter+to+consider+during+headspace+microextraction+sampling&rft.jtitle=Analytical+and+Bioanalytical+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Psillakis&rft.aufirst=Elefteria&rft.au=Psillakis%2C%26%2332%3BElefteria&rft.date=1+September+2020&rft.volume=412&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=5989%E2%80%935997&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs00216-020-02738-x&rft.issn=1618-2642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00216-020-02738-x&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Psillakis, Elefteria; Mousouraki, Antonia; Yiantzi, Evangelia; Kalogerakis, Nicolas (1 June 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002196731200708X\" target=\"_blank\">\"Effect of Henry's law constant and operating parameters on vacuum-assisted headspace solid phase microextraction\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Chromatography A<\/i> <b>1244<\/b>: 55\u201360. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2012.05.006\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.05.006<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002196731200708X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002196731200708X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Henry%27s+law+constant+and+operating+parameters+on+vacuum-assisted+headspace+solid+phase+microextraction&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&rft.aulast=Psillakis&rft.aufirst=Elefteria&rft.au=Psillakis%2C%26%2332%3BElefteria&rft.au=Mousouraki%2C%26%2332%3BAntonia&rft.au=Yiantzi%2C%26%2332%3BEvangelia&rft.au=Kalogerakis%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.date=1+June+2012&rft.volume=1244&rft.pages=55%E2%80%9360&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2012.05.006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS002196731200708X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Psillakis, Elefteria; Yiantzi, Evangelia; Sanchez-Prado, Lucia; Kalogerakis, Nicolas (1 September 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267012001195\" target=\"_blank\">\"Vacuum-assisted headspace solid phase microextraction: Improved extraction of semivolatiles by non-equilibrium headspace sampling under reduced pressure conditions\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Analytica Chimica Acta<\/i> <b>742<\/b>: 30\u201336. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2012.01.019\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.aca.2012.01.019<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267012001195\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267012001195<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vacuum-assisted+headspace+solid+phase+microextraction%3A+Improved+extraction+of+semivolatiles+by+non-equilibrium+headspace+sampling+under+reduced+pressure+conditions&rft.jtitle=Analytica+Chimica+Acta&rft.aulast=Psillakis&rft.aufirst=Elefteria&rft.au=Psillakis%2C%26%2332%3BElefteria&rft.au=Yiantzi%2C%26%2332%3BEvangelia&rft.au=Sanchez-Prado%2C%26%2332%3BLucia&rft.au=Kalogerakis%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.date=1+September+2012&rft.volume=742&rft.pages=30%E2%80%9336&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2012.01.019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0003267012001195&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:8-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_20-0\">20.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_20-1\">20.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Capetti, Francesca; Rubiolo, Patrizia; Bicchi, Carlo; Marengo, Arianna; Sgorbini, Barbara; Cagliero, Cecilia (1 May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.202000084\" target=\"_blank\">\"Exploiting the versatility of vacuum\u2010assisted headspace solid\u2010phase microextraction in combination with the selectivity of ionic liquid\u2010based GC stationary phases to discriminate Boswellia spp. resins through their volatile and semivolatile fractions\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Separation Science<\/i> <b>43<\/b> (9-10): 1879\u20131889. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fjssc.202000084\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/jssc.202000084<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1615-9306\" target=\"_blank\">1615-9306<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.202000084\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.202000084<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exploiting+the+versatility+of+vacuum%E2%80%90assisted+headspace+solid%E2%80%90phase+microextraction+in+combination+with+the+selectivity+of+ionic+liquid%E2%80%90based+GC+stationary+phases+to+discriminate+Boswellia+spp.+resins+through+their+volatile+and+semivolatile+fractions&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Separation+Science&rft.aulast=Capetti&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft.au=Capetti%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesca&rft.au=Rubiolo%2C%26%2332%3BPatrizia&rft.au=Bicchi%2C%26%2332%3BCarlo&rft.au=Marengo%2C%26%2332%3BArianna&rft.au=Sgorbini%2C%26%2332%3BBarbara&rft.au=Cagliero%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&rft.date=1+May+2020&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=9-10&rft.pages=1879%E2%80%931889&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fjssc.202000084&rft.issn=1615-9306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjssc.202000084&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Pollo, Breno J.; Romero-Orej\u00f3n, Katherine L.; Marsaioli, Anita J.; Rosa, Paulo T.V.; Augusto, Fabio (1 February 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772582021000012\" target=\"_blank\">\"Vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry applied to source rock analysis\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Advances in Sample Preparation<\/i> <b>1<\/b>: 100001. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.sampre.2021.100001\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.sampre.2021.100001<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772582021000012\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772582021000012<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vacuum-assisted+headspace+solid-phase+microextraction+and+gas+chromatography+coupled+to+mass+spectrometry+applied+to+source+rock+analysis&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Sample+Preparation&rft.aulast=Pollo&rft.aufirst=Breno+J.&rft.au=Pollo%2C%26%2332%3BBreno+J.&rft.au=Romero-Orej%C3%B3n%2C%26%2332%3BKatherine+L.&rft.au=Marsaioli%2C%26%2332%3BAnita+J.&rft.au=Rosa%2C%26%2332%3BPaulo+T.V.&rft.au=Augusto%2C%26%2332%3BFabio&rft.date=1+February+2022&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=100001&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.sampre.2021.100001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2772582021000012&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Kolb, Bruno; Ettre, Leslie S. (2006). \"Chapter 3: The technique of head-space-gas chromatography\". <i>Static headspace-gas chromatography: theory and practice<\/i> (2nd ed ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. pp. 45\u2013116. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978-0-471-74944-8.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+technique+of+head-space-gas+chromatography&rft.atitle=Static+headspace-gas+chromatography%3A+theory+and+practice&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Kolb%2C%26%2332%3BBruno&rft.au=Ettre%2C%26%2332%3BLeslie+S.&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B45%E2%80%93116&rft.edition=2nd+ed&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=978-0-471-74944-8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:9-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_23-0\">23.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_23-1\">23.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/support\/gas-chromatography\/gccalculators\" target=\"_blank\">\"GC Calculators and Method Translation Software\"<\/a>. Agilent Technologies, Inc.<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/support\/gas-chromatography\/gccalculators\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/support\/gas-chromatography\/gccalculators<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 January 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=GC+Calculators+and+Method+Translation+Software&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Agilent+Technologies%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agilent.com%2Fen%2Fsupport%2Fgas-chromatography%2Fgccalculators&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:10-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_24-0\">24.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_24-1\">24.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_24-2\">24.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation\" id=\"rdp-ebb-CITEREFLinstrom1997\">Linstrom, Peter (1997), <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database 69\"<\/a>, <i>NIST Chemistry WebBook<\/i> (National Institute of Standards and Technology), <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18434%2Ft4d303\" target=\"_blank\">10.18434\/t4d303<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 January 2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NIST+Chemistry+WebBook%2C+NIST+Standard+Reference+Database+69&rft.jtitle=NIST+Chemistry+WebBook&rft.aulast=Linstrom&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Linstrom%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=1997&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=info:doi\/10.18434%2Ft4d303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fchemistry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bicchi, Carlo; Blumberg, Leonid; Cagliero, Cecilia; Cordero, Chiara; Rubiolo, Patrizia; Liberto, Erica (1 February 2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021967310000142\" target=\"_blank\">\"Development of fast enantioselective gas-chromatographic analysis using gas-chromatographic method-translation software in routine essential oil analysis (lavender essential oil)\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Chromatography A<\/i> <b>1217<\/b> (9): 1530\u20131536. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2010.01.003\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.01.003<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021967310000142\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021967310000142<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+of+fast+enantioselective+gas-chromatographic+analysis+using+gas-chromatographic+method-translation+software+in+routine+essential+oil+analysis+%28lavender+essential+oil%29&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&rft.aulast=Bicchi&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft.au=Bicchi%2C%26%2332%3BCarlo&rft.au=Blumberg%2C%26%2332%3BLeonid&rft.au=Cagliero%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&rft.au=Cordero%2C%26%2332%3BChiara&rft.au=Rubiolo%2C%26%2332%3BPatrizia&rft.au=Liberto%2C%26%2332%3BErica&rft.date=1+February+2010&rft.volume=1217&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1530%E2%80%931536&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2010.01.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0021967310000142&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mazzucotelli, Maria; Minteguiaga, Manuel A.; Sgorbini, Barbara; Sidisky, Len; Marengo, Arianna; Rubiolo, Patrizia; Bicchi, Carlo; Cagliero, Cecilia (1 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021967319309616\" target=\"_blank\">\"Ionic liquids as water-compatible GC stationary phases for the analysis of fragrances and essential oils: Quantitative GC\u2013MS analysis of officially-regulated allergens in perfumes\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Chromatography A<\/i> <b>1610<\/b>: 460567. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2019.460567\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.chroma.2019.460567<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021967319309616\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021967319309616<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ionic+liquids+as+water-compatible+GC+stationary+phases+for+the+analysis+of+fragrances+and+essential+oils%3A+Quantitative+GC%E2%80%93MS+analysis+of+officially-regulated+allergens+in+perfumes&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&rft.aulast=Mazzucotelli&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Mazzucotelli%2C%26%2332%3BMaria&rft.au=Minteguiaga%2C%26%2332%3BManuel+A.&rft.au=Sgorbini%2C%26%2332%3BBarbara&rft.au=Sidisky%2C%26%2332%3BLen&rft.au=Marengo%2C%26%2332%3BArianna&rft.au=Rubiolo%2C%26%2332%3BPatrizia&rft.au=Bicchi%2C%26%2332%3BCarlo&rft.au=Cagliero%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&rft.date=1+January+2020&rft.volume=1610&rft.pages=460567&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2019.460567&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0021967319309616&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/tsca-screening-tools\/epi-suitetm-estimation-program-interface\" target=\"_blank\">\"EPI Suite - Estimation Program Interface\"<\/a>. 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Lord, Heather; G\u00f3recki, Tadeusz; Arthur, Catherine L; Pawliszyn, Janusz (1 January 2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nprot.2009.179\" target=\"_blank\">\"Protocol for solid-phase microextraction method development\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Nature Protocols<\/i> <b>5<\/b> (1): 122\u2013139. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnprot.2009.179\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/nprot.2009.179<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1754-2189\" target=\"_blank\">1754-2189<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nprot.2009.179\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nprot.2009.179<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protocol+for+solid-phase+microextraction+method+development&rft.jtitle=Nature+Protocols&rft.aulast=Risticevic&rft.aufirst=Sanja&rft.au=Risticevic%2C%26%2332%3BSanja&rft.au=Lord%2C%26%2332%3BHeather&rft.au=G%C3%B3recki%2C%26%2332%3BTadeusz&rft.au=Arthur%2C%26%2332%3BCatherine+L&rft.au=Pawliszyn%2C%26%2332%3BJanusz&rft.date=1+January+2010&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122%E2%80%93139&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fnprot.2009.179&rft.issn=1754-2189&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnprot.2009.179&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Yiantzi, Evangelia; Kalogerakis, Nicolas; Psillakis, Elefteria (1 August 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267015007989\" target=\"_blank\">\"Vacuum-assisted headspace solid phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solid samples\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Analytica Chimica Acta<\/i> <b>890<\/b>: 108\u2013116. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2015.05.047\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.aca.2015.05.047<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267015007989\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267015007989<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vacuum-assisted+headspace+solid+phase+microextraction+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons+in+solid+samples&rft.jtitle=Analytica+Chimica+Acta&rft.aulast=Yiantzi&rft.aufirst=Evangelia&rft.au=Yiantzi%2C%26%2332%3BEvangelia&rft.au=Kalogerakis%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.au=Psillakis%2C%26%2332%3BElefteria&rft.date=1+August+2015&rft.volume=890&rft.pages=108%E2%80%93116&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2015.05.047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0003267015007989&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Trujillo-Rodr\u00edguez, Mar\u00eda J.; Pino, Ver\u00f3nica; Psillakis, Elefteria; Anderson, Jared L.; Ayala, Juan H.; Yiantzi, Evangelia; Afonso, Ana M. (1 April 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267017301472\" target=\"_blank\">\"Vacuum-assisted headspace-solid phase microextraction for determining volatile free fatty acids and phenols. Investigations on the effect of pressure on competitive adsorption phenomena in a multicomponent system\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Analytica Chimica Acta<\/i> <b>962<\/b>: 41\u201351. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2017.01.056\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.aca.2017.01.056<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267017301472\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267017301472<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vacuum-assisted+headspace-solid+phase+microextraction+for+determining+volatile+free+fatty+acids+and+phenols.+Investigations+on+the+effect+of+pressure+on+competitive+adsorption+phenomena+in+a+multicomponent+system&rft.jtitle=Analytica+Chimica+Acta&rft.aulast=Trujillo-Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+J.&rft.au=Trujillo-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C%26%2332%3BMar%C3%ADa+J.&rft.au=Pino%2C%26%2332%3BVer%C3%B3nica&rft.au=Psillakis%2C%26%2332%3BElefteria&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BJared+L.&rft.au=Ayala%2C%26%2332%3BJuan+H.&rft.au=Yiantzi%2C%26%2332%3BEvangelia&rft.au=Afonso%2C%26%2332%3BAna+M.&rft.date=1+April+2017&rft.volume=962&rft.pages=41%E2%80%9351&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2017.01.056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0003267017301472&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Journal:A_sustainable_approach_for_the_reliable_and_simultaneous_determination_of_terpenoids_and_cannabinoids_in_hemp_inflorescences_by_vacuum-assisted_headspace_solid-phase_microextraction\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. Nothing else was changed in accordance with the NoDerivatives portion of the license.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230103184826\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.392 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.042 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 32789\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 304753\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 92807\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 82461\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 413.455 1 -total\n 88.67% 366.622 1 Template:Reflist\n 51.59% 213.295 31 Template:Citation\/core\n 47.02% 194.417 25 Template:Cite_journal\n 14.26% 58.943 1 Template:Citation\n 8.85% 36.581 30 Template:Date\n 6.72% 27.784 58 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 5.64% 23.334 1 Template:Infobox_journal_article\n 5.10% 21.101 1 Template:Infobox\n 4.71% 19.457 3 Template:Cite_book\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5907-0!canonical!math=5 and timestamp 20230103184825 and revision id 18100. 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LIMSjournal - Winter 2022
Volume 8, Issue 4
Editor: Shawn Douglas
Publisher: LabLynx Press
Copyright LabLynx Inc. All rights reserved.