{"ID":78176,"post_author":"9208550","post_date":"2018-12-17 16:21:08","post_date_gmt":"0000-00-00 00:00:00","post_content":"","post_title":"Introduction to Implants: Devices, Procedures, and Conditions Requiring Them (Volume 1)","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"draft","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2018-12-17 16:21:08","post_modified_gmt":"2018-12-17 21:21:08","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/?post_type=ebook&p=78176","menu_order":0,"post_type":"ebook","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"","_ebook_metadata":{"enabled":"on","private":"0","guid":"5DB066D0-4E6E-44B0-8501-274BBB8A3E0E","title":"Introduction to Implants: Devices, Procedures, and Conditions Requiring Them (Volume 1)","subtitle":"","cover_theme":"nico_6","cover_image":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/rdp-ebook-builder\/pl\/cover.php?cover_style=nico_6&subtitle=&editor=John+Jones&title=Introduction+to+Implants%3A+Devices%2C+Procedures%2C+and+Conditions+Requiring+Them+%28Volume+1%29&title_image=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F7%2F7b%2FAdjustable_Gastric_Band.png&publisher=Laboratory+Informatics+Institute","editor":"John Jones","publisher":"Laboratory Informatics Institute","author_id":"2","image_url":"","items":{"a0517c31013d1b8771b8a1f0bcbe82df_type":"article","a0517c31013d1b8771b8a1f0bcbe82df_title":"Vertebral fixation","a0517c31013d1b8771b8a1f0bcbe82df_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Vertebral_fixation","a0517c31013d1b8771b8a1f0bcbe82df_plaintext":"\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\tVertebral fixation\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFrom LIMSWiki\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJump to: navigation, search\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThis article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2018)\nVertebral fixationSpecialtyorthopedic[edit on Wikidata]\nVertebral fixation (also known as \"spinal fixation\") is a orthopedic surgical procedure in which two or more vertebrae are anchored to each other through a synthetic \"vertebral fixation device\", with the aim of reducing vertebral mobility and thus avoiding possible damage to the spinal cord and\/or spinal roots.\n\nContents \n\n1 Indications \n2 Vertebral fixation devices \n3 See also \n4 References \n\n\nIndications \nA vertebral fixation procedure may be indicated in cases of vertebral fracture, vertebral deformity, or degenerative vertebral disorders (such as spondylolisthesis).\n\nVertebral fixation devices \nThe device used to achieve vertebral fixation is usually a permanent rigid or semi-rigid prosthesis made of titanium; examples include rods, plates, screws, and various combinations thereof. A less common alternative is the use of a resorbable fixation device, composed of a bio-resorbable material.\nThe medical community uses several different techniques for stabilizing the posterior region of the spine. The most radical of these techniques is spinal fusion. In recent years\/decades spinal surgeons have begun to rely more heavily on mechanical implants, which provide increased stability without so severely limiting the recipient\u2019s range of motion. A number of devices have been developed that allow the recipients near natural range of motion while still providing some support. In many cases the support offered by such devices is insufficient, leaving the physician with few other choices than spinal fusion. \nA spinal fixation device stabilizes an area of the posterior spine while allowing for a significant range of motion and limiting the compression of the affected vertebrae. The device consists of two or more arm assemblies (lateral) connected by one or more telescopic assemblies (vertical). Each arm assembly is composed of a central portion, which connects to the telescopic assembly or assemblies. Left and right arms attach to the corresponding side of the central portion of the arm assembly. Each arm section is directly connected to its individual pedicle by means of pedicle fasteners. \nMore information about this specific spinal fixation device can be found in The United States Patent Service\u2019s November 13, 2007 publication of new patents. This patent can currently (September 23, 2008) be found on The U.S. Patent Website.[1]\n\nSee also \nVertebral fusion\nReferences \n\n\n^ The United States Patent Website \n\n\nvteOrthopedic surgery, operations\/surgeries and other procedures on bones and joints (ICD-9-CM V3 76\u201381, ICD-10-PCS 0P\u2013S)BonesFacial\nJaw reduction\nDentofacial osteotomy\nGenioplasty\/Mentoplasty\nChin augmentation\nOrthognathic surgery\nSpine\nCoccygectomy\nLaminotomy\nLaminectomy\nLaminoplasty\nCorpectomy\nFacetectomy\nForaminotomy\nVertebral fixation\nPercutaneous vertebroplasty\nUpper extremity\nAcromioplasty\nLower extremity\nFemoral head ostectomy\nAstragalectomy\nDistraction osteogenesis\nIlizarov apparatus\nPhemister graft\nGeneral\nOstectomy\nBone grafting\nOsteotomy\nEpiphysiodesis\nReduction\nInternal fixation\nExternal fixation\nTension band wiring\nCartilage\nArticular cartilage repair\nMicrofracture surgery\nKnee cartilage replacement therapy\nAutologous chondrocyte implantation\nJointsSpine\nArthrodesis\nSpinal fusion\nIntervertebral discs\nDiscectomy\nAnnuloplasty\nArthroplasty\nUpper extremity\nShoulder surgery\nShoulder replacement\nBankart repair\nWeaver\u2013Dunn procedure\nUlnar collateral ligament reconstruction\nHand surgery\nBrunelli procedure\nLower extremity\nHip resurfacing\nHip replacement\nRotationplasty\nAnterior cruciate ligament reconstruction\nKnee replacement\/Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty\nAnkle replacement\nBrostr\u00f6m procedure\nTriple arthrodesis\nGeneral\nArthrotomy\nArthroplasty\nSynovectomy\nArthroscopy\nReplacement joint\nimaging: Arthrogram\nArthrocentesis\n\n\n\n\n<\/pre>\n\nNotes \nThis article is a direct transclusion of the Wikipedia article and therefore may not meet the same editing standards as LIMSwiki.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" 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\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t This page was last modified on 1 March 2016, at 19:47.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThis page has been accessed 323 times.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tContent is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrivacy policy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbout LIMSWiki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDisclaimers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","a0517c31013d1b8771b8a1f0bcbe82df_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Vertebral_fixation skin-monobook action-view\">\n<div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\">\n\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\">\n\t\t\t\t<a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Vertebral fixation<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- start content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n<p><b>Vertebral fixation<\/b> (also known as \"spinal fixation\") is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spinal_surgery\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Spinal surgery\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">orthopedic surgical<\/a> procedure in which two or more <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebra\" title=\"Vertebra\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">vertebrae<\/a> are anchored to each other through a synthetic \"<b>vertebral fixation device<\/b>\", with the aim of reducing vertebral mobility and thus avoiding possible damage to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spinal_cord\" title=\"Spinal cord\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">spinal cord<\/a> and\/or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nerve_root\" title=\"Nerve root\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">spinal roots<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Indications\">Indications<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A vertebral fixation procedure may be indicated in cases of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebral_fracture\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vertebral fracture\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">vertebral fracture<\/a>, , or degenerative vertebral disorders (such as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spondylolisthesis\" title=\"Spondylolisthesis\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">spondylolisthesis<\/a>).\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Vertebral_fixation_devices\">Vertebral fixation devices<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The device used to achieve vertebral fixation is usually a permanent rigid or semi-rigid <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prosthesis\" title=\"Prosthesis\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">prosthesis<\/a> made of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titanium\" title=\"Titanium\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">titanium<\/a>; examples include rods, plates, screws, and various combinations thereof. A less common alternative is the use of a resorbable fixation device, composed of a bio-resorbable material.\n<\/p><p>The medical community uses several different techniques for stabilizing the posterior region of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spine_(anatomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Spine (anatomy)\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">spine<\/a>. The most radical of these techniques is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spinal_fusion\" title=\"Spinal fusion\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">spinal fusion<\/a>. In recent years\/decades spinal <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surgeon\" title=\"Surgeon\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">surgeons<\/a> have begun to rely more heavily on mechanical implants, which provide increased stability without so severely limiting the recipient\u2019s range of motion. A number of devices have been developed that allow the recipients near natural range of motion while still providing some support. In many cases the support offered by such devices is insufficient, leaving the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physician\" title=\"Physician\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">physician<\/a> with few other choices than spinal fusion. \n<\/p><p>A spinal fixation device stabilizes an area of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spine_(anatomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Spine (anatomy)\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">posterior spine<\/a> while allowing for a significant range of motion and limiting the compression of the affected <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebrae\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vertebrae\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">vertebrae<\/a>. The device consists of two or more arm assemblies (lateral) connected by one or more telescopic assemblies (vertical). Each arm assembly is composed of a central portion, which connects to the telescopic assembly or assemblies. Left and right arms attach to the corresponding side of the central portion of the arm assembly. Each arm section is directly connected to its individual pedicle by means of pedicle fasteners. \n<\/p><p>More information about this specific spinal fixation device can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_United_States_Patent_Association\" title=\"The United States Patent Association\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">The United States Patent Service\u2019s<\/a> November 13, 2007 publication of new patents. This patent can currently (September 23, 2008) be found on <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/patft.uspto.gov\/netacgi\/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7294129.PN.&OS=PN\/7294129&RS=PN\/7294129\" target=\"_blank\">The U.S. Patent Website<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"See_also\">See also<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebral_fusion\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vertebral fusion\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">Vertebral fusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\" rel=\"external_link\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The United States Patent Website<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p><!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw1250\nCached time: 20181129133400\nCache expiry: 1900800\nDynamic content: false\nCPU time usage: 0.128 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.205 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 481\/1000000\nPreprocessor generated node count: 0\/1500000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 33747\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 116\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 7\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 1\/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 319\/5000000 bytes\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 1\/400\nLua time usage: 0.053\/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 1.59 MB\/50 MB\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 157.352 1 -total\n<\/p>\n<pre>40.50% 63.726 1 Template:Infobox_medical_intervention\n40.22% 63.280 1 Template:Medref\n37.07% 58.327 1 Template:Infobox\n27.82% 43.779 1 Template:Ambox\n11.32% 17.818 3 Template:Navbox\n10.71% 16.856 1 Template:Bone,_cartilage,_and_joint_procedures\n 7.43% 11.690 1 Template:Reflist\n 4.35% 6.838 1 Template:PAGENAMEBASE\n 2.20% 3.468 1 Template:Template_other\n<\/pre>\n<p>-->\n<\/p><p><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14318149-1!canonical and timestamp 20181129133400 and revision id 860882620\n<\/p>\n<pre>-->\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This article is a direct transclusion of <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebral_fixation\" target=\"_blank\">the Wikipedia article<\/a> and therefore may not meet the same editing standards as LIMSwiki.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20181217212252\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nCPU time usage: 0.017 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.174 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 5\/1000000\nPreprocessor generated node count: 20\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 20\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 2\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\n-->\n\n<!-- \nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 164.761 1 - wikipedia:Vertebral_fixation\n100.00% 164.761 1 - -total\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:8223-0!*!*!*!*!*!* and timestamp 20181217212252 and revision id 24373\n -->\n<\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Vertebral_fixation\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Vertebral_fixation<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- end content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<!-- end of the left (by default at least) column -->\n\t\t<div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n<\/body>","a0517c31013d1b8771b8a1f0bcbe82df_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e3\/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg\/25px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png"],"a0517c31013d1b8771b8a1f0bcbe82df_timestamp":1545081772,"4390eac4927db35d6a156aca0b735509_type":"article","4390eac4927db35d6a156aca0b735509_title":"Valve replacement","4390eac4927db35d6a156aca0b735509_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Valve_replacement","4390eac4927db35d6a156aca0b735509_plaintext":"\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\tValve replacement\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFrom LIMSWiki\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJump to: navigation, search\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nValve replacementICD-9-CMV43.3[edit on Wikidata]\nValve replacement surgery is the replacement of one or more of the heart valves with either an artificial heart valve or a bioprosthesis (homograft from human tissue or xenograft e.g. from pig). It is an alternative to valve repair.\nThere are four procedures\n\nAortic valve replacement\nMitral valve replacement\nTricuspid valve replacement\nPulmonary valve replacement\nCurrent aortic valve replacement approaches include closed heart surgery, Very invasive cardiac surgery (VICS) and Very invasive, Scapulae-based aortic valve replacement.\nCatheter replacement of the aortic valve (called trans-aortic valve replacement or implementation [TAVR or TAVI]) is a minimally invasive option for those suffering from aortic valve stenosis. TAVR is commonly performed by guiding a catheter from the groin to the narrowed valve via the aorta using realtime x-ray technology. A metal stent containing a valve is then deployed using a balloon to press the stent into the valve in effect opening the stenosed (or narrowed) valve and lodging the stent in place. The procedure was first approved in the United States in November 2011 [1] as an alternative for people deemed a poor candidate for open approach replacement; however, TAVR has been successfully implemented into practice in other countries prior to 2011.[1]\n\nMedical uses \nIn those between 50 and 70 years of age bioprosthetic and mechanical aortic valves have similar overall outcomes with respect to stroke and survival.[2]\n\nReferences \n\n\n^ a b \"FDA-approved transcatheter approach offers life-extending valve replacement for inoperable patients\". Stanford School of Medicine. Retrieved 19 July 2013 . \n\n^ Chiang, Yuting P.; Chikwe, Joanna; Moskowitz, Alan J.; Itagaki, Shinobu; Adams, David H.; Egorova, Natalia N. (1 October 2014). \"Survival and Long-term Outcomes Following Bioprosthetic vs Mechanical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients Aged 50 to 69 Years\". JAMA. 312 (13): 1323\u20139. doi:10.1001\/jama.2014.12679. PMID 25268439. \n\n\nExternal links \nValveReplacement.org An online support forum.\nvteSurgery and other procedures involving the heart (ICD-9-CM V3 35\u201337+89.4+99.6, ICD-10-PCS 02)Surgery and ICHeart valves\r\nand septa\nValve repair\nValvulotomy\nMitral valve repair\nValvuloplasty\naortic\nmitral\nValve replacement\nAortic valve repair\nAortic valve replacement\nRoss procedure\nPercutaneous aortic valve replacement\nMitral valve replacement\nproduction of septal defect in heart \nenlargement of existing septal defect\nAtrial septostomy\nBalloon septostomy<\/dd>\ncreation of septal defect in heart\n\nBlalock\u2013Hanlon procedure<\/dd>\nshunt from heart chamber to blood vessel \natrium to pulmonary artery\nFontan procedure<\/dd>\nleft ventricle to aorta\n\nRastelli procedure<\/dd>\nright ventricle to pulmonary artery\n\nSano shunt<\/dd>\ncompound procedures \nfor transposition of great vessels\nArterial switch operation\nMustard procedure\nSenning procedure<\/dd>\nfor univentricular defect\n\nNorwood procedure\nKawashima procedure<\/dd>\nshunt from blood vessel to blood vessel \nsystemic circulation to pulmonary artery shunt\nBlalock\u2013Taussig shunt<\/dd>\nSVC to the right PA\n\nGlenn procedure<\/dd>\nCardiac vessels\nCHD \nAngioplasty\nBypass\/Coronary artery bypass\nMIDCAB\nOff-pump CAB\nTECAB<\/dd>\nCoronary stent \nBare-metal stent\nDrug-eluting stent\nBentall procedure\nValve-sparing aortic root replacement\nLeCompte maneuver\nOther\nPericardium \nPericardiocentesis\nPericardial window\nPericardiectomy\nMyocardium \nCardiomyoplasty\nDor procedure\nSeptal myectomy\nVentricular reduction\nAlcohol septal ablation\nConduction system \nMaze procedure\nCox maze and minimaze<\/dd>\nCatheter ablation\n\nCryoablation\nRadiofrequency ablation<\/dd>\nPacemaker insertion\nLeft atrial appendage occlusion\nCardiotomy\nHeart transplantation\nDiagnostic\r\ntests and\r\nprocedures\nElectrophysiology \nElectrocardiography\nVectorcardiography<\/dd>\nHolter monitor\nImplantable loop recorder\nCardiac stress test\n\nBruce protocol<\/dd>\nElectrophysiology study\nCardiac imaging \nAngiocardiography\nEchocardiography\nTTE\nTEE<\/dd>\nMyocardial perfusion imaging\nCardiovascular MRI\nVentriculography\n\nRadionuclide ventriculography<\/dd>\nCardiac catheterization\/Coronary catheterization\nCardiac CT\n\nCardiac PET\nsound \nPhonocardiogram\nFunction tests\nImpedance cardiography\nBallistocardiography\nCardiotocography\nPacing\nCardioversion\nTranscutaneous pacing\n\n\n\n\n<\/pre>\n\nNotes \nThis article is a direct transclusion of the Wikipedia article and therefore may not meet the same editing standards as LIMSwiki.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Valve_replacement\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Valve_replacement<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\tCategories: Implants (medicine)Medical and surgical techniquesHidden category: Articles transcluded from other 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LIMSWiki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDisclaimers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","4390eac4927db35d6a156aca0b735509_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Valve_replacement skin-monobook action-view\">\n<div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\">\n\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\">\n\t\t\t\t<a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Valve replacement<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- start content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n<p><b>Valve replacement<\/b> surgery is the replacement of one or more of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_valve\" title=\"Heart valve\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">heart valves<\/a> with either an <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_heart_valve\" title=\"Artificial heart valve\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">artificial heart valve<\/a> or a bioprosthesis (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homograft\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Homograft\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">homograft<\/a> from human tissue or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xenograft\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Xenograft\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">xenograft<\/a> e.g. from pig). It is an alternative to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valve_repair\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Valve repair\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">valve repair<\/a>.\n<\/p><p>There are four procedures\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aortic_valve_replacement\" title=\"Aortic valve replacement\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">Aortic valve replacement<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitral_valve_replacement\" title=\"Mitral valve replacement\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">Mitral valve replacement<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Current aortic valve replacement approaches include closed heart surgery, Very invasive cardiac surgery (VICS) and Very invasive, Scapulae-based aortic valve replacement.\n<\/p><p>Catheter replacement of the aortic valve (called trans-aortic valve replacement or implementation [TAVR or TAVI]) is a minimally invasive option for those suffering from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aortic_valve_stenosis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aortic valve stenosis\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">aortic valve stenosis<\/a>. TAVR is commonly performed by guiding a catheter from the groin to the narrowed valve via the aorta using realtime x-ray technology. A metal stent containing a valve is then deployed using a balloon to press the stent into the valve in effect opening the stenosed (or narrowed) valve and lodging the stent in place. The procedure was first approved in the United States in November 2011 <sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-medicalstaff_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-medicalstaff-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> as an alternative for people deemed a poor candidate for open approach replacement; however, TAVR has been successfully implemented into practice in other countries prior to 2011.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-medicalstaff_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-medicalstaff-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Medical_uses\">Medical uses<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In those between 50 and 70 years of age bioprosthetic and mechanical aortic valves have similar overall outcomes with respect to stroke and survival.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-medicalstaff-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-medicalstaff_1-0\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-medicalstaff_1-1\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/medicalstaff.stanfordhospital.org\/ms\/medstaffupdate\/articles\/201208_FDA_Approved_Transcatheter_Approach.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"FDA-approved transcatheter approach offers life-extending valve replacement for inoperable patients\"<\/a>. Stanford School of Medicine<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 July<\/span> 2013<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA-approved+transcatheter+approach+offers+life-extending+valve+replacement+for+inoperable+patients&rft.pub=Stanford+School+of+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicalstaff.stanfordhospital.org%2Fms%2Fmedstaffupdate%2Farticles%2F201208_FDA_Approved_Transcatheter_Approach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValve+replacement\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\" rel=\"external_link\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Chiang, Yuting P.; Chikwe, Joanna; Moskowitz, Alan J.; Itagaki, Shinobu; Adams, David H.; Egorova, Natalia N. (1 October 2014). \"Survival and Long-term Outcomes Following Bioprosthetic vs Mechanical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients Aged 50 to 69 Years\". <i>JAMA<\/i>. <b>312<\/b> (13): 1323\u20139. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjama.2014.12679\" target=\"_blank\">10.1001\/jama.2014.12679<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25268439\" target=\"_blank\">25268439<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Survival+and+Long-term+Outcomes+Following+Bioprosthetic+vs+Mechanical+Aortic+Valve+Replacement+in+Patients+Aged+50+to+69+Years&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1323-9&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2014.12679&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25268439&rft.aulast=Chiang&rft.aufirst=Yuting+P.&rft.au=Chikwe%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Moskowitz%2C+Alan+J.&rft.au=Itagaki%2C+Shinobu&rft.au=Adams%2C+David+H.&rft.au=Egorova%2C+Natalia+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValve+replacement\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"External_links\">External links<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.valvereplacement.com\/forums\/forum.php\" target=\"_blank\">ValveReplacement.org<\/a> An online support forum.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<p><!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw1271\nCached time: 20181207025546\nCache expiry: 1900800\nDynamic content: false\nCPU time usage: 0.232 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.327 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 568\/1000000\nPreprocessor generated node count: 0\/1500000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 41805\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 557\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 7\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 2\/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 1\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 7964\/5000000 bytes\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 2\/400\nLua time usage: 0.124\/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 2.86 MB\/50 MB\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 281.117 1 -total\n<\/p>\n<pre>43.51% 122.304 1 Template:Reflist\n30.89% 86.837 1 Template:Cite_web\n23.98% 67.399 1 Template:Infobox_interventions\n22.06% 62.028 1 Template:Refimprove\n21.40% 60.146 1 Template:Infobox\n14.56% 40.939 1 Template:Ambox\n12.40% 34.848 2 Template:Navbox\n 9.56% 26.879 1 Template:Cardiac_procedures\n 6.28% 17.663 1 Template:Cite_journal\n<\/pre>\n<p>-->\n<\/p><p><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5791445-1!canonical and timestamp 20181207025545 and revision id 776335393\n<\/p>\n<pre>-->\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This article is a direct transclusion of <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valve_replacement\" target=\"_blank\">the Wikipedia article<\/a> and therefore may not meet the same editing standards as LIMSwiki.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20181217212252\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nCPU time usage: 0.013 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.135 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 5\/1000000\nPreprocessor generated node count: 20\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 20\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 2\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\n-->\n\n<!-- \nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 128.843 1 - wikipedia:Valve_replacement\n100.00% 128.843 1 - -total\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:8203-0!*!*!*!*!*!* and timestamp 20181217212251 and revision id 24349\n -->\n<\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Valve_replacement\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Valve_replacement<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- end content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<!-- end of the left (by default at least) column -->\n\t\t<div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n<\/body>","4390eac4927db35d6a156aca0b735509_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/99\/Question_book-new.svg\/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png"],"4390eac4927db35d6a156aca0b735509_timestamp":1545081771,"daf2e890fa4c3eb3b7a572fcacd26359_type":"article","daf2e890fa4c3eb3b7a572fcacd26359_title":"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty","daf2e890fa4c3eb3b7a572fcacd26359_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty","daf2e890fa4c3eb3b7a572fcacd26359_plaintext":"\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\tUnicompartmental knee arthroplasty\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFrom LIMSWiki\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJump to: navigation, search\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\nUnicompartmental knee arthroplastyRadiographs of a knee arthroplasty of the medial compartmentICD-9-CM81.54[edit on Wikidata]\nUnicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a surgical procedure used to relieve arthritis in one of the knee compartments in which the damaged parts of the knee are replaced. UKA surgery may reduce post-operative pain and have a shorter recovery period than a total knee replacement procedure,[1][2] particularly in people over 75 years of age.[3] Moreover, UKAs may require a smaller incision, less tissue damage, and faster recovery times.[2]\nIn the United States, the procedure constitutes approximately 8% of knee arthroplasties.[4] In comparisons with a more extensive surgical procedure called high tibial osteotomy, UKA has equal or better outcomes.[1][5]\n\nContents \n\n1 Background \n2 Indications and contraindications \n3 History and physical examination \n4 Surgical information \n5 Benefits \n6 Risks \n7 Long-term results \n8 References \n9 External links \n\n\nBackground \nIn the early 1950s, Duncan C. McKeever theorized that osteoarthritis could be isolated to only one compartment of the knee joint,[2] and that replacement of the entire knee might not be necessary if only one knee compartment were affected.[2][6] The UKA concept was designed to cause less trauma or damage than traditional total knee replacement by removing less bone and trying to maintain most of the person\u2019s bone and anatomy.[2] The concept was also designed to use smaller implants and thereby keep most of the person\u2019s bone, helping them return to normal function faster.[3][2]\nInitially, UKAs were not always successful, because the implants were poorly designed, people needing the surgery were not thoroughly screened for suitability, and optimal surgical techniques were not developed.[7] Advancements have been made to improve the design of the implants.[1][7][8] Also, choosing the best-suited people was emphasized to ensure that surgeons followed the indications and contraindications for partial replacement. Proper selection,[9] following the indications\/contraindications, and performing the surgery well are key factors for the success of UKA.[1][2]\n\nIndications and contraindications \nUKA may be suitable for people with moderate joint disease caused by painful osteoarthritis or traumatic injury, a history of unsuccessful surgical procedures or poor bone density that precludes other types of knee surgery.[1] People who may not be eligible for a UKA include those with an active or suspected infection in or about the knee joint, may have a known sensitivity to device materials, have bone infections or disease that result in an inability to support or fixate the new implant to the bone, have inflammatory arthritis, have major deformities that can affect the knee mechanical axis, have neuromuscular disorders that may compromise motor control and\/or stability, have any mental neuromuscular disorder, are obese,[10] have lost a severe amount of bone from the shin (tibia) or have severe tibial deformities, have recurring subluxation of the knee joint, have untreated damage to the knee cap and thigh bone joint (patellofemoral joint), have untreated damage to the opposite compartment or the same side of the knee not being replaced by a device, and\/or have instability of the knee ligaments such that the postoperative stability the UKA would be compromised.[1]\nThe anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) should be intact,[11] although this is debated by clinicians for people who need a medial compartment replacement.[2] For people needing a lateral compartment replacement, the ACL should be intact and is contraindicated for people with ACL-deficient knees because the lateral component has more motion than the medial compartment.[2]\n\nHistory and physical examination \nA physical examination and getting the subject\u2019s history is performed before getting surgery.[2] A person with pain in one area of the knee may be a candidate for UKA.[2] However, a person with pain in multiple areas of the knee may not be a good candidate for UKA.[2] The doctor may take some radiographs (e.g., x-rays) to check for degeneration of the other knee compartments and evaluate the knee.[2] The physical exam may also include special tests designed to test the ligaments of the knee and other anatomical structures.[9] Most likely, the surgeon will decide to do a UKA during surgery where he\/she can directly see the status of the other compartments.[2]\n\nSurgical information \nThe surgeon may choose which type of incision and implant to use for the subject\u2019s knee. During the surgery, the surgeon may align the instruments to determine the amount of bone to remove.[7] The surgeon removes bone from the (tibia) and thigh bone (femur).[1][7] The surgeon may decide to check if the appropriate amount of bone was removed during the surgery.[7] In order to make sure that the proper size implant is used, a surgeon may choose to use a temporary trial. After making sure the proper size implant is selected, the surgeon will put the implant on the ends of the bone and secure it with pegs. Finally, the surgeon will close the wound with sutures.[7][12]\nThe unicompartmental replacement is a minimally invasive option for people whose arthritis is isolated to either the medial or the lateral compartment. The procedure offers several benefits for patients with a moderately active lifestyle, who have arthritis in just one knee compartment, and who are within normal weight ranges. The surgeon uses an incision of just 3-4 inches; a total knee replacement typically requires an incision of 8-12 inches. The partial replacement does not disrupt the knee cap, which makes for a shorter rehabilitation period. A partial replacement also causes minimal blood loss during the procedure, and results in considerably less post-operative pain. The hospitalization time compared with a total knee replacement is also greatly reduced.[1][3][5]\n\nBenefits \nThe potential benefits of UKA include a smaller incision because the UKA implants are smaller than the total knee replacements, and the surgeon may make a smaller incision.[2] This may lead to a smaller scar.[2] Another potential benefit is less post-operative pain because less bone is removed.[1] Also, a quicker operation and shorter recovery period may be a result of less bone being removed during the operation and the soft tissue may sustain less trauma.[1][13] Also, the rehabilitation process may be more progressive.[14] More specific benefits of UKA are that it may improve range of motion, reduce blood loss during surgery, reduce the person\u2019s time spent in the hospital, and decrease costs.[1][10]\nIn 2018, two of the most significant benefits of UKA or partial knee replacements are:\n1. Partial knee replacement subjects report that their replaced knee feels more like their original non-replaced knee as compared to a total knee replacement\n2, Partial knee replacements leave other options open to further advances. By not replacing the rest of the knee with metal and plastic, if other options exist in years to come for arthritis in these areas then a partial knee replacement does not burn that bridge.\n\n<\/p>\nRisks \nBlood clots (also known as deep vein thrombosis) are a common complication after surgery.[15][16] However, a doctor may prescribe certain medications to help prevent blood clots.[15][16] Infection may occur after surgery.[17] However, antibiotics may be prescribed by a doctor to help prevent infections.[16] Individual factors (e.g., anatomy, weight, prior medical history, prior joint surgeries) should be addressed with the surgery subject. The causes of long-term failure of UKAs include polyethylene wear, loosening of the implant, and degeneration of the adjacent knee compartment.[2]\n\nLong-term results \nLong term studies reported excellent outcomes for UKA, partly due to subject screening,[18] minimizing the amount of bone that is removed,[19] and using the proper surgical technique.[18] One study found that at a minimum of 10 years follow up time after the initial surgery, the overall survival rate of the implant was 96%.[18] Also, 92% of the people in this study had excellent or good outcome.[18] Another study, reported that at 15 years follow up time after the initial surgery, the overall rate of the implant was 93% and 91% of these people reported good or excellent outcomes.[19]\n\nReferences \n\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Santoso, M. B; Wu, L (2017). \"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, is it superior to high tibial osteotomy in treating unicompartmental osteoarthritis? A meta-analysis and systemic review\". Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 12 (1): 50. doi:10.1186\/s13018-017-0552-9. PMC 5371236 . PMID 28351371. \n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Borus T, Thornhill T (January 2008). \"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty\". J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 16 (1): 9\u201318. PMID 18180388. \n\n^ a b c Siman, H; Kamath, A. F; Carrillo, N; Harmsen, W. S; Pagnano, M. W; Sierra, R. J (2017). \"Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty vs Total Knee Arthroplasty for Medial Compartment Arthritis in Patients Older Than 75 Years: Comparable Reoperation, Revision, and Complication Rates\". The Journal of Arthroplasty. 32 (6): 1792\u20131797. doi:10.1016\/j.arth.2017.01.020. PMID 28215968. \n\n^ Riddle DL, Jiranek WA, McGlynn FJ (April 2008). \"Yearly incidence of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the United States\". J Arthroplasty. 23 (3): 408\u201312. doi:10.1016\/j.arth.2007.04.012. PMID 18358380. \n\n^ a b Han, S. B; Kyung, H. S; Seo, I. W; Shin, Y. S (2017). \"Better clinical outcomes after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty when comparing with high tibial osteotomy\". Medicine. 96 (50): e9268. doi:10.1097\/MD.0000000000009268. PMC 5815788 . PMID 29390376. \n\n^ Gibbon, Tony. \"Partial Knee Replacement\". North Yorkshire Orthopaedic Specialists. Retrieved 1 February 2013 . \n\n^ a b c d e f Swienckowski JJ, Pennington DW (September 2004). \"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in patients sixty years of age or younger\". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 86-A Suppl 1 (Pt 2): 131\u201342. PMID 15466754. \n\n^ Fitzsimmons SE, Vazquez EA, Bronson MJ (April 2010). \"How to Treat the Stiff Total Knee Arthroplasty?: A Systematic Review\". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 468 (4): 1096\u2013106. doi:10.1007\/s11999-010-1230-y. PMC 2835585 . PMID 20087698. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) \n\n^ a b Geller JA, Yoon RS, Macaulay W (January 2008). \"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: a controversial history and a rationale for contemporary resurgence\". J Knee Surg. 21 (1): 7\u201314. PMID 18300665. \n\n^ a b Bert JM (October 2005). \"Unicompartmental knee replacement\". Orthop. Clin. North Am. 36 (4): 513\u201322. doi:10.1016\/j.ocl.2005.05.001. PMID 16164956. \n\n^ \"Partial Knee Replacement\". Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA. 2017. \n\n^ \"Partial Knee Replacement\". North Yorkshire Orthopaedic Specialists. Retrieved 5 February 2013 . \n\n^ Mullaji AB, Sharma A, Marawar S (June 2007). \"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: functional recovery and radiographic results with a minimally invasive technique\". J Arthroplasty. 22 (4 Suppl 1): 7\u201311. doi:10.1016\/j.arth.2006.12.109. PMID 17570269. \n\n^ Newman JH (April 2000). \"Unicompartmental knee replacement\". Knee. 7 (2): 63\u201370. doi:10.1016\/S0968-0160(99)00032-0. PMID 10788767. \n\n^ a b Colwell CW (September 2007). \"Rationale for thromboprophylaxis in lower joint arthroplasty\". Am J. Orthop. 36 (9 Suppl): 11\u20133. PMID 17948162. \n\n^ a b c Warwick D, Friedman RJ, Agnelli G, et al. (June 2007). \"Insufficient duration of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total hip or knee replacement when compared with the time course of thromboembolic events: findings from the Global Orthopaedic Registry\". J Bone Joint Surg Br. 89 (6): 799\u2013807. doi:10.1302\/0301-620X.89B6.18844. PMID 17613508. \n\n^ Ritter MA, Olberding EM, Malinzak RA (September 2007). \"Ultraviolet lighting during orthopaedic surgery and the rate of infection\". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 89 (9): 1935\u201340. doi:10.2106\/JBJS.F.01037. PMID 17768189. \n\n^ a b c d Berger RA, Meneghini RM, Jacobs JJ, et al. (May 2005). \"Results of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty at a minimum of ten years of follow-up\". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 87 (5): 999\u20131006. doi:10.2106\/JBJS.C.00568. PMID 15866962. \n\n^ a b Price AJ, Waite JC, Svard U (June 2005). \"Long-term clinical results of the medial Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty\". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. &na, (435): 171\u201380. doi:10.1097\/00003086-200506000-00024. PMID 15930935. \n\n\nExternal links \nMedline Plus [1]\n\r\n\n\nvteOrthopedic surgery, operations\/surgeries and other procedures on bones and joints (ICD-9-CM V3 76\u201381, ICD-10-PCS 0P\u2013S)BonesFacial\nJaw reduction\nDentofacial osteotomy\nGenioplasty\/Mentoplasty\nChin augmentation\nOrthognathic surgery\nSpine\nCoccygectomy\nLaminotomy\nLaminectomy\nLaminoplasty\nCorpectomy\nFacetectomy\nForaminotomy\nVertebral fixation\nPercutaneous vertebroplasty\nUpper extremity\nAcromioplasty\nLower extremity\nFemoral head ostectomy\nAstragalectomy\nDistraction osteogenesis\nIlizarov apparatus\nPhemister graft\nGeneral\nOstectomy\nBone grafting\nOsteotomy\nEpiphysiodesis\nReduction\nInternal fixation\nExternal fixation\nTension band wiring\nCartilage\nArticular cartilage repair\nMicrofracture surgery\nKnee cartilage replacement therapy\nAutologous chondrocyte implantation\nJointsSpine\nArthrodesis\nSpinal fusion\nIntervertebral discs\nDiscectomy\nAnnuloplasty\nArthroplasty\nUpper extremity\nShoulder surgery\nShoulder replacement\nBankart repair\nWeaver\u2013Dunn procedure\nUlnar collateral ligament reconstruction\nHand surgery\nBrunelli procedure\nLower extremity\nHip resurfacing\nHip replacement\nRotationplasty\nAnterior cruciate ligament reconstruction\nKnee replacement\/Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty\nAnkle replacement\nBrostr\u00f6m procedure\nTriple arthrodesis\nGeneral\nArthrotomy\nArthroplasty\nSynovectomy\nArthroscopy\nReplacement joint\nimaging: Arthrogram\nArthrocentesis\n\n\n\n\n<\/pre>\n\nNotes \nThis article is a direct transclusion of the Wikipedia article and therefore may not meet the same editing standards as LIMSwiki.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\tCategories: Implants (medicine)Medical and surgical techniquesHidden category: Articles 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policy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbout LIMSWiki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDisclaimers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","daf2e890fa4c3eb3b7a572fcacd26359_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty skin-monobook action-view\">\n<div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\">\n\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\">\n\t\t\t\t<a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- start content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n<\/p>\n\n<p><b>Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty<\/b> (UKA) is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surgical_procedure\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Surgical procedure\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">surgical procedure<\/a> used to relieve <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthritis\" title=\"Arthritis\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">arthritis<\/a> in one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knee\" title=\"Knee\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">knee<\/a> compartments in which the damaged parts of the knee are replaced. UKA surgery may reduce post-operative pain and have a shorter recovery period than a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Total_knee_replacement\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Total knee replacement\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">total knee replacement<\/a> procedure,<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> particularly in people over 75 years of age.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-siman_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-siman-3\" rel=\"external_link\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Moreover, UKAs may require a smaller <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surgical_incision\" title=\"Surgical incision\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">incision<\/a>, less tissue damage, and faster recovery times.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In the United States, the procedure constitutes approximately 8% of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knee_arthroplasty\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Knee arthroplasty\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">knee arthroplasties<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\" rel=\"external_link\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> In comparisons with a more extensive surgical procedure called <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_tibial_osteotomy\" title=\"High tibial osteotomy\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">high tibial osteotomy<\/a>, UKA has equal or better outcomes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-han_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-han-5\" rel=\"external_link\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Background\">Background<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In the early 1950s, Duncan C. McKeever theorized that osteoarthritis could be isolated to only one compartment of the knee joint,<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> and that replacement of the entire knee might not be necessary if only one knee compartment were affected.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\" rel=\"external_link\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> The UKA concept was designed to cause less trauma or damage than traditional total knee replacement by removing less bone and trying to maintain most of the person\u2019s bone and anatomy.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> The concept was also designed to use smaller implants and thereby keep most of the person\u2019s bone, helping them return to normal function faster.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-siman_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-siman-3\" rel=\"external_link\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Initially, UKAs were not always successful, because the implants were poorly designed, people needing the surgery were not thoroughly screened for suitability, and optimal surgical techniques were not developed.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15466754_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15466754-7\" rel=\"external_link\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Advancements have been made to improve the design of the implants.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15466754_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15466754-7\" rel=\"external_link\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\" rel=\"external_link\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Also, choosing the best-suited people was emphasized to ensure that surgeons followed the indications and contraindications for partial replacement. Proper selection,<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18300665_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18300665-9\" rel=\"external_link\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> following the indications\/contraindications, and performing the surgery well are key factors for the success of UKA.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Indications_and_contraindications\">Indications and contraindications<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>UKA may be suitable for people with moderate joint disease caused by painful <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osteoarthritis\" title=\"Osteoarthritis\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">osteoarthritis<\/a> or traumatic injury, a history of unsuccessful surgical procedures or poor <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bone\" title=\"Bone\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">bone<\/a> density that precludes other types of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knee\" title=\"Knee\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">knee<\/a> surgery.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> People who may not be eligible for a UKA include those with an active or suspected infection in or about the knee joint, may have a known sensitivity to device materials, have bone infections or disease that result in an inability to support or fixate the new implant to the bone, have inflammatory arthritis, have major deformities that can affect the knee mechanical axis, have neuromuscular disorders that may compromise motor control and\/or stability, have any mental neuromuscular disorder, are obese,<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid16164956_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid16164956-10\" rel=\"external_link\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> have lost a severe amount of bone from the shin (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tibia\" title=\"Tibia\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">tibia<\/a>) or have severe tibial deformities, have recurring <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subluxation\" title=\"Subluxation\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">subluxation<\/a> of the knee joint, have untreated damage to the knee cap and thigh bone joint (patellofemoral joint), have untreated damage to the opposite compartment or the same side of the knee not being replaced by a device, and\/or have instability of the knee ligaments such that the postoperative stability the UKA would be compromised.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anterior_cruciate_ligament\" title=\"Anterior cruciate ligament\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">anterior cruciate ligament<\/a> (ACL) should be intact,<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\" rel=\"external_link\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> although this is debated by clinicians for people who need a medial compartment replacement.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> For people needing a lateral compartment replacement, the ACL should be intact and is contraindicated for people with ACL-deficient knees because the lateral component has more motion than the medial compartment.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"History_and_physical_examination\">History and physical examination<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A physical examination and getting the subject\u2019s history is performed before getting surgery.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> A person with pain in one area of the knee may be a candidate for UKA.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> However, a person with pain in multiple areas of the knee may not be a good candidate for UKA.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> The doctor may take some radiographs (e.g., x-rays) to check for degeneration of the other knee compartments and evaluate the knee.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> The physical exam may also include special tests designed to test the ligaments of the knee and other anatomical structures.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18300665_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18300665-9\" rel=\"external_link\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Most likely, the surgeon will decide to do a UKA during surgery where he\/she can directly see the status of the other compartments.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Surgical_information\">Surgical information<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The surgeon may choose which type of incision and implant to use for the subject\u2019s knee. During the surgery, the surgeon may align the instruments to determine the amount of bone to remove.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15466754_7-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15466754-7\" rel=\"external_link\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> The surgeon removes bone from the (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tibia\" title=\"Tibia\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">tibia<\/a>) and thigh bone (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Femur\" title=\"Femur\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">femur<\/a>).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15466754_7-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15466754-7\" rel=\"external_link\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> The surgeon may decide to check if the appropriate amount of bone was removed during the surgery.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15466754_7-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15466754-7\" rel=\"external_link\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> In order to make sure that the proper size implant is used, a surgeon may choose to use a temporary trial. After making sure the proper size implant is selected, the surgeon will put the implant on the ends of the bone and secure it with pegs. Finally, the surgeon will close the wound with sutures.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15466754_7-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15466754-7\" rel=\"external_link\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\" rel=\"external_link\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The unicompartmental replacement is a minimally invasive option for people whose arthritis is isolated to either the medial or the lateral compartment. The procedure offers several benefits for patients with a moderately active lifestyle, who have arthritis in just one knee compartment, and who are within normal weight ranges. The surgeon uses an incision of just 3-4 inches; a total knee replacement typically requires an incision of 8-12 inches. The partial replacement does not disrupt the knee cap, which makes for a shorter rehabilitation period. A partial replacement also causes minimal blood loss during the procedure, and results in considerably less post-operative pain. The hospitalization time compared with a total knee replacement is also greatly reduced.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-siman_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-siman-3\" rel=\"external_link\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-han_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-han-5\" rel=\"external_link\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Benefits\">Benefits<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The potential benefits of UKA include a smaller incision because the UKA implants are smaller than the total knee replacements, and the surgeon may make a smaller incision.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> This may lead to a smaller scar.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Another potential benefit is less post-operative <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pain\" title=\"Pain\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">pain<\/a> because less bone is removed.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Also, a quicker operation and shorter recovery period may be a result of less bone being removed during the operation and the soft tissue may sustain less trauma.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\" rel=\"external_link\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> Also, the rehabilitation process may be more progressive.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\" rel=\"external_link\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> More specific benefits of UKA are that it may improve range of motion, reduce blood loss during surgery, reduce the person\u2019s time spent in the hospital, and decrease costs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-wu_1-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wu-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid16164956_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid16164956-10\" rel=\"external_link\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In 2018, two of the most significant benefits of UKA or partial knee replacements are:\n<p>1. Partial knee replacement subjects report that their replaced knee feels more like their original non-replaced knee as compared to a total knee replacement\n2, Partial knee replacements leave other options open to further advances. By not replacing the rest of the knee with metal and plastic, if other options exist in years to come for arthritis in these areas then a partial knee replacement does not burn that bridge.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Risks\">Risks<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blood_clots\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Blood clots\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">Blood clots<\/a> (also known as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep_vein_thrombosis\" title=\"Deep vein thrombosis\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">deep vein thrombosis<\/a>) are a common complication after surgery.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid17948162_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid17948162-15\" rel=\"external_link\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid17613508_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid17613508-16\" rel=\"external_link\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> However, a doctor may prescribe certain medications to help prevent blood clots.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid17948162_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid17948162-15\" rel=\"external_link\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid17613508_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid17613508-16\" rel=\"external_link\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> Infection may occur after surgery.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\" rel=\"external_link\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> However, antibiotics may be prescribed by a doctor to help prevent infections.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid17613508_16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid17613508-16\" rel=\"external_link\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> Individual factors (e.g., anatomy, weight, prior medical history, prior joint surgeries) should be addressed with the surgery subject. The causes of long-term failure of UKAs include <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polyethylene\" title=\"Polyethylene\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">polyethylene<\/a> wear, loosening of the implant, and degeneration of the adjacent knee compartment.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid18180388-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Long-term_results\">Long-term results<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Long term studies reported excellent outcomes for UKA, partly due to subject screening,<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15866962_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15866962-18\" rel=\"external_link\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> minimizing the amount of bone that is removed,<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15930935_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15930935-19\" rel=\"external_link\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> and using the proper surgical technique.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15866962_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15866962-18\" rel=\"external_link\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> One study found that at a minimum of 10 years follow up time after the initial surgery, the overall survival rate of the implant was 96%.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15866962_18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15866962-18\" rel=\"external_link\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Also, 92% of the people in this study had excellent or good outcome.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15866962_18-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15866962-18\" rel=\"external_link\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Another study, reported that at 15 years follow up time after the initial surgery, the overall rate of the implant was 93% and 91% of these people reported good or excellent outcomes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-pmid15930935_19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pmid15930935-19\" rel=\"external_link\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-wu-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-0\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-1\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-2\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-3\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-4\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-5\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>f<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-6\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>g<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-7\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>h<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-8\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>i<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-9\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>j<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wu_1-10\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>k<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Santoso, M. B; Wu, L (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5371236\" target=\"_blank\">\"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, is it superior to high tibial osteotomy in treating unicompartmental osteoarthritis? A meta-analysis and systemic review\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research<\/i>. <b>12<\/b> (1): 50. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs13018-017-0552-9\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s13018-017-0552-9<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" title=\"PubMed Central\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMC<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5371236\" target=\"_blank\">5371236<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28351371\" target=\"_blank\">28351371<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Orthopaedic+Surgery+and+Research&rft.atitle=Unicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty%2C+is+it+superior+to+high+tibial+osteotomy+in+treating+unicompartmental+osteoarthritis%3F+A+meta-analysis+and+systemic+review&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5371236&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28351371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13018-017-0552-9&rft.aulast=Santoso&rft.aufirst=M.+B&rft.au=Wu%2C+L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5371236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pmid18180388-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-0\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-1\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-2\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-3\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-4\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-5\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>f<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-6\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>g<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-7\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>h<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-8\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>i<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-9\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>j<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-10\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>k<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-11\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>l<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-12\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>m<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-13\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>n<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-14\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>o<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-15\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>p<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid18180388_2-16\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>q<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Borus T, Thornhill T (January 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jaaos.org\/cgi\/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18180388\" target=\"_blank\">\"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty\"<\/a>. <i>J Am Acad Orthop Surg<\/i>. <b>16<\/b> (1): 9\u201318. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18180388\" target=\"_blank\">18180388<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Acad+Orthop+Surg&rft.atitle=Unicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-18&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18180388&rft.aulast=Borus&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Thornhill%2C+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaaos.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D18180388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-siman-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a 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F; Carrillo, N; Harmsen, W. S; Pagnano, M. W; Sierra, R. 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North Yorkshire Orthopaedic Specialists<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 February<\/span> 2013<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partial+Knee+Replacement&rft.pub=North+Yorkshire+Orthopaedic+Specialists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftony-gibbon.co.uk%2Ftreatment%2Fknee-treatment%2Ftreatments%2Fpartial-knee-replacement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\" rel=\"external_link\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Mullaji AB, Sharma A, Marawar S (June 2007). \"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: functional recovery and radiographic results with a minimally invasive technique\". <i>J Arthroplasty<\/i>. <b>22<\/b> (4 Suppl 1): 7\u201311. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.arth.2006.12.109\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.arth.2006.12.109<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17570269\" target=\"_blank\">17570269<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Arthroplasty&rft.atitle=Unicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty%3A+functional+recovery+and+radiographic+results+with+a+minimally+invasive+technique&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4+Suppl+1&rft.pages=7-11&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.arth.2006.12.109&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17570269&rft.aulast=Mullaji&rft.aufirst=AB&rft.au=Sharma%2C+A&rft.au=Marawar%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\" rel=\"external_link\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Newman JH (April 2000). \"Unicompartmental knee replacement\". <i>Knee<\/i>. <b>7<\/b> (2): 63\u201370. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0968-0160%2899%2900032-0\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S0968-0160(99)00032-0<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10788767\" target=\"_blank\">10788767<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knee&rft.atitle=Unicompartmental+knee+replacement&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-70&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0968-0160%2899%2900032-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10788767&rft.au=Newman+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pmid17948162-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid17948162_15-0\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid17948162_15-1\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Colwell CW (September 2007). \"Rationale for thromboprophylaxis in lower joint arthroplasty\". <i>Am J. Orthop<\/i>. <b>36<\/b> (9 Suppl): 11\u20133. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17948162\" target=\"_blank\">17948162<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J.+Orthop.&rft.atitle=Rationale+for+thromboprophylaxis+in+lower+joint+arthroplasty&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=9+Suppl&rft.pages=11-3&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17948162&rft.au=Colwell+CW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pmid17613508-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid17613508_16-0\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid17613508_16-1\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid17613508_16-2\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Warwick D, Friedman RJ, Agnelli G, et al. (June 2007). \"Insufficient duration of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total hip or knee replacement when compared with the time course of thromboembolic events: findings from the Global Orthopaedic Registry\". <i>J Bone Joint Surg Br<\/i>. <b>89<\/b> (6): 799\u2013807. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302%2F0301-620X.89B6.18844\" target=\"_blank\">10.1302\/0301-620X.89B6.18844<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17613508\" target=\"_blank\">17613508<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Bone+Joint+Surg+Br&rft.atitle=Insufficient+duration+of+venous+thromboembolism+prophylaxis+after+total+hip+or+knee+replacement+when+compared+with+the+time+course+of+thromboembolic+events%3A+findings+from+the+Global+Orthopaedic+Registry&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=799-807&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1302%2F0301-620X.89B6.18844&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17613508&rft.au=Warwick+D&rft.au=Friedman+RJ&rft.au=Agnelli+G&rft.au=Gil-Garay%2C+E.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+K.&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+G.&rft.au=Turibio%2C+F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\" rel=\"external_link\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Ritter MA, Olberding EM, Malinzak RA (September 2007). \"Ultraviolet lighting during orthopaedic surgery and the rate of infection\". <i>J Bone Joint Surg Am<\/i>. <b>89<\/b> (9): 1935\u201340. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106%2FJBJS.F.01037\" target=\"_blank\">10.2106\/JBJS.F.01037<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17768189\" target=\"_blank\">17768189<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Bone+Joint+Surg+Am&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+lighting+during+orthopaedic+surgery+and+the+rate+of+infection&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1935-40&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2106%2FJBJS.F.01037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17768189&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Olberding%2C+EM&rft.au=Malinzak%2C+RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pmid15866962-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid15866962_18-0\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid15866962_18-1\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid15866962_18-2\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid15866962_18-3\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Berger RA, Meneghini RM, Jacobs JJ, et al. (May 2005). \"Results of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty at a minimum of ten years of follow-up\". <i>J Bone Joint Surg Am<\/i>. <b>87<\/b> (5): 999\u20131006. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106%2FJBJS.C.00568\" target=\"_blank\">10.2106\/JBJS.C.00568<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15866962\" target=\"_blank\">15866962<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Bone+Joint+Surg+Am&rft.atitle=Results+of+unicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty+at+a+minimum+of+ten+years+of+follow-up&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=999-1006&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2106%2FJBJS.C.00568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15866962&rft.au=Berger+RA&rft.au=Meneghini+RM&rft.au=Jacobs+JJ&rft.au=Sheinkop%2C+MB&rft.au=Della+Valle%2C+CJ&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+AG&rft.au=Galante%2C+JO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pmid15930935-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid15930935_19-0\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pmid15930935_19-1\" rel=\"external_link\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\">Price AJ, Waite JC, Svard U (June 2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/meta.wkhealth.com\/pt\/pt-core\/template-journal\/lwwgateway\/media\/landingpage.htm?an=00003086-200506000-00024\" target=\"_blank\">\"Long-term clinical results of the medial Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty\"<\/a>. <i>Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res<\/i>. <b>&na, <\/b> (435): 171\u201380. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097%2F00003086-200506000-00024\" target=\"_blank\">10.1097\/00003086-200506000-00024<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PubMed Identifier\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15930935\" target=\"_blank\">15930935<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin.+Orthop.+Relat.+Res.&rft.atitle=Long-term+clinical+results+of+the+medial+Oxford+unicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty&rft.volume=%26na%3B&rft.issue=435&rft.pages=171-80&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00003086-200506000-00024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15930935&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Waite%2C+JC&rft.au=Svard%2C+U&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fan%3D00003086-200506000-00024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicompartmental+knee+arthroplasty\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446\"\/><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"External_links\">External links<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li>Medline Plus <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/ency\/article\/007256.htm\" target=\"_blank\">[1]<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n\n<p><!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw1266\nCached time: 20181129051402\nCache expiry: 1900800\nDynamic content: false\nCPU time usage: 0.356 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.435 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 1592\/1000000\nPreprocessor generated node count: 0\/1500000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 70409\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 503\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 12\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 3\/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 1\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 63834\/5000000 bytes\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 3\/400\nLua time usage: 0.183\/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 4.33 MB\/50 MB\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 363.667 1 -total\n<\/p>\n<pre>59.13% 215.036 1 Template:Reflist\n45.77% 166.441 16 Template:Cite_journal\n16.67% 60.620 1 Template:Infobox_interventions\n15.03% 54.642 1 Template:Infobox\n 8.88% 32.277 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates\n 6.67% 24.258 1 Template:Operations_and_other_procedures_on_the_musculoskeletal_system\n 5.77% 20.983 3 Template:Navbox\n 4.41% 16.040 1 Template:DMCA\n 3.63% 13.194 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category\n<\/pre>\n<p>-->\n<\/p><p><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16991704-1!canonical and timestamp 20181129051402 and revision id 865419874\n<\/p>\n<pre>-->\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Notes\">Notes<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This article is a direct transclusion of <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty\" target=\"_blank\">the Wikipedia article<\/a> and therefore may not meet the same editing standards as LIMSwiki.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20181217212251\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nCPU time usage: 0.014 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.151 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 5\/1000000\nPreprocessor generated node count: 20\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 20\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 2\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\n-->\n\n<!-- \nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 144.406 1 - wikipedia:Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty\n100.00% 144.406 1 - -total\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:8085-0!*!*!*!*!*!* and timestamp 20181217212251 and revision id 24204\n -->\n<\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- end content -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<!-- end of the left (by default at least) column -->\n\t\t<div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n<\/body>","daf2e890fa4c3eb3b7a572fcacd26359_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/19\/Schlittenprothese.jpg\/560px-Schlittenprothese.jpg"],"daf2e890fa4c3eb3b7a572fcacd26359_timestamp":1545081771,"5f0ff3cb789a58f1c742c239557383e5_type":"article","5f0ff3cb789a58f1c742c239557383e5_title":"Surgery for the dysfunctional sacroiliac joint","5f0ff3cb789a58f1c742c239557383e5_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Surgery_for_the_dysfunctional_sacroiliac_joint","5f0ff3cb789a58f1c742c239557383e5_plaintext":"\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\tSurgery for the dysfunctional sacroiliac joint\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFrom LIMSWiki\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJump to: navigation, search\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSurgery for the dysfunctional sacroiliac jointSpecialtyorthopedic[edit on Wikidata]\nThe sacroiliac joint is a paired joint in the pelvis that lies between the sacrum and an ilium. Due to its location in the lower back, a dysfunctional sacroiliac joint may cause lower back and\/or leg pain. The resulting leg pain can be severe, resembling sciatica or a slipped disc. While nonsurgical treatments are effective for some, others have found that surgery for the dysfunctional sacroiliac joint is the only method to relieve pain.\nSacroiliac joint dysfunction is diagnosed by a physician. Associated surgery should only occur when certain criteria are satisfied.[1] Surgical options, such as the degree of invasiveness, can then be evaluated when deciding on a treatment plan.\nIf complications occur, they are often detected early (during surgery or shortly after) and correlate with the surgical approach.[2][3][4][5] Results and outcomes vary according to the patient, pathology, surgeon, procedure, and methods.[5]\n\nContents \n\n1 History \n2 Diagnosis \n3 Conservative treatment \n4 Surgical options \n5 Complications \n6 Outcomes \n7 Future \n8 See also \n9 References \n\n\nHistory \nSacroiliac joint surgery was first described in 1926 by the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.[6] Following its appearance, the original procedure was documented in several publications and practices for nearly a century.[2][3][4][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]\nSacroiliac joint surgeries have improved significantly beyond their nascency, which lacked the advent of hardware or instrumentation.[6] The first use of sacroiliac joint surgical materials appeared in 1987 with the use of ceramic blocks to aid in joint fusing.[7] The year 2001 marked the advent of spinal rods and screws to facilitate internal fixation.[8] Continued improvements have been documented as surgeons reduce their incision size while avoiding tissues such as muscle, blood vessels, and nerves.[3][6] Modern sacroiliac joint surgery utilizes instrumentation systems attempts to be as minimally invasive as possible.\nThe first surgical textbook on sacroiliac joint surgery was published in 2014.[5]\n\nDiagnosis \nThe diagnosis for a dysfunctional sacroiliac joint results from a combination of patient history,[1] clinical evaluation,[1][5][18] and one or more injections.[1][5][18][19] The gold standard diagnostic injection utilizes a long-acting anesthetic agent with radiographic dye.[5] A diagnosis can be made following injections into the posterior sacroiliac transverse ligament.[1][3][5]\n\nConservative treatment \nCurrently there is no standard treatment regimen that must precede sacroiliac joint surgery. However, an algorithm has been designed (2010) to guide the treatment process before committing a patient to surgery.[1] This algorithm allows for the use of alternative treatments (prolotherapy, radio frequency neural ablation, cryotherapy, acupuncture, and others) if desired by a clinician or patient.\n\nSurgical options \nWhen preparing to operate on the sacroiliac joint, a surgeon must consider the desired degree of invasiveness, surgical approach (fascial splitting that is posterior midline, posterior lateral, posterior lateral inferior, lateral, anterior), instrumentation, type of bone grafting material (autograft, allograft, and xenograft), and type of bone graft enhancing material (bone morphogenetic proteins).[5] Another consideration is a patient's desired postoperative weight bearing status, as some procedures result in full weight bearing while others only partial.\nCurrent diagnostic criteria (not standard but generally accepted) include at least 6 months of chronic pain, failure of previous treatments, disability from daily activities, and a diagnostic injection.[5] There is no current standard operating procedure,[5] though some surgeons may prefer an approach based on his or her training and exposure (there are exceptions).[5]\nThe most frequently practiced procedure is the lateral minimally invasive approach.[5] One leading explanation for this involves the FDA having made possible a Premarket notification (510(k)) for instrumentation that has a predicate preceding 1976. Several lateral minimally invasive instrumentation systems have acquired this designation.[5][20]\nSome procedures are unique in that they do not rely on a fusion of the joint.[13]\n\nComplications \nOperating on a dysfunctional sacroiliac joint is an elective procedure and should never be an emergency. Preoperative planning and preparation should prevent or lessen the likelihood of most complications. However, aside from the general complications that encompass any reconstructive surgery, specific complications are associated with the sacroiliac joint.\nThe sacroiliac joint is essentially halfway between the ventral and dorsal sides of the body deep within the pelvis, a location in close proximity to several vital structures. Those structures within a few centimeters of the sacroiliac joint include the sacrum, ilium, sciatic nerve, dorsal and ventral sacral nerves, lumbar plexus, superior gluteal artery, iliac vessels, and large intestine.[5] While these structures could be injured during any type of sacroiliac joint procedure, the lateral minimally invasive approach is associated with the greatest number of complications.[4][5]\n\nOutcomes \nSurgical outcome following dysfunctional sacroiliac joint correction has yet to be evaluated by multi-center studies. Multiple peer-reviewed articles have conducted followups, describing an overall success or satisfaction rate in the 70-80% range.[3][4][9][10][11][12][14][15][16][17] However, one article was suggestive of poor outcomes with only 18% of patients being satisfied.[2]\nSurgery has been demonstrated to also be effective for some pathologies that involve sacroiliac joint dysfunction.[5] The one exception is inflammatory arthritis, for which surgery achieves mixed results.[5]\n\nFuture \nSurgeries for the dysfunctional sacroiliac joint are currently in their infancy, despite their many advances. Prospective and multi-center studies are needed to move this surgery into the knowledge base of surgical education and surgical societies.[21] Advancements in surgery are expected to continue as science is applied further to the diagnosis and treatment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction.\n\nSee also \nMyofascial pain\nPiriformis syndrome\nTrochanteric bursitis\nReferences \n \n\n^ a b c d e f Dall BE Eden SV Brumblay HG. Sacroiliac joint dysfunction: an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment. (2010) http:\/\/www.borgess.com\/files\/bbsi\/pdf\/si_joint_white.pdf \n\n^ a b c Shutz U Grob D. Poor outcome following bilateral sacroiliac joint fusion for degenerative sacroiliac joint syndrome. Act Orthop Belg. (2006) 72 (3) 296-308 \n\n^ a b c d e Wise CL Dall BE. Minimally invasive sacroiliac arthrodesis: outcomes of a new technique. J Spinal Disord Tech. (2008) 21 (8) 579-584 \n\n^ a b c d Rudolf L. Sacroiliac joint arthrodesis-MIS technique with titanium implants: report of the first 50 patients and outcomes. Open Orthop J. (2012) 6 495-502 \n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Dall BE Editor. Surgical Treatment for the painful dysfunctional sacroiliac joint: a clinical guide. Springer Publishing. (2014) ISBN 3319107259 \n\n^ a b c Smith-Petersen MN Rogers WA. End-result study of arthrodesis of the sacroiliac joint for arthritis-traumatic and non-traumatic. J Bone Joint Surg Am; 1926 (8) 118-136 \n\n^ a b Waisbrod H Krainick JU Gerbershagen HU. Sacroiliac joint arthrodesis for chronic lower back pain. Archives of Orthopedic and Traumatic Surgery: 1987 (4) 106; 238-240 \n\n^ a b Belanger TA Dall BE. Sacroiliac arthrodesis using a posterior midline fascial splitting approach and pedicle screw instrumentation: A new technique. J Spinal Discord: (2001) 14 (2) 118-124 \n\n^ a b Buchowski JM et al. Functional and radiographic outcome of sacroiliac arthrodesis for disorders of the sacroiliac joint. Spine J: (2005) 5 (5) 520-528 Discussion 529 \n\n^ a b Keating JG. Sacroiliac joint fusion in a chronic low back pain population. In Vleeming A, editor. The integrated function of the lumbar spine and sacroiliac joints: second interdisciplinary world congress on low back pain. Rotterdam:ECO; (1995) 361-365 \n\n^ a b Kibsgard TJ et al. Pelvic joint fusions in patients with chronic pelvic girdle pain: a 23-year follow up. Eur Spine J; (2013) 22 (4) 871-877 \n\n^ a b Giannikas KA et al. Sacroiliac joint fusion for chronic pain: a simple technique avoiding he use of metalwork. Euro Spine J. (2004) 13 (3) 253-256 \n\n^ a b Haufe SM Mork AR. Sacroiliac joint debridement: a novel technique for the treatment of sacroiliac joint pain. Photoed Laser Surg. (2005) 23 (6) 596-598 \n\n^ a b Kurana A et al. Percutaneous fusion of the sacroiliac joint with hollow modular anchorage screws: clinical and radiological outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. (2009) 91 (5) 627-631 \n\n^ a b Al-hayer A et al. Percutaneous sacroiliac joint arthrodesis: a novel technique. J Spinal Disord Tech; (2008) 21 (5) 359-363 \n\n^ a b Mason LW Chopra I Mohanty K. The percutaneous stabilization of the sacroiliac joint with hollow modular anchorage screws: a prospective outcome study. Euro Spine J. (2013) 22 (10) 2325-2331 \n\n^ a b Sachs D Capobianco R. One year successful outcomes for novel sacroiliac joint arthrodesis system. Ann Surg Innov Res. (2012) 6(1)13 \n\n^ a b Maigne JY Aivaliklis A Pfefer F. Results of the sacroiliac joint double block and value of sacroiliac provocation tests in 54 patients with low back pain. Spine: (1996) 21 1889-1892 \n\n^ Dreyfuss P Dreyer S Cole A Mayo K. Sacroiliac joint pain. J Am Acad Orthop Surg: (2004) 12 255-265 \n\n^ http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf12\/K122o74.pdf \n\n^ Dall BE. Someone needs to claim it. 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Due to its location in the lower back, a dysfunctional sacroiliac joint may cause lower back and\/or leg pain. The resulting leg pain can be severe, resembling <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sciatica\" title=\"Sciatica\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">sciatica<\/a> or a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lumbar_disc_herniation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lumbar disc herniation\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">slipped disc<\/a>. While nonsurgical treatments are effective for some, others have found that <b>surgery for the dysfunctional sacroiliac joint<\/b> is the only method to relieve pain.\n<\/p><p>Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is diagnosed by a physician. Associated surgery should only occur when certain criteria are satisfied.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Algo_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Algo-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Surgical options, such as the degree of invasiveness, can then be evaluated when deciding on a treatment plan.\n<\/p><p>If complications occur, they are often detected early (during surgery or shortly after) and correlate with the surgical approach.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PoorOutcome_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PoorOutcome-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MinimallyInvasive_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MinimallyInvasive-3\" rel=\"external_link\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MIS_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MIS-4\" rel=\"external_link\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DallClinical_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DallClinical-5\" rel=\"external_link\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Results and outcomes vary according to the patient, pathology, surgeon, procedure, and methods.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DallClinical_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DallClinical-5\" rel=\"external_link\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"History\">History<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacroiliac_joint\" title=\"Sacroiliac joint\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">Sacroiliac joint<\/a> surgery was first described in 1926 by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Journal_of_Bone_and_Joint_Surgery\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-End_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-End-6\" rel=\"external_link\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Following its appearance, the original procedure was documented in several publications and practices for nearly a century.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PoorOutcome_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PoorOutcome-2\" rel=\"external_link\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MinimallyInvasive_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MinimallyInvasive-3\" rel=\"external_link\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MIS_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MIS-4\" rel=\"external_link\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Waisbrod_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Waisbrod-7\" rel=\"external_link\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VokesNation_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VokesNation-8\" rel=\"external_link\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BWR_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BWR-9\" rel=\"external_link\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Keat_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Keat-10\" rel=\"external_link\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Kibsgard_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Kibsgard-11\" rel=\"external_link\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Giann_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Giann-12\" rel=\"external_link\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Haufe_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Haufe-13\" rel=\"external_link\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Percutaneous_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Percutaneous-14\" rel=\"external_link\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Arthrodesis_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Arthrodesis-15\" rel=\"external_link\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Stab_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Stab-16\" rel=\"external_link\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-one_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-one-17\" rel=\"external_link\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacroiliac_joint\" title=\"Sacroiliac joint\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">Sacroiliac joint<\/a> surgeries have improved significantly beyond their nascency, which lacked the advent of hardware or instrumentation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-End_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-End-6\" rel=\"external_link\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> The first use of sacroiliac joint surgical materials appeared in 1987 with the use of ceramic blocks to aid in joint fusing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Waisbrod_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Waisbrod-7\" rel=\"external_link\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> The year 2001 marked the advent of spinal rods and screws to facilitate <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internal_fixation\" title=\"Internal fixation\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">internal fixation<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VokesNation_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VokesNation-8\" rel=\"external_link\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Continued improvements have been documented as surgeons reduce their incision size while avoiding tissues such as muscle, blood vessels, and nerves.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MinimallyInvasive_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MinimallyInvasive-3\" rel=\"external_link\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-End_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-End-6\" rel=\"external_link\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Modern sacroiliac joint surgery utilizes instrumentation systems attempts to be as minimally invasive as possible.\n<\/p><p>The first surgical textbook on sacroiliac joint surgery was published in 2014.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DallClinical_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DallClinical-5\" rel=\"external_link\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Diagnosis\">Diagnosis<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The diagnosis for a dysfunctional sacroiliac joint results from a combination of patient history,<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Algo_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Algo-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> clinical evaluation,<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Algo_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Algo-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DallClinical_5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DallClinical-5\" rel=\"external_link\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Maigne_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Maigne-18\" rel=\"external_link\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> and one or more injections.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Algo_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Algo-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DallClinical_5-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DallClinical-5\" rel=\"external_link\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Maigne_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Maigne-18\" rel=\"external_link\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\" rel=\"external_link\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> The gold standard diagnostic injection utilizes a long-acting <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anesthetic_agent\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Anesthetic agent\" rel=\"external_link\" target=\"_blank\">anesthetic agent<\/a> with radiographic dye.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DallClinical_5-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DallClinical-5\" rel=\"external_link\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> A diagnosis can be made following injections into the posterior sacroiliac transverse ligament.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Algo_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Algo-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MinimallyInvasive_3-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MinimallyInvasive-3\" rel=\"external_link\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DallClinical_5-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DallClinical-5\" rel=\"external_link\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Conservative_treatment\">Conservative treatment<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Currently there is no standard treatment regimen that must precede sacroiliac joint surgery. However, an algorithm has been designed (2010) to guide the treatment process before committing a patient to surgery.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Algo_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Algo-1\" rel=\"external_link\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> This algorithm allows for the use of alternative treatments (prolotherapy, radio frequency neural ablation, cryotherapy, acupuncture, and others) if desired by a clinician or patient.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Surgical_options\">Surgical options<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>When preparing to operate on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacroiliac_joint\" title=\"Sacroiliac joint\" rel=\"externa
