{"ID":78542,"post_author":"9412100","post_date":"2019-01-04 17:55:50","post_date_gmt":"2019-01-04 22:55:50","post_content":"","post_title":"The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-laboratories-of-our-lives-labs-labs-everywhere","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-07-07 19:34:27","post_modified_gmt":"2022-07-07 23:34:27","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/?post_type=ebook&p=78542","menu_order":0,"post_type":"ebook","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"","_ebook_metadata":{"enabled":"on","private":"0","guid":"5D387B6C-47CF-472B-9508-44EA3BFEC3CE","title":"The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!","subtitle":"Second Edition","cover_theme":"nico_3","cover_image":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/rdp-ebook-builder\/pl\/cover.php?cover_style=nico_3&subtitle=Second+Edition&editor=Shawn+Douglas&title=The+Laboratories+of+Our+Lives%3A+Labs%2C+Labs+Everywhere%21&title_image=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.limsforum.com%2Fwww.limsforum.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FContinental_Carbon_Company_10429000336.jpg&publisher=LabLynx+Press","editor":"Shawn Douglas","publisher":"LabLynx Press","author_id":"26","image_url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b1\/Pathology_Lab.png","items":{"ac2138975f6caa94cba1ea62ccd63ae0_type":"article","ac2138975f6caa94cba1ea62ccd63ae0_title":"7.2 Closing remarks","ac2138975f6caa94cba1ea62ccd63ae0_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks","ac2138975f6caa94cba1ea62ccd63ae0_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Discussion and closing remarks\/Closing remarksFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n7.2 Closing remarks \nThe introduction posed questions such as \"Why should I care that a laboratory was somehow involved in a product's creation?\" and \"How is a laboratory involved with the ink pen on my desk or water I drink?\" Through the previous examples and the contents of this guide, the goal has been to 1. help readers answer those questions, and 2. help paint a picture showing how laboratories have, within a couple of centuries, rapidly transformed from somewhat rare place of individual study and notoriety to ubiquitous location for analysis, research, development, quality control, and calibration efforts that drive society forward towards new frontiers. Hopefully this guide has been successful on both fronts. \nWhat is the state of laboratories in 2022? To be sure, they have been put under a variety of stressors on many fronts over the past few years, from personnel shortages[1][2][3] and supply shortages [1][4][5] to reimbursement issues[1][6] and cybersecurity issues.[7] But the importance of laboratories in our lives will largely mean that they will overcome these challenges out of necessity.\nWhat will the future hold for our humble laboratories, and how will their status within the fabric of our society change, if at all? Optimistically, they will increasingly be viewed as spaces that assist scientists with rational and safe discoveries that provide benefits for the whole of society. Laboratories and their denizens will undoubtedly also continue to play important roles in maintaining the safety and well-being of the populace, from product quality control to disease tracking and analysis. Technologies such as cloud computing and data management systems may further streamline how laboratory research data is produced, handled, and stored[8], and data sharing policies\u2014if they can overcome some inherent challenges[9]\u2014may positively shape laboratories even further. In the end, one way or another laboratories will continue to play a pivotal role in society, obvious or not.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nadeau, K. (20 April 2022). \"Best Practices for Lab Management in 2022\". Medical Laboratory Observer. https:\/\/www.mlo-online.com\/management\/article\/21264293\/best-practices-for-lab-management-in-2022 . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rohde, R.E. (22 January 2022). \"The omicron variant is deepening severe staffing shortages in medical laboratories across the U.S.\". ASBMB Today. https:\/\/www.asbmb.org\/asbmb-today\/careers\/012222\/medical-lab-tech-shortage . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Stone, J. (28 April 2022). \"We\u2019re Facing A Critical Shortage Of Medical Laboratory Professionals\". Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/judystone\/2022\/04\/28\/were-facing-a-critical-shortage-of-medical-laboratory-professionals\/ . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 American Society for Microbiology (19 January 2021). \"Supply Shortages Impacting COVID-19 and Non-COVID Testing\". American Society for Microbiology. https:\/\/asm.org\/Articles\/2020\/September\/Clinical-Microbiology-Supply-Shortage-Collecti-1 . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Williams, S. (21 April 2021). \"Supply Shortages Hit Life Science Labs Hard\". The Scientist. https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/supply-shortages-hit-life-science-labs-hard-68695 . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Four Challenges Facing Labs in 2022\". TELCOR, Inc. 8 July 2022. https:\/\/telcor.com\/four-challenges-facing-labs-in-2022\/ . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Dutton, G. (10 June 2022). \"Solutions to Security Challenges for Life Science Labs\". Lab Manager. https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/solutions-for-key-challenges-in-biotech-labs\/solutions-to-security-challenges-for-life-science-labs-28214 . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Saliah-Hassane, H.; Saad, M.; Ofosu, W.K. et al. (2011). \"Lab@Home: Remote laboratory evolution in the Cloud Computing Era\". Proceedings of the 2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition: 22.995.1-22.995.13. https:\/\/peer.asee.org\/18691 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Marcus, A. (6 June 2017). \"New science data-sharing rules are two scoops of disappointment\". STAT. Boston Globe Media. https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2017\/06\/06\/data-sharing-rules-disappoint\/ . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:28.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","ac2138975f6caa94cba1ea62ccd63ae0_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Discussion_and_closing_remarks_Closing_remarks rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Discussion_and_closing_remarks_Closing_remarks skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Discussion and closing remarks\/Closing remarks<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"7.2_Closing_remarks\">7.2 Closing remarks<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The introduction posed questions such as \"Why should I care that a laboratory was somehow involved in a product's creation?\" and \"How is a laboratory involved with the ink pen on my desk or water I drink?\" Through the previous examples and the contents of this guide, the goal has been to 1. help readers answer those questions, and 2. help paint a picture showing how laboratories have, within a couple of centuries, rapidly transformed from somewhat rare place of individual study and notoriety to ubiquitous location for analysis, research, development, quality control, and calibration efforts that drive society forward towards new frontiers. Hopefully this guide has been successful on both fronts. \n<\/p><p>What is the state of laboratories in 2022? To be sure, they have been put under a variety of stressors on many fronts over the past few years, from personnel shortages<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NadeauBest22_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NadeauBest22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RohdeTheOmi22_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RohdeTheOmi22-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StoneWere22_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StoneWere22-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> and supply shortages <sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NadeauBest22_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NadeauBest22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASMSupply20_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASMSupply20-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WilliamsSupply21_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WilliamsSupply21-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> to reimbursement issues<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NadeauBest22_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NadeauBest22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TelcorFour22_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TelcorFour22-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> and cybersecurity issues.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DuttonSolu22_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DuttonSolu22-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> But the importance of laboratories in our lives will largely mean that they will overcome these challenges out of necessity.\n<\/p><p>What will the future hold for our humble laboratories, and how will their status within the fabric of our society change, if at all? Optimistically, they will increasingly be viewed as spaces that assist scientists with rational and safe discoveries that provide benefits for the whole of society. Laboratories and their denizens will undoubtedly also continue to play important roles in maintaining the safety and well-being of the populace, from product quality control to disease tracking and analysis. Technologies such as cloud computing and data management systems may further streamline how laboratory research data is produced, handled, and stored<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Saliah-HassaneLabAtHome11_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Saliah-HassaneLabAtHome11-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>, and data sharing policies\u2014if they can overcome some inherent challenges<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MarcusNew17_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MarcusNew17-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014may positively shape laboratories even further. In the end, one way or another laboratories will continue to play a pivotal role in society, obvious or not.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-NadeauBest22-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NadeauBest22_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NadeauBest22_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NadeauBest22_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Nadeau, K. (20 April 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mlo-online.com\/management\/article\/21264293\/best-practices-for-lab-management-in-2022\" target=\"_blank\">\"Best Practices for Lab Management in 2022\"<\/a>. <i>Medical Laboratory Observer<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mlo-online.com\/management\/article\/21264293\/best-practices-for-lab-management-in-2022\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mlo-online.com\/management\/article\/21264293\/best-practices-for-lab-management-in-2022<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Best+Practices+for+Lab+Management+in+2022&rft.atitle=Medical+Laboratory+Observer&rft.aulast=Nadeau%2C+K.&rft.au=Nadeau%2C+K.&rft.date=20+April+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlo-online.com%2Fmanagement%2Farticle%2F21264293%2Fbest-practices-for-lab-management-in-2022&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RohdeTheOmi22-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RohdeTheOmi22_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rohde, R.E. (22 January 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asbmb.org\/asbmb-today\/careers\/012222\/medical-lab-tech-shortage\" target=\"_blank\">\"The omicron variant is deepening severe staffing shortages in medical laboratories across the U.S.\"<\/a>. <i>ASBMB Today<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asbmb.org\/asbmb-today\/careers\/012222\/medical-lab-tech-shortage\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.asbmb.org\/asbmb-today\/careers\/012222\/medical-lab-tech-shortage<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+omicron+variant+is+deepening+severe+staffing+shortages+in+medical+laboratories+across+the+U.S.&rft.atitle=ASBMB+Today&rft.aulast=Rohde%2C+R.E.&rft.au=Rohde%2C+R.E.&rft.date=22+January+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asbmb.org%2Fasbmb-today%2Fcareers%2F012222%2Fmedical-lab-tech-shortage&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StoneWere22-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-StoneWere22_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Stone, J. (28 April 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/judystone\/2022\/04\/28\/were-facing-a-critical-shortage-of-medical-laboratory-professionals\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"We\u2019re Facing A Critical Shortage Of Medical Laboratory Professionals\"<\/a>. <i>Forbes<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/judystone\/2022\/04\/28\/were-facing-a-critical-shortage-of-medical-laboratory-professionals\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/judystone\/2022\/04\/28\/were-facing-a-critical-shortage-of-medical-laboratory-professionals\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=We%E2%80%99re+Facing+A+Critical+Shortage+Of+Medical+Laboratory+Professionals&rft.atitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+J.&rft.au=Stone%2C+J.&rft.date=28+April+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjudystone%2F2022%2F04%2F28%2Fwere-facing-a-critical-shortage-of-medical-laboratory-professionals%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASMSupply20-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASMSupply20_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">American Society for Microbiology (19 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/asm.org\/Articles\/2020\/September\/Clinical-Microbiology-Supply-Shortage-Collecti-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Supply Shortages Impacting COVID-19 and Non-COVID Testing\"<\/a>. American Society for Microbiology<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/asm.org\/Articles\/2020\/September\/Clinical-Microbiology-Supply-Shortage-Collecti-1\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/asm.org\/Articles\/2020\/September\/Clinical-Microbiology-Supply-Shortage-Collecti-1<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Supply+Shortages+Impacting+COVID-19+and+Non-COVID+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=American+Society+for+Microbiology&rft.au=American+Society+for+Microbiology&rft.date=19+January+2021&rft.pub=American+Society+for+Microbiology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasm.org%2FArticles%2F2020%2FSeptember%2FClinical-Microbiology-Supply-Shortage-Collecti-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WilliamsSupply21-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WilliamsSupply21_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Williams, S. (21 April 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/supply-shortages-hit-life-science-labs-hard-68695\" target=\"_blank\">\"Supply Shortages Hit Life Science Labs Hard\"<\/a>. <i>The Scientist<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/supply-shortages-hit-life-science-labs-hard-68695\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/supply-shortages-hit-life-science-labs-hard-68695<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Supply+Shortages+Hit+Life+Science+Labs+Hard&rft.atitle=The+Scientist&rft.aulast=Williams%2C+S.&rft.au=Williams%2C+S.&rft.date=21+April+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-scientist.com%2Fnews-opinion%2Fsupply-shortages-hit-life-science-labs-hard-68695&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TelcorFour22-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TelcorFour22_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/telcor.com\/four-challenges-facing-labs-in-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Four Challenges Facing Labs in 2022\"<\/a>. TELCOR, Inc. 8 July 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/telcor.com\/four-challenges-facing-labs-in-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/telcor.com\/four-challenges-facing-labs-in-2022\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Four+Challenges+Facing+Labs+in+2022&rft.atitle=&rft.date=8+July+2022&rft.pub=TELCOR%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelcor.com%2Ffour-challenges-facing-labs-in-2022%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DuttonSolu22-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DuttonSolu22_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Dutton, G. (10 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/solutions-for-key-challenges-in-biotech-labs\/solutions-to-security-challenges-for-life-science-labs-28214\" target=\"_blank\">\"Solutions to Security Challenges for Life Science Labs\"<\/a>. <i>Lab Manager<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/solutions-for-key-challenges-in-biotech-labs\/solutions-to-security-challenges-for-life-science-labs-28214\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/solutions-for-key-challenges-in-biotech-labs\/solutions-to-security-challenges-for-life-science-labs-28214<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Solutions+to+Security+Challenges+for+Life+Science+Labs&rft.atitle=Lab+Manager&rft.aulast=Dutton%2C+G.&rft.au=Dutton%2C+G.&rft.date=10+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmanager.com%2Fbig-picture%2Fsolutions-for-key-challenges-in-biotech-labs%2Fsolutions-to-security-challenges-for-life-science-labs-28214&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Saliah-HassaneLabAtHome11-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Saliah-HassaneLabAtHome11_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Saliah-Hassane, H.; Saad, M.; Ofosu, W.K. et al. (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/peer.asee.org\/18691\" target=\"_blank\">\"Lab@Home: Remote laboratory evolution in the Cloud Computing Era\"<\/a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition<\/i>: 22.995.1-22.995.13<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/peer.asee.org\/18691\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/peer.asee.org\/18691<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lab%40Home%3A+Remote+laboratory+evolution+in+the+Cloud+Computing+Era&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+2011+ASEE+Annual+Conference+%26+Exposition&rft.aulast=Saliah-Hassane%2C+H.%3B+Saad%2C+M.%3B+Ofosu%2C+W.K.+et+al.&rft.au=Saliah-Hassane%2C+H.%3B+Saad%2C+M.%3B+Ofosu%2C+W.K.+et+al.&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=22.995.1-22.995.13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeer.asee.org%2F18691&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MarcusNew17-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MarcusNew17_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Marcus, A. (6 June 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2017\/06\/06\/data-sharing-rules-disappoint\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"New science data-sharing rules are two scoops of disappointment\"<\/a>. <i>STAT<\/i>. Boston Globe Media<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2017\/06\/06\/data-sharing-rules-disappoint\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2017\/06\/06\/data-sharing-rules-disappoint\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+science+data-sharing+rules+are+two+scoops+of+disappointment&rft.atitle=STAT&rft.aulast=Marcus%2C+A.&rft.au=Marcus%2C+A.&rft.date=6+June+2017&rft.pub=Boston+Globe+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2017%2F06%2F06%2Fdata-sharing-rules-disappoint%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232850\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.082 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.104 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 6449\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 47024\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 18209\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 14790\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 94.994 1 -total\n 84.66% 80.419 1 Template:Reflist\n 59.56% 56.578 9 Template:Citation\/core\n 58.29% 55.370 8 Template:Cite_web\n 15.27% 14.504 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\n 13.70% 13.010 8 Template:Date\n 11.27% 10.707 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 4.79% 4.554 15 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.11% 2.006 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13451-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232851 and revision id 48540. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Closing_remarks<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","ac2138975f6caa94cba1ea62ccd63ae0_images":[],"ac2138975f6caa94cba1ea62ccd63ae0_timestamp":1657236875,"e6a57daf63961e38b1fe76ee7bae5f43_type":"article","e6a57daf63961e38b1fe76ee7bae5f43_title":"7.1 Discussion","e6a57daf63961e38b1fe76ee7bae5f43_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion","e6a57daf63961e38b1fe76ee7bae5f43_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Discussion and closing remarks\/DiscussionFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n7. Discussion and closing remarks \n7.1 Discussion \n The CERN laboratory is one of the largest physics laboratories in the world. What is its impact on society? CERN leaders have already asked (and attempted to answer) this very question.This guide attempted to:\n1. provide historical context of the laboratory to paint a picture of quickly going from a few personal labs to a network of labs embedded into the fabric of modern society;\n2. provide a framework of understanding where we could take a laboratory of most any type and find a place for it within the framework; and\n3. examine 20 different industries, fitting the laboratories associated with them into that framework while providing a little background about their activities and underpinnings.\nIn truth, researching and writing this guide was a challenge because few have put the disparate pieces together. Instead, a review of journal articles, books, and news items revealed:\n\nmaterial written from a technical, regulatory, and methodological perspective, with few from the sociological and anthropological perspective;\nmaterial that takes a focused, analytical approach to laboratory activities and not so much a broader, human interest approach to those activities; and\nmaterial that simply glosses over or fails to mention the relevance of laboratories to manufacturing, research and development (R&D), and analytical activities.\nAs such, it doesn't take much effort to reach a perhaps inconclusive belief that today the laboratory setting and its researchers are so interwoven into the fabric of our society\u2014largely behind the scenes\u2014that the average person is practically blind to them and their impact on their day-to-day life. That's not to say, however, that the impact of research laboratories on the social structure hasn't ever been discussed; rather, it's not discussed often. But it is happening. In June 2014, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published the report The Impacts of Large Research Infrastructures on Economic Innovation and on Society: Case Studies at CERN to show \"the ways in which the outcomes of publicly-funded research can benefit national economies and can affect the lives of citizens in general.\"[1] The motivation for this case study came from CERN leaders themselves, who wanted a third party to analyze the laboratory's impact on society and the economy. In that study, the authors emphasized the difficulty of that task[1]:\n\nLong-term impacts [of the activities of a laboratory] on science, the economy and society are, typically, difficult to forecast and to assess. They can even be difficult to evaluate retrospectively, since science typically advances over a broad front, with many separate but interlinked discoveries producing overall societal change. The impact of any particular scientific result is hard to separate cleanly from that of many others. In addition, it is widely acknowledged that scientific and technological progress are closely intertwined, such that certain fundamental problems cannot be tackled unless technology (even commercial technology) is sufficiently advanced.\r\n \r\nScientists who undertake basic research may not be motivated by a desire to achieve concrete societal benefits. In some cases the emergence of benefits is a long-term and highly indirect process, such as when advances in understanding provoke a \"scientific crisis\" that then becomes a driver for breakthrough discoveries ...\nThese are all important points worth noting when thinking about how laboratories affect our lives. Quantifying and qualifying is how most seek answers and rationalize their world, but doing such with laboratories and their activities is apparently a difficult task indeed. This may lend to the lack of research on laboratories and how they affect societies.\nThe American Association for the Advancement of Science has also been promoting the idea of correlating research laboratory activities with societal impacts, primarily through their science and research advocacy workshops.[2][3] Speakers at these workshops have been encouraging scientists to more clearly and succinctly demonstrate the social and cultural implications of their laboratory research to lawmakers. The AAAS' thinking is essentially by making laboratory research more relatable to society and human outcomes, the difficulties of acquiring research funding will be lessened slightly.\nWe also see attempts being made in other arenas. The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science, American Clinical Laboratory Association, and Advanced Medical Technology Association have all promoted the value of the diagnostic laboratory to patient outcomes and disease prevention through various position and white papers.[4][5] On the teaching front, Sunal et al. have published a collection of papers addressing the importance of laboratories in science teaching and learning. \"In general, recent research provides evidence that students do benefit from inquiry-based laboratory and technology experiences that are integrated with classroom science curricula,\" they emphasize.[6] Finally, researchers are also looking at how discoveries and innovations in laboratories\u2014such as advances in genetic testing[7]\u2014have and could potentially affect society, positively and negatively.\nThese examples, while relatively sparse, add additional context to what has already been discussed. We begin to form a somewhat clearer idea of how laboratories of all types intersect our lives, largely on a practical scale and partially from the perspective of how laboratories and the research going on in them affect us directly. We find laboratories in numerous pockets of modern society, from the public high school chemistry lab to the private R&D laboratory developing improvements to batteries. Some affect us directly, such as when you get your blood tested at the clinical lab for symptoms related to diabetes, and others rarely affect us so directly, such as the mobile forensic laboratory. And some laboratories only affect us tangentially, for example through a scientific discovery that gets propagated slowly from lab to lab, influencing other researchers' approaches over time.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (June 2014). \"The Impacts of Large Research Infrastructures on Economic Innovation and on Society: Case Studies at CERN\" (PDF). pp. 79. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/inno\/CERN-case-studies.pdf . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"About OGR\". American Association for the Advancement of Science. https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/page\/about-ogr . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Catalyzing Advocacy in Science and Engineering Workshop\". American Association for the Advancement of Science. https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/programs\/catalyzing-advocacy-in-science-and-engineering . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (July 2005). \"Value of Clinical Laboratory Services in Health Care\". Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170623005534\/http:\/\/www.ascls.org\/position-papers\/177-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services\/153-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wolcott, J.; Goodman, C. (September 2009). \"The Value of Laboratory Screening and Diagnostic Tests for Prevention and Health Care Improvement\" (PDF). The Lewin Group, Inc. Archived from the original on 01 July 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170701181644\/http:\/\/www.chi.org\/uploadedFiles\/Industry_at_a_glance\/Lewin%20Report%20on%20Dx%20Tests%20(2009).pdf . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Sunal, D.W.; Wright, E.L.; Sundberg, C., ed. (2008). The Impact of the Laboratory and Technology on Learning and Teaching Science K-16. IAP. pp. 309. ISBN 9781607526452. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fvknDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 de Vries, G.; Horstman, K., ed. (2008). Genetics from Laboratory to Society: Societal Learning as an Alternative to Regulation. Springer. pp. 222. doi:10.1057\/9780230598775. ISBN 9780230598775. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=imaJDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:28.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","e6a57daf63961e38b1fe76ee7bae5f43_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Discussion_and_closing_remarks_Discussion rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Discussion_and_closing_remarks_Discussion skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Discussion and closing remarks\/Discussion<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"7._Discussion_and_closing_remarks\">7. Discussion and closing remarks<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"7.1_Discussion\">7.1 Discussion<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:402px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:CERN_Control_Center.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"56867050d8c9e4264f0b4fc996baace3\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4b\/CERN_Control_Center.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:CERN_Control_Center.jpg\" class=\"internal wiki-link\" title=\"Enlarge\" data-key=\"56867050d8c9e4264f0b4fc996baace3\"><\/a><\/div>The CERN laboratory is one of the largest physics laboratories in the world. What is its impact on society? CERN leaders have already asked (and attempted to answer) this very question.<\/div><\/div><\/div><p>This guide attempted to:\n<\/p><p>1. provide historical context of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratory<\/a> to paint a picture of quickly going from a few personal labs to a network of labs embedded into the fabric of modern society;\n<\/p><p>2. provide a framework of understanding where we could take a laboratory of most any type and find a place for it within the framework; and\n<\/p><p>3. examine 20 different industries, fitting the laboratories associated with them into that framework while providing a little background about their activities and underpinnings.\n<\/p><p>In truth, researching and writing this guide was a challenge because few have put the disparate pieces together. Instead, a review of journal articles, books, and news items revealed:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>material written from a technical, regulatory, and methodological perspective, with few from the sociological and anthropological perspective;<\/li>\n<li>material that takes a focused, analytical approach to laboratory activities and not so much a broader, human interest approach to those activities; and<\/li>\n<li>material that simply glosses over or fails to mention the relevance of laboratories to manufacturing, research and development (R&D), and analytical activities.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>As such, it doesn't take much effort to reach a perhaps inconclusive belief that today the laboratory setting and its researchers are so interwoven into the fabric of our society\u2014largely behind the scenes\u2014that the average person is practically blind to them and their impact on their day-to-day life. That's not to say, however, that the impact of research laboratories on the social structure hasn't ever been discussed; rather, it's not discussed often. But it is happening. In June 2014, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published the report <i>The Impacts of Large Research Infrastructures on Economic Innovation and on Society: Case Studies at CERN<\/i> to show \"the ways in which the outcomes of publicly-funded research can benefit national economies and can affect the lives of citizens in general.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OECDTheImpacts14_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OECDTheImpacts14-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> The motivation for this case study came from CERN leaders themselves, who wanted a third party to analyze the laboratory's impact on society and the economy. In that study, the authors emphasized the difficulty of that task<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OECDTheImpacts14_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OECDTheImpacts14-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Long-term impacts [of the activities of a laboratory] on science, the economy and society are, typically, difficult to forecast and to assess. They can even be difficult to evaluate retrospectively, since science typically advances over a broad front, with many separate but interlinked discoveries producing overall societal change. The impact of any particular scientific result is hard to separate cleanly from that of many others. In addition, it is widely acknowledged that scientific and technological progress are closely intertwined, such that certain fundamental problems cannot be tackled unless technology (even commercial technology) is sufficiently advanced.<br \/> <br \/>Scientists who undertake basic research may not be motivated by a desire to achieve concrete societal benefits. In some cases the emergence of benefits is a long-term and highly indirect process, such as when advances in understanding provoke a \"scientific crisis\" that then becomes a driver for breakthrough discoveries ...<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>These are all important points worth noting when thinking about how laboratories affect our lives. Quantifying and qualifying is how most seek answers and rationalize their world, but doing such with laboratories and their activities is apparently a difficult task indeed. This may lend to the lack of research on laboratories and how they affect societies.\n<\/p><p>The American Association for the Advancement of Science has also been promoting the idea of correlating research laboratory activities with societal impacts, primarily through their science and research advocacy workshops.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AAASCat17_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AAASCat17-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AAASCatApr17_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AAASCatApr17-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Speakers at these workshops have been encouraging scientists to more clearly and succinctly demonstrate the social and cultural implications of their laboratory research to lawmakers. The AAAS' thinking is essentially by making laboratory research more relatable to society and human outcomes, the difficulties of acquiring research funding will be lessened slightly.\n<\/p><p>We also see attempts being made in other arenas. The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science, American Clinical Laboratory Association, and Advanced Medical Technology Association have all promoted the value of the diagnostic laboratory to patient outcomes and disease prevention through various position and white papers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASCLSValue05_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASCLSValue05-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WolcottTheValue09_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WolcottTheValue09-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> On the teaching front, Sunal <i>et al.<\/i> have published a collection of papers addressing the importance of laboratories in science teaching and learning. \"In general, recent research provides evidence that students do benefit from inquiry-based laboratory and technology experiences that are integrated with classroom science curricula,\" they emphasize.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SunalTheImpact08_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SunalTheImpact08-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Finally, researchers are also looking at how discoveries and innovations in laboratories\u2014such as advances in genetic testing<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VriesGenetics08_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VriesGenetics08-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014have and could potentially affect society, positively and negatively.\n<\/p><p>These examples, while relatively sparse, add additional context to what has already been discussed. We begin to form a somewhat clearer idea of how laboratories of all types intersect our lives, largely on a practical scale and partially from the perspective of how laboratories and the research going on in them affect us directly. We find laboratories in numerous pockets of modern society, from the public high school chemistry lab to the private R&D laboratory developing improvements to batteries. Some affect us directly, such as when you get your blood tested at the clinical lab for symptoms related to diabetes, and others rarely affect us so directly, such as the mobile forensic laboratory. And some laboratories only affect us tangentially, for example through a scientific discovery that gets propagated slowly from lab to lab, influencing other researchers' approaches over time.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-OECDTheImpacts14-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OECDTheImpacts14_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OECDTheImpacts14_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (June 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/inno\/CERN-case-studies.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Impacts of Large Research Infrastructures on Economic Innovation and on Society: Case Studies at CERN\"<\/a> (PDF). pp. 79<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/inno\/CERN-case-studies.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/inno\/CERN-case-studies.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Impacts+of+Large+Research+Infrastructures+on+Economic+Innovation+and+on+Society%3A+Case+Studies+at+CERN&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.date=June+2014&rft.pages=pp.+79&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fsti%2Finno%2FCERN-case-studies.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AAASCat17-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AAASCat17_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/page\/about-ogr\" target=\"_blank\">\"About OGR\"<\/a>. American Association for the Advancement of Science<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/page\/about-ogr\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/page\/about-ogr<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+OGR&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fpage%2Fabout-ogr&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AAASCatApr17-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AAASCatApr17_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/programs\/catalyzing-advocacy-in-science-and-engineering\" target=\"_blank\">\"Catalyzing Advocacy in Science and Engineering Workshop\"<\/a>. American Association for the Advancement of Science<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/programs\/catalyzing-advocacy-in-science-and-engineering\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/programs\/catalyzing-advocacy-in-science-and-engineering<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Catalyzing+Advocacy+in+Science+and+Engineering+Workshop&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fprograms%2Fcatalyzing-advocacy-in-science-and-engineering&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASCLSValue05-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASCLSValue05_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (July 2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170623005534\/http:\/\/www.ascls.org\/position-papers\/177-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services\/153-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services\" target=\"_blank\">\"Value of Clinical Laboratory Services in Health Care\"<\/a>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ascls.org\/position-papers\/177-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services\/153-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 23 June 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170623005534\/http:\/\/www.ascls.org\/position-papers\/177-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services\/153-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170623005534\/http:\/\/www.ascls.org\/position-papers\/177-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services\/153-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Value+of+Clinical+Laboratory+Services+in+Health+Care&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=American+Society+for+Clinical+Laboratory+Science&rft.au=American+Society+for+Clinical+Laboratory+Science&rft.date=July+2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170623005534%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascls.org%2Fposition-papers%2F177-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services%2F153-value-of-clinical-laboratory-services&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WolcottTheValue09-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WolcottTheValue09_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wolcott, J.; Goodman, C. (September 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170701181644\/http:\/\/www.chi.org\/uploadedFiles\/Industry_at_a_glance\/Lewin%20Report%20on%20Dx%20Tests%20(2009).pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Value of Laboratory Screening and Diagnostic Tests for Prevention and Health Care Improvement\"<\/a> (PDF). The Lewin Group, Inc. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.chi.org\/uploadedFiles\/Industry_at_a_glance\/Lewin%20Report%20on%20Dx%20Tests%20(2009).pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 01 July 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170701181644\/http:\/\/www.chi.org\/uploadedFiles\/Industry_at_a_glance\/Lewin%20Report%20on%20Dx%20Tests%20(2009).pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170701181644\/http:\/\/www.chi.org\/uploadedFiles\/Industry_at_a_glance\/Lewin%20Report%20on%20Dx%20Tests%20(2009).pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Value+of+Laboratory+Screening+and+Diagnostic+Tests+for+Prevention+and+Health+Care+Improvement&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Wolcott%2C+J.%3B+Goodman%2C+C.&rft.au=Wolcott%2C+J.%3B+Goodman%2C+C.&rft.date=September+2009&rft.pub=The+Lewin+Group%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170701181644%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.chi.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FIndustry_at_a_glance%2FLewin%2520Report%2520on%2520Dx%2520Tests%2520%282009%29.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SunalTheImpact08-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SunalTheImpact08_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Sunal, D.W.; Wright, E.L.; Sundberg, C., ed. (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fvknDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Impact of the Laboratory and Technology on Learning and Teaching Science K-16<\/i><\/a>. IAP. pp. 309. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781607526452<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fvknDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fvknDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+the+Laboratory+and+Technology+on+Learning+and+Teaching+Science+K-16&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B309&rft.pub=IAP&rft.isbn=9781607526452&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfvknDwAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VriesGenetics08-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-VriesGenetics08_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">de Vries, G.; Horstman, K., ed. (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=imaJDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Genetics from Laboratory to Society: Societal Learning as an Alternative to Regulation<\/i><\/a>. Springer. pp. 222. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1057%2F9780230598775\" target=\"_blank\">10.1057\/9780230598775<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780230598775<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=imaJDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=imaJDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetics+from+Laboratory+to+Society%3A+Societal+Learning+as+an+Alternative+to+Regulation&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B222&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1057%2F9780230598775&rft.isbn=9780230598775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DimaJDAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232829\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.109 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.644 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 4801\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 45169\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 17141\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 12484\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 95.573 1 -total\n 79.90% 76.361 1 Template:Reflist\n 54.35% 51.941 7 Template:Citation\/core\n 43.89% 41.950 5 Template:Cite_web\n 20.83% 19.910 2 Template:Cite_book\n 20.01% 19.127 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\n 8.46% 8.086 3 Template:Date\n 8.34% 7.975 3 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 3.75% 3.585 9 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.40% 2.295 3 Template:Only_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13450-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232830 and revision id 48539. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","e6a57daf63961e38b1fe76ee7bae5f43_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4b\/CERN_Control_Center.jpg"],"e6a57daf63961e38b1fe76ee7bae5f43_timestamp":1657236874,"08d648296dec363cca5c1deb24364ada_type":"article","08d648296dec363cca5c1deb24364ada_title":"6.5 Veterinary","08d648296dec363cca5c1deb24364ada_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary","08d648296dec363cca5c1deb24364ada_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/VeterinaryFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 6.5 Veterinary \n\n1.1 6.5.1 Client types \n1.2 6.5.2 Functions \n1.3 6.5.3 Informatics in the veterinary industry \n1.4 6.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n6.5 Veterinary \n\n\nVeterinary laboratories are to animals as clinical reference\/diagnostic labs are to humans. These labs are designed with many of the same instruments found in a human diagnostic lab, with slight variations, and they conduct both clinical (serving the patient) and public health (serving the population) activities. Veterinary labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)[1][2][3]: \n\ndiagnostic consultation\ntoxicology\nDNA profiling and testing\ndisease surveillance\neducational outreach\nBut how do veterinary laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nThe most obvious way veterinary labs impact our lives is via the animals we care for. From hamster to elephant, a veterinary laboratory is responsible for diagnosing disease in animals, aiding veterinarians in the treatment process. They also work behind the scenes, investigating cases of food-borne illness and disease outbreaks in animal populations, allowing quicker action against at-fault food manufacturers and potent disease vectors. Without these laboratories, feed, rescue, and companion animals of all types would face worse outcomes, and our edible meat sources would more often be contaminated, putting human health at risk as well.\n\n6.5.1 Client types \nPrivate - These labs provide third-party analysis and consultation services for animal owners and other veterinary labs.\nExamples include:\n\nAntech Diagnostics, Inc.\nCarolina Veterinary Specialists Huntersville\nNational Veterinary Laboratory, Inc.\nGovernment - As previously mentioned, many universities lump veterinary science programs with agriculture programs. You see some of this carry over to the government-run laboratories conducting animal health and disease diagnostic activities, typically though the government's agriculture department. Despite animal science as a scientific discipline arguably being more closely aligned with agriculture science than veterinary science[4], those government animal health labs are typically overseen and operated by veterinarians (see examples).\nExamples include:\n\nAlabama Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System\nMissouri State Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratories\nOhio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory\nAcademic - At least in the United States, academic veterinary laboratories typically act as both teaching labs for students and as diagnostic or disease tracking facilities for paying clients and the public. Those providing third-party services will also be accredited by one or more associations such as the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians.\nExamples include:\n\nUniversity of California - Davis' Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Forensic Unit\nUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory\nUniversity of Missouri's Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory\n6.5.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? avians, biological specimens, cadavers, canines, DNA, exotic animals, equines, felines\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, cytopathology, genetics, hematology, histopathology, immunohematology, immunology, parasitology, pathophysiology, reproductive biology, surgical pathology, toxicology, virology\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAcute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Bioaccumulation, Bioburden, Blood culture, Blood gases, Blood typing, Biophysical profile, Calorimetry, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Complete blood count, Compliance\/Conformance, Cytopathology, Detection, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Genetic, Genotype, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Immunoassay, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Infectious disease, Kidney function, Lipid profile, Liver function, Metabolic panel, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Parasitic, pH, Proficiency, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Red blood cell count, Sensitization, Specific gravity, Subchronic toxicity, Thyroid function, Urine culture, Wildlife toxicology\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nartificial insemination equipment, autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, fume hood, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, urinalysis device, veterinary table, water bath \nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the veterinary industry? \nWhile taking a pet to the veterinarian and having a biological sample analyzed is expected and ordinary, many people tend not to also be aware of the public health role many government and academic veterinary laboratories play. Described as veterinary public health (VPH) by the World Health Organization, the veterinarian makes \"contributions to the physical, mental and social well-being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science\".[5] Noah and Ostrowski break this concept down into six core domains in the Merck Veterinary Manual[6]: \n\nDiagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention, and elimination of zoonotic diseases\nLaboratory animal facility and diagnostic laboratory health aspect management\nBiomedical research\nHealth education and outreach\nProduction and control of biologic products and medical devices\nGovernmental and legislative activity\n6.5.3 Informatics in the veterinary industry \nThe idea of using computers and software in veterinary laboratories isn't a new one; the American Veterinary Computer Society (today the Association for Veterinary Informatics [AVI]) was founded in the early 1980s to address such an idea.[7] However, the application of informatics in the veterinary world arguably hasn't seen the same level of adoption as in clinical medicine. Associations like the AVI are helping to promote the expansion of veterinary informatics research and implementation in veterinary laboratories and offices, and universities such as Indiana University are offering specialized animal informatics programs that \"will help students use technology to better understand animal behavior and develop tools to improve the health, well-being, and quality of life for animals.\"[8] Finally, entities such as Fetch dvm360 provide continuing education conferences to veterinarians on many veterinary informatics topics, including improving compliance, therapeutics, and clinical practice management.[9] Other applications of informatics in the veterinary lab include the development of diagnostic decision assistance systems, drug information systems, and electronic medical record systems.[8]\n\n6.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nVeterinary LIMS\nVeterinary medicine\nFurther reading\n\nBellwood, B.; Andrasik-Catton (2013). Veterinary Technician's Handbook of Laboratory Procedures. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 200. ISBN 9781118726044. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qTayAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"The Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Forensic Section\". University of California - Davis. https:\/\/vgl.ucdavis.edu\/forensics . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Alabama Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System\". Alabama Department of Agriculture & Industries. https:\/\/agi.alabama.gov\/animalindustries\/avdl\/ . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Sirois, M. (2014). Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians (6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 448. ISBN 9780323243575. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LW3XBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 Flanders, F. (2011). Exploring Animal Science. Cengage Learning. pp. 38\u201339. ISBN 9781435439528. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Veterinary public health (VPH)\". Zoonoses. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170621200511\/http:\/\/www.who.int\/zoonoses\/vph\/en\/ . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Noah, D.L.; Ostrowski, S.R.. \"Role of the Veterinarian in Public Health\/One Health\". Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc. https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/public-health\/public-health-primer\/role-of-the-veterinarian-in-public-health-one-health . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"About AVI\". Association for Veterinary Informatics. https:\/\/avinformatics.org\/about-avi . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 \"Animal Informatics\". Indian University Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering. https:\/\/informatics.indiana.edu\/programs\/ms-informatics\/animal-informatics.html . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Fetch dvm360\". MultiMedia Animal Care, LLC.   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:28.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","08d648296dec363cca5c1deb24364ada_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Veterinary rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Veterinary skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/Veterinary<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.5_Veterinary\">6.5 Veterinary<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Iranian_cat_in_clinic.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"aa33d59df8eae1fa0c4dffdf9e665829\"><img alt=\"Iranian cat in clinic.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/32\/Iranian_cat_in_clinic.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Veterinary_medicine\" title=\"Veterinary medicine\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3e3e4c42275c82ebf51fc787e8a89ac3\">Veterinary<\/a> laboratories are to animals as clinical reference\/diagnostic labs are to humans. These labs are designed with many of the same instruments found in a human diagnostic lab, with slight variations, and they conduct both clinical (serving the patient) and public health (serving the population) activities. Veterinary labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UCDVGLForensics_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UCDVGLForensics-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AVDLS_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AVDLS-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SiroisLab14_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SiroisLab14-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>diagnostic consultation<\/li>\n<li>toxicology<\/li>\n<li>DNA profiling and testing<\/li>\n<li>disease surveillance<\/li>\n<li>educational outreach<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do veterinary laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>The most obvious way veterinary labs impact our lives is via the animals we care for. From hamster to elephant, a veterinary laboratory is responsible for diagnosing disease in animals, aiding veterinarians in the treatment process. They also work behind the scenes, investigating cases of food-borne illness and disease outbreaks in animal populations, allowing quicker action against at-fault food manufacturers and potent disease vectors. Without these laboratories, feed, rescue, and companion animals of all types would face worse outcomes, and our edible meat sources would more often be contaminated, putting human health at risk as well.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.5.1_Client_types\">6.5.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - These labs provide third-party analysis and consultation services for animal owners and other veterinary labs.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.antechdiagnostics.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Antech Diagnostics, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huntersville.carolinavet.com\/site\/diagnostics\" target=\"_blank\">Carolina Veterinary Specialists Huntersville<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natvetlab.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Veterinary Laboratory, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - As previously mentioned, many universities lump veterinary science programs with agriculture programs. You see some of this carry over to the government-run laboratories conducting animal health and disease diagnostic activities, typically though the government's agriculture department. Despite animal science as a scientific discipline arguably being more closely aligned with agriculture science than veterinary science<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FlandersExploring11_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FlandersExploring11-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>, those government animal health labs are typically overseen and operated by veterinarians (see examples).\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agi.alabama.gov\/animalindustries\/avdl\/\" target=\"_blank\">Alabama Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.mo.gov\/animals\/health\/diagnosticlabs.php\" target=\"_blank\">Missouri State Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agri.ohio.gov\/programs\/animal-disease-diagnostic-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - At least in the United States, academic veterinary laboratories typically act as both teaching labs for students and as diagnostic or disease tracking facilities for paying clients and the public. Those providing third-party services will also be accredited by one or more associations such as the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/vgl.ucdavis.edu\/forensics\" target=\"_blank\">University of California - Davis' Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Forensic Unit<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/vetmed.illinois.edu\/diagnostic-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/vmdl.missouri.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Missouri's Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.5.2_Functions\">6.5.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> avians, biological specimens, cadavers, canines, DNA, exotic animals, equines, felines\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, cytopathology, genetics, hematology, histopathology, immunohematology, immunology, parasitology, pathophysiology, reproductive biology, surgical pathology, toxicology, virology\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Bioaccumulation, Bioburden, Blood culture, Blood gases, Blood typing, Biophysical profile, Calorimetry, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Complete blood count, Compliance\/Conformance, Cytopathology, Detection, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Genetic, Genotype, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Immunoassay, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Infectious disease, Kidney function, Lipid profile, Liver function, Metabolic panel, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Parasitic, pH, Proficiency, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Red blood cell count, Sensitization, Specific gravity, Subchronic toxicity, Thyroid function, Urine culture, Wildlife toxicology\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>artificial insemination equipment, autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, fume hood, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, urinalysis device, veterinary table, water bath \n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the veterinary industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>While taking a pet to the veterinarian and having a biological sample analyzed is expected and ordinary, many people tend not to also be aware of the public health role many government and academic veterinary laboratories play. Described as veterinary public health (VPH) by the World Health Organization, the veterinarian makes \"contributions to the physical, mental and social well-being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science\".<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WHO_VPH_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WHO_VPH-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Noah and Ostrowski break this concept down into six core domains in the <i>Merck Veterinary Manual<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NoahRole_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NoahRole-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention, and elimination of zoonotic diseases<\/li>\n<li>Laboratory animal facility and diagnostic laboratory health aspect management<\/li>\n<li>Biomedical research<\/li>\n<li>Health education and outreach<\/li>\n<li>Production and control of biologic products and medical devices<\/li>\n<li>Governmental and legislative activity<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.5.3_Informatics_in_the_veterinary_industry\">6.5.3 Informatics in the veterinary industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The idea of using computers and software in veterinary laboratories isn't a new one; the American Veterinary Computer Society (today the Association for Veterinary Informatics [AVI]) was founded in the early 1980s to address such an idea.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AboutAVI_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AboutAVI-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> However, the application of informatics in the veterinary world arguably hasn't seen the same level of adoption as in clinical medicine. Associations like the AVI are helping to promote the expansion of veterinary informatics research and implementation in veterinary laboratories and offices, and universities such as Indiana University are offering specialized animal informatics programs that \"will help students use technology to better understand animal behavior and develop tools to improve the health, well-being, and quality of life for animals.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VMRCVMAbout_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VMRCVMAbout-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Finally, entities such as Fetch dvm360 provide continuing education conferences to veterinarians on many veterinary informatics topics, including improving compliance, therapeutics, and clinical practice management.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CVCTalbot_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CVCTalbot-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Other applications of informatics in the veterinary lab include the development of diagnostic decision assistance systems, drug information systems, and electronic medical record systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VMRCVMAbout_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VMRCVMAbout-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.5.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">6.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Veterinary_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Veterinary LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f6e3a83733cf5649af26a6face8696a0\">Veterinary LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Veterinary_medicine\" title=\"Veterinary medicine\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3e3e4c42275c82ebf51fc787e8a89ac3\">Veterinary medicine<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Bellwood, B.; Andrasik-Catton (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qTayAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Veterinary Technician's Handbook of Laboratory Procedures<\/i><\/a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 200. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781118726044<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qTayAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qTayAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+Technician%27s+Handbook+of+Laboratory+Procedures&rft.aulast=Bellwood%2C+B.%3B+Andrasik-Catton&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+B.%3B+Andrasik-Catton&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B200&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9781118726044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTayAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-UCDVGLForensics-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-UCDVGLForensics_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/vgl.ucdavis.edu\/forensics\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Forensic Section\"<\/a>. University of California - Davis<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/vgl.ucdavis.edu\/forensics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/vgl.ucdavis.edu\/forensics<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Veterinary+Genetics+Laboratory+Forensic+Section&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=University+of+California+-+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvgl.ucdavis.edu%2Fforensics&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AVDLS-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AVDLS_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agi.alabama.gov\/animalindustries\/avdl\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Alabama Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System\"<\/a>. Alabama Department of Agriculture & Industries<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/agi.alabama.gov\/animalindustries\/avdl\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/agi.alabama.gov\/animalindustries\/avdl\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Alabama+Veterinary+Diagnostic+Laboratory+System&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Alabama+Department+of+Agriculture+%26+Industries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagi.alabama.gov%2Fanimalindustries%2Favdl%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SiroisLab14-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SiroisLab14_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Sirois, M. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LW3XBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians<\/i><\/a> (6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 448. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780323243575<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LW3XBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LW3XBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Procedures+for+Veterinary+Technicians&rft.aulast=Sirois%2C+M.&rft.au=Sirois%2C+M.&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B448&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.isbn=9780323243575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLW3XBQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FlandersExploring11-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FlandersExploring11_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Flanders, F. (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Exploring Animal Science<\/i><\/a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 38\u201339. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781435439528<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Animal+Science&rft.aulast=Flanders%2C+F.&rft.au=Flanders%2C+F.&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B38%E2%80%9339&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.isbn=9781435439528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWT1Ws2o3keYC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WHO_VPH-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WHO_VPH_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170621200511\/http:\/\/www.who.int\/zoonoses\/vph\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Veterinary public health (VPH)\"<\/a>. <i>Zoonoses<\/i>. World Health Organization. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/zoonoses\/vph\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 21 June 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170621200511\/http:\/\/www.who.int\/zoonoses\/vph\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170621200511\/http:\/\/www.who.int\/zoonoses\/vph\/en\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Veterinary+public+health+%28VPH%29&rft.atitle=Zoonoses&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170621200511%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fzoonoses%2Fvph%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NoahRole-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NoahRole_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Noah, D.L.; Ostrowski, S.R.. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/public-health\/public-health-primer\/role-of-the-veterinarian-in-public-health-one-health\" target=\"_blank\">\"Role of the Veterinarian in Public Health\/One Health\"<\/a>. <i>Merck Veterinary Manual<\/i>. Merck & Co., Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/public-health\/public-health-primer\/role-of-the-veterinarian-in-public-health-one-health\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/public-health\/public-health-primer\/role-of-the-veterinarian-in-public-health-one-health<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Role+of+the+Veterinarian+in+Public+Health%2FOne+Health&rft.atitle=Merck+Veterinary+Manual&rft.aulast=Noah%2C+D.L.%3B+Ostrowski%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Noah%2C+D.L.%3B+Ostrowski%2C+S.R.&rft.pub=Merck+%26+Co.%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckvetmanual.com%2Fpublic-health%2Fpublic-health-primer%2Frole-of-the-veterinarian-in-public-health-one-health&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AboutAVI-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AboutAVI_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/avinformatics.org\/about-avi\" target=\"_blank\">\"About AVI\"<\/a>. Association for Veterinary Informatics<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/avinformatics.org\/about-avi\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/avinformatics.org\/about-avi<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+AVI&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Association+for+Veterinary+Informatics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favinformatics.org%2Fabout-avi&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VMRCVMAbout-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-VMRCVMAbout_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-VMRCVMAbout_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/informatics.indiana.edu\/programs\/ms-informatics\/animal-informatics.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Animal Informatics\"<\/a>. Indian University Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/informatics.indiana.edu\/programs\/ms-informatics\/animal-informatics.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/informatics.indiana.edu\/programs\/ms-informatics\/animal-informatics.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Animal+Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Indian+University+Luddy+School+of+Informatics%2C+Computing%2C+and+Engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finformatics.indiana.edu%2Fprograms%2Fms-informatics%2Fanimal-informatics.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CVCTalbot-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CVCTalbot_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">\"Fetch dvm360\". MultiMedia Animal Care, LLC.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fetch+dvm360&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=MultiMedia+Animal+Care%2C+LLC&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232807\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.121 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.707 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 6162\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 48799\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 13473\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 15\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 12662\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 92.805 1 -total\n 58.97% 54.724 1 Template:Reflist\n 57.68% 53.528 10 Template:Citation\/core\n 40.96% 38.015 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\n 35.34% 32.800 3 Template:Cite_book\n 32.91% 30.547 7 Template:Cite_web\n 8.85% 8.215 3 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 6.80% 6.310 13 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.64% 2.448 3 Template:Only_in_print\n 2.56% 2.378 6 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13449-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232807 and revision id 48538. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Veterinary<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","08d648296dec363cca5c1deb24364ada_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/32\/Iranian_cat_in_clinic.jpg"],"08d648296dec363cca5c1deb24364ada_timestamp":1657236874,"fb99ebc1e7643f6bf0ea0b298d507ecd_type":"article","fb99ebc1e7643f6bf0ea0b298d507ecd_title":"6.4 Power and utility","fb99ebc1e7643f6bf0ea0b298d507ecd_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility","fb99ebc1e7643f6bf0ea0b298d507ecd_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/Power and utilityFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 6.4 Power and utility \n\n1.1 6.4.1 Client types \n1.2 6.4.2 Functions \n1.3 6.4.3 Informatics in the power and utility industry \n1.4 6.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n6.4 Power and utility \n\n\nThe labs in the power and utility industry cover at least two broad categories: power generation and transmission (electrical engineering and its sub-branches) and water treatment and distribution (water engineering and management, including water purification chemistry). Natural gas transmission and distribution (natural gas engineering) is a third type, though more often than not these labs appear in the upstream and midstream distribution chain (i.e., within the petrochemical industry). In several parts of the world, the development and maintenance of local, regional, and even national broadband internet infrastructure is increasingly also considered a responsibility of the public utility system. These labs are found in the private and academic sectors, and occasionally in government, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)[1][2]: \n\nhardware design, verification, and optimization\nreal-time digital power system (RTDS) simulation\nmagnetic material characterization\nshort circuit analysis\nhigh-voltage analysis\nforensic and incident analysis\nenvironmental simulation testing\ncertification testing\nwater quality monitoring and analysis\nBut how do power and utility laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nIf you live in a location where access to power and clean water is consistent, to the point of being easy to take for granted, then your life is positively affected by a power and utility laboratory. Sometimes things go wrong, though, as they have done in the city of Flint, Michigan, where government leadership failures and cost-cutting measures led to a problematic water treatment plant and water source to continue to be used despite warnings the water was dangerous.[3] The Flint crisis is a reminder that when processes break down in a public utilities lab\u2014whether caused internally or from higher up in government\u2014people get hurt or even die. Power, water, natural gas, and even broadband internet: most enjoy and expect these basic services on a daily basis, and sound laboratory analysis and research ensures this holds true.\n\n6.4.1 Client types \nPrivate - These company labs provide a wide array of testing services to third-party clients, conduct research, and even provide certification testing.\nExamples include:\n\nPowertech Labs\nS&C Electric Company\nSINTEF\nGovernment - These are federal, state, or local laboratories responsible for testing and maintaining the safety of water supplies, developing and improving electrical infrastructure, or researching new technologies for public utilities. Occasionally local municipalities will post requests for proposal (RFPs) to contract out regulation-mandated water quality testing rather than invest in the infrastructure to do it their self.\nExamples include:\n\nCity of Pompano Beach, Florida's Utilities Laboratory\nPacific Northwest National Laboratory's Electricity Infrastructure Group\nPowerLabDK\nAcademic - Academic power and utility labs are largely instructional, with graduate level research helping to expand the field.\nExamples include:\n\nPenn State Harrisburg University's PPL Electric Utilities Lab\nOregon Tech Wilsonville's Power Lab\nUniversity of Colorado Denver's Power Laboratory\n6.4.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? actuators, conductors, electrical converters, energy storage, high-voltage direct-current links, hydroelectric generators, networking equipment, superconductors, transformers, transmission lines, wastewater, water\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? chemistry, control engineering, electrical engineering, electrochemistry, electromagnetism, electronics, forensic science, nanotechnology, physics, power engineering, signal processing \nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAccelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acoustical, Aging, Anion, Antimicrobial, Artificial pollution, Bioburden, Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, Cleanliness, Climatics, Comparative Tracking Index, Compliance\/Conformance, Compression, Corrosion, Current and current switching, Damage tolerance, Decomposition, Degradation, Dielectric withstand, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Failure, Fatigue, Fault simulation, Flash point, Geothermal, Hydraulic, Immersion, Impact, Incident analysis, Induction motor fault, Internal arc, Lightning, Macroetch, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Out-of-phase making and breaking, Partial discharge, pH, Plating and coating evaluations, Power quality, Pressure, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Radio interference voltage, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Short-circuit withstand, Short-line fault, Solar, Stress corrosion cracking, Temperature-rise, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Turbidity, Velocity and flow, Voltage, Weathering\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nElectrical engineering: arbitrary waveform generator, circuit simulator, configurable test grids, current and voltage probes, inverter systems, LCR meter, machine drive and controller systems, magnetometer, microcontroller systems, multimeter, oscilloscope, potentiometer, primary metering unit, real-time digital power system simulator, Rogowski coil, semiconductor curve tracer, spectrum analyzer, tachometer, temperature camera\nWater engineering: adenosine triphosphate meter, biocide test kit, borescope, burette, centrifuge, chlorination test kit, colorimeter, conductivity meter, dissolved oxygen meter, Erlenmeyer flask, hydrometer, incubator, Legionella test kit, oxidation-reduction potential meter, pH meter, purge and trap equipment, reagents, salinity meter, settling cone, spectrophotometer, thermometer, total dissolved solids meter, turbidity meter\nNatural gas engineering: See Petrochemical section.\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the power and utility industry? \nLooking at the lab equipment list above, it's relatively easy to tell that those labs focusing on electrical engineering are by and far dry labs, whereas water engineering labs are (no pun intended) of the more typical wet type. A reliable power supply and clean drinking water are easy to take for granted in first-world countries, but both are backed by laboratorians working in very differently equipped labs.\n\n6.4.3 Informatics in the power and utility industry \nThe power and utility industry, including its laboratories, are using informatics in a variety of different ways: \n\nEnvironmental informatics plays a role in power and utility labs, where researchers will use informatics tools to improve the integration and analysis of environmental data (such as from emissions tracking) and even make it available in a collaborative way for further regional or global analysis.[4]\nGeographic information systems and related imagery tools can also positively contribute to utility companies looking to better build and maintain energy transmission and other utility corridors, limiting vegetation management hours and providing more accurate placements.[5]\nMore future looking, consider \"power grid informatics,\" defined by researcher Klara Nahrstedt of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as the study of \"the structure, algorithms, behavior, and interactions of power grid physical systems and artificial cyber systems (cyberphysical systems) which store, process, access and communicate information.\"[6] In particular, Nahrstedt looked at the future of electric vehicles\u2014and one today could also extend it to driverless vehicles\u2014and the \"cyber-physical components\" and data management considerations that come with a regional or even national infrastructure to support them.\nLocal utilities are using real-time water quality and supply data to improve how they manage water and wastewater treatment.[7]\n6.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nHydroinformatics\nPower and utility LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nDegeneff, R.C.; Hesse, M.H., ed. (2011). Principles of Power Engineering Analysis. CRC Press. pp. 452. ISBN 9781466515345. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NlXOBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \nBaird, R.B.; Eaton, A.D.; Rice, E.W.;, ed. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd ed.). American Public Health Association. pp. 1796. ISBN 9780875532875. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V2LhtAEACAAJ .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Bartiromo, R.; De Vincenzi, M. (2016). Electrical Measurements in the Laboratory Practice. Springer. pp. 286. ISBN 9783319311029. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=tt37CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 Pizzi, N.G. (2005). \"Chapter 12: Testing and Laboratory Procedures\". Water Treatment Operator Handbook (2nd ed.). American Water Works Association. pp. 153\u2013164. ISBN 9781583213711. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8nDIGStFlyMC&pg=PA153 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Augenstein, S. (14 June 2017). \"Flint Water Crisis: Five Michigan Officials Charged with Involuntary Manslaughter\". Laboratory Equipment. Advantage Business Media. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170615235854\/https:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/news\/2017\/06\/flint-water-crisis-five-michigan-officials-charged-involuntary-manslaughter . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Falke, S.; Fialkowski, E.; Li, Y.; Biswas, P. (8 December 2008). \"Coal Utility Informatics & Advanced Energy\" (PDF). Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100530091824\/http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Product Launch: New LiDAR Toolkit Announced for Electric Utility Companies\". Integrated Informatics, Inc. 1 March 2016. https:\/\/www.integrated-informatics.com\/post\/product-launch-new-lidar-toolkit-announced-for-electric-utility-companies . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Nahrstedt, K. (9 January 2015). \"Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Trustworthy Power Grid Informatics\" (PDF). Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid. https:\/\/tcipg.org\/sites\/default\/files\/slides\/2015_01-09_nahrstedt.pdf . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Advanced data management and informatics for the optimum operation and control of wastewater treatment plants\". Community Research and Development Information Service. EU Publications Office. 17 March 2016. https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/article\/id\/152075-data-management-for-wastewater-treatment . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:27.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","fb99ebc1e7643f6bf0ea0b298d507ecd_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Power_and_utility rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Power_and_utility skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/Power and utility<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.4_Power_and_utility\">6.4 Power and utility<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Iwachishi-51-r1.JPG\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"5555f690508a9c3cbd2c778f92a3182c\"><img alt=\"Iwachishi-51-r1.JPG\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Iwachishi-51-r1.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>The labs in the power and utility industry cover at least two broad categories: power generation and transmission (electrical engineering and its sub-branches) and water treatment and distribution (water engineering and management, including water purification chemistry). Natural gas transmission and distribution (natural gas engineering) is a third type, though more often than not these labs appear in the upstream and midstream distribution chain (i.e., within the petrochemical industry). In several parts of the world, the development and maintenance of local, regional, and even national broadband internet infrastructure is increasingly also considered a responsibility of the public utility system. These labs are found in the private and academic sectors, and occasionally in government, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BartiromoElect16_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BartiromoElect16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PizziWater05_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PizziWater05-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>hardware design, verification, and optimization<\/li>\n<li>real-time digital power system (RTDS) simulation<\/li>\n<li>magnetic material characterization<\/li>\n<li>short circuit analysis<\/li>\n<li>high-voltage analysis<\/li>\n<li>forensic and incident analysis<\/li>\n<li>environmental simulation testing<\/li>\n<li>certification testing<\/li>\n<li>water quality monitoring and analysis<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do power and utility laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>If you live in a location where access to power and clean water is consistent, to the point of being easy to take for granted, then your life is positively affected by a power and utility laboratory. Sometimes things go wrong, though, as they have done in the city of Flint, Michigan, where government leadership failures and cost-cutting measures led to a problematic water treatment plant and water source to continue to be used despite warnings the water was dangerous.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AugensteinFlint17_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AugensteinFlint17-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> The Flint crisis is a reminder that when processes break down in a public utilities lab\u2014whether caused internally or from higher up in government\u2014people get hurt or even die. Power, water, natural gas, and even broadband internet: most enjoy and expect these basic services on a daily basis, and sound laboratory analysis and research ensures this holds true.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.4.1_Client_types\">6.4.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - These company labs provide a wide array of testing services to third-party clients, conduct research, and even provide certification testing.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/powertechlabs.com\/high-power\/\" target=\"_blank\">Powertech Labs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sandc.com\/en\/products--services\/services\/laboratory-services\/\" target=\"_blank\">S&C Electric Company<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sintef.no\/en\/all-laboratories\/sintef-energy-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\">SINTEF<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - These are federal, state, or local laboratories responsible for testing and maintaining the safety of water supplies, developing and improving electrical infrastructure, or researching new technologies for public utilities. Occasionally local municipalities will post requests for proposal (RFPs) to contract out regulation-mandated water quality testing rather than invest in the infrastructure to do it their self.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pompanobeachfl.gov\/residents\/utilities\/water\" target=\"_blank\">City of Pompano Beach, Florida's Utilities Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/electricity-infrastructure-buildings-division\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's Electricity Infrastructure Group<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.powerlab.dk\/about_powerlabdk\" target=\"_blank\">PowerLabDK<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Academic power and utility labs are largely instructional, with graduate level research helping to expand the field.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.psu.edu\/microgridtestbedpsh\/\" target=\"_blank\">Penn State Harrisburg University's PPL Electric Utilities Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oit.edu\/academics\/labs\/power-lab\" target=\"_blank\">Oregon Tech Wilsonville's Power Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.ucdenver.edu\/departments\/electrical-engineering\/ugrad-labs\" target=\"_blank\">University of Colorado Denver's Power Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.4.2_Functions\">6.4.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> actuators, conductors, electrical converters, energy storage, high-voltage direct-current links, hydroelectric generators, networking equipment, superconductors, transformers, transmission lines, wastewater, water\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> chemistry, control engineering, electrical engineering, electrochemistry, electromagnetism, electronics, forensic science, nanotechnology, physics, power engineering, signal processing \n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Accelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acoustical, Aging, Anion, Antimicrobial, Artificial pollution, Bioburden, Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, Cleanliness, Climatics, Comparative Tracking Index, Compliance\/Conformance, Compression, Corrosion, Current and current switching, Damage tolerance, Decomposition, Degradation, Dielectric withstand, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Failure, Fatigue, Fault simulation, Flash point, Geothermal, Hydraulic, Immersion, Impact, Incident analysis, Induction motor fault, Internal arc, Lightning, Macroetch, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Out-of-phase making and breaking, Partial discharge, pH, Plating and coating evaluations, Power quality, Pressure, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Radio interference voltage, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Short-circuit withstand, Short-line fault, Solar, Stress corrosion cracking, Temperature-rise, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Turbidity, Velocity and flow, Voltage, Weathering\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p><i>Electrical engineering<\/i>: arbitrary waveform generator, circuit simulator, configurable test grids, current and voltage probes, inverter systems, LCR meter, machine drive and controller systems, magnetometer, microcontroller systems, multimeter, oscilloscope, potentiometer, primary metering unit, real-time digital power system simulator, Rogowski coil, semiconductor curve tracer, spectrum analyzer, tachometer, temperature camera\n<\/p><p><i>Water engineering<\/i>: adenosine triphosphate meter, biocide test kit, borescope, burette, centrifuge, chlorination test kit, colorimeter, conductivity meter, dissolved oxygen meter, Erlenmeyer flask, hydrometer, incubator, <i>Legionella<\/i> test kit, oxidation-reduction potential meter, pH meter, purge and trap equipment, reagents, salinity meter, settling cone, spectrophotometer, thermometer, total dissolved solids meter, turbidity meter\n<\/p><p><i>Natural gas engineering<\/i>: See Petrochemical section.\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the power and utility industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Looking at the lab equipment list above, it's relatively easy to tell that those labs focusing on electrical engineering are by and far dry labs, whereas water engineering labs are (no pun intended) of the more typical wet type. A reliable power supply and clean drinking water are easy to take for granted in first-world countries, but both are backed by laboratorians working in very differently equipped labs.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.4.3_Informatics_in_the_power_and_utility_industry\">6.4.3 Informatics in the power and utility industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The power and utility industry, including its laboratories, are using informatics in a variety of different ways: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Environmental informatics plays a role in power and utility labs, where researchers will use informatics tools to improve the integration and analysis of environmental data (such as from emissions tracking) and even make it available in a collaborative way for further regional or global analysis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FalkeCoal08_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FalkeCoal08-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>Geographic information systems and related imagery tools can also positively contribute to utility companies looking to better build and maintain energy transmission and other utility corridors, limiting vegetation management hours and providing more accurate placements.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IIIIntegrated16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IIIIntegrated16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>More future looking, consider \"power grid informatics,\" defined by researcher Klara Nahrstedt of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as the study of \"the structure, algorithms, behavior, and interactions of power grid physical systems and artificial cyber systems (cyberphysical systems) which store, process, access and communicate information.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NahrstedtElectric15_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NahrstedtElectric15-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> In particular, Nahrstedt looked at the future of electric vehicles\u2014and one today could also extend it to driverless vehicles\u2014and the \"cyber-physical components\" and data management considerations that come with a regional or even national infrastructure to support them.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>Local utilities are using real-time water quality and supply data to improve how they manage water and wastewater treatment.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CORDIS_DIAMOND16_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CORDIS_DIAMOND16-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.4.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">6.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Hydroinformatics\" title=\"Hydroinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d3b7d8debd442917861657ad876c1982\">Hydroinformatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Power_and_utility_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Power and utility LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bdd007f60a75e9b0e8f7121ea011299d\">Power and utility LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Degeneff, R.C.; Hesse, M.H., ed. (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NlXOBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Principles of Power Engineering Analysis<\/i><\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 452. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781466515345<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NlXOBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NlXOBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Power+Engineering+Analysis&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B452&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781466515345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNlXOBQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Baird, R.B.; Eaton, A.D.; Rice, E.W.;, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V2LhtAEACAAJ\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater<\/i><\/a> (23rd ed.). American Public Health Association. pp. 1796. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780875532875<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V2LhtAEACAAJ\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V2LhtAEACAAJ<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Methods+for+the+Examination+of+Water+and+Wastewater&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1796&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=American+Public+Health+Association&rft.isbn=9780875532875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV2LhtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-BartiromoElect16-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BartiromoElect16_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Bartiromo, R.; De Vincenzi, M. (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=tt37CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Electrical Measurements in the Laboratory Practice<\/i><\/a>. Springer. pp. 286. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783319311029<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=tt37CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=tt37CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrical+Measurements+in+the+Laboratory+Practice&rft.aulast=Bartiromo%2C+R.%3B+De+Vincenzi%2C+M.&rft.au=Bartiromo%2C+R.%3B+De+Vincenzi%2C+M.&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B286&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=9783319311029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtt37CwAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PizziWater05-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PizziWater05_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Pizzi, N.G. (2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8nDIGStFlyMC&pg=PA153\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 12: Testing and Laboratory Procedures\"<\/a>. <i>Water Treatment Operator Handbook<\/i> (2nd ed.). American Water Works Association. pp. 153\u2013164. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781583213711<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8nDIGStFlyMC&pg=PA153\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8nDIGStFlyMC&pg=PA153<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+12%3A+Testing+and+Laboratory+Procedures&rft.atitle=Water+Treatment+Operator+Handbook&rft.aulast=Pizzi%2C+N.G.&rft.au=Pizzi%2C+N.G.&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B153%E2%80%93164&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Water+Works+Association&rft.isbn=9781583213711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nDIGStFlyMC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AugensteinFlint17-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AugensteinFlint17_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Augenstein, S. (14 June 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170615235854\/https:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/news\/2017\/06\/flint-water-crisis-five-michigan-officials-charged-involuntary-manslaughter\" target=\"_blank\">\"Flint Water Crisis: Five Michigan Officials Charged with Involuntary Manslaughter\"<\/a>. <i>Laboratory Equipment<\/i>. Advantage Business Media. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/news\/2017\/06\/flint-water-crisis-five-michigan-officials-charged-involuntary-manslaughter\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 15 June 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170615235854\/https:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/news\/2017\/06\/flint-water-crisis-five-michigan-officials-charged-involuntary-manslaughter\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170615235854\/https:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/news\/2017\/06\/flint-water-crisis-five-michigan-officials-charged-involuntary-manslaughter<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Flint+Water+Crisis%3A+Five+Michigan+Officials+Charged+with+Involuntary+Manslaughter&rft.atitle=Laboratory+Equipment&rft.aulast=Augenstein%2C+S.&rft.au=Augenstein%2C+S.&rft.date=14+June+2017&rft.pub=Advantage+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170615235854%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.laboratoryequipment.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F06%2Fflint-water-crisis-five-michigan-officials-charged-involuntary-manslaughter&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FalkeCoal08-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FalkeCoal08_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Falke, S.; Fialkowski, E.; Li, Y.; Biswas, P. (8 December 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100530091824\/http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Coal Utility Informatics & Advanced Energy\"<\/a> (PDF). Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 30 May 2010<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100530091824\/http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100530091824\/http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Coal+Utility+Informatics+%26+Advanced+Energy&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Falke%2C+S.%3B+Fialkowski%2C+E.%3B+Li%2C+Y.%3B+Biswas%2C+P.&rft.au=Falke%2C+S.%3B+Fialkowski%2C+E.%3B+Li%2C+Y.%3B+Biswas%2C+P.&rft.date=8+December+2008&rft.pub=Washington+University+in+St.+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100530091824%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.mageep.wustl.edu%2FSYMPOSIA%2F2008%2FPresentations%2FMonday%2FMonday%2520PM%2F1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IIIIntegrated16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IIIIntegrated16_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.integrated-informatics.com\/post\/product-launch-new-lidar-toolkit-announced-for-electric-utility-companies\" target=\"_blank\">\"Product Launch: New LiDAR Toolkit Announced for Electric Utility Companies\"<\/a>. Integrated Informatics, Inc. 1 March 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.integrated-informatics.com\/post\/product-launch-new-lidar-toolkit-announced-for-electric-utility-companies\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.integrated-informatics.com\/post\/product-launch-new-lidar-toolkit-announced-for-electric-utility-companies<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Product+Launch%3A+New+LiDAR+Toolkit+Announced+for+Electric+Utility+Companies&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1+March+2016&rft.pub=Integrated+Informatics%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.integrated-informatics.com%2Fpost%2Fproduct-launch-new-lidar-toolkit-announced-for-electric-utility-companies&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NahrstedtElectric15-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NahrstedtElectric15_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Nahrstedt, K. (9 January 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tcipg.org\/sites\/default\/files\/slides\/2015_01-09_nahrstedt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Trustworthy Power Grid Informatics\"<\/a> (PDF). Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/tcipg.org\/sites\/default\/files\/slides\/2015_01-09_nahrstedt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/tcipg.org\/sites\/default\/files\/slides\/2015_01-09_nahrstedt.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Electric+Vehicles+and+Their+Impact+on+Trustworthy+Power+Grid+Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Nahrstedt%2C+K.&rft.au=Nahrstedt%2C+K.&rft.date=9+January+2015&rft.pub=Trustworthy+Cyber+Infrastructure+for+the+Power+Grid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftcipg.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fslides%2F2015_01-09_nahrstedt.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CORDIS_DIAMOND16-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CORDIS_DIAMOND16_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/article\/id\/152075-data-management-for-wastewater-treatment\" target=\"_blank\">\"Advanced data management and informatics for the optimum operation and control of wastewater treatment plants\"<\/a>. <i>Community Research and Development Information Service<\/i>. EU Publications Office. 17 March 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/article\/id\/152075-data-management-for-wastewater-treatment\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/article\/id\/152075-data-management-for-wastewater-treatment<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Advanced+data+management+and+informatics+for+the+optimum+operation+and+control+of+wastewater+treatment+plants&rft.atitle=Community+Research+and+Development+Information+Service&rft.date=17+March+2016&rft.pub=EU+Publications+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcordis.europa.eu%2Farticle%2Fid%2F152075-data-management-for-wastewater-treatment&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232743\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.121 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.674 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 6432\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 63922\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 22846\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 13081\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 93.545 1 -total\n 62.73% 58.680 9 Template:Citation\/core\n 59.31% 55.479 1 Template:Reflist\n 40.63% 38.004 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\n 37.84% 35.394 4 Template:Cite_book\n 34.50% 32.272 5 Template:Cite_web\n 10.07% 9.415 5 Template:Date\n 8.28% 7.743 4 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.54% 4.245 14 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.41% 2.253 4 Template:Only_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13448-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232744 and revision id 48537. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Power_and_utility<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","fb99ebc1e7643f6bf0ea0b298d507ecd_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Iwachishi-51-r1.JPG"],"fb99ebc1e7643f6bf0ea0b298d507ecd_timestamp":1657236874,"307a1a154ece56e1d9b4fc4cf01c750c_type":"article","307a1a154ece56e1d9b4fc4cf01c750c_title":"6.3 Pharmaceutical","307a1a154ece56e1d9b4fc4cf01c750c_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical","307a1a154ece56e1d9b4fc4cf01c750c_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/PharmaceuticalFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 6.3 Pharmaceutical \n\n1.1 6.3.1 Client types \n1.2 6.3.2 Functions \n1.3 6.3.3 Informatics in the pharmaceutical industry \n1.4 6.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n6.3 Pharmaceutical \n\n\nThe pharmaceutical laboratory is complex, but at its core the laboratorians in them aim to better develop, analyze, improve, and quality control the drugs and medical devices that improve humans' and animals' quality of life. Due to the potential health risks of ingesting\/implanting a poorly tested pharmaceutical\/medical device, these labs tend to be heavily regulated by governments. In fact, the governments themselves will often have their own labs to test for product quality and lab compliance. Universities provide not only education programs and graduate research opportunities but also pharmaceutical analysis and outreach programs. Pharmaceutical labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)[1][2][3]:\n\nhit picking\/screening of potential therapeutics\nmethod development and validation\nstability and photostability testing\nshelf life testing\nbioequivalence testing\ndissolution testing\nimpurities testing\ncounterfeit testing\nformulation optimization\nquality control\nBut how do pharmaceutical laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nIn a 2000 journal article published in Journal of Automated Methods & Management in Chemistry, author Juanita M. Hawkins of Jansen Pharmaceutica noted the following: \"Understanding the contributions that the laboratory can make in product\/process development, process improvement, market surveillance and general business is key to the pharmaceutical business today. Poor laboratory practice yields compliance issues, increased cost, increased cycle time and delayed product introductions.\"[4] While a very business-centered statement, reading between the lines\u2014and further into the journal article\u2014reveals why properly run pharmaceutical labs are important to the average person today: \"customers expect the product to be safe and efficacious\" and \"that it meets all specifications.\"[4] All but those participating in a primitive society will at one point (if not frequently) have the need to be treated with a pharmaceutical drug or device. Without the associated laboratories and quality control (QC) procedures in place, the pharmaceuticals would be of poor quality (if they existed at all) and endanger many lives. Even if you take something as simple as an aspirin, remember that a lab developed it, improved it, and\/or QCed it for your benefit. \n\n6.3.1 Client types \nPrivate - These labs are either part of a pharmaceutical company's portfolio or are third-party contract labs that provide extensive analysis and consulting services.\nExamples include:\n\nElement Materials Technology\nMedipharm Laboratories\nPace Analytical Services\nGovernment - Government pharmaceutical labs typically act as either research centers or in an official regulatory capacity to ensure product quality and lab compliance.\nExamples include:\n\nFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research's Biopharmaceutical Development Program\nHong Kong's Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section of the Analytical & Advisory Services Division\nU.S. Food and Drug Administration's Detroit Laboratory\nAcademic - The pharmaceutical engineering labs in the academic sector provide not only education programs for students and graduate research opportunities but also pharmaceutical analysis and outreach programs.\nExamples include:\n\nUniversity of North Carolina - Chapel Hill's Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Compounding Laboratory\nUniversity of Notre Dame's Distributed Pharmaceutical Analysis Lab\nUniversity of Rhode Island, College of Pharmacy's various labs\n6.3.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? biological agents and samples, contaminates, drug substances, elemental metals, microbials, proteins, raw materials, solvents\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? biochemistry, biology, chemistry, genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, posology, toxicology\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment?\nCommon test types include:\nAbsorption, Active ingredient, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Alcohol level, Allergy, Altitude, Amino acid analysis, Angle of repose, Antimicrobial, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Bioequivalence, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, C- and N-terminal, Carcinogenicity, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Circular dichroism, Cleanliness, Clinical diagnostic, Colorimetric, Compendial, Compliance\/Conformance, Composition, Congealing point, Contamination, Cytotoxicity, De novo protein, Detection, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Disintegration, Dissolution, Disulfide bridge, Efficacy, Electrophoresis, Endotoxin, Expiration dating, Extractables and leachables, Flavor, Formulation, Fragrance, Friability, Functional observational battery, Genotoxicity, Human factors, Identification, Impurity, Ingredient, Ingress, Inhalation, Irritation, Iterative, Locomotor activity, Lot release, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Moisture, Molecular weight, Mutagenicity, Nanoparticulate, Organic carbon, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, Peptide mapping, Permeability, pH, Pharmacokinetic, Photostability, Phototoxicity, Polarimetry, Post-translational modification, Preservative challenge, Process safety, Proficiency, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Purity, Pyrogenicity, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Safety, Saponification value, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific rotation, Stability, Sterility, Subchronic toxicity, Surface tension, Thermal, Total viable count, Toxicokinetic, Ultraviolet, Usability, Validation, Verification, Virucidal efficacy, Water activity\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nanimal monitoring equipment, balance, biological safety cabinet, blood and hematology analyzers, calorimeter, cell counter, cell disruptor, cell harvesting system, centrifuge, chemical synthesizer, chromatographic, cryocooler, dissolution equipment, dissolved oxygen meter, DNA shearing sonicator, drying and heating chamber, electrophoresis equipment, flow cytometer, flow injection analyzer, freeze dryer, freezer, fume hood, glove box, hit-picking system, incubator, inhalation chamber, interferometer, laminar flow cabinet, liquid handling equipment, metallic iron analyzer, microplate equipment, particle counter, PCR equipment, pH meter, powder analyzer, pumps and sprayers, refractometer, rheometer, solid phase extraction equipment, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, steam sterilizer, sonicator, turbidity meter, UV chamber, vacuum evaporator, viscometer, water purification system\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the pharmaceutical industry? \nQC is important to any laboratory; however, in the pharmaceutical industry, many countries like the U.S. place extra emphasis on pharmaceutical QC labs. \"The pharmaceutical quality control laboratory serves one of the most important functions in pharmaceutical production and control ... This includes pharmaceutical laboratories used for in-process and finished product testing,\" says the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[5] Even the World Health Organization puts focus on their importance, pointing out[6]:\n\nThe government, normally through the national medicines regulatory authority (NMRA), may establish and maintain a pharmaceutical quality control laboratory to carry out the required tests and assays to verify that APIs, excipients and pharmaceutical products meet the prescribed specifications. Large countries may require several pharmaceutical quality control laboratories which conform to national legislation, and appropriate arrangements should, therefore, be in place to monitor their compliance with a quality management system.\nAs Maura May notes for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, the importance of these labs not only lies in protecting the public and company; they're a product of a competitive environment, where spending, cleanliness, and lead times are vital.[7]\n\n6.3.3 Informatics in the pharmaceutical industry \nIn the pharmaceutical industry, we can look at how informatics is applied in two key ways:\n\nthe drug discovery and R&D phase, found within the pharmaceutical company continuum (sometimes referred to as drug discovery informatics, and pharmacoinformatics)\nthe dispersal and use phase, found within the healthcare continuum (sometimes referred to as drug informatics, pharmacy informatics, and pharmacoinformatics)\nIn the first case, drug discovery and development is supported using data analysis and management tools that allow laboratory researchers to model molecules, search and visualize research data, build databases, and track efficacy.[8] In the other, patients and doctors are provided with more relevant and timely drug information, drug utilization reviews, medication-related policies and procedures, and dispensing practices.[9] The development and propagation of informatics tools to perform these and other important tasks in and out of the lab are furthered by journals such as ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies[10] and special interest groups like the Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada (AFPC)'s Pharmacy Informatics SIG.[11]\n\n6.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nContract services LIMS\nPharmaceutical LIMS\nPharmacoinformatics\nPharmacology\nPharmacy automation\nFurther reading\n\nHuynh-Ba, K. (2022). Analytical Testing for the Pharmaceutical GMP Laboratory. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 416. ISBN 9781119680437. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZmdnEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Wu, G. (2010). \"13.6 HTS Operation Management\". Assay Development: Fundamentals and Practices. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 347\u2013354. ISBN 9780470583111. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qxKqC1aGLBIC&pg=PA347 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Element in Pharmaceutical Testing\". Element Materials Technology. https:\/\/www.element.com\/life-sciences\/pharmaceutical . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hansen, S.; Pedersen-Bjergaard, S.; Rasmussen, K. (2012). Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemical Analysis. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 624. ISBN 9781119954330. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=S7S6a4OYTasC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 Hawkins, J.M. (2000). \"The Importance of the Laboratory to the Pharmaceutical Business\". Journal of Automated Methods & management in Chemistry 22 (2): 47\u201352. doi:10.1155\/S1463924600000067. PMC PMC2548258. PMID 18924858. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2548258 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Guide to Inspections of Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 13 November 2014. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations\/inspection-guides\/pharmaceutical-quality-control-labs-793 . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"WHO Good Practices for Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories\". World Health Organization. 2010. pp. 49. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/who-good-practices-for-pharmaceutical-quality-control-laboratories---trs-957---annex-1 . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 May, M. (16 September 2014). \"Leaning the Quality Control Laboratory\". Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Putman Media. https:\/\/www.pharmamanufacturing.com\/articles\/2014\/leaning-the-quality-control-laboratory\/ . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kumar, S.; Plotnikov, N.V.; Rouse, J.C.; Singh, S.K. (2017). \"Biopharmaceutical Informatics: Supporting biologic drug development via molecular modelling and informatics\". Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. doi:10.1111\/jphp.12700. PMID 28155992.   \n \n\n\u2191 Woldu, M.A.; Lenjissa, J.L. (2014). \"Drug Informatics from Evolution to the Present Outlook\". Journal of Health and Medical Informatics 5: 161. doi:10.4172\/2157-7420.1000161.   \n \n\n\u2191 \"ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies\". Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. https:\/\/home.liebertpub.com\/publications\/assay-and-drug-development-technologies\/118\/overview . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Pharmacy Informatics SIG\". Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada. https:\/\/www.afpc.info\/content\/pharmacy-informatics-sig . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:27.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","307a1a154ece56e1d9b4fc4cf01c750c_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Pharmaceutical rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Pharmaceutical skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/Pharmaceutical<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.3_Pharmaceutical\">6.3 Pharmaceutical<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Generic_Propecia.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"8f574beff2004663d6d85ad2a14d156c\"><img alt=\"Generic Propecia.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/08\/Generic_Propecia.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>The pharmaceutical laboratory is complex, but at its core the laboratorians in them aim to better develop, analyze, improve, and quality control the drugs and medical devices that improve humans' and animals' quality of life. Due to the potential health risks of ingesting\/implanting a poorly tested pharmaceutical\/<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Medical_device\" title=\"Medical device\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8e821122daa731f0fa8782fae57831fa\">medical device<\/a>, these labs tend to be heavily regulated by governments. In fact, the governments themselves will often have their own labs to test for product quality and lab compliance. Universities provide not only education programs and graduate research opportunities but also pharmaceutical analysis and outreach programs. Pharmaceutical labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WuAssay10_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WuAssay10-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AvomeenPharmLab_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AvomeenPharmLab-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HansenIntro12_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HansenIntro12-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>hit picking\/screening of potential therapeutics<\/li>\n<li>method development and validation<\/li>\n<li>stability and photostability testing<\/li>\n<li>shelf life testing<\/li>\n<li>bioequivalence testing<\/li>\n<li>dissolution testing<\/li>\n<li>impurities testing<\/li>\n<li>counterfeit testing<\/li>\n<li>formulation optimization<\/li>\n<li>quality control<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do pharmaceutical laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>In a 2000 journal article published in <i>Journal of Automated Methods & Management in Chemistry<\/i>, author Juanita M. Hawkins of Jansen Pharmaceutica noted the following: \"Understanding the contributions that the laboratory can make in product\/process development, process improvement, market surveillance and general business is key to the pharmaceutical business today. Poor laboratory practice yields compliance issues, increased cost, increased cycle time and delayed product introductions.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HawkinsTheImport00_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HawkinsTheImport00-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> While a very business-centered statement, reading between the lines\u2014and further into the journal article\u2014reveals why properly run pharmaceutical labs are important to the average person today: \"customers expect the product to be safe and efficacious\" and \"that it meets all specifications.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HawkinsTheImport00_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HawkinsTheImport00-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> All but those participating in a primitive society will at one point (if not frequently) have the need to be treated with a pharmaceutical drug or device. Without the associated laboratories and quality control (QC) procedures in place, the pharmaceuticals would be of poor quality (if they existed at all) and endanger many lives. Even if you take something as simple as an aspirin, remember that a lab developed it, improved it, and\/or QCed it for your benefit. \n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.3.1_Client_types\">6.3.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - These labs are either part of a pharmaceutical company's portfolio or are third-party contract labs that provide extensive analysis and consulting services.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.element.com\/life-sciences\/pharmaceutical\" target=\"_blank\">Element Materials Technology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.medipharmlab.com\/services\/pharmaceutical-analysis.php\" target=\"_blank\">Medipharm Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pacelabs.com\/life-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\">Pace Analytical Services<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Government pharmaceutical labs typically act as either research centers or in an official regulatory capacity to ensure product quality and lab compliance.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/frederick.cancer.gov\/research\/biopharmaceutical-development-program\" target=\"_blank\">Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research's Biopharmaceutical Development Program<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govtlab.gov.hk\/en\/about_us\/aasd\/pcs.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hong Kong's Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section of the Analytical & Advisory Services Division<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/science-research\/field-science-and-laboratories\/detroit-laboratory-detl\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Detroit Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - The pharmaceutical engineering labs in the academic sector provide not only education programs for students and graduate research opportunities but also pharmaceutical analysis and outreach programs.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pharmlabs.unc.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill's Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Compounding Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/padproject.nd.edu\/get-involved\/distributed-pharmaceutical-analysis-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Notre Dame's Distributed Pharmaceutical Analysis Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.uri.edu\/pharmacy\/research\/#cl-tabs-1-tab-section-5\" target=\"_blank\">University of Rhode Island, College of Pharmacy's various labs<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.3.2_Functions\">6.3.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> biological agents and samples, contaminates, drug substances, elemental metals, microbials, proteins, raw materials, solvents\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> biochemistry, biology, chemistry, genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, posology, toxicology\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Absorption, Active ingredient, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Alcohol level, Allergy, Altitude, Amino acid analysis, Angle of repose, Antimicrobial, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Bioequivalence, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, C- and N-terminal, Carcinogenicity, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Circular dichroism, Cleanliness, Clinical diagnostic, Colorimetric, Compendial, Compliance\/Conformance, Composition, Congealing point, Contamination, Cytotoxicity, De novo protein, Detection, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Disintegration, Dissolution, Disulfide bridge, Efficacy, Electrophoresis, Endotoxin, Expiration dating, Extractables and leachables, Flavor, Formulation, Fragrance, Friability, Functional observational battery, Genotoxicity, Human factors, Identification, Impurity, Ingredient, Ingress, Inhalation, Irritation, Iterative, Locomotor activity, Lot release, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Moisture, Molecular weight, Mutagenicity, Nanoparticulate, Organic carbon, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, Peptide mapping, Permeability, pH, Pharmacokinetic, Photostability, Phototoxicity, Polarimetry, Post-translational modification, Preservative challenge, Process safety, Proficiency, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Purity, Pyrogenicity, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Safety, Saponification value, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific rotation, Stability, Sterility, Subchronic toxicity, Surface tension, Thermal, Total viable count, Toxicokinetic, Ultraviolet, Usability, Validation, Verification, Virucidal efficacy, Water activity\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>animal monitoring equipment, balance, biological safety cabinet, blood and hematology analyzers, calorimeter, cell counter, cell disruptor, cell harvesting system, centrifuge, chemical synthesizer, chromatographic, cryocooler, dissolution equipment, dissolved oxygen meter, DNA shearing sonicator, drying and heating chamber, electrophoresis equipment, flow cytometer, flow injection analyzer, freeze dryer, freezer, fume hood, glove box, hit-picking system, incubator, inhalation chamber, interferometer, laminar flow cabinet, liquid handling equipment, metallic iron analyzer, microplate equipment, particle counter, PCR equipment, pH meter, powder analyzer, pumps and sprayers, refractometer, rheometer, solid phase extraction equipment, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, steam sterilizer, sonicator, turbidity meter, UV chamber, vacuum evaporator, viscometer, water purification system\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the pharmaceutical industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>QC is important to any laboratory; however, in the pharmaceutical industry, many countries like the U.S. place extra emphasis on pharmaceutical QC labs. \"The pharmaceutical quality control laboratory serves one of the most important functions in pharmaceutical production and control ... This includes pharmaceutical laboratories used for in-process and finished product testing,\" says the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USFDAPharmGuide14_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USFDAPharmGuide14-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Even the World Health Organization puts focus on their importance, pointing out<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WHOGoodPract10_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WHOGoodPract10-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The government, normally through the national medicines regulatory authority (NMRA), may establish and maintain a pharmaceutical quality control laboratory to carry out the required tests and assays to verify that APIs, excipients and pharmaceutical products meet the prescribed specifications. Large countries may require several pharmaceutical quality control laboratories which conform to national legislation, and appropriate arrangements should, therefore, be in place to monitor their compliance with a quality management system.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>As Maura May notes for <i>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing<\/i>, the importance of these labs not only lies in protecting the public and company; they're a product of a competitive environment, where spending, cleanliness, and lead times are vital.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MayLeaning14_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MayLeaning14-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.3.3_Informatics_in_the_pharmaceutical_industry\">6.3.3 Informatics in the pharmaceutical industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>In the pharmaceutical industry, we can look at how informatics is applied in two key ways:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>the drug discovery and R&D phase, found within the pharmaceutical company continuum (sometimes referred to as drug discovery informatics, and pharmacoinformatics)<\/li>\n<li>the dispersal and use phase, found within the healthcare continuum (sometimes referred to as drug informatics, pharmacy informatics, and pharmacoinformatics)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>In the first case, drug discovery and development is supported using data analysis and management tools that allow laboratory researchers to model molecules, search and visualize research data, build databases, and track efficacy.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KumarBio17_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KumarBio17-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> In the other, patients and doctors are provided with more relevant and timely drug information, drug utilization reviews, medication-related policies and procedures, and dispensing practices.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WolduDrug14_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WolduDrug14-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> The development and propagation of informatics tools to perform these and other important tasks in and out of the lab are furthered by journals such as <i>ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASSAY_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASSAY-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> and special interest groups like the Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada (AFPC)'s Pharmacy Informatics SIG.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AFPCSIG_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AFPCSIG-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.3.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">6.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Contract_services_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Contract services LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4efad798954f7b67eccf3a0a39839002\">Contract services LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Pharmaceutical_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Pharmaceutical LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ca70cdcb0fd163c9b7779998180f2505\">Pharmaceutical LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pharmacoinformatics\" title=\"Pharmacoinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"442f446fa1848fdc13acb37fab031fe4\">Pharmacoinformatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pharmacology\" title=\"Pharmacology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e2071e61af2af92a10a3c9036aff9c80\">Pharmacology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pharmacy_automation\" title=\"Pharmacy automation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"49c1a391f24ae60449aafabfecdd4a69\">Pharmacy automation<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Huynh-Ba, K. (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZmdnEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Analytical Testing for the Pharmaceutical GMP Laboratory<\/i><\/a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 416. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781119680437<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZmdnEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZmdnEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analytical+Testing+for+the+Pharmaceutical+GMP+Laboratory&rft.aulast=Huynh-Ba%2C+K.&rft.au=Huynh-Ba%2C+K.&rft.date=2022&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B416&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9781119680437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmdnEAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-WuAssay10-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WuAssay10_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Wu, G. (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qxKqC1aGLBIC&pg=PA347\" target=\"_blank\">\"13.6 HTS Operation Management\"<\/a>. <i>Assay Development: Fundamentals and Practices<\/i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 347\u2013354. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780470583111<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qxKqC1aGLBIC&pg=PA347\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qxKqC1aGLBIC&pg=PA347<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=13.6+HTS+Operation+Management&rft.atitle=Assay+Development%3A+Fundamentals+and+Practices&rft.aulast=Wu%2C+G.&rft.au=Wu%2C+G.&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B347%E2%80%93354&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9780470583111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqxKqC1aGLBIC%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AvomeenPharmLab-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AvomeenPharmLab_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.element.com\/life-sciences\/pharmaceutical\" target=\"_blank\">\"Element in Pharmaceutical Testing\"<\/a>. Element Materials Technology<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.element.com\/life-sciences\/pharmaceutical\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.element.com\/life-sciences\/pharmaceutical<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Element+in+Pharmaceutical+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Element+Materials+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.element.com%2Flife-sciences%2Fpharmaceutical&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HansenIntro12-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HansenIntro12_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Hansen, S.; Pedersen-Bjergaard, S.; Rasmussen, K. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=S7S6a4OYTasC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemical Analysis<\/i><\/a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 624. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781119954330<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=S7S6a4OYTasC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=S7S6a4OYTasC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Pharmaceutical+Chemical+Analysis&rft.aulast=Hansen%2C+S.%3B+Pedersen-Bjergaard%2C+S.%3B+Rasmussen%2C+K.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+S.%3B+Pedersen-Bjergaard%2C+S.%3B+Rasmussen%2C+K.&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B624&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9781119954330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7S6a4OYTasC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HawkinsTheImport00-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HawkinsTheImport00_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HawkinsTheImport00_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hawkins, J.M. (2000). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2548258\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Importance of the Laboratory to the Pharmaceutical Business\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Automated Methods & management in Chemistry<\/i> <b>22<\/b> (2): 47\u201352. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1155%2FS1463924600000067\" target=\"_blank\">10.1155\/S1463924600000067<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2548258\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC2548258<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18924858\" target=\"_blank\">18924858<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2548258\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2548258<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+the+Laboratory+to+the+Pharmaceutical+Business&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Automated+Methods+%26+management+in+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Hawkins%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+J.M.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=47%E2%80%9352&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1155%2FS1463924600000067&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC2548258&rft_id=info:pmid\/18924858&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC2548258&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USFDAPharmGuide14-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-USFDAPharmGuide14_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations\/inspection-guides\/pharmaceutical-quality-control-labs-793\" target=\"_blank\">\"Guide to Inspections of Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories\"<\/a>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 13 November 2014<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations\/inspection-guides\/pharmaceutical-quality-control-labs-793\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations\/inspection-guides\/pharmaceutical-quality-control-labs-793<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Inspections+of+Pharmaceutical+Quality+Control+Laboratories&rft.atitle=&rft.date=13+November+2014&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Finspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations%2Finspection-guides%2Fpharmaceutical-quality-control-labs-793&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WHOGoodPract10-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WHOGoodPract10_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/who-good-practices-for-pharmaceutical-quality-control-laboratories---trs-957---annex-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"WHO Good Practices for Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories\"<\/a>. World Health Organization. 2010. pp. 49<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/who-good-practices-for-pharmaceutical-quality-control-laboratories---trs-957---annex-1\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/who-good-practices-for-pharmaceutical-quality-control-laboratories---trs-957---annex-1<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=WHO+Good+Practices+for+Pharmaceutical+Quality+Control+Laboratories&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.+49&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fm%2Fitem%2Fwho-good-practices-for-pharmaceutical-quality-control-laboratories---trs-957---annex-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MayLeaning14-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MayLeaning14_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">May, M. (16 September 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmamanufacturing.com\/articles\/2014\/leaning-the-quality-control-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Leaning the Quality Control Laboratory\"<\/a>. <i>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing<\/i>. Putman Media<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmamanufacturing.com\/articles\/2014\/leaning-the-quality-control-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.pharmamanufacturing.com\/articles\/2014\/leaning-the-quality-control-laboratory\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Leaning+the+Quality+Control+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Pharmaceutical+Manufacturing&rft.aulast=May%2C+M.&rft.au=May%2C+M.&rft.date=16+September+2014&rft.pub=Putman+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmamanufacturing.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2Fleaning-the-quality-control-laboratory%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KumarBio17-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KumarBio17_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kumar, S.; Plotnikov, N.V.; Rouse, J.C.; Singh, S.K. (2017). \"Biopharmaceutical Informatics: Supporting biologic drug development via molecular modelling and informatics\". <i>Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology<\/i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111%2Fjphp.12700\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111\/jphp.12700<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28155992\" target=\"_blank\">28155992<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biopharmaceutical+Informatics%3A+Supporting+biologic+drug+development+via+molecular+modelling+and+informatics&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmacy+and+Pharmacology&rft.aulast=Kumar%2C+S.%3B+Plotnikov%2C+N.V.%3B+Rouse%2C+J.C.%3B+Singh%2C+S.K.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+S.%3B+Plotnikov%2C+N.V.%3B+Rouse%2C+J.C.%3B+Singh%2C+S.K.&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1111%2Fjphp.12700&rft_id=info:pmid\/28155992&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WolduDrug14-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WolduDrug14_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Woldu, M.A.; Lenjissa, J.L. (2014). \"Drug Informatics from Evolution to the Present Outlook\". <i>Journal of Health and Medical Informatics<\/i> <b>5<\/b>: 161. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4172%2F2157-7420.1000161\" target=\"_blank\">10.4172\/2157-7420.1000161<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drug+Informatics+from+Evolution+to+the+Present+Outlook&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+and+Medical+Informatics&rft.aulast=Woldu%2C+M.A.%3B+Lenjissa%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Woldu%2C+M.A.%3B+Lenjissa%2C+J.L.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=161&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4172%2F2157-7420.1000161&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASSAY-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASSAY_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/home.liebertpub.com\/publications\/assay-and-drug-development-technologies\/118\/overview\" target=\"_blank\">\"ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies\"<\/a>. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/home.liebertpub.com\/publications\/assay-and-drug-development-technologies\/118\/overview\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/home.liebertpub.com\/publications\/assay-and-drug-development-technologies\/118\/overview<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ASSAY+and+Drug+Development+Technologies&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Mary+Ann+Liebert%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.liebertpub.com%2Fpublications%2Fassay-and-drug-development-technologies%2F118%2Foverview&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AFPCSIG-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AFPCSIG_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.afpc.info\/content\/pharmacy-informatics-sig\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pharmacy Informatics SIG\"<\/a>. Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.afpc.info\/content\/pharmacy-informatics-sig\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.afpc.info\/content\/pharmacy-informatics-sig<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pharmacy+Informatics+SIG&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Association+of+Faculties+of+Pharmacy+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afpc.info%2Fcontent%2Fpharmacy-informatics-sig&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232726\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.107 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.189 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8096\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 72128\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 20853\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 18858\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 132.112 1 -total\n 65.61% 86.679 12 Template:Citation\/core\n 56.09% 74.098 1 Template:Reflist\n 43.87% 57.954 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\n 37.69% 49.787 3 Template:Cite_book\n 24.86% 32.846 6 Template:Cite_web\n 16.36% 21.612 14 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 14.63% 19.329 3 Template:Cite_journal\n 8.38% 11.068 9 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 5.55% 7.330 3 Template:Date\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13447-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232726 and revision id 48536. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Pharmaceutical<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","307a1a154ece56e1d9b4fc4cf01c750c_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/08\/Generic_Propecia.jpg"],"307a1a154ece56e1d9b4fc4cf01c750c_timestamp":1657236874,"544bf4f80ec43bf0c544c86e412740af_type":"article","544bf4f80ec43bf0c544c86e412740af_title":"6.2 Petrochemical and hydrocarbon","544bf4f80ec43bf0c544c86e412740af_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon","544bf4f80ec43bf0c544c86e412740af_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/Petrochemical and hydrocarbonFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 6.2 Petrochemical and hydrocarbon \n\n1.1 6.2.1 Client types \n1.2 6.2.2 Functions \n1.3 6.2.3 Informatics in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon industry \n1.4 6.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n6.2 Petrochemical and hydrocarbon \n\n\nA petrochemical and hydrocarbon laboratory is focused on analyzing the properties and constituents of various petrochemicals and their feedstock (including petroleum, natural gas, and coal) for the purposes of ensuring their safety, quality, development, and improvement. Secondarily, these labs may provide a platform for research and development (R&D) and teaching. Petrochemical and hydrocarbon labs are found in the private and academic sectors, and occasionally in government, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)[1]: \n\nanalysis for purity\nanalysis for contaminates\ncorrosion testing\ncharacterization testing\nenvironmental testing\nquality control testing\nBut how do petrochemical and hydrocarbon laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nThe U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated that of the approximately 7.19 billion barrels of petroleum consumed in the U.S. in 2016, 48 percent of it went towards motor gasoline, 20 percent of it went to distillate fuel, and eight percent was used as jet fuel.[2] The EIA also notes that while petroleum is used as a feedstock for the creation of plastic in the U.S., it's not the main feedstock for plastic, and regardless, the EIA is unable to determine what percentage of petroleum consumed in the U.S. went towards the creation of plastics[3] (though simple math using the numbers previously provided proves that it must be 24 percent or less). Even so, these facts alone can't but cement the idea that the world as we know it today would not be as it is without petroleum and petrochemical laboratories and their laboratorians. One could argue that laboratories developing renewable source of energy and the equipment to harness it are more important from an environmental standpoint, but the point still stands: we currently depend heavily on petrochemicals as energy and to create thousands of products.[4]\n\n6.2.1 Client types \nPrivate - These labs provide an array of analytical services as third-party testers and consultants, or they work as company-based or independent research and development laboratories developing new petrochemical-based products.\nExamples include:\n\nHuffman Hazen Laboratories\nSGS\nSumitomo Chemical\n\r\n\nGovernment - At least in the United States, government petrochemical labs are typically working to ensure consistent fuel quality, product safety, and fuel transportation methods. Secondarily they may act as environmental response centers, reacting to petroleum spills and natural spills or developing improved remediation methods.\nExamples include:\n\nCalifornia Petroleum Chemistry Lab\nColorado Petroleum Laboratory\nGeorgia State Fuel Oil Laboratory\n\r\n\nAcademic - Academic petrochemical labs are providing education to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as driving new research into petrochemical extraction and infrastructure.\nExamples include:\n\nDel Mar College's Environmental\/Petrochemical Lab Technology Program\nTexas A&M University's Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering\nUniversity of Kansas' Tertiary Oil Recovery Program\n6.2.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? aromatics, coal, feedstocks, hydrocarbons, intermediate chemicals, monomers, natural gas, petroleum, polymers, sediment, solvents, sulfur, trace metals, water, wear metals\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? chemistry, environmental science, geology, geophysics, mathematics, petroleum engineering, physics, thermodynamics\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment?\nCommon test types include: \nAcid and base number, Aniline point, API gravity, Basic sediment and water, Biodegradation, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Calorimetry, Carbon-hydrogen ratio, Cargo inspection and sampling, Cetane, Chemical and materials compatibility, Cloud point, Combustion, Compliance\/Conformance, Conductivity, Congealing point, Conradson Carbon Residue, Contamination, Corrosion, Damage tolerance, Decomposition, Density, Dissolved gas, Doctor test, Emissions, Evaporation loss, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Heating value, Hydraulic, Hydrocarbon group type, Immersion, Impurity, Kauri-butanol value, Leak, Lightning, Lubricity, Macroetch, Mobility, Moisture, Molecular weight, Octane, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Passivation, Permeability, Peroxide value, pH, Plating and coating evaluations, Pour point, Pressure, Process safety, Proficiency, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Ramsbottom Carbon Residue, Refractive index, Salt content, Saponification value, Seismic, Smoke point, Stress corrosion cracking, Surface tension, Thermal, Vapor pressure, Velocity and flow, Viscosity, Weathering\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \namperostat, balance, chromatographic, combustion analyzer, constant temperature bath, density meter, dissolved oxygen meter, evaporation loss analyzer, flashpoint tester, flocculator, fume hood, hot plate, hygrometer, iodine flask, metallic iron analyzer, muffle furnace, oil-in-water analyzer, oxidation stability analyzer, pH meter, pycnometer, refractometer, rheometer, shakers and stirrers, specific gravity flask, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, thermometer, thin film oven, titrator, turbidity meter, vapor pressure analyzer, viscometer, water bath\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon industry? \nBecause of the environmental consequences of petrochemical and feedstock pollution of the environment, petrochemical labs share some of the same characteristics of environmental labs. Also like environmental labs, petrochemical labs have their fair share of field analyses, both on land and on the water.\n\n6.2.3 Informatics in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon industry \nProper data analysis and management in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon lab is vital to the quality of the final consumer product and to the efficiency of the business itself. Laboratory informatics software like the laboratory information management system (LIMS) is an important tool towards meeting those goals. And the processes are different at each manufacturing and R&D stage, from improving operation efficiencies in drilling and recovery of the upstream phase, the process optimization of midstream hydrocarbon cracking and refining, and the process development and improvement of polymers and plastics downstream.[5] LIMS and other tools are capable of automatically capturing data from a continuous process flow that involves in-process testing using numerous instruments, processing and storing that data, and making it available for a variety of purposes, including quality testing.[6] As the need for efficiency and improved quality grows, conferences such as the International Petroleum Data Integration, Information and Data Management Conference[7] and the Esri Energy Resources GIS Conference[8] provide further opportunities for the industry to share and innovate new ways for informatics systems to further benefit the industry.\n\n6.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nGeoinformatics\nPetrochemical LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nChaundhuri, U.R. (2016). Fundamentals of Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering. CRC Press. pp. 411. ISBN 9781439851616. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=mKQnDet5IUoC&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Chaudhuri, U.R. (2016). Fundamentals of Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering. CRC Press. pp. 411. ISBN 9781439851616. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=mKQnDet5IUoC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"What are petroleum products, and what is petroleum used for?\". Frequently Asked Questions. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 19 April 2022. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.php?id=41&t=6 . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"How much oil is used to make plastic?\". Frequently Asked Questions. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 1 June 2021. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.php?id=34&t=6 . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Speight, J.G. (2014). \"Chapter 27: Petrochemicals\". The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum. CRC Press. pp. 773\u2013795. ISBN 9781439873908. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZDPOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA773 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ktori, S. (7 November 2014). \"Fuelling growth in the petrochemicals sector\". Scientific Computing World. Europa Science. https:\/\/www.scientific-computing.com\/feature\/fuelling-growth-petrochemicals-sector . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wilkie, T. (1 April 2013). \"Laboratory informatics systems are fuelling efficiency\". Scientific Computing World. Europa Science. https:\/\/www.scientific-computing.com\/feature\/laboratory-informatics-systems-are-fuelling-efficiency . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Petroleum Network Education Conferences\". PennWell Corporation. https:\/\/www.pnecconferences.com\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Esri Energy Resources GIS Conference\". Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/about\/events\/esri-energy-resources-gis-conference\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:27.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","544bf4f80ec43bf0c544c86e412740af_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/Petrochemical and hydrocarbon<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.2_Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\">6.2 Petrochemical and hydrocarbon<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:TASNEE_001.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"a863f830569c8dc18c49929ddd78d270\"><img alt=\"TASNEE 001.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d2\/TASNEE_001.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>A petrochemical and hydrocarbon laboratory is focused on analyzing the properties and constituents of various petrochemicals and their feedstock (including petroleum, natural gas, and coal) for the purposes of ensuring their safety, quality, development, and improvement. Secondarily, these labs may provide a platform for research and development (R&D) and teaching. Petrochemical and hydrocarbon labs are found in the private and academic sectors, and occasionally in government, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ChaudhuriFund16_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ChaudhuriFund16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>analysis for purity<\/li>\n<li>analysis for contaminates<\/li>\n<li>corrosion testing<\/li>\n<li>characterization testing<\/li>\n<li>environmental testing<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1e0e0c2eb3e45aff02f5d61799821f0f\">quality control<\/a> testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do petrochemical and hydrocarbon laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated that of the approximately 7.19 billion barrels of petroleum consumed in the U.S. in 2016, 48 percent of it went towards motor gasoline, 20 percent of it went to distillate fuel, and eight percent was used as jet fuel.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EIAWhatAre17_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EIAWhatAre17-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> The EIA also notes that while petroleum is used as a feedstock for the creation of plastic in the U.S., it's not the main feedstock for plastic, and regardless, the EIA is unable to determine what percentage of petroleum consumed in the U.S. went towards the creation of plastics<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EIAHowMuch17_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EIAHowMuch17-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> (though simple math using the numbers previously provided proves that it must be 24 percent or less). Even so, these facts alone can't but cement the idea that the world as we know it today would not be as it is without petroleum and petrochemical laboratories and their laboratorians. One could argue that laboratories developing renewable source of energy and the equipment to harness it are more important from an environmental standpoint, but the point still stands: we currently depend heavily on petrochemicals as energy and to create thousands of products.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SpeightTheChem14_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SpeightTheChem14-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.2.1_Client_types\">6.2.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - These labs provide an array of analytical services as third-party testers and consultants, or they work as company-based or independent research and development laboratories developing new petrochemical-based products.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huffmanlabs.com\/?page_id=160\" target=\"_blank\">Huffman Hazen Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sgs.com\/en\/services\/petrochemical-testing\" target=\"_blank\">SGS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sumitomo-chem.co.jp\/english\/rd\/laboratories\/essentialchemicals\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sumitomo Chemical<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Government<\/b> - At least in the United States, government petrochemical labs are typically working to ensure consistent fuel quality, product safety, and fuel transportation methods. Secondarily they may act as environmental response centers, reacting to petroleum spills and natural spills or developing improved remediation methods.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/wildlife.ca.gov\/OSPR\/Science\/Petroleum-Chemistry-Lab\" target=\"_blank\">California Petroleum Chemistry Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ops.colorado.gov\/Petroleum\/PetroleumLaboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Colorado Petroleum Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agr.georgia.gov\/state-fuel-oil-lab.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Georgia State Fuel Oil Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Academic<\/b> - Academic petrochemical labs are providing education to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as driving new research into petrochemical extraction and infrastructure.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.delmar.edu\/degrees\/environmental-petrochemical-lab-technology\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Del Mar College's Environmental\/Petrochemical Lab Technology Program<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.tamu.edu\/petroleum\/research\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Texas A&M University's Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/torp.ku.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Kansas' Tertiary Oil Recovery Program<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.2.2_Functions\">6.2.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> aromatics, coal, feedstocks, hydrocarbons, intermediate chemicals, monomers, natural gas, petroleum, polymers, sediment, solvents, sulfur, trace metals, water, wear metals\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> chemistry, environmental science, geology, geophysics, mathematics, petroleum engineering, physics, thermodynamics\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Acid and base number, Aniline point, API gravity, Basic sediment and water, Biodegradation, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Calorimetry, Carbon-hydrogen ratio, Cargo inspection and sampling, Cetane, Chemical and materials compatibility, Cloud point, Combustion, Compliance\/Conformance, Conductivity, Congealing point, Conradson Carbon Residue, Contamination, Corrosion, Damage tolerance, Decomposition, Density, Dissolved gas, Doctor test, Emissions, Evaporation loss, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Heating value, Hydraulic, Hydrocarbon group type, Immersion, Impurity, Kauri-butanol value, Leak, Lightning, Lubricity, Macroetch, Mobility, Moisture, Molecular weight, Octane, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Passivation, Permeability, Peroxide value, pH, Plating and coating evaluations, Pour point, Pressure, Process safety, Proficiency, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Ramsbottom Carbon Residue, Refractive index, Salt content, Saponification value, Seismic, Smoke point, Stress corrosion cracking, Surface tension, Thermal, Vapor pressure, Velocity and flow, Viscosity, Weathering\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>amperostat, balance, chromatographic, combustion analyzer, constant temperature bath, density meter, dissolved oxygen meter, evaporation loss analyzer, flashpoint tester, flocculator, fume hood, hot plate, hygrometer, iodine flask, metallic iron analyzer, muffle furnace, oil-in-water analyzer, oxidation stability analyzer, pH meter, pycnometer, refractometer, rheometer, shakers and stirrers, specific gravity flask, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, thermometer, thin film oven, titrator, turbidity meter, vapor pressure analyzer, viscometer, water bath\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Because of the environmental consequences of petrochemical and feedstock pollution of the environment, petrochemical labs share some of the same characteristics of environmental labs. Also like environmental labs, petrochemical labs have their fair share of field analyses, both on land and on the water.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.2.3_Informatics_in_the_petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon_industry\">6.2.3 Informatics in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Proper data analysis and management in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon lab is vital to the quality of the final consumer product and to the efficiency of the business itself. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_informatics\" title=\"Laboratory informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"00edfa43edcde538a695f6d429280301\">Laboratory informatics<\/a> software like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_information_management_system\" title=\"Laboratory information management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8ff56a51d34c9b1806fcebdcde634d00\">laboratory information management system<\/a> (LIMS) is an important tool towards meeting those goals. And the processes are different at each manufacturing and R&D stage, from improving operation efficiencies in drilling and recovery of the upstream phase, the process optimization of midstream hydrocarbon cracking and refining, and the process development and improvement of polymers and plastics downstream.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KtoriFuelling14_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KtoriFuelling14-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> LIMS and other tools are capable of automatically capturing data from a continuous process flow that involves in-process testing using numerous instruments, processing and storing that data, and making it available for a variety of purposes, including quality testing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WilkieLab13_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WilkieLab13-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> As the need for efficiency and improved quality grows, conferences such as the International Petroleum Data Integration, Information and Data Management Conference<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PNECIntPetro_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PNECIntPetro-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> and the Esri Energy Resources GIS Conference<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ESRIPetro_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ESRIPetro-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> provide further opportunities for the industry to share and innovate new ways for informatics systems to further benefit the industry.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.2.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">6.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Geoinformatics\" title=\"Geoinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2dc37de467d4af308f4b02d8e2ba12d1\">Geoinformatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Petrochemical_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Petrochemical LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1a8f0e6970688f084cb24c0ae02ad488\">Petrochemical LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Chaundhuri, U.R. (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=mKQnDet5IUoC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Fundamentals of Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering<\/i><\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 411. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781439851616<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=mKQnDet5IUoC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=mKQnDet5IUoC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Petroleum+and+Petrochemical+Engineering&rft.aulast=Chaundhuri%2C+U.R.&rft.au=Chaundhuri%2C+U.R.&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B411&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781439851616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKQnDet5IUoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-ChaudhuriFund16-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ChaudhuriFund16_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Chaudhuri, U.R. (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=mKQnDet5IUoC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Fundamentals of Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering<\/i><\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 411. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781439851616<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=mKQnDet5IUoC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=mKQnDet5IUoC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Petroleum+and+Petrochemical+Engineering&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri%2C+U.R.&rft.au=Chaudhuri%2C+U.R.&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B411&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781439851616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKQnDet5IUoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EIAWhatAre17-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EIAWhatAre17_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.php?id=41&t=6\" target=\"_blank\">\"What are petroleum products, and what is petroleum used for?\"<\/a>. <i>Frequently Asked Questions<\/i>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 19 April 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.php?id=41&t=6\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.php?id=41&t=6<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+are+petroleum+products%2C+and+what+is+petroleum+used+for%3F&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.date=19+April+2022&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Ftools%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq.php%3Fid%3D41%26t%3D6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EIAHowMuch17-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EIAHowMuch17_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.php?id=34&t=6\" target=\"_blank\">\"How much oil is used to make plastic?\"<\/a>. <i>Frequently Asked Questions<\/i>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 1 June 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.php?id=34&t=6\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.php?id=34&t=6<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+much+oil+is+used+to+make+plastic%3F&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.date=1+June+2021&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Ftools%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq.php%3Fid%3D34%26t%3D6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SpeightTheChem14-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SpeightTheChem14_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Speight, J.G. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZDPOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA773\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 27: Petrochemicals\"<\/a>. <i>The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum<\/i>. CRC Press. pp. 773\u2013795. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781439873908<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZDPOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA773\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZDPOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA773<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+27%3A+Petrochemicals&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+and+Technology+of+Petroleum&rft.aulast=Speight%2C+J.G.&rft.au=Speight%2C+J.G.&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B773%E2%80%93795&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781439873908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZDPOBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA773&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KtoriFuelling14-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KtoriFuelling14_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ktori, S. (7 November 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientific-computing.com\/feature\/fuelling-growth-petrochemicals-sector\" target=\"_blank\">\"Fuelling growth in the petrochemicals sector\"<\/a>. <i>Scientific Computing World<\/i>. Europa Science<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientific-computing.com\/feature\/fuelling-growth-petrochemicals-sector\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.scientific-computing.com\/feature\/fuelling-growth-petrochemicals-sector<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fuelling+growth+in+the+petrochemicals+sector&rft.atitle=Scientific+Computing+World&rft.aulast=Ktori%2C+S.&rft.au=Ktori%2C+S.&rft.date=7+November+2014&rft.pub=Europa+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific-computing.com%2Ffeature%2Ffuelling-growth-petrochemicals-sector&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WilkieLab13-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WilkieLab13_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wilkie, T. (1 April 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientific-computing.com\/feature\/laboratory-informatics-systems-are-fuelling-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\">\"Laboratory informatics systems are fuelling efficiency\"<\/a>. <i>Scientific Computing World<\/i>. Europa Science<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientific-computing.com\/feature\/laboratory-informatics-systems-are-fuelling-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.scientific-computing.com\/feature\/laboratory-informatics-systems-are-fuelling-efficiency<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Laboratory+informatics+systems+are+fuelling+efficiency&rft.atitle=Scientific+Computing+World&rft.aulast=Wilkie%2C+T.&rft.au=Wilkie%2C+T.&rft.date=1+April+2013&rft.pub=Europa+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific-computing.com%2Ffeature%2Flaboratory-informatics-systems-are-fuelling-efficiency&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PNECIntPetro-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PNECIntPetro_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnecconferences.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Petroleum Network Education Conferences\"<\/a>. PennWell Corporation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnecconferences.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.pnecconferences.com\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Network+Education+Conferences&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=PennWell+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnecconferences.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ESRIPetro-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ESRIPetro_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/about\/events\/esri-energy-resources-gis-conference\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Esri Energy Resources GIS Conference\"<\/a>. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/about\/events\/esri-energy-resources-gis-conference\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/about\/events\/esri-energy-resources-gis-conference\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Esri+Energy+Resources+GIS+Conference&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Environmental+Systems+Research+Institute%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esri.com%2Fen-us%2Fabout%2Fevents%2Fesri-energy-resources-gis-conference%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232706\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.120 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.684 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 6133\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 51200\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 14373\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 12422\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 95.668 1 -total\n 61.05% 58.410 1 Template:Reflist\n 60.82% 58.185 9 Template:Citation\/core\n 38.88% 37.193 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\n 36.53% 34.943 6 Template:Cite_web\n 34.45% 32.957 3 Template:Cite_book\n 9.21% 8.810 4 Template:Date\n 8.86% 8.479 3 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.87% 4.655 14 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.61% 2.496 3 Template:Only_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13446-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232706 and revision id 48535. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Petrochemical_and_hydrocarbon<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","544bf4f80ec43bf0c544c86e412740af_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d2\/TASNEE_001.jpg"],"544bf4f80ec43bf0c544c86e412740af_timestamp":1657236874,"ff4cad36b3231abc1385bf2d5d2cad49_type":"article","ff4cad36b3231abc1385bf2d5d2cad49_title":"6.1 Nanotechnology","ff4cad36b3231abc1385bf2d5d2cad49_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology","ff4cad36b3231abc1385bf2d5d2cad49_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/NanotechnologyFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 6. Labs by industry: Part 4 \n\n1.1 6.1 Nanotechnology \n\n1.1.1 6.1.1 Client types \n1.1.2 6.1.2 Functions \n1.1.3 6.1.3 Informatics in the nanotechnology industry \n1.1.4 6.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n6. Labs by industry: Part 4 \nWe conclude our examination of 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them, looking at the final five. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline function through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. Finally, we discuss the role of informatics in each industry lab type. A discussion follows in the final chapter.\n\r\n\n\n6.1 Nanotechnology \n\n\nNanoscience is the study of objects (materials, structures, devices) and phenomena on the nanometer scale. Physicist Richard Feynman's talk titled \"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom\" at the end of 1959 helped spark an exploration today of the world of the fantastically small[1], one that has spawned a great number of discoveries and inventions based on nanoscience.[2] From quantum computing to cellulose nanomaterials, private, public, and academic labs of all types are improving the way we construct, work, and play. These labs provide many different services, including (but not limited to)[3] : \n\ncharacterization and testing of nanoscale devices and materials\nimprovement of the performance of existing technologies and materials\ndevelopment of new materials\nresearch and development of nanosafety plans\nresearch and development of nanotech standards\nresearch and development of nanomanufacturing and -measurement equipment\ndevelopment of nanomedicines\nBut how do nanotechnology laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nAs the technology and research around nanotechnology is still in somewhat of an infant phase, it's less clear how these labs affect the average person. The fact that by definition visualizing the design of nanotechnology due to its nano scale is challenging doesn't make relating to nanotech labs any easier either. The idea of the quantum computer, a computational device utilizing nature's small-scale physics, is still in early development, but nanotechnology labs such as MIT's Lincoln Lab continue to research and apply nanoscience to the hardware that could make up the first practical quantum computer.[4] Moving from the theoretical to the more applicable, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative list several applications of nanotechnology found in products today, including solar panel films, windmill blades, gas lift valves, and airplane cabin filters.[5]\n\n6.1.1 Client types \nPrivate - Private nanotech labs are usually associated with a major company or part of a private-public partnership, as the equipment to analyze and manufacture at the nano scale can be costly.\nExamples include:\n\nHewlett-Packard Laboratories' Quantum Information Processing Group\nNanoTechLabs, Inc.\nNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology\nGovernment - Government-based nanotechnology labs are typically themed towards a certain sub-branch, from nanomedicine (cancer research) to military (war machines).\nExamples include:\n\nNational Research Council of Canada Nanotechnology Research Centre\nU.S. National Cancer Institute's Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory\nU.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Nanoscience Research Laboratory\nAcademic - The nanotech labs of higher education tend to have a focus on post-graduate education and research, occasionally subcontracting its expertise out to the private domain.\nExamples include:\n\nColumbia University's Columbia Nano Initiative Shared Labs Facilities\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology's Space Nanotechnology Laboratory\nUniversity of Illinois' Micro & Nanotechnology Lab\n6.1.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? nanoemulsions, nanomaterials, nanomedicines \nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? astrophysics, biology, biomedical engineering, chemistry, electrical engineering, microfabrication, molecular biology, molecular engineering, organic chemistry, physics, statistics\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAcute toxicity, Biocompatibility, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Design review and evaluation, Ecotoxicology, Electrophoresis, Efficacy, Friction, Grain and particle size, Irritation, Nanoparticulate, Proficiency, Safety, Spectral, Subchronic toxicity, Surface topography\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \natom probe, atomic force microscope, atomic force microscopy-Raman system, atomic layer deposition system, calorimeter, cryogenic probe station, dynamic light scattering equipment, electron backscattered diffraction system, ellipsometer, flow chemistry reactor, helium ion beam microscope, micro hardness tester, micropositioning system, nanoparticle characterization system, optical tweezers, particle size analyzer, plasma etching system, safety cabinet, scanning electron microscope, scanning near-field optical microscope, separation membrane, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope, viscometer, X-ray camera, X-ray diffractometer\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the nanotech industry? \nThe laboratory equipment of a nanotechnology lab stands out among other industry labs, in so much that it tends to be specialized and expensive, regardless of what sub-field of nanotechnology is being studied.[6][7] This extends to the laboratory space itself, where conditions must be specially maintained for optimal results; this includes electromagnetic shielding, reduced acoustic levels, reduced vibrations, and carefully maintained temperatures.[8]\n\n6.1.3 Informatics in the nanotechnology industry \nYes, data analysis and management systems are also important in the burgeoning field of nanotechnology. Referred to at times as nanoinformatics, the application of informatics tools to nanotechnology happens in several ways:\n\nNanomaterials development: the use of artificial neural networks and other tools to formulate, analyze, and assess requirements specification for nanomaterials; develop conceptual designs; and finalize a detailed technical solution[9]\nNanosafety data management: the management and sharing of \"information on the physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials, toxicity, exposure, data and metadata\"[10]\nNanotechnology ontology development: the development of \"a web ontology in the form of a semantically precise and computer-processable definition of entities and their relationships\" that will further integrate disparate data standards, sources, formats, and models towards a higher-quality and more efficient nanotech development sector[11][12]\n6.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nNano-scaffold\nNanotechnology LIMS\nNanotopography\nFurther reading\n\nPoinern, G.E.J. (2014). A Laboratory Course in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. CRC Press. pp. 260. ISBN 9781482231038. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=SGtYBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"What is Nanotechnology?\". Nano.gov. United States National Nanotechnology Initiative. https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/nanotech-101\/what\/definition . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Nanotechnology Timeline\". Nano.gov. United States National Nanotechnology Initiative. https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/timeline . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Goddard, W.A.; Brenner, D.W.; Lyshevski, S.E.; Iafrate, G.J., ed. (2012). Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology (3rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 1093. ISBN 9781439860151. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dJ-jIv1Hv2EC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hardesty, L. (8 August 2016). \"Toward practical quantum computers\". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2016\/toward-practical-quantum-computers-0808 . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Applications of Nanotechnology\". Nano.gov. United States National Nanotechnology Initiative. https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/about-nanotechnology\/applications-nanotechnology . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Boysen, E. (24 March 2008). \"For Rent: One Nano Research Lab\u2026\". Nanotechnology Now. 7th Wave, Inc. http:\/\/www.nanotech-now.com\/columns\/?article=182 . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Damase, T.R.; Stephens, D.; Spencer, A.; Allen, P.B. (2015). \"Open source and DIY hardware for DNA nanotechnology labs\". Journal of Biological Methods 2 (3): e24. doi:10.14440\/jbm.2015.72. PMC PMC4598940. PMID 26457320. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4598940 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"About the NSI\". U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Department of the Navy. https:\/\/www.nrl.navy.mil\/nanoscience\/about\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Omelyanenko, V.A. (2016). \"Tasks and tools of nanoinformatics in nano materials application in space industry\". Proceeding from the International Conference on Nanomaterials: Application & Properties. doi:10.1109\/NAP.2016.7757227.   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Nanoinformatics: A roadmap for European innovation\". EuroNanoForum2017. 16 May 2017. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170811230016\/http:\/\/euronanoforum2017.eu\/2017\/05\/16\/nanoinformatics-a-roadmap-for-european-innovation\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Erkimbaev, A.O.; Zitserman, V.Y.; Kobzev, G.A.; Trakhtengerts, M.S. (2016). \"Nanoinformatics: Problems, methods, and technologies\". Scientific and Technical Information Processing 43 (4): 199\u2013216. doi:10.3103\/S014768821604002X.   \n \n\n\u2191 \"A Global Approach to Nanoinformatics\". Pratt School of Engineering. Duke University. 3 March 2017. https:\/\/pratt.duke.edu\/about\/news\/global-approach-nanoinformatics . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:26.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","ff4cad36b3231abc1385bf2d5d2cad49_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Nanotechnology rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_4_Nanotechnology skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/Nanotechnology<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6._Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\">6. Labs by industry: Part 4<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We conclude our examination of 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them, looking at the final five. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline function through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. Finally, we discuss the role of informatics in each industry lab type. A discussion follows in the final chapter.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.1_Nanotechnology\">6.1 Nanotechnology<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Two_microgrippers.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"07ac44198ee2bf80472bcf4234553e40\"><img alt=\"Two microgrippers.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cd\/Two_microgrippers.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>Nanoscience is the study of objects (materials, structures, devices) and phenomena on the nanometer scale. Physicist Richard Feynman's talk titled \"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom\" at the end of 1959 helped spark an exploration today of the world of the fantastically small<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NanoGovWhatIs_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NanoGovWhatIs-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>, one that has spawned a great number of discoveries and inventions based on nanoscience.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NanoGovNanoTime_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NanoGovNanoTime-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> From quantum computing to cellulose nanomaterials, private, public, and academic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">labs<\/a> of all types are improving the way we construct, work, and play. These labs provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoddardHandbook12_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoddardHandbook12-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> : \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>characterization and testing of nanoscale devices and materials<\/li>\n<li>improvement of the performance of existing technologies and materials<\/li>\n<li>development of new materials<\/li>\n<li>research and development of nanosafety plans<\/li>\n<li>research and development of nanotech standards<\/li>\n<li>research and development of nanomanufacturing and -measurement equipment<\/li>\n<li>development of nanomedicines<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do nanotechnology laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>As the technology and research around nanotechnology is still in somewhat of an infant phase, it's less clear how these labs affect the average person. The fact that by definition visualizing the design of nanotechnology due to its nano scale is challenging doesn't make relating to nanotech labs any easier either. The idea of the quantum computer, a computational device utilizing nature's small-scale physics, is still in early development, but nanotechnology labs such as MIT's Lincoln Lab continue to research and apply nanoscience to the hardware that could make up the first practical quantum computer.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HardestyToward16_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HardestyToward16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Moving from the theoretical to the more applicable, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative list several applications of nanotechnology found in products today, including solar panel films, windmill blades, gas lift valves, and airplane cabin filters.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NanoGovBenefits_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NanoGovBenefits-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.1.1_Client_types\">6.1.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Private nanotech labs are usually associated with a major company or part of a private-public partnership, as the equipment to analyze and manufacture at the nano scale can be costly.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hpl.hp.com\/research\/about\/quantum_processing.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hewlett-Packard Laboratories' Quantum Information Processing Group<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nanotechlabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">NanoTechLabs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/english.nanoctr.cas.cn\/au\/bi\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Center for Nanoscience and Technology<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Government-based nanotechnology labs are typically themed towards a certain sub-branch, from nanomedicine (cancer research) to military (war machines).\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nrc.canada.ca\/en\/research-development\/research-collaboration\/research-centres\/nanotechnology-research-centre\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Research Council of Canada Nanotechnology Research Centre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/nano\/research\/ncl\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. National Cancer Institute's Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nrl.navy.mil\/nanoscience\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Nanoscience Research Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - The nanotech labs of higher education tend to have a focus on post-graduate education and research, occasionally subcontracting its expertise out to the private domain.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/cni.columbia.edu\/shared-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">Columbia University's Columbia Nano Initiative Shared Labs Facilities<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/snl.mit.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Space Nanotechnology Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mntl.illinois.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Illinois' Micro & Nanotechnology Lab<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.1.2_Functions\">6.1.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> nanoemulsions, nanomaterials, nanomedicines \n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> astrophysics, biology, biomedical engineering, chemistry, electrical engineering, microfabrication, molecular biology, molecular engineering, organic chemistry, physics, statistics\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Acute toxicity, Biocompatibility, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Design review and evaluation, Ecotoxicology, Electrophoresis, Efficacy, Friction, Grain and particle size, Irritation, Nanoparticulate, Proficiency, Safety, Spectral, Subchronic toxicity, Surface topography\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>atom probe, atomic force microscope, atomic force microscopy-Raman system, atomic layer deposition system, calorimeter, cryogenic probe station, dynamic light scattering equipment, electron backscattered diffraction system, ellipsometer, flow chemistry reactor, helium ion beam microscope, micro hardness tester, micropositioning system, nanoparticle characterization system, optical tweezers, particle size analyzer, plasma etching system, safety cabinet, scanning electron microscope, scanning near-field optical microscope, separation membrane, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope, viscometer, X-ray camera, X-ray diffractometer\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the nanotech industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>The laboratory equipment of a nanotechnology lab stands out among other industry labs, in so much that it tends to be specialized and expensive, regardless of what sub-field of nanotechnology is being studied.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BoysenNano08_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BoysenNano08-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DamaseOpen15_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DamaseOpen15-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> This extends to the laboratory space itself, where conditions must be specially maintained for optimal results; this includes electromagnetic shielding, reduced acoustic levels, reduced vibrations, and carefully maintained temperatures.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USNRLAbout_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USNRLAbout-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.1.3_Informatics_in_the_nanotechnology_industry\">6.1.3 Informatics in the nanotechnology industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Yes, data analysis and management systems are also important in the burgeoning field of nanotechnology. Referred to at times as nanoinformatics, the application of informatics tools to nanotechnology happens in several ways:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Nanomaterials development: the use of artificial neural networks and other tools to formulate, analyze, and assess requirements specification for nanomaterials; develop conceptual designs; and finalize a detailed technical solution<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OmelyanenkoTasks16_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OmelyanenkoTasks16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>Nanosafety data management: the management and sharing of \"information on the physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials, toxicity, exposure, data and metadata\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ENFNanoinfo17_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ENFNanoinfo17-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>Nanotechnology ontology development: the development of \"a web ontology in the form of a semantically precise and computer-processable definition of entities and their relationships\" that will further integrate disparate data standards, sources, formats, and models towards a higher-quality and more efficient nanotech development sector<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ErkimbaevNanoinfo16_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ErkimbaevNanoinfo16-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DukeAGlobal17.22_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DukeAGlobal17.22-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.1.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">6.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Nano-scaffold\" title=\"Nano-scaffold\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"17f99801ff5f468fb33355f5b215a3f6\">Nano-scaffold<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Nanotechnology_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Nanotechnology LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1b3ab456c0b10ff33e1e5bce234b689f\">Nanotechnology LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Nanotopography\" title=\"Nanotopography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"dba3c865639103f3d28cae66daae177f\">Nanotopography<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Poinern, G.E.J. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=SGtYBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>A Laboratory Course in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology<\/i><\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 260. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781482231038<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=SGtYBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=SGtYBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Laboratory+Course+in+Nanoscience+and+Nanotechnology&rft.aulast=Poinern%2C+G.E.J.&rft.au=Poinern%2C+G.E.J.&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B260&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781482231038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGtYBQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-NanoGovWhatIs-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NanoGovWhatIs_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/nanotech-101\/what\/definition\" target=\"_blank\">\"What is Nanotechnology?\"<\/a>. <i>Nano.gov<\/i>. United States National Nanotechnology Initiative<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/nanotech-101\/what\/definition\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/nanotech-101\/what\/definition<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+is+Nanotechnology%3F&rft.atitle=Nano.gov&rft.pub=United+States+National+Nanotechnology+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nano.gov%2Fnanotech-101%2Fwhat%2Fdefinition&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NanoGovNanoTime-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NanoGovNanoTime_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/timeline\" target=\"_blank\">\"Nanotechnology Timeline\"<\/a>. <i>Nano.gov<\/i>. United States National Nanotechnology Initiative<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/timeline\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/timeline<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nanotechnology+Timeline&rft.atitle=Nano.gov&rft.pub=United+States+National+Nanotechnology+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nano.gov%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GoddardHandbook12-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoddardHandbook12_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Goddard, W.A.; Brenner, D.W.; Lyshevski, S.E.; Iafrate, G.J., ed. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dJ-jIv1Hv2EC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology<\/i><\/a> (3rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 1093. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781439860151<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dJ-jIv1Hv2EC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dJ-jIv1Hv2EC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Nanoscience%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Technology&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1093&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781439860151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJ-jIv1Hv2EC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HardestyToward16-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HardestyToward16_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hardesty, L. (8 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2016\/toward-practical-quantum-computers-0808\" target=\"_blank\">\"Toward practical quantum computers\"<\/a>. <i>MIT News<\/i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2016\/toward-practical-quantum-computers-0808\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2016\/toward-practical-quantum-computers-0808<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Toward+practical+quantum+computers&rft.atitle=MIT+News&rft.aulast=Hardesty%2C+L.&rft.au=Hardesty%2C+L.&rft.date=8+August+2016&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2016%2Ftoward-practical-quantum-computers-0808&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NanoGovBenefits-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NanoGovBenefits_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/about-nanotechnology\/applications-nanotechnology\" target=\"_blank\">\"Applications of Nanotechnology\"<\/a>. <i>Nano.gov<\/i>. United States National Nanotechnology Initiative<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/about-nanotechnology\/applications-nanotechnology\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/about-nanotechnology\/applications-nanotechnology<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/euronanoforum2017.eu\/2017\/05\/16\/nanoinformatics-a-roadmap-for-european-innovation\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 11 August 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170811230016\/http:\/\/euronanoforum2017.eu\/2017\/05\/16\/nanoinformatics-a-roadmap-for-european-innovation\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170811230016\/http:\/\/euronanoforum2017.eu\/2017\/05\/16\/nanoinformatics-a-roadmap-for-european-innovation\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nanoinformatics%3A+A+roadmap+for+European+innovation&rft.atitle=EuroNanoForum2017&rft.date=16+May+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170811230016%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Feuronanoforum2017.eu%2F2017%2F05%2F16%2Fnanoinformatics-a-roadmap-for-european-innovation%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ErkimbaevNanoinfo16-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ErkimbaevNanoinfo16_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Erkimbaev, A.O.; Zitserman, V.Y.; Kobzev, G.A.; Trakhtengerts, M.S. (2016). \"Nanoinformatics: Problems, methods, and technologies\". <i>Scientific and Technical Information Processing<\/i> <b>43<\/b> (4): 199\u2013216. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3103%2FS014768821604002X\" target=\"_blank\">10.3103\/S014768821604002X<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nanoinformatics%3A+Problems%2C+methods%2C+and+technologies&rft.jtitle=Scientific+and+Technical+Information+Processing&rft.aulast=Erkimbaev%2C+A.O.%3B+Zitserman%2C+V.Y.%3B+Kobzev%2C+G.A.%3B+Trakhtengerts%2C+M.S.&rft.au=Erkimbaev%2C+A.O.%3B+Zitserman%2C+V.Y.%3B+Kobzev%2C+G.A.%3B+Trakhtengerts%2C+M.S.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=199%E2%80%93216&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3103%2FS014768821604002X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DukeAGlobal17.22-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DukeAGlobal17.22_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pratt.duke.edu\/about\/news\/global-approach-nanoinformatics\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Global Approach to Nanoinformatics\"<\/a>. <i>Pratt School of Engineering<\/i>. Duke University. 3 March 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pratt.duke.edu\/about\/news\/global-approach-nanoinformatics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pratt.duke.edu\/about\/news\/global-approach-nanoinformatics<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Global+Approach+to+Nanoinformatics&rft.atitle=Pratt+School+of+Engineering&rft.date=3+March+2017&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpratt.duke.edu%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fglobal-approach-nanoinformatics&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232646\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.156 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.722 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8912\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 72352\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 22907\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 19562\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 130.434 1 -total\n 70.38% 91.794 1 Template:Reflist\n 60.64% 79.095 13 Template:Citation\/core\n 33.45% 43.630 8 Template:Cite_web\n 29.57% 38.568 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\n 24.55% 32.016 2 Template:Cite_book\n 13.95% 18.197 3 Template:Cite_journal\n 7.33% 9.556 7 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 6.96% 9.079 4 Template:Date\n 4.68% 6.099 22 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13445-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232647 and revision id 48534. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","ff4cad36b3231abc1385bf2d5d2cad49_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cd\/Two_microgrippers.jpg"],"ff4cad36b3231abc1385bf2d5d2cad49_timestamp":1657236874,"c36416f528976bca49756d752cc30e8d_type":"article","c36416f528976bca49756d752cc30e8d_title":"5.5 Manufacturing and R&D","c36416f528976bca49756d752cc30e8d_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D","c36416f528976bca49756d752cc30e8d_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Manufacturing and R&DFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 5.5 Manufacturing and R&D \n\n1.1 5.5.1 Client types \n1.2 5.5.2 Functions \n1.3 5.5.3 Informatics in the manufacturing and R&D industry \n1.4 5.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n 5.5 Manufacturing and R&D \n\n\nA manufacturing and R&D laboratory is what it sounds like: a lab associated with the manufacturing process as well as the research and development (R&D) activities that come before it. These labs can be found as part of the company structure, inside a manufacturing facility or separate from one. They may also appear as independent, third-party businesses that contract their services and expertise out to manufacturers and inventors who don't have their own laboratory resources or design knowledge.\nIt's important to note that when looking at many of the other industry categories in this guide, prior and after, you should notice serious crossover with manufacturing and R&D. In fact, laboratories associated with the automotive, aerospace, and marine; food and beverage; and pharmaceutical industries are almost entirely affiliated with manufacturing and R&D activities. As such, you may notice some redundancy in the test types listed below and those listed in the previously mentioned industry sections. This section is focused on manufacturing and R&D in a more generic, all-encompassing way. \nThese labs are found heavily in the private sector. Some labs may also appear in the government as part of state-funded effort, and others show up in the academic departments of some universities as an extension of their graduate-level research programs. Manufacturing and R&D laboratories provide many different services, including (but not limited to)[1]: \n\ndevelopment of advanced materials for manufacturing\nreverse engineering of products\nminiaturization of products\nanalysis of shelf life\nquality control testing\nbiocompatibility testing\ncomparison testing\nformulation of recipes\ncharacterization of materials\nreview and evaluation of designs\ninnovation of manufacturing processes\nBut how do manufacturing and R&D laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nUnless you live a life of simplicity, growing and making your own food and materials, free of the industrial world, you most likely have at least a vague notion your life is touched by manufacturing and R&D labs on a daily basis. The mobile phone you use, the vehicle you drive or ride in, the pre-packaged food you eat, and the pharmaceuticals you take largely exist because scientists in a laboratory\u2014wet or dry\u2014designed, tested, and quality controlled it. Without these labs, the industrial and technological world you know today would fall apart rapidly.\n\n5.5.1 Client types \nPrivate - Private manufacturing and R&D labs are a staple of the industry, putting people's ideas to work. From a company's internal labs to third-party contract labs, much of the research, development, and quality control activities in manufacturing runs through here.\nExamples include:\n\nCovestro\nL. D. Davis\nSolvay\nGovernment - While not super common, governments at times set up and\/or fund laboratories that are dedicated to advancing the field of manufacturing through new and improved fabrication and engineering techniques.\nExamples include:\n\nAustralian National Fabrication Facility, NSW Node, Epitaxial Growth Laboratory\nLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Advanced Manufacturing Division\nOak Ridge National Laboratory, Manufacturing Demonstration Facility\nAcademic - These laboratories are typically part of a graduate research program, training future engineers and laboratorians while spawning new ideas. As seen with the examples below, the focus on learning and researching manufacturing processes may specialize into specific industries such as food and beverage or nanotechnology.\nExamples include:\n\nCornell University's Food Processing and Development Laboratory\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology's Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity\nUniversity of Cincinnati's Micro and Nano Manufacturing Laboratory\n5.5.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? The list is seemingly infinite, but a few examples include adhesives, battery electrolytes, ceramics, fiber composites, food preservatives, lubricants, metals, nutritional supplements, plant extracts, polymers, rocket engines, semiconductors, and valves.\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? Again, the list is long, and the type of science used will depend on what is being developed. The most obvious scientific disciplines include all types and variations of biology, biomechanics, chemistry, engineering, food science, materials science, mathematics, molecular science, nanoscience, and physics.\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Accelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acceleration, Acoustical, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Aging, Alcohol level, Allergy, Altitude, Antimicrobial, Artificial pollution, Ash, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Biodegradation, Biomechanical, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Calorimetry, Carcinogenicity, Case depth, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Chronic toxicity, Cleanliness, Climatics, Combustion, Compaction, Comparative Tracking Index, Comparison, Compliance\/Conformance, Composition, Compression, Conductivity, Contact mechanics, Contamination, Corrosion, Cytotoxicity, Damage tolerance, Deformulation, Degradation, Design review and evaluation, Design verification testing, Detection, Dielectric withstand, Dimensional, Discoloration, Disintegration, Dissolution, Dissolved gas, Drop, Dynamics, Edge crush, Efficacy, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Elongation, Emissions, Endotoxin, Endurance, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Ergonomics, Etching, Expiration dating, Extractables and leachables, Failure, Fatigue, Fault simulation, Flammability, Flash point, Flavor, Fluid dynamics, Fluorescence, Formulation, Fragrance, Friction, Functional testing, Genotoxicity, Grain and particle size, Hazard analysis, Heat resistance, Human factors, Hydraulic, Identification, Immersion, Impact, Impurity, Incident analysis, Incline impact, Inclusion, Inflatability, Ingredient, Ingress, Inhalation, Integrity, Irritation, Iterative, Labeling, Leak, Lightning, Load, Lot release, Lubricity, Macroetch, Macro- and microstructure, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Metallurgical analysis, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Moisture, Molecular weight, Mutagenicity, Nanoparticulate, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Optical, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Passivation, Pathogen, Penetration, Performance, Permeability, pH, Pharmacokinetic, Photometric, Photostability, Phototoxicity, Plant metabolism, Plating and coating evaluations, Polarimetry, Power quality, Preservative challenge, Pressure, Process safety, Proficiency, Purity, Pyrogenicity, Qualification, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Reflectance, Refractive index, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Safety, Sanitation, Saponification value, Seismic, Sensory, Shear, Shelf life, Shock, Smoke point, Solar, Stability, Sterility, Stress corrosion cracking, Subchronic toxicity, Surface topography, Tear, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Total viable count, Ultraviolet, Usability, Validation, Velocity and flow, Verification, Vibration, Visibility, Viscosity, Voltage, Weathering, Water activity\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nLike materials tested and sciences applied, the lab equipment of a manufacturing and R&D lab will vary based upon what is being designed, tested, and quality controlled. Food R&D is going to depend on a somewhat different set of laboratory tools than say a lab developing a jet engine, pharmaceutical, or mobile phone.\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the manufacturing and R&D industry? \nWhen it comes to labs that are prevalent but behind the scenes, manufacturing and R&D laboratories stand out. It's easy to take for granted the products we use in our lives; most of the time they taste good, function as expected, or cause the desired effect. That's not to say that shoddy laboratory processes, equipment, and raw materials don't produce bad tasting, non-functional, poorly advertised products because they do; the lab is only part of the equation. But in our industrialized, technological world, we shouldn't forget just how ubiquitous these sorts of labs are. In U.S. colleges and universities alone, 211.8 million net assignable square feet of research space were set aside in 2013 for laboratories, panels, and test rooms to conduct research in all types of sciences, clinical and R&D.[2] Now think about how many private businesses are doing the same thing? Put together, the National Science Board estimated that U.S. R&D activities totaled $456.1 billion in 2013.[2]\n\n 5.5.3 Informatics in the manufacturing and R&D industry \nEnergy optimization and modelling, waste optimization, and methodology improvement are all areas that informatics-friendly manufacturing and R&D labs are looking to improve.[3] Journals such as IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics[4] and conferences such as the International Conference on Industrial Informatics and Computer Systems[5] help expand those and other goals for R&D labs.\nAdditional ways informatics is impacting labs in the manufacturing and R&D industry:\n\nAdditive manufacturing (AM)\u2014the process of building up a component layer by layer with a powdered base material (which is relatively new itself)\u2014is being improved through the application of informatics technologies towards the research, development, analysis, and improvement of AM components and tooling, driving down costs, improving part quality, and making processes more efficient.[6]\n\"There is direct need of assessment tools to monitor and estimate environmental impact generated by different types of manufacturing processes,\" state Zhao et al. Though still in its infancy, some R&D labs are beginning to create associations between their product designs and how they impact the environment.[7]\n5.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nBiomedical engineering\nClinical engineering\nContract services LIMS\nManufacturing and R&D LIMS\nMaterials informatics\nFurther reading\n\nCarson, P.A.; Deng, N.J., ed. (2007). \"Part 3: Good Manufacturing Practice\". Good Clinical, Laboratory and Manufacturing Practices: Techniques for the QA Professional. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 371\u2013460. ISBN 9780854048342. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qIS4AMYTmgUC&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Duesterberg, T.J.; Preeg, E.H., ed. (2003). \"U.S. Manufacturing: The Engine for Growth in a Global Economy\". Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 249. ISBN 9780275980412. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KrU4Bu8pw8AC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 National Science Board (2016). \"Science & Engineering Indicators 2016\". National Science Foundation. https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/statistics\/2016\/nsb20161\/#\/report . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Manufacturing informatics\". Greenwich Manufacturing Group. University of Greenwich. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170816183437\/http:\/\/enterprise.gre.ac.uk\/gmg\/research-capabilities\/digital-design-and-manufacturing-informatics . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics\". IEEE. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpl\/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=9424 . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"International Conference on Industrial Informatics and Computer Systems\". World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. https:\/\/waset.org\/industrial-informatics-and-computer-systems-conference . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Mies, D.; Marsden, W.; Warde, S. (2016). \"Overview of Additive Manufacturing Informatics: \u201cA Digital Thread\u201d\". Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation 5: 6. doi:10.1186\/s40192-016-0050-7.   \n \n\n\u2191 Zhao, Y.F.; Perry, N.; Andriankaja, H. (2013). \"A Manufacturing Informatics Framework for Manufacturing Sustainability Assessment\". In Nee, A.; Song, B.; Ong, S.K.. Overview of Additive Manufacturing Informatics: \u201cA Digital Thread\u201d. 475\u201380. doi:10.1007\/978-981-4451-48-2_77. ISBN 9789814451482.   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:26.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","c36416f528976bca49756d752cc30e8d_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Manufacturing_and_R_D rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Manufacturing_and_R_D skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Manufacturing and R&D<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-5.5_Manufacturing_and_R&D\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.5_Manufacturing_and_R.26D\">5.5 Manufacturing and R&D<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"2003983e9d321ee8e313f887e6da3085\"><img alt=\"Hyundai car assembly line.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f1\/Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>A manufacturing and R&D laboratory is what it sounds like: a lab associated with the manufacturing process as well as the research and development (R&D) activities that come before it. These labs can be found as part of the company structure, inside a manufacturing facility or separate from one. They may also appear as independent, third-party businesses that contract their services and expertise out to manufacturers and inventors who don't have their own laboratory resources or design knowledge.\n<\/p><p>It's important to note that when looking at many of the other industry categories in this guide, prior and after, you should notice serious crossover with manufacturing and R&D. In fact, laboratories associated with the automotive, aerospace, and marine; food and beverage; and pharmaceutical industries are almost entirely affiliated with manufacturing and R&D activities. As such, you may notice some redundancy in the test types listed below and those listed in the previously mentioned industry sections. This section is focused on manufacturing and R&D in a more generic, all-encompassing way. \n<\/p><p>These labs are found heavily in the private sector. Some labs may also appear in the government as part of state-funded effort, and others show up in the academic departments of some universities as an extension of their graduate-level research programs. Manufacturing and R&D laboratories provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DuesterbergUSMan03_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DuesterbergUSMan03-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>development of advanced materials for manufacturing<\/li>\n<li>reverse engineering of products<\/li>\n<li>miniaturization of products<\/li>\n<li>analysis of shelf life<\/li>\n<li>quality control testing<\/li>\n<li>biocompatibility testing<\/li>\n<li>comparison testing<\/li>\n<li>formulation of recipes<\/li>\n<li>characterization of materials<\/li>\n<li>review and evaluation of designs<\/li>\n<li>innovation of manufacturing processes<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do manufacturing and R&D laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Unless you live a life of simplicity, growing and making your own food and materials, free of the industrial world, you most likely have at least a vague notion your life is touched by manufacturing and R&D labs on a daily basis. The mobile phone you use, the vehicle you drive or ride in, the pre-packaged food you eat, and the pharmaceuticals you take largely exist because scientists in a laboratory\u2014wet or dry\u2014designed, tested, and quality controlled it. Without these labs, the industrial and technological world you know today would fall apart rapidly.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.5.1_Client_types\">5.5.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Private manufacturing and R&D labs are a staple of the industry, putting people's ideas to work. From a company's internal labs to third-party contract labs, much of the research, development, and quality control activities in manufacturing runs through here.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.covestro.com\/en\/innovation\" target=\"_blank\">Covestro<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lddavis.com\/lab-capabilities\/\" target=\"_blank\">L. D. Davis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.solvay.com\/en\/innovation\" target=\"_blank\">Solvay<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - While not super common, governments at times set up and\/or fund laboratories that are dedicated to advancing the field of manufacturing through new and improved fabrication and engineering techniques.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.anff-nsw.org\/anff-nswunsw\/epitaxial-growth-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">Australian National Fabrication Facility, NSW Node, Epitaxial Growth Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.llnl.gov\/collaboration\/advanced-manufacturing-lab\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Advanced Manufacturing Division<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/facility\/mdf\" target=\"_blank\">Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Manufacturing Demonstration Facility<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - These laboratories are typically part of a graduate research program, training future engineers and laboratorians while spawning new ideas. As seen with the examples below, the focus on learning and researching manufacturing processes may specialize into specific industries such as food and beverage or nanotechnology.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cals.cornell.edu\/food-science\/outreach-extension\/services\/food-processing-and-development-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Cornell University's Food Processing and Development Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lmp.mit.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ceas.uc.edu\/research\/centers-labs\/micro-and-nano-manufacturing-laboratory.html\" target=\"_blank\">University of Cincinnati's Micro and Nano Manufacturing Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.5.2_Functions\">5.5.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> The list is seemingly infinite, but a few examples include adhesives, battery electrolytes, ceramics, fiber composites, food preservatives, lubricants, metals, nutritional supplements, plant extracts, polymers, rocket engines, semiconductors, and valves.\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> Again, the list is long, and the type of science used will depend on what is being developed. The most obvious scientific disciplines include all types and variations of biology, biomechanics, chemistry, engineering, food science, materials science, mathematics, molecular science, nanoscience, and physics.\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Accelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acceleration, Acoustical, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Aging, Alcohol level, Allergy, Altitude, Antimicrobial, Artificial pollution, Ash, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Biodegradation, Biomechanical, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Calorimetry, Carcinogenicity, Case depth, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Chronic toxicity, Cleanliness, Climatics, Combustion, Compaction, Comparative Tracking Index, Comparison, Compliance\/Conformance, Composition, Compression, Conductivity, Contact mechanics, Contamination, Corrosion, Cytotoxicity, Damage tolerance, Deformulation, Degradation, Design review and evaluation, Design verification testing, Detection, Dielectric withstand, Dimensional, Discoloration, Disintegration, Dissolution, Dissolved gas, Drop, Dynamics, Edge crush, Efficacy, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Elongation, Emissions, Endotoxin, Endurance, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Ergonomics, Etching, Expiration dating, Extractables and leachables, Failure, Fatigue, Fault simulation, Flammability, Flash point, Flavor, Fluid dynamics, Fluorescence, Formulation, Fragrance, Friction, Functional testing, Genotoxicity, Grain and particle size, Hazard analysis, Heat resistance, Human factors, Hydraulic, Identification, Immersion, Impact, Impurity, Incident analysis, Incline impact, Inclusion, Inflatability, Ingredient, Ingress, Inhalation, Integrity, Irritation, Iterative, Labeling, Leak, Lightning, Load, Lot release, Lubricity, Macroetch, Macro- and microstructure, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Metallurgical analysis, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Moisture, Molecular weight, Mutagenicity, Nanoparticulate, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Optical, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Passivation, Pathogen, Penetration, Performance, Permeability, pH, Pharmacokinetic, Photometric, Photostability, Phototoxicity, Plant metabolism, Plating and coating evaluations, Polarimetry, Power quality, Preservative challenge, Pressure, Process safety, Proficiency, Purity, Pyrogenicity, Qualification, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Reflectance, Refractive index, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Safety, Sanitation, Saponification value, Seismic, Sensory, Shear, Shelf life, Shock, Smoke point, Solar, Stability, Sterility, Stress corrosion cracking, Subchronic toxicity, Surface topography, Tear, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Total viable count, Ultraviolet, Usability, Validation, Velocity and flow, Verification, Vibration, Visibility, Viscosity, Voltage, Weathering, Water activity\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Like materials tested and sciences applied, the lab equipment of a manufacturing and R&D lab will vary based upon what is being designed, tested, and quality controlled. Food R&D is going to depend on a somewhat different set of laboratory tools than say a lab developing a jet engine, pharmaceutical, or mobile phone.\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the manufacturing and R&D industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>When it comes to labs that are prevalent but behind the scenes, manufacturing and R&D laboratories stand out. It's easy to take for granted the products we use in our lives; most of the time they taste good, function as expected, or cause the desired effect. That's not to say that shoddy laboratory processes, equipment, and raw materials don't produce bad tasting, non-functional, poorly advertised products because they do; the lab is only part of the equation. But in our industrialized, technological world, we shouldn't forget just how ubiquitous these sorts of labs are. In U.S. colleges and universities alone, 211.8 million net assignable square feet of research space were set aside in 2013 for laboratories, panels, and test rooms to conduct research in all types of sciences, clinical and R&D.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NSBScience16_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSBScience16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Now think about how many private businesses are doing the same thing? Put together, the National Science Board estimated that U.S. R&D activities totaled $456.1 billion in 2013.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NSBScience16_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NSBScience16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"rdp-ebb-5.5.3_Informatics_in_the_manufacturing_and_R&D_industry\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.5.3_Informatics_in_the_manufacturing_and_R.26D_industry\">5.5.3 Informatics in the manufacturing and R&D industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Energy optimization and modelling, waste optimization, and methodology improvement are all areas that informatics-friendly manufacturing and R&D labs are looking to improve.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UofGreenMI_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UofGreenMI-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Journals such as <i>IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IEEETransII_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IEEETransII-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> and conferences such as the International Conference on Industrial Informatics and Computer Systems<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CIICS2017_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CIICS2017-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> help expand those and other goals for R&D labs.\n<\/p><p>Additional ways informatics is impacting labs in the manufacturing and R&D industry:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Additive manufacturing (AM)\u2014the process of building up a component layer by layer with a powdered base material (which is relatively new itself)\u2014is being improved through the application of informatics technologies towards the research, development, analysis, and improvement of AM components and tooling, driving down costs, improving part quality, and making processes more efficient.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MiesOverview16_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MiesOverview16-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>\"There is direct need of assessment tools to monitor and estimate environmental impact generated by different types of manufacturing processes,\" state Zhao <i>et al.<\/i> Though still in its infancy, some R&D labs are beginning to create associations between their product designs and how they impact the environment.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ZhaoAManuf13_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ZhaoAManuf13-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.5.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">5.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Biomedical_engineering\" title=\"Biomedical engineering\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9ca199412dd7710a18f8fe2d0698d1c9\">Biomedical engineering<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_engineering\" title=\"Clinical engineering\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"efae5a9971190af4facd1c78ddb69d51\">Clinical engineering<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Contract_services_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Contract services LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4efad798954f7b67eccf3a0a39839002\">Contract services LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Manufacturing_and_R%26D_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Manufacturing and R&D LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ac6c5a41f8586ac3d0cce7ecc2a59984\">Manufacturing and R&D LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Materials_informatics\" title=\"Materials informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4dd2125beb9794d0a679b921981f1ddc\">Materials informatics<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Carson, P.A.; Deng, N.J., ed. (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qIS4AMYTmgUC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">\"Part 3: Good Manufacturing Practice\"<\/a>. <i>Good Clinical, Laboratory and Manufacturing Practices: Techniques for the QA Professional<\/i>. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 371\u2013460. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780854048342<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qIS4AMYTmgUC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qIS4AMYTmgUC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Part+3%3A+Good+Manufacturing+Practice&rft.atitle=Good+Clinical%2C+Laboratory+and+Manufacturing+Practices%3A+Techniques+for+the+QA+Professional&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B371%E2%80%93460&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.isbn=9780854048342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIS4AMYTmgUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-DuesterbergUSMan03-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DuesterbergUSMan03_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Duesterberg, T.J.; Preeg, E.H., ed. (2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KrU4Bu8pw8AC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">\"U.S. Manufacturing: The Engine for Growth in a Global Economy\"<\/a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 249. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780275980412<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KrU4Bu8pw8AC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KrU4Bu8pw8AC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=U.S.+Manufacturing%3A+The+Engine+for+Growth+in+a+Global+Economy&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=pp.+249&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=9780275980412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKrU4Bu8pw8AC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NSBScience16-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NSBScience16_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NSBScience16_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">National Science Board (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"#\/report\">\"Science & Engineering Indicators 2016\"<\/a>. National Science Foundation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"#\/report\">https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/statistics\/2016\/nsb20161\/#\/report<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Engineering+Indicators+2016&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Science+Board&rft.au=National+Science+Board&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2F2016%2Fnsb20161%2F%23%2Freport&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-UofGreenMI-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-UofGreenMI_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170816183437\/http:\/\/enterprise.gre.ac.uk\/gmg\/research-capabilities\/digital-design-and-manufacturing-informatics\" target=\"_blank\">\"Manufacturing informatics\"<\/a>. <i>Greenwich Manufacturing Group<\/i>. University of Greenwich. 2013. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/enterprise.gre.ac.uk\/gmg\/research-capabilities\/digital-design-and-manufacturing-informatics\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 16 August 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170816183437\/http:\/\/enterprise.gre.ac.uk\/gmg\/research-capabilities\/digital-design-and-manufacturing-informatics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170816183437\/http:\/\/enterprise.gre.ac.uk\/gmg\/research-capabilities\/digital-design-and-manufacturing-informatics<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+informatics&rft.atitle=Greenwich+Manufacturing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.pub=University+of+Greenwich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170816183437%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fenterprise.gre.ac.uk%2Fgmg%2Fresearch-capabilities%2Fdigital-design-and-manufacturing-informatics&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IEEETransII-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IEEETransII_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpl\/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=9424\" target=\"_blank\">\"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics\"<\/a>. IEEE<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpl\/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=9424\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpl\/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=9424<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Industrial+Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpl%2FRecentIssue.jsp%3Fpunumber%3D9424&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CIICS2017-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CIICS2017_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/waset.org\/industrial-informatics-and-computer-systems-conference\" target=\"_blank\">\"International Conference on Industrial Informatics and Computer Systems\"<\/a>. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/waset.org\/industrial-informatics-and-computer-systems-conference\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/waset.org\/industrial-informatics-and-computer-systems-conference<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=International+Conference+on+Industrial+Informatics+and+Computer+Systems&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=World+Academy+of+Science%2C+Engineering+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaset.org%2Findustrial-informatics-and-computer-systems-conference&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MiesOverview16-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MiesOverview16_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mies, D.; Marsden, W.; Warde, S. (2016). \"Overview of Additive Manufacturing Informatics: \u201cA Digital Thread\u201d\". <i>Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation<\/i> <b>5<\/b>: 6. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs40192-016-0050-7\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s40192-016-0050-7<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Additive+Manufacturing+Informatics%3A+%E2%80%9CA+Digital+Thread%E2%80%9D&rft.jtitle=Integrating+Materials+and+Manufacturing+Innovation&rft.aulast=Mies%2C+D.%3B+Marsden%2C+W.%3B+Warde%2C+S.&rft.au=Mies%2C+D.%3B+Marsden%2C+W.%3B+Warde%2C+S.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=6&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs40192-016-0050-7&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ZhaoAManuf13-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ZhaoAManuf13_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Zhao, Y.F.; Perry, N.; Andriankaja, H. (2013). \"A Manufacturing Informatics Framework for Manufacturing Sustainability Assessment\". In Nee, A.; Song, B.; Ong, S.K.. <i>Overview of Additive Manufacturing Informatics: \u201cA Digital Thread\u201d<\/i>. 475\u201380. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-981-4451-48-2_77\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-981-4451-48-2_77<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9789814451482.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Manufacturing+Informatics+Framework+for+Manufacturing+Sustainability+Assessment&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Additive+Manufacturing+Informatics%3A+%E2%80%9CA+Digital+Thread%E2%80%9D&rft.aulast=Zhao%2C+Y.F.%3B+Perry%2C+N.%3B+Andriankaja%2C+H.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Y.F.%3B+Perry%2C+N.%3B+Andriankaja%2C+H.&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=475%E2%80%9380&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-981-4451-48-2_77&rft.isbn=9789814451482&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232610\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.094 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.158 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 5367\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 52762\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 15915\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 17\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 11564\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 101.482 1 -total\n 62.10% 63.023 8 Template:Citation\/core\n 56.72% 57.557 1 Template:Reflist\n 43.20% 43.838 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R&D\n 36.22% 36.754 2 Template:Cite_book\n 31.54% 32.010 5 Template:Cite_web\n 9.80% 9.943 5 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 9.12% 9.259 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 8.71% 8.841 2 Template:Date\n 8.49% 8.615 12 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13444-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232610 and revision id 48533. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Manufacturing_and_R%26D<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","c36416f528976bca49756d752cc30e8d_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f1\/Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg"],"c36416f528976bca49756d752cc30e8d_timestamp":1657236873,"680e0f26518c2149b32b7b4d906bf8f1_type":"article","680e0f26518c2149b32b7b4d906bf8f1_title":"5.4 Logistics","680e0f26518c2149b32b7b4d906bf8f1_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics","680e0f26518c2149b32b7b4d906bf8f1_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/LogisticsFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 5.4 Logistics \n\n1.1 5.4.1 Client types \n1.2 5.4.2 Functions \n1.3 5.4.3 Informatics in the logistics industry \n1.4 5.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n5.4 Logistics \n\n\nLaboratories related to the logistics industry serve several different functions. Academic research laboratories are key to the analysis and development of transportation systems and safety, traffic models, geographic information systems, freight logistics systems, supply chains, and transit systems. Secondarily, private logistics labs may provide third-party analytical services on cargo to verify authenticity and assist in custody transfers. These labs are found in the private and academic sectors, and occasionally in government, providing many different services, including (but not limited to): \n\nanalysis of cargo for custody transfer[1]\nanalysis of cargo for dispute resolution[1]\ndetection of radiation[2]\ndetection of explosives and evaluation of detection tools[3]\ndevelopment and improvement of material flow management components[4][5]\ndevelopment and improvement of transportation and routing policies[4][5]\nmodeling and analysis of traffic and driving behavior[4][5]\nanalysis of logistics data[4][5]\nBut how do logistics laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nResearch-based logistics labs produce laboratorians who, for example, may be knowledgeable in the ways of traffic flow and civil engineering. Those individuals may go on to learn more and provide contributions to the transportation department of a city, state, or even federal entity, finding ways to improve your daily commute to work. Those same laboratorians may also have background and experience with electric and self-driving vehicles, contributing their expertise to the growing infrastructure required to run self-driving vehicles effectively, again improving your commute. Secondarily, logistics laboratories may reduce the changes of dangerous materials such as malicious radioactive materials and explosive devices making their way into the country via port, which is beneficial to dock workers and end users of products.\n\n5.4.1 Client types \nPrivate - Private logistics labs tend to provide analytical testing services of cargo, facilitating custody transfers and providing expertise in legal disputes.\nExamples include:\n\nBureau Veritas\nCamin Cargo Control\nCetispec Services\nGovernment - Governments occasionally engage in research into and investigation of logistics issues of a region or country.\nExamples include:\n\nSavannah River National Laboratory\nU.S. Department of Homeland Security Transportation Security Laboratory\nAcademic - Universities provide laboratory resources to undergraduates and graduates keen to learn more about logistics issues and apply research to real-life problems.\nExamples include:\n\nFederal University of Santa Catarina's LabTrans Transportation and Logistics Laboratory\nHochschule Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences' Logistics Laboratory\nUniversity of Tennessee - Knoxville's Logistics, Transportation, and Supply Chain Engineering Lab\n5.4.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? coal and coke, concentrates, fertilizers, food stuffs, land transportation, marine transportation, mass transit systems, petrochemicals, policy and governance, supply chains, traffic, user\/driving behavior, vegetable oils, waste water\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? chemistry, data science, economics, engineering, logistics, management, mathematics, physics, process optimization, risk management, social science, statistics\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Accelerated stress testing, Cargo inspection and sampling, Climatics, Contamination, Corrosion, Counterfeit detection, Damage tolerance, Dimensional, Drop, Durability, Edge crush, Electromagnetic compatibility, Emissions, Flammability, Flash point, Freight flow, Immersion, Impact, Incline impact, Integrity, Last-mile distribution, Leak, Metallurgical analysis, Permeability, Phytosanitary, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Reliability, Safety, Shear, Shock, Stress corrosion cracking, Tear, Tensile, Thermal, Traffic modeling and analysis, Ultraviolet, Vibration, Weathering\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nautoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, colorimeter, computer workstations, desiccator, dry bath, fume hood, geographic information system, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, personal protective equipment, pH meter, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, simulation software, spectrophotometer, statistics software, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, water bath\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical research industry? \nA majority of logistics laboratories are dry labs, meaning they're not analyzing \"wet\" biological samples, applying reagents, etc. Instead, they often heavily rely on software systems to conduct their research and educate new students. However, wet labs do exist in the logistics industry, usually for product and commodity testing of shipments\u2014often petrochemicals\u2014for custody transfer and dispute resolution.[1]\n\n5.4.3 Informatics in the logistics industry \nThough slightly dated at this point, an excerpt from the foreword to Luo's Service Science and Logistics Informatics seems relevant here[6]:\n\nAs [the] world economy gets increasingly integrated, logistics and supply chain management, through the use of advanced information and service technologies, become critically important. This requirement entails tight alignment of business strategy and judicious use of advanced information technologies. It also necessitates infrastructures for streamlining front-end and back-end management and business processes, and resolution of emerging global integration and interoperability issues.\nIn supply chain management, prompt reaction to long- and short-term, often abrupt changes in supply networks is critical to the quality of service and sustainability of a logistics business. (This fact has been highlighted extensively with the problems created from the COVID-19 pandemic.[7]) Informatics is being applied in the logistics lab to analyze these changes, integrate information from numerous sources, and provide valuable information towards favorably altering material flow and production. This can be done real-time, or theoretical work can be performed with simulation software.[8] In cargo testing, information management software such as Cargotrader's Cargotester.com[9] improve logistics labs' ability to improve compliance control and the analysis process itself. These improvements and others are further perpetuated by standards groups such as the IEEE SMC Technical Committee on Logistics Informatics and Industrial Security Systems[10] and the tangentially related International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences.[11]\n\n5.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nLogistics LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nTeodorovic, D.; Janic, M., ed. (2022). Transportation Engineering: Theory, Practice and Modeling (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1012. ISBN 9780323910415. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=6Ss_EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \nUckelmann, D.; Scholz-Reiter, B.; R\u00fcgge, I. et al., ed. (2012). The Impact of Virtual, Remote and Real Logistics Labs. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 282. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 172. ISBN 9783642288166. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=7DyqCAAAQBAJ .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 \"Laboratory Services\". Certispec Services, Inc. https:\/\/certispec.myshopify.com\/products\/laboratory-services . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Our Facilities - Analytical Laboratories\". Savannah River National Laboratory. SRNS Corporate Communications. https:\/\/srnl.doe.gov\/facilities\/analytical.htm . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Transportation Security Laboratory\". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/science-and-technology\/transportation-security-laboratory . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 \"HNU Logistics Laboratory\". Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences. https:\/\/www.hnu.de\/en\/research\/institutes-and-competence-centres\/institute-for-logistics-risk-and-resource-management-ilr\/logistics-laboratory . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 \"The Laboratory\". University of Thessaly, Department of Civil Engineering. http:\/\/ttlog.civ.uth.gr\/the-laboratory\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Luo, Z. (2010). Service Science and Logistics Informatics: Innovative Perspectives. IGI Global. p. xvii. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=r2e7NmwoFGoC&lpg=PR1&pg=PR17#v=onepage&q&f=false .   \n \n\n\u2191 Alicke, K.; Barriball, E.; Trautwein, V. (23 November 2021). \"How COVID-19 is reshaping supply chains\". McKinsey & Company. https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/operations\/our-insights\/how-covid-19-is-reshaping-supply-chains . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Logistics Informatics\". RISC Software GmbH. https:\/\/www.risc-software.at\/en\/units\/logistics-informatics\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"About Cargotester.com\". Cargotrader, Inc.. http:\/\/www.cargotester.com\/about.html . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Logistics Informatics and Industrial Security Systems\". IEEE SMC. IEEE. https:\/\/www.ieeesmc.org\/technical-activities\/systems-science-and-engineering\/logistics-informatics-and-industrial-security-systems . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"12th International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS2022)\". Beijing Jiatong University. http:\/\/icir.bjtu.edu.cn\/liss2022\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:25.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","680e0f26518c2149b32b7b4d906bf8f1_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Logistics rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Logistics skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Logistics<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.4_Logistics\">5.4 Logistics<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:GRUBER_Logistics_Nachl%C3%A4ufer.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"323d7c75302084f5cbe831f2961bdd4b\"><img alt=\"GRUBER Logistics Nachl\u00e4ufer.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/GRUBER_Logistics_Nachl%C3%A4ufer.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"340\" height=\"226\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>Laboratories related to the logistics industry serve several different functions. Academic research laboratories are key to the analysis and development of transportation systems and safety, traffic models, geographic information systems, freight logistics systems, supply chains, and transit systems. Secondarily, private logistics labs may provide third-party analytical services on cargo to verify authenticity and assist in custody transfers. These labs are found in the private and academic sectors, and occasionally in government, providing many different services, including (but not limited to): \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>analysis of cargo for custody transfer<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CertispecLab_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CertispecLab-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis of cargo for dispute resolution<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CertispecLab_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CertispecLab-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>detection of radiation<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SavannahAnal_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SavannahAnal-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>detection of explosives and evaluation of detection tools<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HS-TSL_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HS-TSL-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>development and improvement of material flow management components<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HNULogiLab_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HNULogiLab-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TTLOGLab_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TTLOGLab-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>development and improvement of transportation and routing policies<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HNULogiLab_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HNULogiLab-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TTLOGLab_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TTLOGLab-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>modeling and analysis of traffic and driving behavior<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HNULogiLab_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HNULogiLab-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TTLOGLab_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TTLOGLab-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis of logistics data<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HNULogiLab_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HNULogiLab-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TTLOGLab_5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TTLOGLab-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do logistics laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Research-based logistics labs produce laboratorians who, for example, may be knowledgeable in the ways of traffic flow and civil engineering. Those individuals may go on to learn more and provide contributions to the transportation department of a city, state, or even federal entity, finding ways to improve your daily commute to work. Those same laboratorians may also have background and experience with electric and self-driving vehicles, contributing their expertise to the growing infrastructure required to run self-driving vehicles effectively, again improving your commute. Secondarily, logistics laboratories may reduce the changes of dangerous materials such as malicious radioactive materials and explosive devices making their way into the country via port, which is beneficial to dock workers and end users of products.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.4.1_Client_types\">5.4.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Private logistics labs tend to provide analytical testing services of cargo, facilitating custody transfers and providing expertise in legal disputes.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/group.bureauveritas.com\/markets-services\/marine-offshore\" target=\"_blank\">Bureau Veritas<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.camincargo.com\/agassi\/laboratoryservices.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Camin Cargo Control<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/certispec.myshopify.com\/products\/laboratory-services\" target=\"_blank\">Cetispec Services<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Governments occasionally engage in research into and investigation of logistics issues of a region or country.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/srnl.doe.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\">Savannah River National Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/science-and-technology\/transportation-security-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Homeland Security Transportation Security Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Universities provide laboratory resources to undergraduates and graduates keen to learn more about logistics issues and apply research to real-life problems.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labtrans.ufsc.br\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\">Federal University of Santa Catarina's LabTrans Transportation and Logistics Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hnu.de\/en\/research\/institutes-and-competence-centres\/institute-for-logistics-risk-and-resource-management-ilr\/logistics-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Hochschule Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences' Logistics Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ise.utk.edu\/lab-center\/logistics-transportation-and-supply-chain-engineering-lts-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Tennessee - Knoxville's Logistics, Transportation, and Supply Chain Engineering Lab<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.4.2_Functions\">5.4.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> coal and coke, concentrates, fertilizers, food stuffs, land transportation, marine transportation, mass transit systems, petrochemicals, policy and governance, supply chains, traffic, user\/driving behavior, vegetable oils, waste water\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> chemistry, data science, economics, engineering, logistics, management, mathematics, physics, process optimization, risk management, social science, statistics\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Accelerated stress testing, Cargo inspection and sampling, Climatics, Contamination, Corrosion, Counterfeit detection, Damage tolerance, Dimensional, Drop, Durability, Edge crush, Electromagnetic compatibility, Emissions, Flammability, Flash point, Freight flow, Immersion, Impact, Incline impact, Integrity, Last-mile distribution, Leak, Metallurgical analysis, Permeability, Phytosanitary, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Reliability, Safety, Shear, Shock, Stress corrosion cracking, Tear, Tensile, Thermal, Traffic modeling and analysis, Ultraviolet, Vibration, Weathering\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, colorimeter, computer workstations, desiccator, dry bath, fume hood, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Geographic_information_system\" title=\"Geographic information system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8981ab93f8ebf0730c3b38949b39ad99\">geographic information system<\/a>, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, personal protective equipment, pH meter, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, simulation software, spectrophotometer, statistics software, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, water bath\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical research industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>A majority of logistics laboratories are dry labs, meaning they're not analyzing \"wet\" biological samples, applying reagents, etc. Instead, they often heavily rely on software systems to conduct their research and educate new students. However, wet labs do exist in the logistics industry, usually for product and commodity testing of shipments\u2014often petrochemicals\u2014for custody transfer and dispute resolution.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CertispecLab_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CertispecLab-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.4.3_Informatics_in_the_logistics_industry\">5.4.3 Informatics in the logistics industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Though slightly dated at this point, an excerpt from the foreword to Luo's <i>Service Science and Logistics Informatics<\/i> seems relevant here<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LuoService10_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LuoService10-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>As [the] world economy gets increasingly integrated, logistics and supply chain management, through the use of advanced information and service technologies, become critically important. This requirement entails tight alignment of business strategy and judicious use of advanced information technologies. It also necessitates infrastructures for streamlining front-end and back-end management and business processes, and resolution of emerging global integration and interoperability issues.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In supply chain management, prompt reaction to long- and short-term, often abrupt changes in supply networks is critical to the quality of service and sustainability of a logistics business. (This fact has been highlighted extensively with the problems created from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/COVID-19\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"COVID-19\" data-key=\"da9bd20c492b2a17074ad66c2fe25652\">COVID-19<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pandemic\" title=\"Pandemic\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bd9a48e6c6e41b6d603ee703836b01f1\">pandemic<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AlickeHow21_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AlickeHow21-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>) Informatics is being applied in the logistics lab to analyze these changes, integrate information from numerous sources, and provide valuable information towards favorably altering material flow and production. This can be done real-time, or theoretical work can be performed with simulation software.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RISCLogiInfo_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RISCLogiInfo-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> In cargo testing, information management software such as Cargotrader's Cargotester.com<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CargoHome_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CargoHome-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> improve logistics labs' ability to improve compliance control and the analysis process itself. These improvements and others are further perpetuated by standards groups such as the IEEE SMC Technical Committee on Logistics Informatics and Industrial Security Systems<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IEEESMC_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IEEESMC-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> and the tangentially related International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ICLISS_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICLISS-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.4.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">5.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Logistics_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Logistics LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f8af6a62412f46a6a9ac0b3473fbe7ea\">Logistics LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Teodorovic, D.; Janic, M., ed. (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=6Ss_EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Transportation Engineering: Theory, Practice and Modeling<\/i><\/a> (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1012. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780323910415<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=6Ss_EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=6Ss_EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transportation+Engineering%3A+Theory%2C+Practice+and+Modeling&rft.date=2022&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1012&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.isbn=9780323910415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Ss_EAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Uckelmann, D.; Scholz-Reiter, B.; R\u00fcgge, I. et al., ed. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=7DyqCAAAQBAJ\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Impact of Virtual, Remote and Real Logistics Labs<\/i><\/a>. Communications in Computer and Information Science. <b>282<\/b>. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 172. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783642288166<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=7DyqCAAAQBAJ\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=7DyqCAAAQBAJ<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Virtual%2C+Remote+and+Real+Logistics+Labs&rft.date=2012&rft.series=Communications+in+Computer+and+Information+Science&rft.volume=282&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B172&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.isbn=9783642288166&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DyqCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-CertispecLab-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CertispecLab_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CertispecLab_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CertispecLab_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/certispec.myshopify.com\/products\/laboratory-services\" target=\"_blank\">\"Laboratory Services\"<\/a>. Certispec Services, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/certispec.myshopify.com\/products\/laboratory-services\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/certispec.myshopify.com\/products\/laboratory-services<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Services&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Certispec+Services%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcertispec.myshopify.com%2Fproducts%2Flaboratory-services&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SavannahAnal-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SavannahAnal_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/srnl.doe.gov\/facilities\/analytical.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Our Facilities - Analytical Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Savannah River National Laboratory<\/i>. SRNS Corporate Communications<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/srnl.doe.gov\/facilities\/analytical.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/srnl.doe.gov\/facilities\/analytical.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Our+Facilities+-+Analytical+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Savannah+River+National+Laboratory&rft.pub=SRNS+Corporate+Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrnl.doe.gov%2Ffacilities%2Fanalytical.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HS-TSL-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HS-TSL_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/science-and-technology\/transportation-security-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">\"Transportation Security Laboratory\"<\/a>. 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Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Transportation+Security+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fscience-and-technology%2Ftransportation-security-laboratory&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HNULogiLab-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HNULogiLab_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HNULogiLab_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HNULogiLab_4-2\">4.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HNULogiLab_4-3\">4.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hnu.de\/en\/research\/institutes-and-competence-centres\/institute-for-logistics-risk-and-resource-management-ilr\/logistics-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">\"HNU Logistics Laboratory\"<\/a>. Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hnu.de\/en\/research\/institutes-and-competence-centres\/institute-for-logistics-risk-and-resource-management-ilr\/logistics-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.hnu.de\/en\/research\/institutes-and-competence-centres\/institute-for-logistics-risk-and-resource-management-ilr\/logistics-laboratory<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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University of Thessaly, Department of Civil Engineering<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/ttlog.civ.uth.gr\/the-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ttlog.civ.uth.gr\/the-laboratory\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=University+of+Thessaly%2C+Department+of+Civil+Engineering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fttlog.civ.uth.gr%2Fthe-laboratory%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LuoService10-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LuoService10_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Luo, Z. (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"#v=onepage&q&f=false\"><i>Service Science and Logistics Informatics: Innovative Perspectives<\/i><\/a>. IGI Global. p. xvii<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"#v=onepage&q&f=false\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=r2e7NmwoFGoC&lpg=PR1&pg=PR17#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Service+Science+and+Logistics+Informatics%3A+Innovative+Perspectives&rft.aulast=Luo%2C+Z.&rft.au=Luo%2C+Z.&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3Bxvii&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2e7NmwoFGoC%26lpg%3DPR1%26pg%3DPR17%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AlickeHow21-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AlickeHow21_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Alicke, K.; Barriball, E.; Trautwein, V. (23 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/operations\/our-insights\/how-covid-19-is-reshaping-supply-chains\" target=\"_blank\">\"How COVID-19 is reshaping supply chains\"<\/a>. <i>McKinsey & Company<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/operations\/our-insights\/how-covid-19-is-reshaping-supply-chains\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/operations\/our-insights\/how-covid-19-is-reshaping-supply-chains<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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RISC Software GmbH<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.risc-software.at\/en\/units\/logistics-informatics\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.risc-software.at\/en\/units\/logistics-informatics\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Cargotrader, Inc.<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cargotester.com\/about.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.cargotester.com\/about.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+Cargotester.com&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Cargotrader%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cargotester.com%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IEEESMC-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IEEESMC_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ieeesmc.org\/technical-activities\/systems-science-and-engineering\/logistics-informatics-and-industrial-security-systems\" target=\"_blank\">\"Logistics Informatics and Industrial Security Systems\"<\/a>. <i>IEEE SMC<\/i>. IEEE<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ieeesmc.org\/technical-activities\/systems-science-and-engineering\/logistics-informatics-and-industrial-security-systems\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ieeesmc.org\/technical-activities\/systems-science-and-engineering\/logistics-informatics-and-industrial-security-systems<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Logistics+Informatics+and+Industrial+Security+Systems&rft.atitle=IEEE+SMC&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeesmc.org%2Ftechnical-activities%2Fsystems-science-and-engineering%2Flogistics-informatics-and-industrial-security-systems&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ICLISS-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ICLISS_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/icir.bjtu.edu.cn\/liss2022\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"12th International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS2022)\"<\/a>. Beijing Jiatong University<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/icir.bjtu.edu.cn\/liss2022\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/icir.bjtu.edu.cn\/liss2022\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=12th+International+Conference+on+Logistics%2C+Informatics+and+Service+Sciences+%28LISS2022%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Beijing+Jiatong+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficir.bjtu.edu.cn%2Fliss2022%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232550\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.138 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.717 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 7965\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 63504\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 18586\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 16564\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 122.333 1 -total\n 54.27% 66.394 13 Template:Citation\/core\n 52.97% 64.800 1 Template:Reflist\n 46.98% 57.467 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\n 35.76% 43.745 10 Template:Cite_web\n 26.60% 32.540 3 Template:Cite_book\n 6.73% 8.236 2 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.33% 5.293 1 Template:Date\n 3.84% 4.696 16 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.01% 2.463 4 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13443-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232551 and revision id 48532. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Logistics<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","680e0f26518c2149b32b7b4d906bf8f1_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/GRUBER_Logistics_Nachl%C3%A4ufer.jpg"],"680e0f26518c2149b32b7b4d906bf8f1_timestamp":1657236873,"4f7174e0e3872878d1d1d8af5a86acd1_type":"article","4f7174e0e3872878d1d1d8af5a86acd1_title":"5.3 Life sciences and biotechnology","4f7174e0e3872878d1d1d8af5a86acd1_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology","4f7174e0e3872878d1d1d8af5a86acd1_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Life sciences and biotechnologyFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 5.3 Life sciences and biotechnology \n\n1.1 5.3.1 Client types \n1.2 5.3.2 Functions \n1.3 5.3.3 Informatics in the life sciences and biotechnology industry \n1.4 5.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n5.3 Life sciences and biotechnology \n\n\nLife sciences is a broad category of scientific disciplines associated with the study of living organisms. Studies at the molecular level, as well as the use of living systems and organisms to make products for human purposes (i.e., biotechnology), have expanded the concept of life sciences even further. Biological and health sciences are at the heart of life science and biotechnology laboratories, with a broad array of branches\/disciplines falling under the umbrella. From the plant experiments and analyses at Space Florida's Space Life Sciences Lab[1] to the neurological and brain studies at the Neuroinformatics and Brain Connectivity Lab at Florida International University[2], just about anything to do with living organisms and their components is being analyzed, researched, and synthesized in a life science and biotechnology lab. These laboratories are often research-focused, intent on making discoveries to improve plant, animal, and human life. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n\nresearching neuropsychiatric disorders[1]\nresearching plant stress tolerances[2]\nmolecular imaging[3]\ngene targeting[3]\ngene base sequence analysis[3]\nantibody analysis[3]\nprotein and peptide analysis[3]\nDNA sequencing and fragment analysis[3]\nbiomarker discovery and validation[3]\nBut how do life sciences and biotechnology laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nHave you received treatment for cancer? A life science lab was behind the development and\/or improvement of that therapy. Have you ever eaten a soybean? The plant that grew it was likely improved in some way by the research at life science lab. From the new medicine you take for your medical condition to the new advances in genetics that allow you to detect disease earlier, don't forget your life has most likely been touched by a life science and biotechnology lab in some way.\n\n5.3.1 Client types \nPrivate - Some private labs in the life sciences are foundations or institutes, others are companies. \nExamples include:\n\nMacrogen Bioinformatics Institute\nNeoGenomics Laboratories\nThe Jackson Laboratory\nGovernment - Government-based life science labs are often part of a branch, agency, etc. and have focused goals either as part of the branch\/agency or as mandated research from higher up in the government.\nExamples include:\n\nIndia Institute of Life Sciences\nSpace Florida, Space Life Sciences Lab\nU.S. Food and Drug Administration, White Oak Campus's life science laboratories\nAcademic - These labs are typically graduate-level and act as hotbeds for researchers of all types.\nExamples include:\n\nFlorida International University's Neuroinformatics and Brain Connectivity Laboratory\nUniversity of Missouri's Molecular Genetics and Soybean Genomics Laboratory\nUniversity of California - Berkeley's Cancer Research Laboratory\n5.3.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? biological specimens, cancers, DNA, genes, organs and systems, plant materials, proteins\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? anatomy, bioinformatics, biology, botany, cardiology, genetics, genomics, hematology, kinesiology, medical imaging, microbiology, molecular biology, nephrology, neurology, oncology, pathology, physiology, proteomics, pulmonology, toxicology, and many more\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Adhesion, Age determination, Aging, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Biomolecular, C- and N-terminal, Carcinogenicity, Circular dichroism, Colorimetric, Compression, Cytology, De novo protein, Degradation, Detection, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Dietary exposure, Disulfide bridge, DNA hybridization, Electrophoresis, Genotype, Identification, Isotope analysis, Macro- and microstructure, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Molecular weight, Pathogenicity, Peptide mapping, Post-translational modification, Proficiency, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Terrestrial toxicology\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nbalance, bioreactor, biosafety cabinet, cell counter, centrifuge, DNA sequencer, dry bath, electrophoresis equipment, Erlenmeyer flask, flow cytometer, freezer, fume hood, gel documentation system, immunoassay system, incubator, laminar flow cabinet, microplate equipment, mixer\/shaker, molecular imager, osmometer, PCR workstation, pipettor, protein sequencer, reagents, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, thermal cycler \nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the life sciences and biotechnology industry? \nMany laboratories in the life sciences and biotechnology sector are funded by significant external investments, grants, and initial public offerings (IPOs). For example, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded grants worth a total of $4.5 billion to California life science labs in 2019.[4] Others turn to private charitable foundations or even biotech and pharmaceutical companies to help fund research efforts.[5]\n\n5.3.3 Informatics in the life sciences and biotechnology industry \nReferred to as bioinformatics or life science informatics, the application of information management and other software systems to the life sciences has become increasingly necessary as data-intensive automated instruments and methods drive today's lab research and experimentation. Tools that can analyze cells, molecules, and even atoms are helping researchers solve challenges of disease diagnosis and therapy production, giving patients better quality of life as a result. Informatics software helps integrate these various instruments and drive new discoveries through the mining, analysis, visualization, and simulation of the disparate data. Journals such as Bioinformatics, Cancer Informatics, and Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, as well as conferences such as the Rocky Mountain Bioinformatics Conference[6] and the IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine[7], help drive further innovation in how informatics can benefit the life sciences. Examples of life science laboratory advancements include the development of computer algorithms to answer biological questions, the improvement of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data management, and the development of tools to help us better understand the epidemiology of complex diseases.[8]\n\n5.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources - Life sciences\n\nBiodiversity informatics\nCancer informatics\nGenome informatics\nGenomics\nLife sciences industry\nLife sciences life cycle\nLife sciences LIMS\nNeuroinformatics\nLIMSwiki resources - Biotechnology\n\nBioinformatics\nBioimage informatics\nBiotechnology\nBiotechnology LIMS\nMolecular informatics\nFurther reading\n\nBisen, P.S. (2014). Laboratory Protocols in Applied Life Sciences. CRC Press. pp. 1826. ISBN 9781466553149. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=IqLAAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \nSeidman, L.A.; Moore, C.J.; Mowery, J. (2022). Basic Laboratory Methods for Biotechnology: Textbook and Laboratory Reference. CRC Press. pp. 1210. ISBN 9780429282799. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fJ17zgEACAAJ .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 \"Space Life Sciences Lab\". Space Florida. https:\/\/www.spaceflorida.gov\/facilities\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 Florida International University. \"Neuroinformatics and Brain Connectivity Lab\". GitHub.   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Willard, H.F.; Ginsburg, G.S., ed. (2008). Genomic and Personalized Medicine. Academic Press. pp. 1558. ISBN 9780080919034. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=5RBXqL7x-bcC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 California Life Sciences Association (2020). \"California Life Sciences Sector 2020 Report\". https:\/\/www.califesciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CLSA-PWC-2020-Sector-Report.pdf . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Grant, B. (1 May 2015). \"Follow the Funding\". The Scientist. LabX Media Group. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150522055951\/http:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/?articles.view\/articleNo\/42799\/title\/Follow-the-Funding\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Rocky Mountain Bioinformatics Conference 2022\". International Society for Computational Biology. 2022. https:\/\/www.iscb.org\/rocky2022 . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)\". BIBM Steering Committee. http:\/\/ieeebibm.org\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Life Science Informatics - Studying\". University of Helsinki. https:\/\/www.helsinki.fi\/en\/degree-programmes\/life-science-informatics-masters-programme\/studying . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:25.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","4f7174e0e3872878d1d1d8af5a86acd1_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Life_sciences_and_biotechnology rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Life_sciences_and_biotechnology skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Life sciences and biotechnology<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.3_Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\">5.3 Life sciences and biotechnology<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:PAPRs_in_use_01.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"93975e594d56963fe37ef40b3ac2eea5\"><img alt=\"PAPRs in use 01.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ed\/PAPRs_in_use_01.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Life_sciences_industry\" title=\"Life sciences industry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e5ac090f339697c0a61c17fc8ed40a66\">Life sciences<\/a> is a broad category of scientific disciplines associated with the study of living organisms. Studies at the molecular level, as well as the use of living systems and organisms to make products for human purposes (i.e., biotechnology), have expanded the concept of life sciences even further. Biological and health sciences are at the heart of life science and biotechnology laboratories, with a broad array of branches\/disciplines falling under the umbrella. From the plant experiments and analyses at Space Florida's Space Life Sciences Lab<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SFSLSL_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SFSLSL-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> to the neurological and brain studies at the Neuroinformatics and Brain Connectivity Lab at Florida International University<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FIUNBCL_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FIUNBCL-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>, just about anything to do with living organisms and their components is being analyzed, researched, and synthesized in a life science and biotechnology lab. These laboratories are often research-focused, intent on making discoveries to improve plant, animal, and human life. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>researching neuropsychiatric disorders<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SFSLSL_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SFSLSL-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>researching plant stress tolerances<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FIUNBCL_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FIUNBCL-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>molecular imaging<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WillardGenomic08-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>gene targeting<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WillardGenomic08-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>gene base sequence analysis<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WillardGenomic08-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>antibody analysis<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WillardGenomic08-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>protein and peptide analysis<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WillardGenomic08-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>DNA sequencing and fragment analysis<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WillardGenomic08-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>biomarker discovery and validation<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WillardGenomic08-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do life sciences and biotechnology laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Have you received treatment for cancer? A life science lab was behind the development and\/or improvement of that therapy. Have you ever eaten a soybean? The plant that grew it was likely improved in some way by the research at life science lab. From the new medicine you take for your medical condition to the new advances in genetics that allow you to detect disease earlier, don't forget your life has most likely been touched by a life science and biotechnology lab in some way.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.3.1_Client_types\">5.3.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Some private labs in the life sciences are foundations or institutes, others are companies. \n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/macrogen.com\/en\/rnd\/institute\/bioinformatics\" target=\"_blank\">Macrogen Bioinformatics Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/neogenomics.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">NeoGenomics Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jax.org\/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">The Jackson Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Government-based life science labs are often part of a branch, agency, etc. and have focused goals either as part of the branch\/agency or as mandated research from higher up in the government.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ils.res.in\/\" target=\"_blank\">India Institute of Life Sciences<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spaceflorida.gov\/facilities\/\" target=\"_blank\">Space Florida, Space Life Sciences Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/about-fda\/buildings-and-facilities\/white-oak-campus-information\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Food and Drug Administration, White Oak Campus's life science laboratories<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - These labs are typically graduate-level and act as hotbeds for researchers of all types.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nbclab.github.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">Florida International University's Neuroinformatics and Brain Connectivity Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cafnrfaculty.missouri.edu\/nguyenlab\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Missouri's Molecular Genetics and Soybean Genomics Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/crl.berkeley.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California - Berkeley's Cancer Research Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.3.2_Functions\">5.3.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> biological specimens, cancers, DNA, genes, organs and systems, plant materials, proteins\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> anatomy, bioinformatics, biology, botany, cardiology, genetics, genomics, hematology, kinesiology, medical imaging, microbiology, molecular biology, nephrology, neurology, oncology, pathology, physiology, proteomics, pulmonology, toxicology, and many more\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Adhesion, Age determination, Aging, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Biomolecular, C- and N-terminal, Carcinogenicity, Circular dichroism, Colorimetric, Compression, Cytology, De novo protein, Degradation, Detection, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Dietary exposure, Disulfide bridge, DNA hybridization, Electrophoresis, Genotype, Identification, Isotope analysis, Macro- and microstructure, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Molecular weight, Pathogenicity, Peptide mapping, Post-translational modification, Proficiency, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Terrestrial toxicology\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>balance, bioreactor, biosafety cabinet, cell counter, centrifuge, DNA sequencer, dry bath, electrophoresis equipment, Erlenmeyer flask, flow cytometer, freezer, fume hood, gel documentation system, immunoassay system, incubator, laminar flow cabinet, microplate equipment, mixer\/shaker, molecular imager, osmometer, PCR workstation, pipettor, protein sequencer, reagents, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, thermal cycler \n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the life sciences and biotechnology industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Many laboratories in the life sciences and biotechnology sector are funded by significant external investments, grants, and initial public offerings (IPOs). For example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/National_Institutes_of_Health\" title=\"National Institutes of Health\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e5c215c48e73ae58b0695dc2af951cd0\">National Institutes of Health<\/a> (NIH) awarded grants worth a total of $4.5 billion to California life science labs in 2019.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CLSACalif16_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CLSACalif16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Others turn to private charitable foundations or even biotech and pharmaceutical companies to help fund research efforts.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GrantFollow15_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GrantFollow15-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.3.3_Informatics_in_the_life_sciences_and_biotechnology_industry\">5.3.3 Informatics in the life sciences and biotechnology industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Referred to as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Bioinformatics\" title=\"Bioinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8f506695fdbb26e3f314da308f8c053b\">bioinformatics<\/a> or life science informatics, the application of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information_management\" title=\"Information management\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f8672d270c0750a858ed940158ca0a73\">information management<\/a> and other software systems to the life sciences has become increasingly necessary as data-intensive automated instruments and methods drive today's lab research and experimentation. Tools that can analyze cells, molecules, and even atoms are helping researchers solve challenges of disease diagnosis and therapy production, giving patients better quality of life as a result. Informatics software helps integrate these various instruments and drive new discoveries through the mining, analysis, visualization, and simulation of the disparate data. Journals such as <i>Bioinformatics<\/i>, <i>Cancer Informatics<\/i>, and <i>Frontiers in Neuroinformatics<\/i>, as well as conferences such as the Rocky Mountain Bioinformatics Conference<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ISCBRocky_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ISCBRocky-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> and the IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IEEE_BIBM_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IEEE_BIBM-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>, help drive further innovation in how informatics can benefit the life sciences. Examples of life science laboratory advancements include the development of computer algorithms to answer biological questions, the improvement of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Next-generation_sequencing\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Next-generation sequencing\" data-key=\"c9d965c11eed1543f2a7e5f1abed4bb7\">next-generation sequencing<\/a> (NGS) data management, and the development of tools to help us better understand the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Epidemiology\" title=\"Epidemiology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"123badb8bf0b37a513182dbcfc3875bc\">epidemiology<\/a> of complex diseases.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UofH_LSI_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UofH_LSI-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.3.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">5.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources - Life sciences<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Biodiversity_informatics\" title=\"Biodiversity informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e1fc3c3cb12287ecf307f488d3cd2357\">Biodiversity informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cancer_informatics\" title=\"Cancer informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b665bf61e7903152714531827699ad0d\">Cancer informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Genome_informatics\" title=\"Genome informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"304bd6698e9a01cab6157ba518743ff1\">Genome informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Genomics\" title=\"Genomics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"96a82dabf51cf9510dd00c5a03396c44\">Genomics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Life_sciences_industry\" title=\"Life sciences industry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e5ac090f339697c0a61c17fc8ed40a66\">Life sciences industry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Life_sciences_life_cycle\" title=\"Life sciences life cycle\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"02302be8d08ef817ba5d2831c1738f7c\">Life sciences life cycle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Life_sciences_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Life sciences LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5ce7dfe9f52ab4cac894ba5649b8daab\">Life sciences LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Neuroinformatics\" title=\"Neuroinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4944aa70b984d0a743d4e9de46416311\">Neuroinformatics<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources - Biotechnology<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Bioinformatics\" title=\"Bioinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8f506695fdbb26e3f314da308f8c053b\">Bioinformatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Bioimage_informatics\" title=\"Bioimage informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f800be798ff5d084163ea63bae18ce79\">Bioimage informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Biotechnology\" title=\"Biotechnology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"115005039d4cf0b4ef55ec14dc6d66da\">Biotechnology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Biotechnology_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Biotechnology LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3ba7edbb5500412d3a7bbb3c56d41873\">Biotechnology LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Molecular_informatics\" title=\"Molecular informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"69a9449fdafddc4cbfb484467b832764\">Molecular informatics<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Bisen, P.S. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=IqLAAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Laboratory Protocols in Applied Life Sciences<\/i><\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 1826. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781466553149<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=IqLAAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=IqLAAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Protocols+in+Applied+Life+Sciences&rft.aulast=Bisen%2C+P.S.&rft.au=Bisen%2C+P.S.&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1826&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781466553149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIqLAAgAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Seidman, L.A.; Moore, C.J.; Mowery, J. (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fJ17zgEACAAJ\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Basic Laboratory Methods for Biotechnology: Textbook and Laboratory Reference<\/i><\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 1210. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780429282799<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fJ17zgEACAAJ\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fJ17zgEACAAJ<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Laboratory+Methods+for+Biotechnology%3A+Textbook+and+Laboratory+Reference&rft.aulast=Seidman%2C+L.A.%3B+Moore%2C+C.J.%3B+Mowery%2C+J.&rft.au=Seidman%2C+L.A.%3B+Moore%2C+C.J.%3B+Mowery%2C+J.&rft.date=2022&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1210&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9780429282799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfJ17zgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-SFSLSL-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SFSLSL_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SFSLSL_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spaceflorida.gov\/facilities\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Space Life Sciences Lab\"<\/a>. Space Florida<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spaceflorida.gov\/facilities\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.spaceflorida.gov\/facilities\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Space+Life+Sciences+Lab&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Space+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceflorida.gov%2Ffacilities%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FIUNBCL-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FIUNBCL_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FIUNBCL_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Florida International University. \"Neuroinformatics and Brain Connectivity Lab\". GitHub.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Neuroinformatics+and+Brain+Connectivity+Lab&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Florida+International+University&rft.au=Florida+International+University&rft.pub=GitHub&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WillardGenomic08-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-2\">3.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-3\">3.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-4\">3.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-5\">3.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WillardGenomic08_3-6\">3.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Willard, H.F.; Ginsburg, G.S., ed. (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=5RBXqL7x-bcC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Genomic and Personalized Medicine<\/i><\/a>. Academic Press. pp. 1558. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780080919034<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=5RBXqL7x-bcC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=5RBXqL7x-bcC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genomic+and+Personalized+Medicine&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1558&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.isbn=9780080919034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5RBXqL7x-bcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CLSACalif16-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CLSACalif16_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">California Life Sciences Association (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.califesciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CLSA-PWC-2020-Sector-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"California Life Sciences Sector 2020 Report\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.califesciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CLSA-PWC-2020-Sector-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.califesciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CLSA-PWC-2020-Sector-Report.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=California+Life+Sciences+Sector+2020+Report&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=California+Life+Sciences+Association&rft.au=California+Life+Sciences+Association&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.califesciences.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F06%2FCLSA-PWC-2020-Sector-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GrantFollow15-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GrantFollow15_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Grant, B. (1 May 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150522055951\/http:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/?articles.view\/articleNo\/42799\/title\/Follow-the-Funding\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Follow the Funding\"<\/a>. <i>The Scientist<\/i>. LabX Media Group. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/?articles.view\/articleNo\/42799\/title\/Follow-the-Funding\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 22 May 2015<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150522055951\/http:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/?articles.view\/articleNo\/42799\/title\/Follow-the-Funding\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150522055951\/http:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/?articles.view\/articleNo\/42799\/title\/Follow-the-Funding\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Follow+the+Funding&rft.atitle=The+Scientist&rft.aulast=Grant%2C+B.&rft.au=Grant%2C+B.&rft.date=1+May+2015&rft.pub=LabX+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150522055951%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-scientist.com%2F%3Farticles.view%2FarticleNo%2F42799%2Ftitle%2FFollow-the-Funding%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ISCBRocky-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ISCBRocky_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iscb.org\/rocky2022\" target=\"_blank\">\"Rocky Mountain Bioinformatics Conference 2022\"<\/a>. International Society for Computational Biology. 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iscb.org\/rocky2022\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iscb.org\/rocky2022<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rocky+Mountain+Bioinformatics+Conference+2022&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2022&rft.pub=International+Society+for+Computational+Biology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iscb.org%2Frocky2022&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IEEE_BIBM-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IEEE_BIBM_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/ieeebibm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)\"<\/a>. BIBM Steering Committee<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/ieeebibm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ieeebibm.org\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IEEE+International+Conference+on+Bioinformatics+and+Biomedicine+%28BIBM%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=BIBM+Steering+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeebibm.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-UofH_LSI-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-UofH_LSI_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.helsinki.fi\/en\/degree-programmes\/life-science-informatics-masters-programme\/studying\" target=\"_blank\">\"Life Science Informatics - Studying\"<\/a>. University of Helsinki<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.helsinki.fi\/en\/degree-programmes\/life-science-informatics-masters-programme\/studying\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.helsinki.fi\/en\/degree-programmes\/life-science-informatics-masters-programme\/studying<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Life+Science+Informatics+-+Studying&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fen%2Fdegree-programmes%2Flife-science-informatics-masters-programme%2Fstudying&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232521\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.131 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.724 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 6458\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 51604\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 14478\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 12449\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 109.152 1 -total\n 54.53% 59.525 10 Template:Citation\/core\n 53.35% 58.230 1 Template:Reflist\n 46.59% 50.859 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\n 32.80% 35.804 7 Template:Cite_web\n 30.63% 33.430 3 Template:Cite_book\n 6.96% 7.594 3 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 6.32% 6.899 3 Template:Date\n 3.58% 3.908 12 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.08% 2.267 3 Template:Only_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13442-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232522 and revision id 48531. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Life_sciences_and_biotechnology<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","4f7174e0e3872878d1d1d8af5a86acd1_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ed\/PAPRs_in_use_01.jpg"],"4f7174e0e3872878d1d1d8af5a86acd1_timestamp":1657236873,"f55c1bf1569c25edde8eb35e07978d83_type":"article","f55c1bf1569c25edde8eb35e07978d83_title":"5.2 Law enforcement and forensics","f55c1bf1569c25edde8eb35e07978d83_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics","f55c1bf1569c25edde8eb35e07978d83_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Law enforcement and forensicsFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 5.2 Law enforcement and forensics \n\n1.1 5.2.1 Client types \n1.2 5.2.2 Functions \n1.3 5.2.3 Informatics in the law enforcement and forensics industry \n1.4 5.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n5.2 Law enforcement and forensics \n\n\nThe forensic laboratory is responsible for aiding in crime investigations, helping investigators identify remains, place an alleged killer at a particular crime scene, or identify and characterize crime scene evidence. They also serve as training grounds for future forensic scientists. Less occasionally, forensic laboratories operate as private, third-party contract labs that work with government investigators or private industry to analyze DNA, fire debris, paint, etc. These labs provide many different services, including (but not limited to)[1][2][3]: \n\nDNA analysis\nfire debris analysis\nmetallurgical analysis\nfirearms and ballistics analysis\nvehicle fluid analysis\ntrauma analysis\nskeletal identification\nbody fluid identification\nevidence screening\nfacial reconstruction\naudio\/image enhancement\ncarbon dating of remains\nBut how do law enforcement and forensic laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nYour average person won't feel much impact from a forensic lab, at least in a direct sense. Indirectly, forensic labs help capture criminals, which in theory reduces the chances of a criminal running free to cross paths with you. Should you find yourself in the unfortunate situation of requiring the services of a forensic laboratory (whether to help solve a crime that has impacted you or help clear you of wrongdoing), you'll feel the impact more succinctly; this lab depends on tried and true techniques employed by knowledgeable laboratorians to solve crimes and give some measure of peace to those negatively affected by them. Without these labs, we'd arguably have more criminals get away with their crimes, leaving more cases unsolved.\n\n5.2.1 Client types \nPrivate - These labs are less common than government and academic labs, but where they do exist, they tend to take on contract analysis and consultation work for a variety of clients.\nExamples include:\n\nArmstrong Forensic Laboratory\nBode Technology\nSignature Science\nGovernment - Government forensic labs make up a significant chunk of the bunch, whether at the federal, state, or local level.\nExamples include:\n\nU.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Laboratory Services Division\nU.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory\nU.S. Secret Service Forensic Laboratory\nAcademic - Academic forensic labs may be used by undergraduate students, but they are largely reserved for graduate level training of students. Some university forensic labs may also provide their facilities and services to government agencies and coroner's offices.\nExamples include:\n\nLouisiana State University's FACES Laboratory\nPurdue Polytechnic Cyber Forensics Lab\nUniversity of California - Davis' Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Forensic Unit\n5.2.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, research\/design, and teaching \nWhat aspects and\/or technologies are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? biological specimens, bullets and casings, computers, evidence, explosive devices, fingerprints, firearms, ink, insects, pollen and spores, remains \nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? biology, chemistry, cryptography, digital forensics, entomology, forensic anthropology, forensic engineering, forensic imaging, forensic odontology, medical science, molecular biology, physics, psychology, toxicology, veterinary forensics\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAge determination, Amino acid analysis, Biomolecular, Counterfeit detection, Cross-drive, DNA profiling, Failure, File carving, Fire debris, Forensic toxicology, Gunshot residue, Isotope analysis, Proficiency, Solubility\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nbalance, binocular microscope, blood analyzer, burette, centrifuge, chemical storage cabinet, chromatographic, compound microscope, confocal microscope, cryostat, elecrophoresis equipment, evaporator, evidence drying cabinet, extractor, fingerprint development chamber, fluorescent plate reader, freezers and refrigerators, FTIR microscope, fume hood, fuming chamber, graphite furnace, hyperspectral imaging system, microplate handler, microscope, microtome, PCR system, refractometer, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stereo microscope, viscometer\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the law enforcement and forensics industry? \nForensic science is significantly cross-discipline in nature, with anthropology, biology, chemistry, cryptography, entomology, medical science, toxicology, and a host of other disciplines getting involved with the analysis and characterization of a wide variety of evidence types. As such, gaps may exist in knowledge and know-how in some areas of analysis, requiring the recruitment of outside help for more esoteric analyses.[4]\n\n5.2.3 Informatics in the law enforcement and forensics industry \nA 2014 paper in the Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences highlighted \"both the organizational challenges and the information system architecture\" of forensic informatics software implemented in Queensland, \"which established workflows tailored to the timely production of forensic intelligence to reduce, disrupt and prevent crime.\"[5] Indeed, that goal is similar to forensic laboratories around the world: how can data management systems and other informatics technology improve forensic intelligence? Informatics can support forensic pathology and death investigations, which often involve a significant amount of textual and image data associated with both autopsy and scene of death.[6] Additionally, informatics can better guide investigations into computer and network forensics, including data recovery, intrusion detection and analysis, and computer fraud.[7] Various reports over the years suggest increasing adoption of information management systems like LIMS and case management systems in the forensic and medical examiner's lab, in part due to the benefits mentioned prior.[8][9][10]\nOffshoots of informatics application to forensic science also occur, as can be seen in the IEEE Intelligence and Security Informatics conference, which discusses the intersections of informatics, IT, medical and bioinformatics, forensic science, and many other fields with the goal of governments' \"anticipation, prevention, preparedness and response to security events, in physical, cyber, enterprise, and societal spaces.\"[11]\n\n5.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nForensic science\nLaw enforcement and forensic LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nStrom, K.J.; Hickman, M.J. (2014). Forensic Science and the Administration of Justice: Critical Issues and Directions. SAGE Publications. pp. 312. doi:10.4135\/9781483368740. ISBN 9781483324401. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=jlAXBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Laboratory Services\". Federal Bureau of Investigation. https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/services\/laboratory . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Forensic Services\". Armstrong Forensic Laboratory, Inc. https:\/\/www.aflab.com\/services\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"LSU Faces Laboratory\". Louisiana State University. https:\/\/lsu.edu\/faceslab\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 National Research Council (2009). Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. National Academies Press. pp. 348. doi:10.17226\/12589. https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/12589\/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward .   \n \n\n\u2191 O'Malley, T. (2014). \"Forensic informatics enabling forensic intelligence\". Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 47 (1): 27\u201335. doi:10.1080\/00450618.2014.922618.   \n \n\n\u2191 Levy, B. (2015). \"The need for informatics to support forensic pathology and death investigation\". Journal of Pathology Informatics 6: 32. doi:10.4103\/2153-3539.158907.   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Computer and Network Forensics - INF 528 (3 Units)\" (PDF). USC Viterbi School of Engineering. 2015. https:\/\/datascience.usc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/inf528.pdf . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Durose, M.R.; Walsh, K.A.; Burch, A.M. (August 2012). \"Census of Publicly Funded Forensic Crime Laboratories, 2009\" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/cpffcl09.pdf . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Levy, Bruce P. (1 March 2013). \"Implementation and User Satisfaction With Forensic Laboratory Information Systems in Death Investigation Offices\" (in en). American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology 34 (1): 63\u201367. doi:10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31827ab5c6. ISSN 0195-7910. https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000433-201303000-00016 .   \n \n\n\u2191 National Forensic Laboratory Information System (October 2019). \"NFLIS-Drug 2019 Survey of Crime Laboratory Drug Chemistry Sections Report\" (PDF). U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210318022453\/https:\/\/www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/DesktopModules\/ReportDownloads\/Reports\/13121NFLISdrugSurveyRpt6Nov29.pdf . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"IEEE ISI 2017\". http:\/\/www.isi-conf.org\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:24.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","f55c1bf1569c25edde8eb35e07978d83_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Law_enforcement_and_forensics rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Law_enforcement_and_forensics skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Law enforcement and forensics<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.2_Law_enforcement_and_forensics\">5.2 Law enforcement and forensics<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Day_253_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Forensic_Science_Lab_(7969822920).jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"ce877b21ae4be17132bdc7866a0dd852\"><img alt=\"Day 253 - West Midlands Police - Forensic Science Lab (7969822920).jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/83\/Day_253_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Forensic_Science_Lab_%287969822920%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Forensic_science\" title=\"Forensic science\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"415d36a7b65494677b6d2873d5febec1\">forensic<\/a> laboratory is responsible for aiding in crime investigations, helping investigators identify remains, place an alleged killer at a particular crime scene, or identify and characterize crime scene evidence. They also serve as training grounds for future forensic scientists. Less occasionally, forensic laboratories operate as private, third-party contract labs that work with government investigators or private industry to analyze DNA, fire debris, paint, etc. These labs provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FBILabServ_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FBILabServ-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ArmstrongServ_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ArmstrongServ-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LSUFACESServ_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LSUFACESServ-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>DNA analysis<\/li>\n<li>fire debris analysis<\/li>\n<li>metallurgical analysis<\/li>\n<li>firearms and ballistics analysis<\/li>\n<li>vehicle fluid analysis<\/li>\n<li>trauma analysis<\/li>\n<li>skeletal identification<\/li>\n<li>body fluid identification<\/li>\n<li>evidence screening<\/li>\n<li>facial reconstruction<\/li>\n<li>audio\/image enhancement<\/li>\n<li>carbon dating of remains<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do law enforcement and forensic laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Your average person won't feel much impact from a forensic lab, at least in a direct sense. Indirectly, forensic labs help capture criminals, which in theory reduces the chances of a criminal running free to cross paths with you. Should you find yourself in the unfortunate situation of requiring the services of a forensic laboratory (whether to help solve a crime that has impacted you or help clear you of wrongdoing), you'll feel the impact more succinctly; this lab depends on tried and true techniques employed by knowledgeable laboratorians to solve crimes and give some measure of peace to those negatively affected by them. Without these labs, we'd arguably have more criminals get away with their crimes, leaving more cases unsolved.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.2.1_Client_types\">5.2.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - These labs are less common than government and academic labs, but where they do exist, they tend to take on contract analysis and consultation work for a variety of clients.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aflab.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Armstrong Forensic Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bodetech.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bode Technology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.signaturescience.com\/what-we-do\/forensic-dna\/\" target=\"_blank\">Signature Science<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Government forensic labs make up a significant chunk of the bunch, whether at the federal, state, or local level.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.atf.gov\/laboratories\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Laboratory Services Division<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/services\/laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.secretservice.gov\/investigation\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Secret Service Forensic Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Academic forensic labs may be used by undergraduate students, but they are largely reserved for graduate level training of students. Some university forensic labs may also provide their facilities and services to government agencies and coroner's offices.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lsu.edu\/faceslab\/\" target=\"_blank\">Louisiana State University's FACES Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/polytechnic.purdue.edu\/facilities\/cybersecurity-forensics-lab\" target=\"_blank\">Purdue Polytechnic Cyber Forensics Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/vgl.ucdavis.edu\/forensics\" target=\"_blank\">University of California - Davis' Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Forensic Unit<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.2.2_Functions\">5.2.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, research\/design, and teaching \n<\/p><p><i>What aspects and\/or technologies are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> biological specimens, bullets and casings, computers, evidence, explosive devices, fingerprints, firearms, ink, insects, pollen and spores, remains \n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> biology, chemistry, cryptography, digital forensics, entomology, forensic anthropology, forensic engineering, forensic imaging, forensic odontology, medical science, molecular biology, physics, psychology, toxicology, veterinary forensics\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Age determination, Amino acid analysis, Biomolecular, Counterfeit detection, Cross-drive, DNA profiling, Failure, File carving, Fire debris, Forensic toxicology, Gunshot residue, Isotope analysis, Proficiency, Solubility\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>balance, binocular microscope, blood analyzer, burette, centrifuge, chemical storage cabinet, chromatographic, compound microscope, confocal microscope, cryostat, elecrophoresis equipment, evaporator, evidence drying cabinet, extractor, fingerprint development chamber, fluorescent plate reader, freezers and refrigerators, FTIR microscope, fume hood, fuming chamber, graphite furnace, hyperspectral imaging system, microplate handler, microscope, microtome, PCR system, refractometer, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stereo microscope, viscometer\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the law enforcement and forensics industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Forensic science is significantly cross-discipline in nature, with anthropology, biology, chemistry, cryptography, entomology, medical science, toxicology, and a host of other disciplines getting involved with the analysis and characterization of a wide variety of evidence types. As such, gaps may exist in knowledge and know-how in some areas of analysis, requiring the recruitment of outside help for more esoteric analyses.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NRCStrength09_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NRCStrength09-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.2.3_Informatics_in_the_law_enforcement_and_forensics_industry\">5.2.3 Informatics in the law enforcement and forensics industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A 2014 paper in the <i>Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences<\/i> highlighted \"both the organizational challenges and the information system architecture\" of forensic informatics software implemented in Queensland, \"which established workflows tailored to the timely production of forensic intelligence to reduce, disrupt and prevent crime.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-O.27MalleyForensic14_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-O.27MalleyForensic14-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Indeed, that goal is similar to forensic laboratories around the world: how can data management systems and other informatics technology improve forensic intelligence? Informatics can support forensic pathology and death investigations, which often involve a significant amount of textual and image data associated with both autopsy and scene of death.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LevyTheNeed15_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LevyTheNeed15-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, informatics can better guide investigations into computer and network forensics, including data recovery, intrusion detection and analysis, and computer fraud.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USC_CNF15_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USC_CNF15-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Various reports over the years suggest increasing adoption of information management systems like LIMS and case management systems in the forensic and medical examiner's lab, in part due to the benefits mentioned prior.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DuroseCensus12_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DuroseCensus12-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LevyImplem13_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LevyImplem13-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NFLISSurv19_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NFLISSurv19-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Offshoots of informatics application to forensic science also occur, as can be seen in the IEEE Intelligence and Security Informatics conference, which discusses the intersections of informatics, IT, medical and bioinformatics, forensic science, and many other fields with the goal of governments' \"anticipation, prevention, preparedness and response to security events, in physical, cyber, enterprise, and societal spaces.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IEEEISI17_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IEEEISI17-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.2.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">5.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Forensic_science\" title=\"Forensic science\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"415d36a7b65494677b6d2873d5febec1\">Forensic science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Law_enforcement_and_forensic_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Law enforcement and forensic LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"cddf023b71d7e40585c4e24ac1de5392\">Law enforcement and forensic LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Strom, K.J.; Hickman, M.J. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=jlAXBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Forensic Science and the Administration of Justice: Critical Issues and Directions<\/i><\/a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 312. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4135%2F9781483368740\" target=\"_blank\">10.4135\/9781483368740<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781483324401<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=jlAXBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=jlAXBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+Science+and+the+Administration+of+Justice%3A+Critical+Issues+and+Directions&rft.aulast=Strom%2C+K.J.%3B+Hickman%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Strom%2C+K.J.%3B+Hickman%2C+M.J.&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B312&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4135%2F9781483368740&rft.isbn=9781483324401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlAXBAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-FBILabServ-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FBILabServ_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/services\/laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">\"Laboratory Services\"<\/a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/services\/laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/services\/laboratory<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Services&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fservices%2Flaboratory&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ArmstrongServ-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ArmstrongServ_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aflab.com\/services\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Forensic Services\"<\/a>. Armstrong Forensic Laboratory, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aflab.com\/services\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aflab.com\/services\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Forensic+Services&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Armstrong+Forensic+Laboratory%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aflab.com%2Fservices%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LSUFACESServ-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LSUFACESServ_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lsu.edu\/faceslab\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"LSU Faces Laboratory\"<\/a>. Louisiana State University<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/lsu.edu\/faceslab\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/lsu.edu\/faceslab\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=LSU+Faces+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsu.edu%2Ffaceslab%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NRCStrength09-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NRCStrength09_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">National Research Council (2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/12589\/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward<\/i><\/a>. National Academies Press. pp. 348. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17226%2F12589\" target=\"_blank\">10.17226\/12589<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/12589\/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/12589\/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strengthening+Forensic+Science+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Path+Forward&rft.aulast=National+Research+Council&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B348&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft_id=info:doi\/10.17226%2F12589&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fcatalog%2F12589%2Fstrengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-O.27MalleyForensic14-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-O.27MalleyForensic14_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">O'Malley, T. (2014). \"Forensic informatics enabling forensic intelligence\". <i>Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences<\/i> <b>47<\/b> (1): 27\u201335. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F00450618.2014.922618\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/00450618.2014.922618<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Forensic+informatics+enabling+forensic+intelligence&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.aulast=O%27Malley%2C+T.&rft.au=O%27Malley%2C+T.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27%E2%80%9335&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F00450618.2014.922618&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LevyTheNeed15-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LevyTheNeed15_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Levy, B. (2015). \"The need for informatics to support forensic pathology and death investigation\". <i>Journal of Pathology Informatics<\/i> <b>6<\/b>: 32. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4103%2F2153-3539.158907\" target=\"_blank\">10.4103\/2153-3539.158907<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+need+for+informatics+to+support+forensic+pathology+and+death+investigation&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pathology+Informatics&rft.aulast=Levy%2C+B.&rft.au=Levy%2C+B.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=32&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4103%2F2153-3539.158907&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USC_CNF15-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-USC_CNF15_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/datascience.usc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/inf528.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Computer and Network Forensics - INF 528 (3 Units)\"<\/a> (PDF). USC Viterbi School of Engineering. 2015<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/datascience.usc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/inf528.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/datascience.usc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/inf528.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Computer+and+Network+Forensics+-+INF+528+%283+Units%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=USC+Viterbi+School+of+Engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatascience.usc.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F05%2Finf528.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DuroseCensus12-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DuroseCensus12_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Durose, M.R.; Walsh, K.A.; Burch, A.M. (August 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/cpffcl09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Census of Publicly Funded Forensic Crime Laboratories, 2009\"<\/a> (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/cpffcl09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/cpffcl09.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 14 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Census+of+Publicly+Funded+Forensic+Crime+Laboratories%2C+2009&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Durose%2C+M.R.%3B+Walsh%2C+K.A.%3B+Burch%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Durose%2C+M.R.%3B+Walsh%2C+K.A.%3B+Burch%2C+A.M.&rft.date=August+2012&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Justice+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjs.ojp.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fcpffcl09.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LevyImplem13-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LevyImplem13_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Levy, Bruce P. (1 March 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000433-201303000-00016\" target=\"_blank\">\"Implementation and User Satisfaction With Forensic Laboratory Information Systems in Death Investigation Offices\"<\/a> (in en). <i>American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology<\/i> <b>34<\/b> (1): 63\u201367. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097%2FPAF.0b013e31827ab5c6\" target=\"_blank\">10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31827ab5c6<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0195-7910\" target=\"_blank\">0195-7910<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000433-201303000-00016\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000433-201303000-00016<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Implementation+and+User+Satisfaction+With+Forensic+Laboratory+Information+Systems+in+Death+Investigation+Offices&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Forensic+Medicine+%26+Pathology&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Bruce+P.&rft.au=Levy%2C%26%2332%3BBruce+P.&rft.date=1+March+2013&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63%E2%80%9367&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1097%2FPAF.0b013e31827ab5c6&rft.issn=0195-7910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00000433-201303000-00016&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NFLISSurv19-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NFLISSurv19_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">National Forensic Laboratory Information System (October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210318022453\/https:\/\/www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/DesktopModules\/ReportDownloads\/Reports\/13121NFLISdrugSurveyRpt6Nov29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"NFLIS-Drug 2019 Survey of Crime Laboratory Drug Chemistry Sections Report\"<\/a> (PDF). U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/DesktopModules\/ReportDownloads\/Reports\/13121NFLISdrugSurveyRpt6Nov29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 18 March 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210318022453\/https:\/\/www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/DesktopModules\/ReportDownloads\/Reports\/13121NFLISdrugSurveyRpt6Nov29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210318022453\/https:\/\/www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/DesktopModules\/ReportDownloads\/Reports\/13121NFLISdrugSurveyRpt6Nov29.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 14 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NFLIS-Drug+2019+Survey+of+Crime+Laboratory+Drug+Chemistry+Sections+Report&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Forensic+Laboratory+Information+System&rft.au=National+Forensic+Laboratory+Information+System&rft.date=October+2019&rft.pub=U.S.+Drug+Enforcement+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210318022453%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov%2FDesktopModules%2FReportDownloads%2FReports%2F13121NFLISdrugSurveyRpt6Nov29.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IEEEISI17-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IEEEISI17_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.isi-conf.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"IEEE ISI 2017\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.isi-conf.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.isi-conf.org\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IEEE+ISI+2017&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isi-conf.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232458\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.145 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.726 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8081\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 65506\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 19718\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 17224\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 121.757 1 -total\n 63.97% 77.893 1 Template:Reflist\n 58.93% 71.746 12 Template:Citation\/core\n 35.97% 43.799 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\n 29.66% 36.116 7 Template:Cite_web\n 25.75% 31.356 2 Template:Cite_book\n 15.57% 18.958 3 Template:Cite_journal\n 8.41% 10.245 7 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 7.06% 8.597 4 Template:Date\n 3.69% 4.497 13 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13441-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232459 and revision id 48530. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Law_enforcement_and_forensics<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","f55c1bf1569c25edde8eb35e07978d83_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/83\/Day_253_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Forensic_Science_Lab_%287969822920%29.jpg"],"f55c1bf1569c25edde8eb35e07978d83_timestamp":1657236873,"ae9810db33c91f00a5c77b13963715d6_type":"article","ae9810db33c91f00a5c77b13963715d6_title":"5.1 Geology and mining","ae9810db33c91f00a5c77b13963715d6_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining","ae9810db33c91f00a5c77b13963715d6_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Geology and miningFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 5. Labs by industry: Part 3 \n\n1.1 5.1 Geology and mining \n\n1.1.1 5.1.1 Client types \n1.1.2 5.1.2 Functions \n1.1.3 5.1.3 Informatics in the geology and mining industry \n1.1.4 5.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n5. Labs by industry: Part 3 \nWe continue to look at 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline function through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. Finally, we discuss the role of informatics in each industry lab type.\n\r\n\n\n5.1 Geology and mining \n\n\nGeology and mining laboratories are responsible for analyzing rocks, minerals, and metals; monitoring and reporting on the status of mining operation effects on the environment; and teaching and promoting research of geological and mining science and engineering concepts. These labs are involved at most stages of geological and mining operations, from exploration and production to remediation. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)[1][2][3]:\n\nchemical analysis\nphysical testing\nearth magnetism measurement\npetrological imaging\nsoil suitability and fertility\nenvironmental analysis and remediation\ndrill core analysis\npurity testing\nBut how do geology and mining laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nTracking down how these labs intersect our lives is, comparatively, a bit more difficult than the industries we've looked at previously. From an environmental standpoint, when regulated, contamination testing is important to the ecosystems in and around a mining site. The oxidation of sulfide minerals and the corresponding acidification of the environment is well known in the mining community, requiring tested and standardized methods to limit the effects.[4] Secondarily, research coming out of geology and mining labs is helping to make current and future mining activities safer for humans and guiding the implementation of early-warning systems for earthquakes.[5] Without these laboratories in place, there's a higher likelihood humans and animals alike would face a higher risk of poisoning or death.\n\n5.1.1 Client types \nPrivate - These labs focus on providing third-party analysis and consultation services to industry and government, including explorations services, environmental chemistry, and purity testing.\nExamples include:\n\nAGAT Laboratories\nHuffman Hazen Laboratories\nIntertek Group PLC\nGovernment - Many governments around the world have geology and mining departments, divisions, etc. responsible for contamination testing, water quality monitoring, and applied research. They also occasionally offer their services to outside parties and agencies.\nExamples include:\n\nGovernment of Kerala, Department of Mining and Geology Chemical Laboratory\nGuyana Geology and Mines Chemical Laboratory\nJamaica's Mines and Geology Division\nAcademic - Like other industries, academic labs in geology and mining programs contribute diverse research programs to society while teaching the next generation of geologists, engineers, and miners.\nExamples include:\n\nColorado School of Mines' Geology and Geological Engineering Laboratories\nMichigan Tech's Geological Engineering Laboratories\nUniversity of North Dakota's Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering\n5.1.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? alloys, base and minor metals, minerals, precious metals, sediment, soil, water\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? chemistry, environmental science, geology, geotechnical engineering, metallurgy, mineralogy, mining engineering, petrology, seismology\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment?\nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Age determination, Angle of repose, Atterberg limits, Bioaccumulation, Carbon-hydrogen ratio, Characterization, Compression, Compaction, Consolidation, Density, Durability, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Grain and particle size, Grindability, Hydraulic conductivity, Identification, Inclusion, Isotope analysis, Macroetch, Metallurgical analysis, Mobility, Moisture, Nuclear density, Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Passivation, Permeability, pH, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Refractive index, Seismic, Shear, Stability, Stress corrosion cracking, Ultraviolet\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nautoclave, balance, calorimeter, chromatographic, compressive strength tester, furnace, jaw crusher, magnetic separator, microscope, mill (various), pH meter, photoelectric flame photometer, reflectance\/gloss meter, roll crusher, sieve shaker, spectrophotometer, titrator, thermogravimetric analyzer, viscometer\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical research industry? \nWhile many geology laboratories are indoors, outdoor labs\u2014i.e., field studies\u2014are an important part of the industry. Those that are indoors tend to stand out: take for instance the approximately 20 luminescence geological dating laboratories in the U.S., responsible for dating geological substances.[6] Also note there is often industry crossover with the petrochemical industry, which depends on sound geological science for much of its operations.\n\n5.1.3 Informatics in the geology and mining industry \nThe most obvious place where informatics intersects geology and mining operations can be seen in the geographic information system (GIS), a data management tool for capturing, storing, analyzing, and visualizing spatial or geographic data. While used in other industries such as power and utility, agriculture, and logistics, the GIS serves as a valuable tool for mineral exploration, production scheduling, and mine remediation. Informatics methods are being applied to mines in other ways as well, including using remote-operated drone data to map and characterize voids in underground mines.[7] Companies like Thermo Fisher offer laboratory information management systems (LIMS) to the industry, allowing their associated laboratories to more efficiently analyze mineral, water, and other samples in an automated or on-demand fashion.[8] And international conferences such as the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM bring together researchers and practitioners to discuss many aspects of the industry, including applications of informatics such as data modeling, remote sensing, database development, and geo-visualization of temporal data.[9]\n\n5.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nGeoinformatics\nGeology and mining LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nCronin, V.S.;, ed. (2020). Laboratory Manual in Physical Geology. Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 480. ISBN 9780135836972. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=n7i2ywEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Testing Facilities Available at Mines & Geology Department Laboratory\". Department of Mines & Geology. Government of Rajasthan. http:\/\/www.dmg-raj.org\/docs\/Vol%2024(4).doc . Retrieved 03 June 2017 .   \n[dead link ] \n\n\u2191 \"Minerals and Metals - Overview\". AGAT Laboratories Ltd. https:\/\/agatlabs.com\/minerals\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Labs and Equipment\". Michigan Tech. https:\/\/www.mtu.edu\/geo\/labs\/equipment\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Can we mitigate environmental impacts from mining?\". American Geosciences Institute. https:\/\/www.americangeosciences.org\/critical-issues\/faq\/can-we-mitigate-environmental-impacts-mining . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Early Warning\". Earthquake Hazards Program. U.S. Geological Survey. https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/programs\/earthquake-hazards\/science\/early-warning . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"For Prospective Users: Other U.S. Laboratories for Luminescence Dating\". Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center. U.S. Geological Survey. 26 March 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170123152325\/https:\/\/gec.cr.usgs.gov\/projects\/lumlab\/other_labs.shtml . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 OVE011 (12 July 2016). \"Mine Informatics\". Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group at CSIRO. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. https:\/\/research.csiro.au\/robotics\/mine-informatics\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Mining and Metals LIMS\". Thermo Fisher Scientific. https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/digital-solutions\/lab-informatics\/lims-metal-mining-industry.html . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing\". 22nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2022. SGEM World Science. https:\/\/www.sgem.org\/index.php\/conference-topics\/informatics-geoinformatics-and-remote-sensing . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:24.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 2 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","ae9810db33c91f00a5c77b13963715d6_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Geology_and_mining rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_3_Geology_and_mining skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Geology and mining<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5._Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\">5. Labs by industry: Part 3<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We continue to look at 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline function through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. Finally, we discuss the role of informatics in each industry lab type.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.1_Geology_and_mining\">5.1 Geology and mining<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Mining_near_the_city_of_Tomsk_in_Russia.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"7cab5e3be54acf6b73df700caa6e62c5\"><img alt=\"Mining near the city of Tomsk in Russia.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/Mining_near_the_city_of_Tomsk_in_Russia.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>Geology and mining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratories<\/a> are responsible for analyzing rocks, minerals, and metals; monitoring and reporting on the status of mining operation effects on the environment; and teaching and promoting research of geological and mining science and engineering concepts. These labs are involved at most stages of geological and mining operations, from exploration and production to remediation. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RajasthanTesting_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RajasthanTesting-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AGATMetals_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AGATMetals-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MichTechGeo_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MichTechGeo-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>chemical analysis<\/li>\n<li>physical testing<\/li>\n<li>earth magnetism measurement<\/li>\n<li>petrological imaging<\/li>\n<li>soil suitability and fertility<\/li>\n<li>environmental analysis and remediation<\/li>\n<li>drill core analysis<\/li>\n<li>purity testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do geology and mining laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Tracking down how these labs intersect our lives is, comparatively, a bit more difficult than the industries we've looked at previously. From an environmental standpoint, when regulated, contamination testing is important to the ecosystems in and around a mining site. The oxidation of sulfide minerals and the corresponding acidification of the environment is well known in the mining community, requiring tested and standardized methods to limit the effects.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AGICanWe_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AGICanWe-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Secondarily, research coming out of geology and mining labs is helping to make current and future mining activities safer for humans and guiding the implementation of early-warning systems for earthquakes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USGSEarthquake_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USGSEarthquake-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Without these laboratories in place, there's a higher likelihood humans and animals alike would face a higher risk of poisoning or death.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.1.1_Client_types\">5.1.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - These labs focus on providing third-party analysis and consultation services to industry and government, including explorations services, environmental chemistry, and purity testing.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agatlabs.com\/minerals\/\" target=\"_blank\">AGAT Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huffmanlabs.com\/?page_id=154\" target=\"_blank\">Huffman Hazen Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intertek.com\/minerals\/mine-site-laboratories\/\" target=\"_blank\">Intertek Group PLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Many governments around the world have geology and mining departments, divisions, etc. responsible for contamination testing, water quality monitoring, and applied research. They also occasionally offer their services to outside parties and agencies.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dmg.kerala.gov.in\/?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=72\" target=\"_blank\">Government of Kerala, Department of Mining and Geology Chemical Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ggmc.gov.gy\/services\/all\/chemical-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Guyana Geology and Mines Chemical Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jis.gov.jm\/government\/agencies\/mines-and-geology-division\/\" target=\"_blank\">Jamaica's Mines and Geology Division<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Like other industries, academic labs in geology and mining programs contribute diverse research programs to society while teaching the next generation of geologists, engineers, and miners.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/geology.mines.edu\/Laboratories\/\" target=\"_blank\">Colorado School of Mines' Geology and Geological Engineering Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mtu.edu\/geo\/labs\/equipment\/\" target=\"_blank\">Michigan Tech's Geological Engineering Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.und.edu\/academics\/geology-and-geological\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of North Dakota's Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.1.2_Functions\">5.1.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> alloys, base and minor metals, minerals, precious metals, sediment, soil, water\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> chemistry, environmental science, geology, geotechnical engineering, metallurgy, mineralogy, mining engineering, petrology, seismology\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Age determination, Angle of repose, Atterberg limits, Bioaccumulation, Carbon-hydrogen ratio, Characterization, Compression, Compaction, Consolidation, Density, Durability, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Grain and particle size, Grindability, Hydraulic conductivity, Identification, Inclusion, Isotope analysis, Macroetch, Metallurgical analysis, Mobility, Moisture, Nuclear density, Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Passivation, Permeability, pH, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Refractive index, Seismic, Shear, Stability, Stress corrosion cracking, Ultraviolet\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>autoclave, balance, calorimeter, chromatographic, compressive strength tester, furnace, jaw crusher, magnetic separator, microscope, mill (various), pH meter, photoelectric flame photometer, reflectance\/gloss meter, roll crusher, sieve shaker, spectrophotometer, titrator, thermogravimetric analyzer, viscometer\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical research industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>While many geology laboratories are indoors, outdoor labs\u2014i.e., field studies\u2014are an important part of the industry. Those that are indoors tend to stand out: take for instance the approximately 20 luminescence geological dating laboratories in the U.S., responsible for dating geological substances.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USGSOtherUSLabs_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USGSOtherUSLabs-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Also note there is often industry crossover with the petrochemical industry, which depends on sound geological science for much of its operations.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.1.3_Informatics_in_the_geology_and_mining_industry\">5.1.3 Informatics in the geology and mining industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The most obvious place where informatics intersects geology and mining operations can be seen in the geographic information system (GIS), a data management tool for capturing, storing, analyzing, and visualizing spatial or geographic data. While used in other industries such as power and utility, agriculture, and logistics, the GIS serves as a valuable tool for mineral exploration, production scheduling, and mine remediation. Informatics methods are being applied to mines in other ways as well, including using remote-operated drone data to map and characterize voids in underground mines.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OVE011Mine16_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OVE011Mine16-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Companies like Thermo Fisher offer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_information_management_system\" title=\"Laboratory information management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8ff56a51d34c9b1806fcebdcde634d00\">laboratory information management systems<\/a> (LIMS) to the industry, allowing their associated laboratories to more efficiently analyze mineral, water, and other samples in an automated or on-demand fashion.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ThermoLIMSMining_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ThermoLIMSMining-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> And international conferences such as the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM bring together researchers and practitioners to discuss many aspects of the industry, including applications of informatics such as data modeling, remote sensing, database development, and geo-visualization of temporal data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SGEMInformatics17_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SGEMInformatics17-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.1.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">5.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Geoinformatics\" title=\"Geoinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2dc37de467d4af308f4b02d8e2ba12d1\">Geoinformatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Geology_and_mining_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Geology and mining LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f2ab77117eeb69e2fc5c5928892e6a1f\">Geology and mining LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Cronin, V.S.;, ed. (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=n7i2ywEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Laboratory Manual in Physical Geology<\/i><\/a>. Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 480. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780135836972<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=n7i2ywEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=n7i2ywEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Manual+in+Physical+Geology&rft.date=2020&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B480&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Inc&rft.isbn=9780135836972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn7i2ywEACAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-RajasthanTesting-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RajasthanTesting_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dmg-raj.org\/docs\/Vol%2024(4).doc\" target=\"_blank\">\"Testing Facilities Available at Mines & Geology Department Laboratory\"<\/a>. <i>Department of Mines & Geology<\/i>. Government of Rajasthan<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dmg-raj.org\/docs\/Vol%2024(4).doc\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.dmg-raj.org\/docs\/Vol%2024(4).doc<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 June 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Testing+Facilities+Available+at+Mines+%26+Geology+Department+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Department+of+Mines+%26+Geology&rft.pub=Government+of+Rajasthan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmg-raj.org%2Fdocs%2FVol%252024%284%29.doc&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\"><span style=\"white-space: nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Link_rot\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikipedia:Wikipedia:Link rot\" data-key=\"8e73a2ff6f82d88817bdd8ee8b302ab7\"><span title=\"\">dead link<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/span><\/sup><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AGATMetals-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AGATMetals_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agatlabs.com\/minerals\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Minerals and Metals - Overview\"<\/a>. AGAT Laboratories Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/agatlabs.com\/minerals\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/agatlabs.com\/minerals\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Minerals+and+Metals+-+Overview&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=AGAT+Laboratories+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagatlabs.com%2Fminerals%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MichTechGeo-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MichTechGeo_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mtu.edu\/geo\/labs\/equipment\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Labs and Equipment\"<\/a>. Michigan Tech<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mtu.edu\/geo\/labs\/equipment\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mtu.edu\/geo\/labs\/equipment\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Labs+and+Equipment&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Michigan+Tech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtu.edu%2Fgeo%2Flabs%2Fequipment%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AGICanWe-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AGICanWe_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americangeosciences.org\/critical-issues\/faq\/can-we-mitigate-environmental-impacts-mining\" target=\"_blank\">\"Can we mitigate environmental impacts from mining?\"<\/a>. American Geosciences Institute<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americangeosciences.org\/critical-issues\/faq\/can-we-mitigate-environmental-impacts-mining\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.americangeosciences.org\/critical-issues\/faq\/can-we-mitigate-environmental-impacts-mining<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Can+we+mitigate+environmental+impacts+from+mining%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=American+Geosciences+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americangeosciences.org%2Fcritical-issues%2Ffaq%2Fcan-we-mitigate-environmental-impacts-mining&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USGSEarthquake-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-USGSEarthquake_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/programs\/earthquake-hazards\/science\/early-warning\" target=\"_blank\">\"Early Warning\"<\/a>. <i>Earthquake Hazards Program<\/i>. U.S. Geological Survey<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/programs\/earthquake-hazards\/science\/early-warning\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/programs\/earthquake-hazards\/science\/early-warning<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Early+Warning&rft.atitle=Earthquake+Hazards+Program&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fprograms%2Fearthquake-hazards%2Fscience%2Fearly-warning&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USGSOtherUSLabs-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-USGSOtherUSLabs_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170123152325\/https:\/\/gec.cr.usgs.gov\/projects\/lumlab\/other_labs.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">\"For Prospective Users: Other U.S. Laboratories for Luminescence Dating\"<\/a>. <i>Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center<\/i>. U.S. Geological Survey. 26 March 2015. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gec.cr.usgs.gov\/projects\/lumlab\/other_labs.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 23 January 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170123152325\/https:\/\/gec.cr.usgs.gov\/projects\/lumlab\/other_labs.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170123152325\/https:\/\/gec.cr.usgs.gov\/projects\/lumlab\/other_labs.shtml<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=For+Prospective+Users%3A+Other+U.S.+Laboratories+for+Luminescence+Dating&rft.atitle=Geosciences+and+Environmental+Change+Science+Center&rft.date=26+March+2015&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170123152325%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgec.cr.usgs.gov%2Fprojects%2Flumlab%2Fother_labs.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OVE011Mine16-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OVE011Mine16_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">OVE011 (12 July 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/research.csiro.au\/robotics\/mine-informatics\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mine Informatics\"<\/a>. <i>Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group at CSIRO<\/i>. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/research.csiro.au\/robotics\/mine-informatics\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/research.csiro.au\/robotics\/mine-informatics\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mine+Informatics&rft.atitle=Robotics+and+Autonomous+Systems+Group+at+CSIRO&rft.aulast=OVE011&rft.au=OVE011&rft.date=12+July+2016&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Scientific+and+Industrial+Research+Organisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.csiro.au%2Frobotics%2Fmine-informatics%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ThermoLIMSMining-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ThermoLIMSMining_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/digital-solutions\/lab-informatics\/lims-metal-mining-industry.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mining and Metals LIMS\"<\/a>. Thermo Fisher Scientific<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/digital-solutions\/lab-informatics\/lims-metal-mining-industry.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/digital-solutions\/lab-informatics\/lims-metal-mining-industry.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mining+and+Metals+LIMS&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Thermo+Fisher+Scientific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fdigital-solutions%2Flab-informatics%2Flims-metal-mining-industry.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SGEMInformatics17-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SGEMInformatics17_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sgem.org\/index.php\/conference-topics\/informatics-geoinformatics-and-remote-sensing\" target=\"_blank\">\"Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing\"<\/a>. <i>22nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2022<\/i>. SGEM World Science<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sgem.org\/index.php\/conference-topics\/informatics-geoinformatics-and-remote-sensing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sgem.org\/index.php\/conference-topics\/informatics-geoinformatics-and-remote-sensing<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Informatics%2C+Geoinformatics+and+Remote+Sensing&rft.atitle=22nd+International+Multidisciplinary+Scientific+GeoConference+SGEM+2022&rft.pub=SGEM+World+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgem.org%2Findex.php%2Fconference-topics%2Finformatics-geoinformatics-and-remote-sensing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232437\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.155 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.830 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 6311\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 51953\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 16300\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 13250\/5000000 bytes\nLua time usage: 0.030\/7 seconds\nLua virtual size: 5459968\/52428800 bytes\nLua estimated memory usage: 0 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 198.174 1 -total\n 76.54% 151.689 1 Template:Reflist\n 46.10% 91.367 1 Template:Dead_link\n 44.95% 89.073 1 Template:Fix\n 40.23% 79.726 1 Template:Category_handler\n 29.87% 59.195 10 Template:Citation\/core\n 23.42% 46.418 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\n 22.56% 44.710 9 Template:Cite_web\n 12.12% 24.014 1 Template:Cite_book\n 3.80% 7.536 1 Template:Citation\/identifier\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13440-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232437 and revision id 48529. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","ae9810db33c91f00a5c77b13963715d6_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/Mining_near_the_city_of_Tomsk_in_Russia.jpg"],"ae9810db33c91f00a5c77b13963715d6_timestamp":1657236873,"c2742ba810b5560fa5752db2651a76d7_type":"article","c2742ba810b5560fa5752db2651a76d7_title":"4.5 Food and beverage","c2742ba810b5560fa5752db2651a76d7_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage","c2742ba810b5560fa5752db2651a76d7_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/Food and beverageFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 4.5 Food and beverage \n\n1.1 4.5.1 Client types \n1.2 4.5.2 Functions \n1.3 4.5.3 Informatics in the food and beverage industry \n1.4 4.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n4.5 Food and beverage \n\n\nFood and beverage laboratories are responsible for developing, protecting, and supporting the food, beverages, and nutritional supplements humans and animals consume. From creating new flavor enhancers for food to ensuring the quality and safe consumption of a wine, these labs play a vital role in most parts of the world where processed food and agricultural products are produced. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)[1]:\n\nreverse engineering\nclaims testing\ncontaminate testing\nbatch variation testing\nextractable and leachable testing\nallergen testing\nshelf life testing\nnon-routine quality testing\npackaging testing\nBut how do food and beverage laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nHave you ever enjoyed a candy bar, soda, or snack cake? A laboratory and food scientists were behind its production. Don't care much for processed foods? A laboratory is still involved in the quality and safety testing of raw fruits and vegetables, milk, and nuts. And when food supplies become contaminated, government testing labs are often in the thick of determining the source of the contamination as quickly as possible before more people become ill. Whether it's the unique flavor profile of a potato chip you love or the fact you can reliably acquire safe foods, remember that a laboratory is often behind it.\n\n4.5.1 Client types \nPrivate - Whether manufacturers seek help with a formulation problem or a government subcontracting contamination analysis, private food and beverage labs are there. These labs may appear within a major food corporation or act as third-party contact labs for work as needed.\nExamples include:\n\nBVAQ Pty. Ltd.\nEAG Laboratories\nElement Materials Technology\nGovernment - The government-affiliated labs of the food and beverage industry typically act as protectors of the local, regional, or national food supply. Some may be responsible for developing and enforcing regulations as well.\nExamples include:\n\nMissouri State Public Health Laboratory, Chemistry Unit\nPennsylvania Department of Agriculture Food Safety Laboratory\nSingapore Food Agency laboratories\nAcademic - Academic food and beverage labs are usually teaching labs, often associated with a university's agriculture department.\nExamples include:\n\nColorado State University Fermentation Science and Technology Laboratory\nUniversity of Maryland, Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's International Food Safety Training Lab\nVirginiaTech's Food Analysis, Meat Chemistry, and Enology Laboratories\n4.5.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? candy, dairy, fruits, grains, meats, nuts, oils, proteins, soft drinks, starches, sugars, vegetables, vitamins\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? biochemistry, chemical engineering, chemistry, fermentation science, microbiology, molecular gastronomy, nutrition and food science\nWhat are some examples of test types, terminology, and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Active ingredient, Alcohol level, Allergy, Altitude, Amino acid analysis, Ash, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biodegradation, Biomolecular, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Comparison, Compliance\/Conformance, Contamination, Density, Detection, Efficacy, Expiration dating, Extractables and leachables, Flavor, Fluid dynamics, Fluorescence, Fragrance, Genotoxicity, GMO detection, HACCP, Hazard analysis, Identification, Ingredient, Iodine value, Isotope analysis, Labeling, Moisture, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Mutagenicity, Nutritional, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, PDCAAS, Permeability, Peroxide value, pH, Plant metabolism, Polarimetry, Preservative challenge, Proficiency, Purity, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Refractive index, Safety, Sanitation, Saponification value, Sensory, Shelf life, Smoke point, Sulfide, Thermal, Total viable count, Turbidity, Viscosity, Water activity\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nalcohol analyzer, balance, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chiller, chromatograph, colorimeter, ELISA equipment, evaporator, fat analyzer, freezer, fume hood, gravimetric diluter, hot\/forced air oven, incubator, Kjeldahl digestion apparatus, laminar airflow workstation, media sterilizer, microscope, moisture analyzer, muffle furnace, Petri dish, photometric analyzer, protein analyzer, refractometer, spectrometer, titrator\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the food and beverage industry? \nAs previously mentioned in the agriculture section, the food and beverage industry has strong ties to the agriculture industry, though broadly speaking the food and beverage industry is typically dealing with the end products of agriculture. \nWhile most industries see global standards coalesce around their industry, this holds especially true for food and beverage laboratories. Given the vital nature of a clean and safe food supply, regulation and global standardization remains a strong goal for the industry.[2] These regulations evolve over time as well, as can be seen with the evolution of the U.S.' Laboratory Accreditation for Analyses of Foods (LAAF) rule, which designates some food testing be specifically performed by specially accredited laboratories.[3]\n\n4.5.3 Informatics in the food and beverage industry \nWhen asked why a LIMS is important to the food and beverage industry in 2014, Core Informatics co-founder Anthony Uzzo noted the following[4]:\n\nThe food and beverage industry faces increasing regulatory scrutiny, pressures to control costs, and the challenge of maintaining quality throughout a global supply chain. A LIMS solution needs to be a solution to aid companies in the delivery and discovery of products, while complying with industry and government regulations.\nThe LIMS need to identify hazards, determine and monitor critical control points, and establish corrective actions and verification procedures to ensure that standards are met and the system is functioning properly.\nThat statement largely sums up why the food and beverage industry is using informatics products in their workflow, even more so in 2022. From QC to regulatory compliance, informatics systems allow industry labs to handle huge amounts of data to not only meet those goals but also make new insights and optimize workflows. Some businesses are also integrating laboratory informatics applications with other software systems such as shipping systems, hazard analysis tools, and quality management systems in order to further integrate data silos and improve product quality and service.[5]\n\n4.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nFood and beverage LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nBhat, R.; Gomez-Lopez, V.M., ed. (2014). Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 632. ISBN 9781118474594. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=14VPAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \nda Silva, N.; Taniwaki, M.H.; Junqueria, V.C. et al. (2019). Microbiological Examination Methods of Food and Water: A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 564. ISBN 9781315165011. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=duFMBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Nielsen, S. (2015). Food Analysis Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 177. ISBN 9781441914620.   \n \n\n\u2191 Nita, I. (18 January 2017). \"Global Standards Impacting Food and Beverage Processors\". Food Safety Magazine. https:\/\/www.food-safety.com\/articles\/5147-global-standards-impacting-food-and-beverage-processors . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Douglas, S. (21 February 2022). \"FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Final Rule on Laboratory Accreditation for Analyses of Foods: Considerations for Labs and Informatics Vendors\". LIMSwiki.org. https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LII:FDA_Food_Safety_Modernization_Act_Final_Rule_on_Laboratory_Accreditation_for_Analyses_of_Foods:_Considerations_for_Labs_and_Informatics_Vendors . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Viswanathan, S. (13 May 2014). \"The Value of Effective LIMS\". Food Safety Tech. Other Innovative Publishing Co. LLC. https:\/\/foodsafetytech.com\/feature_article\/the-value-of-effective-lims\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Labs, W. (19 February 2016). \"Making LIMS relevant to food processing today\". Food Engineering. BNP Media. https:\/\/www.foodengineeringmag.com\/articles\/95208-making-lims-relevant-to-food-processing-today . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:24.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 3 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","c2742ba810b5560fa5752db2651a76d7_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Food_and_beverage rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Food_and_beverage skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/Food and beverage<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.5_Food_and_beverage\">4.5 Food and beverage<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Laborat%C3%B3rio_de_Tecnologia_de_Alimentos.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"33b36991aeae5c6b08f63fb8a56c3069\"><img alt=\"Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia de Alimentos.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/62\/Laborat%C3%B3rio_de_Tecnologia_de_Alimentos.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>Food and beverage laboratories are responsible for developing, protecting, and supporting the food, beverages, and nutritional supplements humans and animals consume. From creating new flavor enhancers for food to ensuring the quality and safe consumption of a wine, these labs play a vital role in most parts of the world where processed food and agricultural products are produced. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NielsenFood15_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NielsenFood15-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>reverse engineering<\/li>\n<li>claims testing<\/li>\n<li>contaminate testing<\/li>\n<li>batch variation testing<\/li>\n<li>extractable and leachable testing<\/li>\n<li>allergen testing<\/li>\n<li>shelf life testing<\/li>\n<li>non-routine quality testing<\/li>\n<li>packaging testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do food and beverage laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Have you ever enjoyed a candy bar, soda, or snack cake? A laboratory and food scientists were behind its production. Don't care much for processed foods? A laboratory is still involved in the quality and safety testing of raw fruits and vegetables, milk, and nuts. And when food supplies become contaminated, government testing labs are often in the thick of determining the source of the contamination as quickly as possible before more people become ill. Whether it's the unique flavor profile of a potato chip you love or the fact you can reliably acquire safe foods, remember that a laboratory is often behind it.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.5.1_Client_types\">4.5.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Whether manufacturers seek help with a formulation problem or a government subcontracting contamination analysis, private food and beverage labs are there. These labs may appear within a major food corporation or act as third-party contact labs for work as needed.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bvaq.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">BVAQ Pty. Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eag.com\/industry\/food\/\" target=\"_blank\">EAG Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.element.com\/life-sciences\" target=\"_blank\">Element Materials Technology<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - The government-affiliated labs of the food and beverage industry typically act as protectors of the local, regional, or national food supply. Some may be responsible for developing and enforcing regulations as well.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/health.mo.gov\/lab\/foodbeverageanalysis.php\" target=\"_blank\">Missouri State Public Health Laboratory, Chemistry Unit<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agriculture.pa.gov\/consumer_protection\/FoodSafety\/Laboratory\/pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Food Safety Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/food-information\/food-testing-services\/overview\" target=\"_blank\">Singapore Food Agency laboratories<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Academic food and beverage labs are usually teaching labs, often associated with a university's agriculture department.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chhs.colostate.edu\/fshn\/research-and-scholarship\/fermentation-science-and-technology-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">Colorado State University Fermentation Science and Technology Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jifsan.umd.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Maryland, Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's International Food Safety Training Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fst.vt.edu\/aboutus\/facilities.html\" target=\"_blank\">VirginiaTech's Food Analysis, Meat Chemistry, and Enology Laboratories<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.5.2_Functions\">4.5.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> candy, dairy, fruits, grains, meats, nuts, oils, proteins, soft drinks, starches, sugars, vegetables, vitamins\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> biochemistry, chemical engineering, chemistry, fermentation science, microbiology, molecular gastronomy, nutrition and food science\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types, terminology, and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Active ingredient, Alcohol level, Allergy, Altitude, Amino acid analysis, Ash, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biodegradation, Biomolecular, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Comparison, Compliance\/Conformance, Contamination, Density, Detection, Efficacy, Expiration dating, Extractables and leachables, Flavor, Fluid dynamics, Fluorescence, Fragrance, Genotoxicity, GMO detection, HACCP, Hazard analysis, Identification, Ingredient, Iodine value, Isotope analysis, Labeling, Moisture, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Mutagenicity, Nutritional, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, PDCAAS, Permeability, Peroxide value, pH, Plant metabolism, Polarimetry, Preservative challenge, Proficiency, Purity, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Refractive index, Safety, Sanitation, Saponification value, Sensory, Shelf life, Smoke point, Sulfide, Thermal, Total viable count, Turbidity, Viscosity, Water activity\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>alcohol analyzer, balance, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chiller, chromatograph, colorimeter, ELISA equipment, evaporator, fat analyzer, freezer, fume hood, gravimetric diluter, hot\/forced air oven, incubator, Kjeldahl digestion apparatus, laminar airflow workstation, media sterilizer, microscope, moisture analyzer, muffle furnace, Petri dish, photometric analyzer, protein analyzer, refractometer, spectrometer, titrator\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the food and beverage industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>As previously mentioned in the agriculture section, the food and beverage industry has strong ties to the agriculture industry, though broadly speaking the food and beverage industry is typically dealing with the end products of agriculture. \n<\/p><p>While most industries see global standards coalesce around their industry, this holds especially true for food and beverage laboratories. Given the vital nature of a clean and safe food supply, regulation and global standardization remains a strong goal for the industry.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NitaGlobal17_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NitaGlobal17-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> These regulations evolve over time as well, as can be seen with the evolution of the U.S.' Laboratory Accreditation for Analyses of Foods (LAAF) rule, which designates some food testing be specifically performed by specially accredited laboratories.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DouglasFDA22_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DouglasFDA22-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.5.3_Informatics_in_the_food_and_beverage_industry\">4.5.3 Informatics in the food and beverage industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>When asked why a LIMS is important to the food and beverage industry in 2014, Core Informatics co-founder Anthony Uzzo noted the following<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ViswanathanTheValue14_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ViswanathanTheValue14-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The food and beverage industry faces increasing regulatory scrutiny, pressures to control costs, and the challenge of maintaining quality throughout a global supply chain. A LIMS solution needs to be a solution to aid companies in the delivery and discovery of products, while complying with industry and government regulations.\nThe LIMS need to identify hazards, determine and monitor critical control points, and establish corrective actions and verification procedures to ensure that standards are met and the system is functioning properly.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>That statement largely sums up why the food and beverage industry is using informatics products in their workflow, even more so in 2022. From QC to regulatory compliance, informatics systems allow industry labs to handle huge amounts of data to not only meet those goals but also make new insights and optimize workflows. Some businesses are also integrating <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_informatics\" title=\"Laboratory informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"00edfa43edcde538a695f6d429280301\">laboratory informatics<\/a> applications with other software systems such as shipping systems, hazard analysis tools, and quality management systems in order to further integrate data silos and improve product quality and service.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LabsMaking_16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LabsMaking_16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.5.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">4.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Food_and_beverage_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Food and beverage LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c1a32479e81674963794aec0be3d4090\">Food and beverage LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Bhat, R.; Gomez-Lopez, V.M., ed. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=14VPAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions<\/i><\/a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 632. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781118474594<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=14VPAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=14VPAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Food+Safety%3A+Contemporary+Issues+and+Future+Directions&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B632&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9781118474594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D14VPAwAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">da Silva, N.; Taniwaki, M.H.; Junqueria, V.C. et al. (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=duFMBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Microbiological Examination Methods of Food and Water: A Laboratory Manual<\/i><\/a> (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 564. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781315165011<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=duFMBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=duFMBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiological+Examination+Methods+of+Food+and+Water%3A+A+Laboratory+Manual&rft.aulast=da+Silva%2C+N.%3B+Taniwaki%2C+M.H.%3B+Junqueria%2C+V.C.+et+al.&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+N.%3B+Taniwaki%2C+M.H.%3B+Junqueria%2C+V.C.+et+al.&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B564&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781315165011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DduFMBgAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-NielsenFood15-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NielsenFood15_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Nielsen, S. (2015). <i>Food Analysis Laboratory Manual<\/i> (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 177. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781441914620.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Analysis+Laboratory+Manual&rft.aulast=Nielsen%2C+S.&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+S.&rft.date=2015&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B177&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=9781441914620&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NitaGlobal17-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NitaGlobal17_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Nita, I. (18 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.food-safety.com\/articles\/5147-global-standards-impacting-food-and-beverage-processors\" target=\"_blank\">\"Global Standards Impacting Food and Beverage Processors\"<\/a>. <i>Food Safety Magazine<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.food-safety.com\/articles\/5147-global-standards-impacting-food-and-beverage-processors\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.food-safety.com\/articles\/5147-global-standards-impacting-food-and-beverage-processors<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Global+Standards+Impacting+Food+and+Beverage+Processors&rft.atitle=Food+Safety+Magazine&rft.aulast=Nita%2C+I.&rft.au=Nita%2C+I.&rft.date=18+January+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.food-safety.com%2Farticles%2F5147-global-standards-impacting-food-and-beverage-processors&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DouglasFDA22-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DouglasFDA22_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Douglas, S. (21 February 2022). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LII:FDA_Food_Safety_Modernization_Act_Final_Rule_on_Laboratory_Accreditation_for_Analyses_of_Foods:_Considerations_for_Labs_and_Informatics_Vendors\" data-key=\"db3a91773a3d971ad1c5d4df3a7cfd32\">\"FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Final Rule on Laboratory Accreditation for Analyses of Foods: Considerations for Labs and Informatics Vendors\"<\/a>. <i>LIMSwiki.org<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free wiki-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LII:FDA_Food_Safety_Modernization_Act_Final_Rule_on_Laboratory_Accreditation_for_Analyses_of_Foods:_Considerations_for_Labs_and_Informatics_Vendors\" data-key=\"db3a91773a3d971ad1c5d4df3a7cfd32\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LII:FDA_Food_Safety_Modernization_Act_Final_Rule_on_Laboratory_Accreditation_for_Analyses_of_Foods:_Considerations_for_Labs_and_Informatics_Vendors<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA+Food+Safety+Modernization+Act+Final+Rule+on+Laboratory+Accreditation+for+Analyses+of+Foods%3A+Considerations+for+Labs+and+Informatics+Vendors&rft.atitle=LIMSwiki.org&rft.aulast=Douglas%2C+S.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+S.&rft.date=21+February+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.limswiki.org%2Findex.php%2FLII%3AFDA_Food_Safety_Modernization_Act_Final_Rule_on_Laboratory_Accreditation_for_Analyses_of_Foods%3A_Considerations_for_Labs_and_Informatics_Vendors&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ViswanathanTheValue14-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ViswanathanTheValue14_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Viswanathan, S. (13 May 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/foodsafetytech.com\/feature_article\/the-value-of-effective-lims\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Value of Effective LIMS\"<\/a>. <i>Food Safety Tech<\/i>. Other Innovative Publishing Co. LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/foodsafetytech.com\/feature_article\/the-value-of-effective-lims\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/foodsafetytech.com\/feature_article\/the-value-of-effective-lims\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Value+of+Effective+LIMS&rft.atitle=Food+Safety+Tech&rft.aulast=Viswanathan%2C+S.&rft.au=Viswanathan%2C+S.&rft.date=13+May+2014&rft.pub=Other+Innovative+Publishing+Co.+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodsafetytech.com%2Ffeature_article%2Fthe-value-of-effective-lims%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LabsMaking_16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LabsMaking_16_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Labs, W. (19 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.foodengineeringmag.com\/articles\/95208-making-lims-relevant-to-food-processing-today\" target=\"_blank\">\"Making LIMS relevant to food processing today\"<\/a>. <i>Food Engineering<\/i>. BNP Media<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.foodengineeringmag.com\/articles\/95208-making-lims-relevant-to-food-processing-today\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.foodengineeringmag.com\/articles\/95208-making-lims-relevant-to-food-processing-today<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Making+LIMS+relevant+to+food+processing+today&rft.atitle=Food+Engineering&rft.aulast=Labs%2C+W.&rft.au=Labs%2C+W.&rft.date=19+February+2016&rft.pub=BNP+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodengineeringmag.com%2Farticles%2F95208-making-lims-relevant-to-food-processing-today&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232417\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.113 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.703 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 5006\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 47832\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 14300\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 8293\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 100.843 1 -total\n 60.90% 61.409 7 Template:Citation\/core\n 52.38% 52.819 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\n 47.56% 47.956 1 Template:Reflist\n 41.00% 41.346 3 Template:Cite_book\n 29.18% 29.425 4 Template:Cite_web\n 16.52% 16.663 3 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 10.82% 10.916 3 Template:Only_in_print\n 8.89% 8.962 4 Template:Date\n 4.10% 4.138 11 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13439-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232417 and revision id 48528. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","c2742ba810b5560fa5752db2651a76d7_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/62\/Laborat%C3%B3rio_de_Tecnologia_de_Alimentos.jpg"],"c2742ba810b5560fa5752db2651a76d7_timestamp":1657236873,"519097a2364fab56b010a5495bab1f5c_type":"article","519097a2364fab56b010a5495bab1f5c_title":"4.4 Environmental","519097a2364fab56b010a5495bab1f5c_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental","519097a2364fab56b010a5495bab1f5c_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/EnvironmentalFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 4.4 Environmental \n\n1.1 4.4.1 Client types \n1.2 4.4.2 Functions \n1.3 4.4.3 Informatics in the environmental industry \n1.4 4.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n4.4 Environmental \n\n\nEnvironmental laboratories are responsible for the analysis and research of a wide variety of materials and environments, with the purpose of promoting human, animal, and ecosystem health. These labs also act as compliance enforcement entities for regulators. They provide services to a wide variety of other industries, including energy and utility companies, engineering firms, pharmaceutical companies, governments, and other industry forces. Environmental labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n\nexposure testing[1]\nfield testing[1]\nradiological testing[2][3]\nheavy metals testing[1]\nair quality monitoring[1]\nenvironmental assessments[1]\nenvironmental engineering[4]\nBut how do environmental laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nThe easiest way environmental labs tie into the average person's life is through the potable water supply. (Though the power and utility industry, discussed later, largely deals with potable and waste water quality testing internally or through a third-part environmental lab, analyzing water quality still firmly falls into the realm of the environmental industry as well.) Without these labs, more people would become ill or even die due to improperly or non-treated drinking water supplies. We need not look further than the Flint, Michigan water crisis, where improper funding and procedures for testing and treatment of contaminated water led to the heavy metal lead leaching into the drinking water.[5] It may be easy to take clean drinking water for granted, but remember that a lab is ideally and most likely in place to ensure it's safe for consumption in the first place.\n\n4.4.1 Client types \nPrivate - Private environmental labs cater to industry and the government, providing third-party testing services, often under contract.\nExamples include:\n\nAmerican Environmental Laboratories\nCaduceon Environmental Laboratories\nPace Analytical Services\nGovernment - Government-affiliated labs not only provide analytical services for states and municipalities; they also may conduct academic and field research to better guide local, state, and federal environmental policy.\nExamples include:\n\nMinnesota Department of Health's Environmental Laboratory\nSaint Louis County Environmental Health Laboratories\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency's program office laboratories\nAcademic - The environmental labs affiliated with higher education are usually researched-based, though they may occasionally provide third-party analyses. These labs are often directly affiliated with a local or even international watershed or ecosystem, providing valuable field training to students while monitoring changes to the location over time and issuing public reports.\nExamples include:\n\nAristotle University of Thessaloniki's Environmental Engineering Laboratory\nSUNY Plattsburgh's Lake Champlain Research Institute\nWilliam & Mary's Keck Environmental Field Laboratory\n4.4.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? acoustics, air quality, allergens, biological specimens, contaminates, finished products, hazardous waste, insects, pesticides, plants, radioactive substances, raw materials, sediment, soil, solid waste, water quality\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, environmental science, microbiology, organic and inorganic chemistry, radiation chemistry\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Anion, Antimicrobial, Atterberg limits, Bioaccumulation, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biodegradation, Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, Colorimetric, Conductivity, Consolidation, Contamination, Decomposition, Degradation, Density, Ecotoxicology, Emissions, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Environmental monitoring, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Humidity, Hydraulic conductivity, Isotope analysis, Leak, Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Permeability, pH, Photostability, Plant metabolism, Pressure, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Refractive index, Seismic, Sensory, Soil microflora, Specific gravity, Temperature, Terrestrial toxicology, Turbidity, Wildlife toxicology\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nbalance, Bunsen burner, burette, colorimeter, centrifuge, chromatographic, crucible, desiccator, dropper, enzyme immunoassay, Erlenmeyer flask, extractor, Florence flask, flow meter, fume hood, funnel, graduated cylinder, hot plate, moisture analyzer, mortar and pestle, multi-well plate, organic carbon analyzer, oven, particle counter, pH meter, pipestem triangle, reagent dispenser, remote sensors, ring stand, rotary evaporator, sediment analyzer, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stirring rod, thermometer, viscometer \nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the environmental industry? \n\"The environmental laboratory industry will be undergoing continuous radical change in coming years as environmental markets continue to evolve,\" stated Bangert and Lynch in a 1996 study for the National Research Council. \"The model laboratory of the future, therefore, is likely to be far different from that of today,\" they added.[1] Fast forward 25 years, and we see their vision for the future of environmental testing labs came to fruition: today's environmental testing lab uses a LIMS to manage data in an automated, innovative lab that provides analytical services as well as research.[1][6] And they need to be agile as the concepts of \"climate change,\" \"biodiversity,\" and \"sustainable ecosystems\" continue to weave their way into the focus of environmental laboratories.[7][8] As such, these labs will play an ever-increasing role in helping scientists better understand how we are impacting our environment.\n\n4.4.3 Informatics in the environmental industry \nThe introduction of this section mentioned how the environmental lab serves many other industries. That becomes even more evident when we look at how informatics is being applied in those labs. Environmental researchers\/laboratorians are using informatics tools to:\n\nimprove the integration and analysis of environmental data silos (such as from emissions data from a power plant) and even make it available in a collaborative way for further regional or global analysis (as with the U.S. EPA)[9];\ndevelop and optimize mathematical algorithms for environmental modeling[10];\ngauge the influence of trace gases, aerosol, and clouds on the weather and climate[10];\ncollect and analyze remote sensing data from agricultural fields to better understand environmental impact on crops[11]; and\nmine data from databases and other sources to predict or catch at an early stage invasive species establishment in an environment.[12]\n4.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nEnvironmental informatics\nEnvironmental LIMS\nHydroinformatics\nFurther reading\n\nvanLoon, G.W.; Duffy, S.J. (2017). Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 545. ISBN 9780191089244. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=VUCcAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Bangert, C.E.; Lynch, R.A. (1996). \"Risk & Innovation: Small Companies in Six Industries: Background Papers Prepared for the NAE Risk and Innovation Study\". National Academies Press. pp. 83\u2013108. doi:10.17226\/9191. https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/read\/9191\/chapter\/6 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Environmental Laboratory\". Minnesota Department of Health. https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/communities\/environment\/envlab\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Saint Louis County Health Department, John C. Murphy Health Center\". Health, Education and Research Associates, Inc. https:\/\/herainc.com\/portfolio\/saint-louis-county-health-department\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Welcoming Letter: Message from the director Prof. Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis\". EnvE-Lab. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. https:\/\/www.enve-lab.eu\/index.php\/about\/welcoming-letter\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts\". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 14 January 2021. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/03\/04\/us\/flint-water-crisis-fast-facts\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 DePalma, A. (10 September 2013). \"Insights on Starting and Running an Environmental Lab\". Lab Manager. LabX Media Group. http:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/insights\/2013\/09\/insights-on-starting-and-running-an-environmental-lab . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Simmonds, J. (June 2009). \"The Importance of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis\". King County's SciFYI. King County. https:\/\/your.kingcounty.gov\/dnrp\/library\/water-and-land\/science\/newsletter\/2009\/june\/0906-3-monitoring-import.pdf . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Environmental Laboratory\". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Engineer Research & Development Center. https:\/\/www.erdc.usace.army.mil\/Media\/Fact-Sheets\/Fact-Sheet-Article-View\/Article\/476745\/environmental-laboratory\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Falke, S.; Fialkowski, E.; Li, Y.; Biswas, P. (8 December 2008). \"Coal Utility Informatics & Advanced Energy\" (PDF). Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100530091824\/http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 10.0 10.1 Kokhanovsky, A. (2014). \"Grand challenges in environmental informatics\". Frontiers in Environmental Science 1 (5). doi:10.3389\/fenvs.2013.00005.   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Remote Sensing in Agriculture\". Thakur International. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170826212030\/http:\/\/gis.net.np\/remote-sensing-in-agriculture\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Matthews, J.; Berningen, R.; Creemers, R. et al. (2017). \"A new approach to horizon-scanning: Identifying potentially invasive alien species and their introduction pathways\". Management of Biological Invasions 8 (1): 37\u201352. doi:10.3391\/mbi.2017.8.1.04.   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:23.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 4 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","519097a2364fab56b010a5495bab1f5c_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Environmental rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Environmental skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/Environmental<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.4_Environmental\">4.4 Environmental<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:K4641-1rootscientists.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"82e964374b8a7b89a7f9a96b88d2dbdf\"><img alt=\"K4641-1rootscientists.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/64\/K4641-1rootscientists.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>Environmental laboratories are responsible for the analysis and research of a wide variety of materials and environments, with the purpose of promoting human, animal, and ecosystem health. These labs also act as compliance enforcement entities for regulators. They provide services to a wide variety of other industries, including energy and utility companies, engineering firms, pharmaceutical companies, governments, and other industry forces. Environmental labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>exposure testing<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BangertEnviro96-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>field testing<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BangertEnviro96-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>radiological testing<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MNDoHEnviro_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MNDoHEnviro-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-STLCoEnviro_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-STLCoEnviro-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>heavy metals testing<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BangertEnviro96-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>air quality monitoring<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BangertEnviro96-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>environmental assessments<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BangertEnviro96-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>environmental engineering<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SarigiannisWelcoming_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SarigiannisWelcoming-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do environmental laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>The easiest way environmental labs tie into the average person's life is through the potable water supply. (Though the power and utility industry, discussed later, largely deals with potable and waste water quality testing internally or through a third-part environmental lab, analyzing water quality still firmly falls into the realm of the environmental industry as well.) Without these labs, more people would become ill or even die due to improperly or non-treated drinking water supplies. We need not look further than the Flint, Michigan water crisis, where improper funding and procedures for testing and treatment of contaminated water led to the heavy metal lead leaching into the drinking water.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CNNFlint17_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CNNFlint17-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> It may be easy to take clean drinking water for granted, but remember that a lab is ideally and most likely in place to ensure it's safe for consumption in the first place.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.4.1_Client_types\">4.4.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Private environmental labs cater to industry and the government, providing third-party testing services, often under contract.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/aellabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Environmental Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.caduceonlabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Caduceon Environmental Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pacelabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Pace Analytical Services<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Government-affiliated labs not only provide analytical services for states and municipalities; they also may conduct academic and field research to better guide local, state, and federal environmental policy.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/communities\/environment\/envlab\/\" target=\"_blank\">Minnesota Department of Health's Environmental Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/herainc.com\/portfolio\/saint-louis-county-health-department\/\" target=\"_blank\">Saint Louis County Environmental Health Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/aboutepa\/research-centers-programs-and-science-advisory-organizations\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's program office laboratories<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - The environmental labs affiliated with higher education are usually researched-based, though they may occasionally provide third-party analyses. These labs are often directly affiliated with a local or even international watershed or ecosystem, providing valuable field training to students while monitoring changes to the location over time and issuing public reports.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enve-lab.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki's Environmental Engineering Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.plattsburgh.edu\/academics\/lake-champlain-research-institute\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">SUNY Plattsburgh's Lake Champlain Research Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wm.edu\/as\/kecklab\/\" target=\"_blank\">William & Mary's Keck Environmental Field Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.4.2_Functions\">4.4.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching \n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> acoustics, air quality, allergens, biological specimens, contaminates, finished products, hazardous waste, insects, pesticides, plants, radioactive substances, raw materials, sediment, soil, solid waste, water quality\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, environmental science, microbiology, organic and inorganic chemistry, radiation chemistry\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Anion, Antimicrobial, Atterberg limits, Bioaccumulation, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biodegradation, Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, Colorimetric, Conductivity, Consolidation, Contamination, Decomposition, Degradation, Density, Ecotoxicology, Emissions, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Environmental monitoring, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Humidity, Hydraulic conductivity, Isotope analysis, Leak, Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Permeability, pH, Photostability, Plant metabolism, Pressure, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Refractive index, Seismic, Sensory, Soil microflora, Specific gravity, Temperature, Terrestrial toxicology, Turbidity, Wildlife toxicology\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>balance, Bunsen burner, burette, colorimeter, centrifuge, chromatographic, crucible, desiccator, dropper, enzyme immunoassay, Erlenmeyer flask, extractor, Florence flask, flow meter, fume hood, funnel, graduated cylinder, hot plate, moisture analyzer, mortar and pestle, multi-well plate, organic carbon analyzer, oven, particle counter, pH meter, pipestem triangle, reagent dispenser, remote sensors, ring stand, rotary evaporator, sediment analyzer, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stirring rod, thermometer, viscometer \n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the environmental industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>\"The environmental laboratory industry will be undergoing continuous radical change in coming years as environmental markets continue to evolve,\" stated Bangert and Lynch in a 1996 study for the National Research Council. \"The model laboratory of the future, therefore, is likely to be far different from that of today,\" they added.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BangertEnviro96-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Fast forward 25 years, and we see their vision for the future of environmental testing labs came to fruition: today's environmental testing lab uses a LIMS to manage data in an automated, innovative lab that provides analytical services as well as research.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BangertEnviro96-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DePalmaInsights13_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DePalmaInsights13-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> And they need to be agile as the concepts of \"climate change,\" \"biodiversity,\" and \"sustainable ecosystems\" continue to weave their way into the focus of environmental laboratories.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SimmondsTheImport09_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SimmondsTheImport09-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ERDCEnvironmental_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ERDCEnvironmental-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> As such, these labs will play an ever-increasing role in helping scientists better understand how we are impacting our environment.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.4.3_Informatics_in_the_environmental_industry\">4.4.3 Informatics in the environmental industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The introduction of this section mentioned how the environmental lab serves many other industries. That becomes even more evident when we look at how informatics is being applied in those labs. Environmental researchers\/laboratorians are using informatics tools to:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>improve the integration and analysis of environmental data silos (such as from emissions data from a power plant) and even make it available in a collaborative way for further regional or global analysis (as with the U.S. EPA)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FalkeCoal08_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FalkeCoal08-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>;<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>develop and optimize mathematical algorithms for environmental modeling<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KokhGrand14_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KokhGrand14-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>;<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>gauge the influence of trace gases, aerosol, and clouds on the weather and climate<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KokhGrand14_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KokhGrand14-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>;<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>collect and analyze remote sensing data from agricultural fields to better understand environmental impact on crops<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ThankurRemote16_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ThankurRemote16-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>; and<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>mine data from databases and other sources to predict or catch at an early stage invasive species establishment in an environment.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MatthewsANew17_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MatthewsANew17-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.4.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">4.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Environmental_informatics\" title=\"Environmental informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8f0d09dd24612a7abc14e2875017c4c9\">Environmental informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Environmental_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Environmental LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e5e72bc44bc6042c534dda722872df5e\">Environmental LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Hydroinformatics\" title=\"Hydroinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d3b7d8debd442917861657ad876c1982\">Hydroinformatics<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">vanLoon, G.W.; Duffy, S.J. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=VUCcAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective<\/i><\/a> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 545. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780191089244<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=VUCcAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=VUCcAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Chemistry%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.aulast=vanLoon%2C+G.W.%3B+Duffy%2C+S.J.&rft.au=vanLoon%2C+G.W.%3B+Duffy%2C+S.J.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B545&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780191089244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUCcAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-BangertEnviro96-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-4\">1.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-5\">1.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BangertEnviro96_1-6\">1.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bangert, C.E.; Lynch, R.A. (1996). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/read\/9191\/chapter\/6\" target=\"_blank\">\"Risk & Innovation: Small Companies in Six Industries: Background Papers Prepared for the NAE Risk and Innovation Study\"<\/a>. National Academies Press. pp. 83\u2013108. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17226%2F9191\" target=\"_blank\">10.17226\/9191<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/read\/9191\/chapter\/6\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/read\/9191\/chapter\/6<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Risk+%26+Innovation%3A+Small+Companies+in+Six+Industries%3A+Background+Papers+Prepared+for+the+NAE+Risk+and+Innovation+Study&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bangert%2C+C.E.%3B+Lynch%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Bangert%2C+C.E.%3B+Lynch%2C+R.A.&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=pp.+83%E2%80%93108&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft_id=info:doi\/10.17226%2F9191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fread%2F9191%2Fchapter%2F6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MNDoHEnviro-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MNDoHEnviro_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/communities\/environment\/envlab\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental Laboratory\"<\/a>. Minnesota Department of Health<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/communities\/environment\/envlab\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/communities\/environment\/envlab\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Environmental+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.state.mn.us%2Fcommunities%2Fenvironment%2Fenvlab%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-STLCoEnviro-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-STLCoEnviro_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/herainc.com\/portfolio\/saint-louis-county-health-department\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Saint Louis County Health Department, John C. Murphy Health Center\"<\/a>. Health, Education and Research Associates, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/herainc.com\/portfolio\/saint-louis-county-health-department\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/herainc.com\/portfolio\/saint-louis-county-health-department\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Saint+Louis+County+Health+Department%2C+John+C.+Murphy+Health+Center&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Health%2C+Education+and+Research+Associates%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherainc.com%2Fportfolio%2Fsaint-louis-county-health-department%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SarigiannisWelcoming-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SarigiannisWelcoming_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enve-lab.eu\/index.php\/about\/welcoming-letter\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Welcoming Letter: Message from the director Prof. Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis\"<\/a>. <i>EnvE-Lab<\/i>. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enve-lab.eu\/index.php\/about\/welcoming-letter\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.enve-lab.eu\/index.php\/about\/welcoming-letter\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Welcoming+Letter%3A+Message+from+the+director+Prof.+Dimosthenis+A.+Sarigiannis&rft.atitle=EnvE-Lab&rft.pub=Aristotle+University+of+Thessaloniki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enve-lab.eu%2Findex.php%2Fabout%2Fwelcoming-letter%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CNNFlint17-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CNNFlint17_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/03\/04\/us\/flint-water-crisis-fast-facts\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts\"<\/a>. <i>CNN<\/i>. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 14 January 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/03\/04\/us\/flint-water-crisis-fast-facts\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/03\/04\/us\/flint-water-crisis-fast-facts\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Flint+Water+Crisis+Fast+Facts&rft.atitle=CNN&rft.date=14+January+2021&rft.pub=Turner+Broadcasting+System%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F03%2F04%2Fus%2Fflint-water-crisis-fast-facts%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DePalmaInsights13-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DePalmaInsights13_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">DePalma, A. (10 September 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/insights\/2013\/09\/insights-on-starting-and-running-an-environmental-lab\" target=\"_blank\">\"Insights on Starting and Running an Environmental Lab\"<\/a>. <i>Lab Manager<\/i>. LabX Media Group<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/insights\/2013\/09\/insights-on-starting-and-running-an-environmental-lab\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/insights\/2013\/09\/insights-on-starting-and-running-an-environmental-lab<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Insights+on+Starting+and+Running+an+Environmental+Lab&rft.atitle=Lab+Manager&rft.aulast=DePalma%2C+A.&rft.au=DePalma%2C+A.&rft.date=10+September+2013&rft.pub=LabX+Media+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmanager.com%2Finsights%2F2013%2F09%2Finsights-on-starting-and-running-an-environmental-lab&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SimmondsTheImport09-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SimmondsTheImport09_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Simmonds, J. (June 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/your.kingcounty.gov\/dnrp\/library\/water-and-land\/science\/newsletter\/2009\/june\/0906-3-monitoring-import.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Importance of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis\"<\/a>. <i>King County's SciFYI<\/i>. King County<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/your.kingcounty.gov\/dnrp\/library\/water-and-land\/science\/newsletter\/2009\/june\/0906-3-monitoring-import.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/your.kingcounty.gov\/dnrp\/library\/water-and-land\/science\/newsletter\/2009\/june\/0906-3-monitoring-import.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Environmental+Monitoring+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=King+County%27s+SciFYI&rft.aulast=Simmonds%2C+J.&rft.au=Simmonds%2C+J.&rft.date=June+2009&rft.pub=King+County&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyour.kingcounty.gov%2Fdnrp%2Flibrary%2Fwater-and-land%2Fscience%2Fnewsletter%2F2009%2Fjune%2F0906-3-monitoring-import.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ERDCEnvironmental-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ERDCEnvironmental_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.erdc.usace.army.mil\/Media\/Fact-Sheets\/Fact-Sheet-Article-View\/Article\/476745\/environmental-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental Laboratory\"<\/a>. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Engineer Research & Development Center<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.erdc.usace.army.mil\/Media\/Fact-Sheets\/Fact-Sheet-Article-View\/Article\/476745\/environmental-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.erdc.usace.army.mil\/Media\/Fact-Sheets\/Fact-Sheet-Article-View\/Article\/476745\/environmental-laboratory\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Environmental+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+-+Engineer+Research+%26+Development+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erdc.usace.army.mil%2FMedia%2FFact-Sheets%2FFact-Sheet-Article-View%2FArticle%2F476745%2Fenvironmental-laboratory%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FalkeCoal08-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FalkeCoal08_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Falke, S.; Fialkowski, E.; Li, Y.; Biswas, P. (8 December 2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100530091824\/http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Coal Utility Informatics & Advanced Energy\"<\/a> (PDF). Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 30 May 2010<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100530091824\/http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100530091824\/http:\/\/www.mageep.wustl.edu\/SYMPOSIA\/2008\/Presentations\/Monday\/Monday%20PM\/1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Coal+Utility+Informatics+%26+Advanced+Energy&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Falke%2C+S.%3B+Fialkowski%2C+E.%3B+Li%2C+Y.%3B+Biswas%2C+P.&rft.au=Falke%2C+S.%3B+Fialkowski%2C+E.%3B+Li%2C+Y.%3B+Biswas%2C+P.&rft.date=8+December+2008&rft.pub=Washington+University+in+St.+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100530091824%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.mageep.wustl.edu%2FSYMPOSIA%2F2008%2FPresentations%2FMonday%2FMonday%2520PM%2F1.00_Coal_Falke_Li.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KokhGrand14-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KokhGrand14_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KokhGrand14_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kokhanovsky, A. (2014). \"Grand challenges in environmental informatics\". <i>Frontiers in Environmental Science<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (5). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffenvs.2013.00005\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fenvs.2013.00005<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grand+challenges+in+environmental+informatics&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Environmental+Science&rft.aulast=Kokhanovsky%2C+A.&rft.au=Kokhanovsky%2C+A.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffenvs.2013.00005&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ThankurRemote16-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ThankurRemote16_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170826212030\/http:\/\/gis.net.np\/remote-sensing-in-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Remote Sensing in Agriculture\"<\/a>. Thakur International. 20 October 2016. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/gis.net.np\/remote-sensing-in-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 26 August 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170826212030\/http:\/\/gis.net.np\/remote-sensing-in-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170826212030\/http:\/\/gis.net.np\/remote-sensing-in-agriculture\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Remote+Sensing+in+Agriculture&rft.atitle=&rft.date=20+October+2016&rft.pub=Thakur+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170826212030%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fgis.net.np%2Fremote-sensing-in-agriculture%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MatthewsANew17-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MatthewsANew17_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Matthews, J.; Berningen, R.; Creemers, R. et al. (2017). \"A new approach to horizon-scanning: Identifying potentially invasive alien species and their introduction pathways\". <i>Management of Biological Invasions<\/i> <b>8<\/b> (1): 37\u201352. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3391%2Fmbi.2017.8.1.04\" target=\"_blank\">10.3391\/mbi.2017.8.1.04<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+new+approach+to+horizon-scanning%3A+Identifying+potentially+invasive+alien+species+and+their+introduction+pathways&rft.jtitle=Management+of+Biological+Invasions&rft.aulast=Matthews%2C+J.%3B+Berningen%2C+R.%3B+Creemers%2C+R.+et+al.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+J.%3B+Berningen%2C+R.%3B+Creemers%2C+R.+et+al.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37%E2%80%9352&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3391%2Fmbi.2017.8.1.04&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232352\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.148 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.700 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8802\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 73536\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 25667\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 20663\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 128.935 1 -total\n 63.71% 82.148 1 Template:Reflist\n 57.41% 74.024 13 Template:Citation\/core\n 40.43% 52.123 10 Template:Cite_web\n 36.23% 46.719 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\n 17.82% 22.972 1 Template:Cite_book\n 10.06% 12.967 2 Template:Cite_journal\n 8.45% 10.895 6 Template:Date\n 6.52% 8.402 4 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 3.94% 5.076 19 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13438-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232353 and revision id 48527. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","519097a2364fab56b010a5495bab1f5c_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/64\/K4641-1rootscientists.jpg"],"519097a2364fab56b010a5495bab1f5c_timestamp":1657236873,"182c96858f2d659bf0bf4ed79879552a_type":"article","182c96858f2d659bf0bf4ed79879552a_title":"4.3 Energy","182c96858f2d659bf0bf4ed79879552a_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy","182c96858f2d659bf0bf4ed79879552a_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/EnergyFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 4.3 Energy \n\n1.1 4.3.1 Client types \n1.2 4.3.2 Functions \n1.3 4.3.3 Informatics in the energy industry \n1.4 4.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n4.3 Energy \n\n\nThe energy laboratory is largely a place for the research and development of energy sources and devices, though it also is a place for researchers to focus on improving energy efficiency in current fuels, systems, and structures. These labs are found in the government and academic sectors, and occasionally in the private sector, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)[1]: \n\nchemical and biomolecular engineering\napplied research and development\nanalysis and improvement of energy efficiency\nanalysis and improvement of transportation systems\ndevelopment of energy systems\ndiscovery and development of materials\nintegration of energy systems\nBut how do energy laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \n\"I want my phone's battery to last longer!\" you shout, as you put it on the charger for the second time in a day. The truth is your device probably has a better battery life than the generation before it, and the generation before it, etc., but you're at the same time making it do more demanding tasks than it used to at the same time. Yet advances continue to be made in energy storage.[2] You can thank an energy laboratory and its scientists for that and similar advances that affect you on a daily basis.\n\n4.3.1 Client types \nPrivate - Private laboratories tend to focus on a company's R&D or provide third-party analysis of materials used as fuel sources.\nExamples include: \n\nBiomass Energy Lab\nEnergy Laboratories, Inc.\nGovernment - Along with academic labs, government labs (public and public-private) make up the majority of energy laboratories and typically provide much of the funding for energy research, at least in the United States.[3]\nExamples include: \n\nNational Energy Technology Laboratory\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory\nU.S. Geological Survey's geochemistry and biogeochemistry laboratories\nAcademic - Higher education continues to be a major source for the study, research, and application of energy sources and equipment. From the optimization of commercial and industrial buildings to alternative fuels and clean energy systems, the academic-affiliated energy lab is pushing energy science forward at a significant pace.\nExamples include:\n\nTexas A&M's Energy Systems Laboratory\nUniversity of California - Berkeley's Renewable & Appropriate Energy Laboratory\nUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa's Hawai\u2018i Natural Energy Institute\n4.3.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled? biomass, emissions, energy efficiency, energy storage and retrieval, hydropower, nuclear energy, petrochemicals, solar energy, thermal energy, thin films, wind power \nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? chemical engineering, chemistry, engineering, environmental science, material science, mechanical engineering, microbiology, nuclear physics, physics, thermodynamics \nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment?\nCommon test types include: \nAccelerated stress testing, Aging, Calorimetry, Characterization, Climatics, Combustion, Contact mechanics, Contamination, Degredation, Design verification testing, Dielectric withstand, Durability, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Friction, Geothermal, Hydraulic, Lightning, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Power quality, Proficiency, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Solar, Temperature, Thermal, Torque, Validation, Velocity and flow, Voltage\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \ncalorimeter, climate test chamber, gas turbine, geothermal energy absorber, hydrogen fuel cell, impulse turbine, light sensor, photovoltaic trainer\/system, plasma light system, porosimeter, reaction turbine, solar thermal system, temperature sensor, viscometer, wind turbine\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the energy industry? \nBy and far, energy laboratories seem to have the most prominent footprint in the government and academic sectors. One of the largest footprints in the U.S. government sector is that of the Department of Energy (DoE) National Laboratories. The DoE's 2020 report on the state of the National Laboratories revealed a network of 17 laboratories with more than 95,000 staff and contractor employees addressing energy technologies, unique research programs, fundamental science discoveries, nuclear security, and environmental management issues.[4] \nPrivately run energy laboratories exist but appear to be the minority, appearing as either R&D labs inside a larger manufacturing company or as niche third-party testing facilities for biomass and\/or petrochemicals. As an aside, since agriculture and forest biomass[5], as well as petrochemicals, can be used as fuel sources, the energy industry has ties to the agriculture, forestry, and petrochemical industries. Of course, the power and utility industry\u2014which focuses on large-scale energy solutions for communities\u2014is closely linked as well.\n\n4.3.3 Informatics in the energy industry \nWhen it comes to informatics in the energy industry, we have direct crossover with the power and utility industry, discussed later in this guide. On one hand, energy R&D drives the development of power sources and storage systems both big (e.g., hydroelectric) and small (e.g., iPhone battery); the power and utility companies, on the other, use a significant chunk of R&D to develop and install infrastructure for the distribution of energy. Those companies are monitoring their distribution grids with smart meters, representing millions of data points to collect and analyze from.[6] This \"smart grid\" analysis can than lead to developing \"automated predictions, optimizing the performance of grid devices, and charting energy usage trends.\"[7] That grid optimization and its associated data is in return applicable to the energy industry to better improve energy efficiencies and better integrate the renewable energy sources they're developing.[8] In some cases, government-affiliated labs have direct involvement with energy informatics. The United States' Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, for example, attempts to not only solve carbon capture and storage issues for power and utility but also develops energy flow charts using data captured from various points in the energy chain.[9]\n\n4.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nEnergy LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nKutscher, C.F.; Milford, J.B.; Kreith, F., ed. (2019). Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems (3rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 790. ISBN 9781498788922. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Research\". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/research\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Argonne National Laboratory (31 March 2016). \"Researchers continue to pave way for improved battery performance testing\". Phys.org. Science X. https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-03-pave-battery.html . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kotok, A. (14 July 2006). \"Financing Your Research in Alternative Energy\". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/financing-your-research-alternative-energy . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"The State of the DOE National Laboratories - 2020 Edition\" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 2020. https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021\/01\/f82\/DOE%20National%20Labs%20Report%20FINAL.pdf . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Forest Biorefinery - Introduction\". Forest Products Laboratory. U.S. Forest Service. https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/research_emphasis_areas\/introduction.php?rea_id=3 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Big Data - Challenges and Opportunities for the Energy Industry\". SunGard Data Systems, Inc. 2013. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170817184940\/https:\/\/www.sungard.com\/~\/media\/fs\/energy\/resources\/white-papers\/Big-Data-Challenges-Opportunities-Energy-Industry.ashx . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Fehrenbacher, K. (24 May 2016). \"There's Big Money in Energy Big Data\". Fortune. Time, Inc. https:\/\/fortune.com\/2016\/05\/24\/big-money-in-energy-big-data\/ . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Goebel, C.; Jacobsen, H.-A.; del Razo, V. et al. (2014). \"Energy Informatics: Current and Future Research Directions\". Business & Information Systems Engineering 6 (1): 25\u201331. doi:10.1007\/s12599-013-0304-2.   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Energy Informatics\". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170818181102\/https:\/\/www-gs.llnl.gov\/energy-cyber-and-infrastructure\/energy-informatics . Retrieved 29 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:23.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 4 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","182c96858f2d659bf0bf4ed79879552a_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Energy rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Energy skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/Energy<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3_Energy\">4.3 Energy<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Pomiary_rezystancji_uzwojenia_transformatora_z_rdzeniem_amorficznym_miernikiem_Sonel_MMR-6000.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"3c72d538b3413cc86bd9b076a1884cf9\"><img alt=\"Pomiary rezystancji uzwojenia transformatora z rdzeniem amorficznym miernikiem Sonel MMR-6000.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/Pomiary_rezystancji_uzwojenia_transformatora_z_rdzeniem_amorficznym_miernikiem_Sonel_MMR-6000.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>The energy laboratory is largely a place for the research and development of energy sources and devices, though it also is a place for researchers to focus on improving energy efficiency in current fuels, systems, and structures. These labs are found in the government and academic sectors, and occasionally in the private sector, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NRELResearch_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NRELResearch-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>chemical and biomolecular engineering<\/li>\n<li>applied research and development<\/li>\n<li>analysis and improvement of energy efficiency<\/li>\n<li>analysis and improvement of transportation systems<\/li>\n<li>development of energy systems<\/li>\n<li>discovery and development of materials<\/li>\n<li>integration of energy systems<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do energy laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>\"I want my phone's battery to last longer!\" you shout, as you put it on the charger for the second time in a day. The truth is your device probably has a better battery life than the generation before it, and the generation before it, etc., but you're at the same time making it do more demanding tasks than it used to at the same time. Yet advances continue to be made in energy storage.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ArgonneResearchers16_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ArgonneResearchers16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> You can thank an energy laboratory and its scientists for that and similar advances that affect you on a daily basis.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.1_Client_types\">4.3.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Private laboratories tend to focus on a company's R&D or provide third-party analysis of materials used as fuel sources.\n<\/p><p>Examples include: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biomassenergylab.com\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Biomass Energy Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.energylab.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Along with academic labs, government labs (public and public-private) make up the majority of energy laboratories and typically provide much of the funding for energy research, at least in the United States.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KotokFinancing06_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KotokFinancing06-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Examples include: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.netl.doe.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Energy Technology Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/science\/laboratories\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey's geochemistry and biogeochemistry laboratories<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Higher education continues to be a major source for the study, research, and application of energy sources and equipment. From the optimization of commercial and industrial buildings to alternative fuels and clean energy systems, the academic-affiliated energy lab is pushing energy science forward at a significant pace.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/esl.tamu.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">Texas A&M's Energy Systems Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/rael.berkeley.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California - Berkeley's Renewable & Appropriate Energy Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Hawaii at Manoa's Hawai\u2018i Natural Energy Institute<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.2_Functions\">4.3.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> biomass, emissions, energy efficiency, energy storage and retrieval, hydropower, nuclear energy, petrochemicals, solar energy, thermal energy, thin films, wind power \n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> chemical engineering, chemistry, engineering, environmental science, material science, mechanical engineering, microbiology, nuclear physics, physics, thermodynamics \n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Accelerated stress testing, Aging, Calorimetry, Characterization, Climatics, Combustion, Contact mechanics, Contamination, Degredation, Design verification testing, Dielectric withstand, Durability, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Friction, Geothermal, Hydraulic, Lightning, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Power quality, Proficiency, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Solar, Temperature, Thermal, Torque, Validation, Velocity and flow, Voltage\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>calorimeter, climate test chamber, gas turbine, geothermal energy absorber, hydrogen fuel cell, impulse turbine, light sensor, photovoltaic trainer\/system, plasma light system, porosimeter, reaction turbine, solar thermal system, temperature sensor, viscometer, wind turbine\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the energy industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>By and far, energy laboratories seem to have the most prominent footprint in the government and academic sectors. One of the largest footprints in the U.S. government sector is that of the Department of Energy (DoE) National Laboratories. The DoE's 2020 report on the state of the National Laboratories revealed a network of 17 laboratories with more than 95,000 staff and contractor employees addressing energy technologies, unique research programs, fundamental science discoveries, nuclear security, and environmental management issues.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DoETheState20_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DoETheState20-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Privately run energy laboratories exist but appear to be the minority, appearing as either R&D labs inside a larger manufacturing company or as niche third-party testing facilities for biomass and\/or petrochemicals. As an aside, since agriculture and forest biomass<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FSForestBiorefine_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FSForestBiorefine-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>, as well as petrochemicals, can be used as fuel sources, the energy industry has ties to the agriculture, forestry, and petrochemical industries. Of course, the power and utility industry\u2014which focuses on large-scale energy solutions for communities\u2014is closely linked as well.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.3_Informatics_in_the_energy_industry\">4.3.3 Informatics in the energy industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>When it comes to informatics in the energy industry, we have direct crossover with the power and utility industry, discussed later in this guide. On one hand, energy R&D drives the development of power sources and storage systems both big (e.g., hydroelectric) and small (e.g., iPhone battery); the power and utility companies, on the other, use a significant chunk of R&D to develop and install infrastructure for the distribution of energy. Those companies are monitoring their distribution grids with smart meters, representing millions of data points to collect and analyze from.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SunGard_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SunGard-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> This \"smart grid\" analysis can than lead to developing \"automated predictions, optimizing the performance of grid devices, and charting energy usage trends.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FehrenbacherThere16_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FehrenbacherThere16-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> That grid optimization and its associated data is in return applicable to the energy industry to better improve energy efficiencies and better integrate the renewable energy sources they're developing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoebelEnergy14_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoebelEnergy14-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> In some cases, government-affiliated labs have direct involvement with energy informatics. The United States' Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, for example, attempts to not only solve carbon capture and storage issues for power and utility but also develops energy flow charts using data captured from various points in the energy chain.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LLNLEnergyInfo_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LLNLEnergyInfo-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">4.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Energy_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Energy LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8e379cf096cb69066433950cae050729\">Energy LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Kutscher, C.F.; Milford, J.B.; Kreith, F., ed. (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems<\/i><\/a> (3rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 790. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781498788922<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wQhpDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Sustainable+Energy+Systems&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B790&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781498788922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQhpDwAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-NRELResearch-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NRELResearch_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/research\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Research\"<\/a>. <i>National Renewable Energy Laboratory<\/i>. Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/research\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/research\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Research&rft.atitle=National+Renewable+Energy+Laboratory&rft.pub=Alliance+for+Sustainable+Energy%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrel.gov%2Fresearch%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ArgonneResearchers16-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ArgonneResearchers16_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Argonne National Laboratory (31 March 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-03-pave-battery.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Researchers continue to pave way for improved battery performance testing\"<\/a>. <i>Phys.org<\/i>. Science X<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-03-pave-battery.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-03-pave-battery.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Researchers+continue+to+pave+way+for+improved+battery+performance+testing&rft.atitle=Phys.org&rft.aulast=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.au=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=31+March+2016&rft.pub=Science+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-03-pave-battery.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KotokFinancing06-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KotokFinancing06_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kotok, A. (14 July 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/financing-your-research-alternative-energy\" target=\"_blank\">\"Financing Your Research in Alternative Energy\"<\/a>. <i>Science<\/i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/financing-your-research-alternative-energy\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/financing-your-research-alternative-energy<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Financing+Your+Research+in+Alternative+Energy&rft.atitle=Science&rft.aulast=Kotok%2C+A.&rft.au=Kotok%2C+A.&rft.date=14+July+2006&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Ffinancing-your-research-alternative-energy&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DoETheState20-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DoETheState20_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021\/01\/f82\/DOE%20National%20Labs%20Report%20FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The State of the DOE National Laboratories - 2020 Edition\"<\/a> (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021\/01\/f82\/DOE%20National%20Labs%20Report%20FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021\/01\/f82\/DOE%20National%20Labs%20Report%20FINAL.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+DOE+National+Laboratories+-+2020+Edition&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2020&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021%2F01%2Ff82%2FDOE%2520National%2520Labs%2520Report%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FSForestBiorefine-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FSForestBiorefine_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/research_emphasis_areas\/introduction.php?rea_id=3\" target=\"_blank\">\"Forest Biorefinery - Introduction\"<\/a>. <i>Forest Products Laboratory<\/i>. U.S. Forest Service<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/research_emphasis_areas\/introduction.php?rea_id=3\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/research_emphasis_areas\/introduction.php?rea_id=3<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Forest+Biorefinery+-+Introduction&rft.atitle=Forest+Products+Laboratory&rft.pub=U.S.+Forest+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpl.fs.fed.us%2Fresearch%2Fresearch_emphasis_areas%2Fintroduction.php%3Frea_id%3D3&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SunGard-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SunGard_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170817184940\/https:\/\/www.sungard.com\/~\/media\/fs\/energy\/resources\/white-papers\/Big-Data-Challenges-Opportunities-Energy-Industry.ashx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Big Data - Challenges and Opportunities for the Energy Industry\"<\/a>. SunGard Data Systems, Inc. 2013. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sungard.com\/~\/media\/fs\/energy\/resources\/white-papers\/Big-Data-Challenges-Opportunities-Energy-Industry.ashx\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 17 August 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170817184940\/https:\/\/www.sungard.com\/~\/media\/fs\/energy\/resources\/white-papers\/Big-Data-Challenges-Opportunities-Energy-Industry.ashx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170817184940\/https:\/\/www.sungard.com\/~\/media\/fs\/energy\/resources\/white-papers\/Big-Data-Challenges-Opportunities-Energy-Industry.ashx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Big+Data+-+Challenges+and+Opportunities+for+the+Energy+Industry&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2013&rft.pub=SunGard+Data+Systems%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170817184940%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.sungard.com%2F%7E%2Fmedia%2Ffs%2Fenergy%2Fresources%2Fwhite-papers%2FBig-Data-Challenges-Opportunities-Energy-Industry.ashx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FehrenbacherThere16-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FehrenbacherThere16_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Fehrenbacher, K. (24 May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/fortune.com\/2016\/05\/24\/big-money-in-energy-big-data\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"There's Big Money in Energy Big Data\"<\/a>. <i>Fortune<\/i>. Time, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/fortune.com\/2016\/05\/24\/big-money-in-energy-big-data\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/fortune.com\/2016\/05\/24\/big-money-in-energy-big-data\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=There%27s+Big+Money+in+Energy+Big+Data&rft.atitle=Fortune&rft.aulast=Fehrenbacher%2C+K.&rft.au=Fehrenbacher%2C+K.&rft.date=24+May+2016&rft.pub=Time%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2016%2F05%2F24%2Fbig-money-in-energy-big-data%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GoebelEnergy14-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoebelEnergy14_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Goebel, C.; Jacobsen, H.-A.; del Razo, V. et al. (2014). \"Energy Informatics: Current and Future Research Directions\". <i>Business & Information Systems Engineering<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (1): 25\u201331. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs12599-013-0304-2\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s12599-013-0304-2<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Energy+Informatics%3A+Current+and+Future+Research+Directions&rft.jtitle=Business+%26+Information+Systems+Engineering&rft.aulast=Goebel%2C+C.%3B+Jacobsen%2C+H.-A.%3B+del+Razo%2C+V.+et+al.&rft.au=Goebel%2C+C.%3B+Jacobsen%2C+H.-A.%3B+del+Razo%2C+V.+et+al.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25%E2%80%9331&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs12599-013-0304-2&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LLNLEnergyInfo-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LLNLEnergyInfo_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170818181102\/https:\/\/www-gs.llnl.gov\/energy-cyber-and-infrastructure\/energy-informatics\" target=\"_blank\">\"Energy Informatics\"<\/a>. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www-gs.llnl.gov\/energy-cyber-and-infrastructure\/energy-informatics\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 18 August 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170818181102\/https:\/\/www-gs.llnl.gov\/energy-cyber-and-infrastructure\/energy-informatics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170818181102\/https:\/\/www-gs.llnl.gov\/energy-cyber-and-infrastructure\/energy-informatics<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Energy+Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170818181102%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww-gs.llnl.gov%2Fenergy-cyber-and-infrastructure%2Fenergy-informatics&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232332\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.156 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.686 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 6781\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 56641\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 20168\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 14315\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 143.516 1 -total\n 64.94% 93.198 1 Template:Reflist\n 61.70% 88.551 10 Template:Citation\/core\n 44.31% 63.589 8 Template:Cite_web\n 35.00% 50.231 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\n 20.53% 29.460 1 Template:Cite_book\n 8.92% 12.806 5 Template:Date\n 8.54% 12.263 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 7.02% 10.069 2 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.45% 6.390 17 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13437-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232333 and revision id 48526. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","182c96858f2d659bf0bf4ed79879552a_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/Pomiary_rezystancji_uzwojenia_transformatora_z_rdzeniem_amorficznym_miernikiem_Sonel_MMR-6000.jpg"],"182c96858f2d659bf0bf4ed79879552a_timestamp":1657236872,"825e6f7857557fdc550688705626a2ed_type":"article","825e6f7857557fdc550688705626a2ed_title":"4.2 Cosmetic","825e6f7857557fdc550688705626a2ed_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic","825e6f7857557fdc550688705626a2ed_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/CosmeticFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 4.2 Cosmetic \n\n1.1 4.2.1 Client types \n1.2 4.2.2 Functions \n1.3 4.2.3 Informatics in the cosmetics industry \n1.4 4.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n4.2 Cosmetic \n\n\nCosmetic labs provide research and development, as well as quality control (QC) functions, to the world of cosmetics. From makeups and moisturizers to hair dyes and lipsticks, the cosmetic laboratory is responsible for making safe and effective products of many types. Cosmetic chemists tend to mostly work in private laboratories or as part of a private-public research partnership, though some work in academic labs.[1] Cosmetic labs are found largely in the private sector, though they exist in the government and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n\nformulation and development of products[1]\nsafety testing of products[1]\nprocess engineering improvement[1]\nchemical and material research[1]\nsubstantiation of compatibility and efficacy claims[2]\nallergy testing\ncontaminate testing\nBut how do cosmetic laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nIn private industry, cosmetic scientists are tasked with creating a safe product that is free from contaminates and allergens that may negatively affect a user. At the higher government level, some labs are responsible for substantiating manufacturer claims, testing cosmetics, and even manufacturing cosmetic components[2]; the FDA, for example, certifies some color additives as safe for consumers in its own lab.[3] Without these labs, the soaps, shampoos, moisturizers, and makeup on the market wouldn't likely exist, or if they did, they would be of unknown quality, posing a threat to human health. When we use such a product, we are reminded that a laboratory was at some point involved in its creation.\n\n4.2.1 Client types \nPrivate - Private cosmetic labs are either found as part of a major company initiative (think L\u2019Or\u00e9al Group and its laboratories[4]) or as a third-party contract lab that provides development, manufacturing, and consulting services to clients.\nExamples include:\n\nAriel Laboratories\nCosmetic Laboratories\nkdc\/one\nGovernment - Governments around the world differ in how they regulate and test cosmetics. Though not common, some governments will dedicate space for laboratory testing, certification of constituents, and testing of efficacy and compatibility claims.[2][3]\nExamples include:\n\nGhana Food and Drugs Authority, Cosmetic Laboratory\nGovernment of Odisha's Central Cosmetic Testing Laboratory\nSingapore Health Sciences Authority's Cosmetics Laboratory\nAcademic - Academic programs in cosmetic science aren't abundant, but they can be found. (The Society of Cosmetic Chemists lists a few U.S.-based programs https:\/\/www.scconline.org\/Resources here].) The laboratories associated with this course of study are presumably similar in design to a chemistry teaching laboratory in a typical university, with a few additions, including research facilities.\nExamples include:\n\nFairleigh Dickinson University Cosmetic Science Programs\nUniversity of Cincinnati Cosmetic Science Programs\nNorth-West University Cosmetics Efficacy Laboratory\n4.2.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled? colorants, dyes, emulsions, fragrances, lacquers, polymers, preservatives, silicones, surfactants, thickeners\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? biochemistry, biology, chemical engineering, chemistry, cosmetic science, macromolecular science, pharmaceutical science, process engineering\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Allergy, Antimicrobial, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Comparison, Compliance\/Conformance, Composition, Contamination, Detection, Efficacy, Expiration dating, Flammability, Fluorescence, Formulation, Fragrance, Impurity, Ingredient, Irritation, Labeling, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, Performance, pH, Photostability, Preservative challenge, Proficiency, Purity, Pyrogenicity, Quality control, Safety, Sensitization, Stability, Water activity\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nautoclave, balance, chromatographic, digital imaging devices, ESR spectroscopy equipment, fluorescent laser scan microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipment, microscope, multiphotone tomography equipment, pH meter, Raman spectroscopy equipment, test tube and rack, thermometer, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) instrumentation\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the cosmetic industry? \nIn the U.S., whereas the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) regulates clinical laboratory testing[5], the FDA regulates cosmetic laboratories.[6] Regulation of cosmetic laboratories in other countries varies; in Singapore, for example, the Health Sciences Authority helps enforce cosmetic testing per its Health Products Act.[7]\n\n4.2.3 Informatics in the cosmetics industry \nThe most obvious place where informatics is being used in the cosmetics industry is in their various labs, where research and development (R&D) and QC testing take place. Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) help collect, analyze, visualize, and disseminate test results; manage formulations; and track workflows. However, other operations within the cosmetic industry are busy collecting data as well, and with the growing focus on big data and what it entails, industry members are looking at other ways they can beneficially integrate and harness that data. Some companies have developed specific algorithms to mine consumer testing results and further scrutinize existing formulations to maximize desired sensory results and produce more effective and cost-efficient cosmetics.[8] Outside the lab, some cosmetic companies are using informatics in other ways, including using e-commerce data to identify growth opportunities[9] and integrating manufacturing data streams to enable improved efficiency and productivity.[10]\n\n4.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nCosmetic LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nSakamoto, K.; Lochhead, R.; Maibach, H.; Yamashita, Y. (2017). Cosmetic Science and Technology: Theoretical Principles and Applications. Elsevier. pp. 854. ISBN 9780128020548. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=HGp_CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Browne, C.. \"The Job Description of a Cosmetic Chemist\". Chron. Hearst Newspapers, LLC. https:\/\/work.chron.com\/job-description-cosmetic-chemist-17987.html . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 2.2 \"CEL\". North-West University. https:\/\/health-sciences.nwu.ac.za\/pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-services\/cel . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 \"Small Businesses & Homemade Cosmetics: Fact Sheet\". Food and Drug Administration. 25 February 2022. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/resources-industry-cosmetics\/small-businesses-homemade-cosmetics-fact-sheet . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"L\u2019Or\u00e9al USA Research And Innovation\". L\u2019Or\u00e9al Group. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181021232022\/http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l'or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)\". Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 16 May 2022. https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/regulations-and-guidance\/legislation\/clia . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated\". Food and Drug Administration. 2 March 2022. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/cosmetics-laws-regulations\/fda-authority-over-cosmetics-how-cosmetics-are-not-fda-approved-are-fda-regulated . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cosmetics\". Health Sciences Authority. 13 September 2019. https:\/\/www.hsa.gov.sg\/about-us\/applied-sciences\/cosmetics . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gallon, V. (8 March 2016). \"The big data revolution is well underway in the cosmetics industry\". Premium Beauty News. Premium Beauty Media SAS. https:\/\/www.premiumbeautynews.com\/en\/the-big-data-revolution-is-well,9420 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Whitehouse, L. (23 May 2014). \"Beauty using big data to identify new markets\". Cosmetics Design - Europe. William Reed Business Media Ltd. https:\/\/www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com\/Article\/2014\/05\/23\/Beauty-using-big-data-to-identify-new-markets . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Case Study: Real-time Big Data Improves Cosmetics Manufacturing\". Fraysen Systems. 30 December 2014. https:\/\/www.fraysen.com\/2014\/12\/30\/case-study-big-data-cosmetics-manufacturing\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:23.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 4 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","825e6f7857557fdc550688705626a2ed_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Cosmetic rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Cosmetic skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/Cosmetic<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2_Cosmetic\">4.2 Cosmetic<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Cosmetics-1078712_1280.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"3b7a31c33563d1af090462da9f99c31b\"><img alt=\"Cosmetics-1078712 1280.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/Cosmetics-1078712_1280.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>Cosmetic labs provide research and development, as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1e0e0c2eb3e45aff02f5d61799821f0f\">quality control<\/a> (QC) functions, to the world of cosmetics. From makeups and moisturizers to hair dyes and lipsticks, the cosmetic laboratory is responsible for making safe and effective products of many types. Cosmetic chemists tend to mostly work in private laboratories or as part of a private-public research partnership, though some work in academic labs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BrowneTheJob-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Cosmetic labs are found largely in the private sector, though they exist in the government and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>formulation and development of products<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BrowneTheJob-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>safety testing of products<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BrowneTheJob-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>process engineering improvement<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BrowneTheJob-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>chemical and material research<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BrowneTheJob-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>substantiation of compatibility and efficacy claims<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NWUCEL_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NWUCEL-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>allergy testing<\/li>\n<li>contaminate testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do cosmetic laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>In private industry, cosmetic scientists are tasked with creating a safe product that is free from contaminates and allergens that may negatively affect a user. At the higher government level, some labs are responsible for substantiating manufacturer claims, testing cosmetics, and even manufacturing cosmetic components<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NWUCEL_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NWUCEL-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>; the FDA, for example, certifies some color additives as safe for consumers in its own lab.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FDASmallBus16_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FDASmallBus16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Without these labs, the soaps, shampoos, moisturizers, and makeup on the market wouldn't likely exist, or if they did, they would be of unknown quality, posing a threat to human health. When we use such a product, we are reminded that a laboratory was at some point involved in its creation.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.1_Client_types\">4.2.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Private cosmetic labs are either found as part of a major company initiative (think L\u2019Or\u00e9al Group and its laboratories<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LOrealUSAResearch_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LOrealUSAResearch-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>) or as a third-party contract lab that provides development, manufacturing, and consulting services to clients.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/ariellabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ariel Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cosmeticlaboratories.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cosmetic Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kdc-one.com\/en\/what-we-do\" target=\"_blank\">kdc\/one<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Governments around the world differ in how they regulate and test cosmetics. Though not common, some governments will dedicate space for laboratory testing, certification of constituents, and testing of efficacy and compatibility claims.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NWUCEL_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NWUCEL-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FDASmallBus16_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FDASmallBus16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fdaghana.gov.gh\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=3\" target=\"_blank\">Ghana Food and Drugs Authority, Cosmetic Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/other-states\/odisha-government-identifies-land-for-cosmetic-testing-lab\/article8514721.ece\" target=\"_blank\">Government of Odisha's Central Cosmetic Testing Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hsa.gov.sg\/about-us\/applied-sciences\/cosmetics\" target=\"_blank\">Singapore Health Sciences Authority's Cosmetics Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Academic programs in cosmetic science aren't abundant, but they can be found. (The Society of Cosmetic Chemists lists a few U.S.-based programs <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.org\/Resources\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.scconline.org\/Resources<\/a> here].) The laboratories associated with this course of study are presumably similar in design to a chemistry teaching laboratory in a typical university, with a few additions, including research facilities.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fdu.edu\/program\/ms-cosmetic-science\/\" target=\"_blank\">Fairleigh Dickinson University Cosmetic Science Programs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/online.uc.edu\/masters-programs\/ms-in-cosmetic-science\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Cincinnati Cosmetic Science Programs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/health-sciences.nwu.ac.za\/pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-services\/cel\" target=\"_blank\">North-West University Cosmetics Efficacy Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.2_Functions\">4.2.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> colorants, dyes, emulsions, fragrances, lacquers, polymers, preservatives, silicones, surfactants, thickeners\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> biochemistry, biology, chemical engineering, chemistry, cosmetic science, macromolecular science, pharmaceutical science, process engineering\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Allergy, Antimicrobial, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Comparison, Compliance\/Conformance, Composition, Contamination, Detection, Efficacy, Expiration dating, Flammability, Fluorescence, Formulation, Fragrance, Impurity, Ingredient, Irritation, Labeling, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, Performance, pH, Photostability, Preservative challenge, Proficiency, Purity, Pyrogenicity, Quality control, Safety, Sensitization, Stability, Water activity\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>autoclave, balance, chromatographic, digital imaging devices, ESR spectroscopy equipment, fluorescent laser scan microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipment, microscope, multiphotone tomography equipment, pH meter, Raman spectroscopy equipment, test tube and rack, thermometer, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) instrumentation\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the cosmetic industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>In the U.S., whereas the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services\" title=\"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"654b4449e4816e190325b420c264df1a\">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services<\/a> (CMS) regulates <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_laboratory\" title=\"Clinical laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"307bcdf1bdbcd1bb167cee435b7a5463\">clinical laboratory<\/a> testing<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CMSCLIA_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CMSCLIA-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>, the FDA regulates cosmetic laboratories.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FDAAuthority_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FDAAuthority-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Regulation of cosmetic laboratories in other countries varies; in Singapore, for example, the Health Sciences Authority helps enforce cosmetic testing per its Health Products Act.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HSACosmetics_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HSACosmetics-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.3_Informatics_in_the_cosmetics_industry\">4.2.3 Informatics in the cosmetics industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The most obvious place where informatics is being used in the cosmetics industry is in their various labs, where research and development (R&D) and QC testing take place. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_information_management_system\" title=\"Laboratory information management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8ff56a51d34c9b1806fcebdcde634d00\">Laboratory information management systems<\/a> (LIMS) help collect, analyze, visualize, and disseminate test results; manage formulations; and track workflows. However, other operations within the cosmetic industry are busy collecting data as well, and with the growing focus on big data and what it entails, industry members are looking at other ways they can beneficially integrate and harness that data. Some companies have developed specific algorithms to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Data_mining\" title=\"Data mining\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"be09d3680fe1608addedf6f62692ee47\">mine<\/a> consumer testing results and further scrutinize existing formulations to maximize desired sensory results and produce more effective and cost-efficient cosmetics.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GallonTheBig16_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GallonTheBig16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Outside the lab, some cosmetic companies are using informatics in other ways, including using e-commerce data to identify growth opportunities<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WhitehouseBeauty14_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WhitehouseBeauty14-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> and integrating manufacturing data streams to enable improved efficiency and productivity.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FraysenCase14_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FraysenCase14-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">4.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Cosmetic_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Cosmetic LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8404bdb61f20a84e131bdb7b59ffc864\">Cosmetic LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Sakamoto, K.; Lochhead, R.; Maibach, H.; Yamashita, Y. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=HGp_CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Cosmetic Science and Technology: Theoretical Principles and Applications<\/i><\/a>. Elsevier. pp. 854. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780128020548<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=HGp_CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=HGp_CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmetic+Science+and+Technology%3A+Theoretical+Principles+and+Applications&rft.aulast=Sakamoto%2C+K.%3B+Lochhead%2C+R.%3B+Maibach%2C+H.%3B+Yamashita%2C+Y.&rft.au=Sakamoto%2C+K.%3B+Lochhead%2C+R.%3B+Maibach%2C+H.%3B+Yamashita%2C+Y.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B854&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=9780128020548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGp_CwAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-BrowneTheJob-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BrowneTheJob_1-4\">1.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Browne, C.. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/work.chron.com\/job-description-cosmetic-chemist-17987.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Job Description of a Cosmetic Chemist\"<\/a>. <i>Chron<\/i>. Hearst Newspapers, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/work.chron.com\/job-description-cosmetic-chemist-17987.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/work.chron.com\/job-description-cosmetic-chemist-17987.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Job+Description+of+a+Cosmetic+Chemist&rft.atitle=Chron&rft.aulast=Browne%2C+C.&rft.au=Browne%2C+C.&rft.pub=Hearst+Newspapers%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwork.chron.com%2Fjob-description-cosmetic-chemist-17987.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NWUCEL-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NWUCEL_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NWUCEL_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NWUCEL_2-2\">2.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/health-sciences.nwu.ac.za\/pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-services\/cel\" target=\"_blank\">\"CEL\"<\/a>. North-West University<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/health-sciences.nwu.ac.za\/pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-services\/cel\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/health-sciences.nwu.ac.za\/pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-services\/cel<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CEL&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=North-West+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth-sciences.nwu.ac.za%2Fpharmaceutical-and-biomedical-services%2Fcel&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FDASmallBus16-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FDASmallBus16_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FDASmallBus16_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/resources-industry-cosmetics\/small-businesses-homemade-cosmetics-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\">\"Small Businesses & Homemade Cosmetics: Fact Sheet\"<\/a>. Food and Drug Administration. 25 February 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/resources-industry-cosmetics\/small-businesses-homemade-cosmetics-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/resources-industry-cosmetics\/small-businesses-homemade-cosmetics-fact-sheet<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Small+Businesses+%26+Homemade+Cosmetics%3A+Fact+Sheet&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25+February+2022&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fcosmetics%2Fresources-industry-cosmetics%2Fsmall-businesses-homemade-cosmetics-fact-sheet&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LOrealUSAResearch-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LOrealUSAResearch_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181021232022\/http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l'or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation\" target=\"_blank\">\"L\u2019Or\u00e9al USA Research And Innovation\"<\/a>. L\u2019Or\u00e9al Group. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l%27or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 21 October 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181021232022\/http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l'or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181021232022\/http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l'or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=L%E2%80%99Or%C3%A9al+USA+Research+And+Innovation&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Or%C3%A9al+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181021232022%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lorealusa.com%2Fgroup%2Fdiscover-l%27or%25C3%25A9al-usa%2Fl%25E2%2580%2599or%25C3%25A9al-usa-research-and-innovation&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CMSCLIA-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CMSCLIA_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/regulations-and-guidance\/legislation\/clia\" target=\"_blank\">\"Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)\"<\/a>. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 16 May 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/regulations-and-guidance\/legislation\/clia\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/regulations-and-guidance\/legislation\/clia<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Clinical+Laboratory+Improvement+Amendments+%28CLIA%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=16+May+2022&rft.pub=Centers+for+Medicare+%26+Medicaid+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cms.gov%2Fregulations-and-guidance%2Flegislation%2Fclia&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FDAAuthority-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FDAAuthority_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/cosmetics-laws-regulations\/fda-authority-over-cosmetics-how-cosmetics-are-not-fda-approved-are-fda-regulated\" target=\"_blank\">\"FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated\"<\/a>. Food and Drug Administration. 2 March 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/cosmetics-laws-regulations\/fda-authority-over-cosmetics-how-cosmetics-are-not-fda-approved-are-fda-regulated\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cosmetics\/cosmetics-laws-regulations\/fda-authority-over-cosmetics-how-cosmetics-are-not-fda-approved-are-fda-regulated<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA+Authority+Over+Cosmetics%3A+How+Cosmetics+Are+Not+FDA-Approved%2C+but+Are+FDA-Regulated&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2+March+2022&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fcosmetics%2Fcosmetics-laws-regulations%2Ffda-authority-over-cosmetics-how-cosmetics-are-not-fda-approved-are-fda-regulated&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HSACosmetics-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HSACosmetics_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hsa.gov.sg\/about-us\/applied-sciences\/cosmetics\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cosmetics\"<\/a>. Health Sciences Authority. 13 September 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hsa.gov.sg\/about-us\/applied-sciences\/cosmetics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.hsa.gov.sg\/about-us\/applied-sciences\/cosmetics<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cosmetics&rft.atitle=&rft.date=13+September+2019&rft.pub=Health+Sciences+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsa.gov.sg%2Fabout-us%2Fapplied-sciences%2Fcosmetics&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GallonTheBig16-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GallonTheBig16_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Gallon, V. (8 March 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.premiumbeautynews.com\/en\/the-big-data-revolution-is-well,9420\" target=\"_blank\">\"The big data revolution is well underway in the cosmetics industry\"<\/a>. <i>Premium Beauty News<\/i>. Premium Beauty Media SAS<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.premiumbeautynews.com\/en\/the-big-data-revolution-is-well,9420\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.premiumbeautynews.com\/en\/the-big-data-revolution-is-well,9420<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+big+data+revolution+is+well+underway+in+the+cosmetics+industry&rft.atitle=Premium+Beauty+News&rft.aulast=Gallon%2C+V.&rft.au=Gallon%2C+V.&rft.date=8+March+2016&rft.pub=Premium+Beauty+Media+SAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumbeautynews.com%2Fen%2Fthe-big-data-revolution-is-well%2C9420&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WhitehouseBeauty14-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WhitehouseBeauty14_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Whitehouse, L. (23 May 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com\/Article\/2014\/05\/23\/Beauty-using-big-data-to-identify-new-markets\" target=\"_blank\">\"Beauty using big data to identify new markets\"<\/a>. <i>Cosmetics Design - Europe<\/i>. William Reed Business Media Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com\/Article\/2014\/05\/23\/Beauty-using-big-data-to-identify-new-markets\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com\/Article\/2014\/05\/23\/Beauty-using-big-data-to-identify-new-markets<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Beauty+using+big+data+to+identify+new+markets&rft.atitle=Cosmetics+Design+-+Europe&rft.aulast=Whitehouse%2C+L.&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+L.&rft.date=23+May+2014&rft.pub=William+Reed+Business+Media+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com%2FArticle%2F2014%2F05%2F23%2FBeauty-using-big-data-to-identify-new-markets&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FraysenCase14-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FraysenCase14_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fraysen.com\/2014\/12\/30\/case-study-big-data-cosmetics-manufacturing\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Case Study: Real-time Big Data Improves Cosmetics Manufacturing\"<\/a>. Fraysen Systems. 30 December 2014<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fraysen.com\/2014\/12\/30\/case-study-big-data-cosmetics-manufacturing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fraysen.com\/2014\/12\/30\/case-study-big-data-cosmetics-manufacturing\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Case+Study%3A+Real-time+Big+Data+Improves+Cosmetics+Manufacturing&rft.atitle=&rft.date=30+December+2014&rft.pub=Fraysen+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraysen.com%2F2014%2F12%2F30%2Fcase-study-big-data-cosmetics-manufacturing%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232313\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.141 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.723 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 7380\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 60421\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 21074\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 16452\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 116.725 1 -total\n 60.19% 70.258 1 Template:Reflist\n 58.10% 67.821 11 Template:Citation\/core\n 46.50% 54.282 10 Template:Cite_web\n 39.75% 46.401 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\n 20.00% 23.349 1 Template:Cite_book\n 12.14% 14.167 7 Template:Date\n 6.00% 6.998 1 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 3.87% 4.516 15 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 1.80% 2.105 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13436-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232314 and revision id 48525. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","825e6f7857557fdc550688705626a2ed_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/Cosmetics-1078712_1280.jpg"],"825e6f7857557fdc550688705626a2ed_timestamp":1657236872,"752fb072bc3f7fa68bd74fe93ef08e8d_type":"article","752fb072bc3f7fa68bd74fe93ef08e8d_title":"4.1 Clinical and academic research","752fb072bc3f7fa68bd74fe93ef08e8d_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research","752fb072bc3f7fa68bd74fe93ef08e8d_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/Clinical and academic researchFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 4. Labs by industry: Part 2 \n\n1.1 4.1 Clinical and academic research \n\n1.1.1 4.1.1 Client types \n1.1.2 4.1.2 Functions \n1.1.3 4.1.3 Informatics in the clinical and academic research industry \n1.1.4 4.1.4 LIMSwiki resources further reading \n\n\n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n4. Labs by industry: Part 2 \nWe continue to look at 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline function through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. Finally, we discuss the role of informatics in each industry lab type.\n\r\n\n\n4.1 Clinical and academic research \n\n\nClinical research laboratories provide a regulated environment for the testing of the safety and efficacy of a variety of medical treatments and diagnostic devices, including medications, implants, and physician test kits. These facilities form the backbone of today's effective medical treatments, from cholesterol-lowering medications to pacemakers for the heart. In the U.S., these types of labs are overseen by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), unlike the previously mentioned clinical and public health laboratories. Clinical research labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)[1][2]: \n\nclinical studies\nbioequivalence studies\nstudy design and management\nhigh-volume specimen testing\ncustom assay development\ntest kit development and supply\nClinical studies and trials aside, other types of research may require laboratory services as well. (For the purposes of this guide, we refer to it as \"academic research,\" a broad catch-all category for other research involving laboratories that doesn't readily fit into other industry categories.) Take for example the archeology laboratory, which is responsible for cleaning, analyzing, and identifying artifacts and remains from various sites either as part of a greater research effort or as a contract laboratory service.[3][4] Research in information and communications technology (ICT) also occurs in dry laboratories; examples include the privately owned Nokia Bell Labs[5] and the university-affiliated University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory.[6]\nBut how do clinical and academic research laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nIf you've had a medical device implanted, taken a prescription medication, visited an archeological exhibit in a museum, or experienced improvements in how you use technology to communicate with others, then you've been touched by a clinical or academic research laboratory. Without these facilities we'd have fewer medications and assistive devices, and by extension shorter life spans. We'd know less about humanity's past growth and development, and we'd lack the technology to rapidly disseminate those findings around the globe.\n\n4.1.1 Client types \nPrivate - Private clinical research labs are most often \"central laboratories\" (see the end of this section for more on this term) that are contracted by pharmaceutical companies and medical device manufacturers.\nExamples include:\n\nACM Global Central Laboratory\nJMI Laboratories\nLabcorp Central Labs\nGovernment - These labs are typically set up by a government agency to perform specific research into medical conditions such as cancer, depression, or HIV infection.\nExamples include:\n\nFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research\nNIH Clinical Center\nOffice of Regulatory Affairs' Field Laboratories\nAcademic - Many academic institutions set up their own clinical research activities, often within an affiliated medical center. These research efforts often serve as training grounds for students to learn more about clinical research and its administration.\nExamples include:\n\nJohns Hopkins Clinical Research Unit Core Laboratory\nUniversity of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus\nWashington University Radiology Clinical Research Core\n4.1.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed and researched? artifacts, biological specimens, chemicals, communication networks, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, etc. (depending on academic discipline practiced in the lab and type of research)\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? archeology, clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, clinical research, immunology, information theory, molecular biology, pharmacology, etc. (depending on academic discipline practiced in the lab and type of research)\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Acoustic startle, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Age determination, Amino acid analysis, Angle of repose, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Behavioral, Blood culture, Blood gases, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Bioequivalence, Biomechanical, Biomolecular, Biosafety, Calorimetry, Carcinogenicity, Clinical diagnostic, Colorimetric, Compaction, Compendial, Complete blood count, Cytology, Cytopathology, Cytotoxicity, Detection, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Dietary exposure, Ecotoxicology, Efficacy, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrophoresis, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Endotoxin, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Extractables and leachables, Feasibility, Fluid dynamics, Functional observational battery, Genetic, Genotoxicity, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Hematotoxicity, Human factors, Immunohistochemistry, Impact, Impurity, Inhalation, Irritation, Kidney function, Learning and memory, Lipid profile, Liver function, Locomotor activity, Metabolic, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Nanoparticulate, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Parasitic, Pathogen, Pathogenicity, pH, Pharmacokinetic, Phototoxicity, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Red blood cell count, Refractive index, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific gravity, Thyroid function, Toxicokinetic, Urine culture, Validation, Verification, Virucidal efficacy, Wildlife toxicology\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nautoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, electrophoresis system, ELISA plate reader, fluorometer, freezers, fume hood, genetic analyzer and sequencer, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, mass spectrometry equipment, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermal cycler, thermometer, urinalysis device, water bath \nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical and academic research fields? \nIt's important to note that some clinical research laboratories may be referred to as \"central laboratories.\" Though mentioned occasionally in its regulation and guidance, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration doesn't seem to provide a definition of the term. However, it seems to be used by some in the context of an analytical laboratory that provides analyses of biological specimens associated with clinical and bioequivalence studies (including multi-site studies, prompting the idea of a \"central\" lab handling sample analysis) performed at medical institutions.[1][7]\n\n4.1.3 Informatics in the clinical and academic research industry \nOn the clinical research side, informatics is being used in a variety of ways. Clinical research informatics\u2014described by the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) as \"the use of informatics in the discovery and management of new knowledge relating to health and disease\"[8]\u2014is allowing researchers to better use data from clinical trials, improve biomedical research techniques, and analyze and visualize the massive amount of data that comes from said techniques.[9] Efforts to create research data management applications occur not only within businesses but also academic sectors, including Duke University's Office of Academic Solutions and Information Systems (formerly the Office of Research Informatics)[10] and University of Chicago's Center for Research Informatics[11]\nInformatics appear in other types of non-clinical, academic research. Take for instance the field of computational archaeology (also known as archaeological informatics), allowing archaeologists \"to present dynamic phenomena, to show processes in action rather than static descriptions of them, and to vary the narratives to respond to the needs, experience and interests of our varied audiences without necessarily sacrificing the archaeological integrity of our arguments.\"[12]\n\n4.1.4 LIMSwiki resources further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nClinical research LIMS\nContract services LIMS\nTranslational research\nTranslational research informatics\nFurther reading\n\nGallin, J.I.; Ognibene, F.P.; Johnson, L.L., ed. (2018). Principles and Practice of Clinical Research (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 824. ISBN 9780128499047. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JQVQCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 \"Definition of Central Laboratory\". FDA Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Q&A. Model Agreements & Guidelines International. 19 April 2004. Archived from the original on 08 January 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200108182900\/https:\/\/www.magiworld.org\/FdaGcpRecords?Pkey=1134 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Minor, L.K., ed. (2006). \"Handbook of Assay Development in Drug Discovery\". CRC Press. pp. 488. ISBN 9781420015706. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=RmrLBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Archeology Laboratory\". Augustana University. https:\/\/www.augie.edu\/academics\/academic-offices-and-centers\/archeology-laboratory . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Labs\". Saint Louis University. https:\/\/www.slu.edu\/arts-and-sciences\/sociology-anthropology\/labs.php . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"History - Bell Labs\". Nokia Group. https:\/\/www.bell-labs.com\/about\/history\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"UNH-IOL FAQ\". University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory. https:\/\/www.iol.unh.edu\/about\/faq . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Karelin, A.; Belotserkovskiy, M.; Khokhlova, V.; Kumar, A. (6 May 2013). \"Selecting a Central Laboratory\". Contract Pharma. Rodman Media, Inc. https:\/\/www.contractpharma.com\/issues\/2013-05\/view_features\/selecting-a-central-laboratory\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Informatics: Research and Practice\". American Medical Informatics Association. https:\/\/amia.org\/about-amia\/why-informatics\/informatics-research-and-practice . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Embi, P.J.; Payne, P.R. (2009). \"Clinical research informatics: Challenges, opportunities and definition for an emerging domain\". JAMIA 16 (3): 316\u201327. doi:10.1197\/jamia.M3005. PMC PMC2732242. PMID 19261934. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2732242 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Office of Academic Solutions and Information Systems\". Duke University. https:\/\/medschool.duke.edu\/research\/research-support\/research-support-offices\/oasis . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Center for Research Informatics\". University of Chicago. https:\/\/cri.uchicago.edu\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Huggett, J.; Ross, S. (2004). \"Introduction\". Internet Archaeology (15): 13. doi:10.11141\/ia.15.13.   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:22.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 4 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","752fb072bc3f7fa68bd74fe93ef08e8d_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Clinical_and_academic_research rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_2_Clinical_and_academic_research skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/Clinical and academic research<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4._Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\">4. Labs by industry: Part 2<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We continue to look at 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline function through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. Finally, we discuss the role of informatics in each industry lab type.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1_Clinical_and_academic_research\">4.1 Clinical and academic research<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Blausen_0580_Insulin_Syringe%26Pen.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"0342b23a91df92749d1f0bb65759f5cf\"><img alt=\"Blausen 0580 Insulin Syringe&Pen.png\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/66\/Blausen_0580_Insulin_Syringe%26Pen.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"270\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Medical_research\" title=\"Medical research\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0ee7e4e2a32a422d78fe6bd1ab0d1cbc\">Clinical research<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratories<\/a> provide a regulated environment for the testing of the safety and efficacy of a variety of medical treatments and diagnostic devices, including medications, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Implant_(medicine)\" title=\"Implant (medicine)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"493da0ed539f193bbccf9b19a18c1d08\">implants<\/a>, and physician test kits. These facilities form the backbone of today's effective medical treatments, from cholesterol-lowering medications to pacemakers for the heart. In the U.S., these types of labs are overseen by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Food_and_Drug_Administration\" title=\"Food and Drug Administration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e2be8927071ac419c0929f7aa1ede7fe\">Food and Drug Administration<\/a> (FDA), unlike the previously mentioned clinical and public health laboratories. Clinical research labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FCRDefinition_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FCRDefinition-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MinorHandbook06_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MinorHandbook06-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>clinical studies<\/li>\n<li>bioequivalence studies<\/li>\n<li>study design and management<\/li>\n<li>high-volume specimen testing<\/li>\n<li>custom assay development<\/li>\n<li>test kit development and supply<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Clinical studies and trials aside, other types of research may require laboratory services as well. (For the purposes of this guide, we refer to it as \"academic research,\" a broad catch-all category for other research involving laboratories that doesn't readily fit into other industry categories.) Take for example the archeology laboratory, which is responsible for cleaning, analyzing, and identifying artifacts and remains from various sites either as part of a greater research effort or as a contract laboratory service.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AugustanaArchLab_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AugustanaArchLab-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SLUArchLab_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SLUArchLab-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Research in information and communications technology (ICT) also occurs in dry laboratories; examples include the privately owned Nokia Bell Labs<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NokiaHistoryBell_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NokiaHistoryBell-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> and the university-affiliated University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UNH-IOL_FAQ_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UNH-IOL_FAQ-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><i>But how do clinical and academic research laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>If you've had a medical device implanted, taken a prescription medication, visited an archeological exhibit in a museum, or experienced improvements in how you use technology to communicate with others, then you've been touched by a clinical or academic research laboratory. Without these facilities we'd have fewer medications and assistive devices, and by extension shorter life spans. We'd know less about humanity's past growth and development, and we'd lack the technology to rapidly disseminate those findings around the globe.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.1_Client_types\">4.1.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Private clinical research labs are most often \"central laboratories\" (see the end of this section for more on this term) that are contracted by pharmaceutical companies and medical device manufacturers.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acmgloballab.com\/central-lab-services\/clinical-trial-testing\" target=\"_blank\">ACM Global Central Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jmilabs.com\/clinical-trial-support\/\" target=\"_blank\">JMI Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/drugdevelopment.labcorp.com\/services\/clinical-testing\/central-laboratory-services.html\" target=\"_blank\">Labcorp Central Labs<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - These labs are typically set up by a government agency to perform specific research into medical conditions such as cancer, depression, or HIV infection.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/frederick.cancer.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\">Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/clinicalcenter.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\">NIH Clinical Center<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/science-research\/field-science-and-laboratories\" target=\"_blank\">Office of Regulatory Affairs' Field Laboratories<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Many academic institutions set up their own clinical research activities, often within an affiliated medical center. These research efforts often serve as training grounds for students to learn more about clinical research and its administration.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ictr.johnshopkins.edu\/service\/study-conduct\/cru-core-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\">Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Unit Core Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cuanschutz.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mir.wustl.edu\/research\/core-resources\/radiology-clinical-research-core\/\" target=\"_blank\">Washington University Radiology Clinical Research Core<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.2_Functions\">4.1.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed and researched?<\/i> artifacts, biological specimens, chemicals, communication networks, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, etc. (depending on academic discipline practiced in the lab and type of research)\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> archeology, clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, clinical research, immunology, information theory, molecular biology, pharmacology, etc. (depending on academic discipline practiced in the lab and type of research)\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Acoustic startle, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Age determination, Amino acid analysis, Angle of repose, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Behavioral, Blood culture, Blood gases, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Bioequivalence, Biomechanical, Biomolecular, Biosafety, Calorimetry, Carcinogenicity, Clinical diagnostic, Colorimetric, Compaction, Compendial, Complete blood count, Cytology, Cytopathology, Cytotoxicity, Detection, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Dietary exposure, Ecotoxicology, Efficacy, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrophoresis, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Endotoxin, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Extractables and leachables, Feasibility, Fluid dynamics, Functional observational battery, Genetic, Genotoxicity, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Hematotoxicity, Human factors, Immunohistochemistry, Impact, Impurity, Inhalation, Irritation, Kidney function, Learning and memory, Lipid profile, Liver function, Locomotor activity, Metabolic, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Nanoparticulate, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Parasitic, Pathogen, Pathogenicity, pH, Pharmacokinetic, Phototoxicity, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Red blood cell count, Refractive index, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific gravity, Thyroid function, Toxicokinetic, Urine culture, Validation, Verification, Virucidal efficacy, Wildlife toxicology\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, electrophoresis system, ELISA plate reader, fluorometer, freezers, fume hood, genetic analyzer and sequencer, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, mass spectrometry equipment, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermal cycler, thermometer, urinalysis device, water bath \n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical and academic research fields?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>It's important to note that some clinical research laboratories may be referred to as \"central laboratories.\" Though mentioned occasionally in its regulation and guidance, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration doesn't seem to provide a definition of the term. However, it seems to be used by some in the context of an analytical laboratory that provides analyses of biological specimens associated with clinical and bioequivalence studies (including multi-site studies, prompting the idea of a \"central\" lab handling sample analysis) performed at medical institutions.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FCRDefinition_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FCRDefinition-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KarelinSelecting13_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KarelinSelecting13-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.3_Informatics_in_the_clinical_and_academic_research_industry\">4.1.3 Informatics in the clinical and academic research industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>On the clinical research side, informatics is being used in a variety of ways. Clinical research informatics\u2014described by the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) as \"the use of informatics in the discovery and management of new knowledge relating to health and disease\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AMIA_CRI_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AMIA_CRI-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014is allowing researchers to better use data from clinical trials, improve biomedical research techniques, and analyze and visualize the massive amount of data that comes from said techniques.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EmbiClinical09_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EmbiClinical09-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Efforts to create research data management applications occur not only within businesses but also academic sectors, including Duke University's Office of Academic Solutions and Information Systems (formerly the Office of Research Informatics)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DukeORI_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DukeORI-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> and University of Chicago's Center for Research Informatics<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UChicCRI_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UChicCRI-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Informatics appear in other types of non-clinical, academic research. Take for instance the field of computational archaeology (also known as archaeological informatics), allowing archaeologists \"to present dynamic phenomena, to show processes in action rather than static descriptions of them, and to vary the narratives to respond to the needs, experience and interests of our varied audiences without necessarily sacrificing the archaeological integrity of our arguments.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HuggettInto04_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HuggettInto04-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.4_LIMSwiki_resources_further_reading\">4.1.4 LIMSwiki resources further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Clinical_research_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Clinical research LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"cf095f42f08b1fada6482f117a673138\">Clinical research LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Contract_services_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Contract services LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4efad798954f7b67eccf3a0a39839002\">Contract services LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Translational_research\" title=\"Translational research\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b5462c2278492de7f21a60e40299b634\">Translational research<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Translational_research_informatics\" title=\"Translational research informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"520ed565bdc91c9a69c2bdc3c2540831\">Translational research informatics<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Gallin, J.I.; Ognibene, F.P.; Johnson, L.L., ed. (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JQVQCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Principles and Practice of Clinical Research<\/i><\/a> (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 824. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780128499047<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JQVQCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JQVQCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Clinical+Research&rft.date=2018&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B824&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.isbn=9780128499047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJQVQCwAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-FCRDefinition-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FCRDefinition_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FCRDefinition_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200108182900\/https:\/\/www.magiworld.org\/FdaGcpRecords?Pkey=1134\" target=\"_blank\">\"Definition of Central Laboratory\"<\/a>. <i>FDA Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Q&A<\/i>. Model Agreements & Guidelines International. 19 April 2004. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.magiworld.org\/FdaGcpRecords?Pkey=1134\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 08 January 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200108182900\/https:\/\/www.magiworld.org\/FdaGcpRecords?Pkey=1134\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200108182900\/https:\/\/www.magiworld.org\/FdaGcpRecords?Pkey=1134<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Central+Laboratory&rft.atitle=FDA+Good+Clinical+Practice+%28GCP%29+Q%26A&rft.date=19+April+2004&rft.pub=Model+Agreements+%26+Guidelines+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200108182900%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.magiworld.org%2FFdaGcpRecords%3FPkey%3D1134&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MinorHandbook06-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MinorHandbook06_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Minor, L.K., ed. (2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=RmrLBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">\"Handbook of Assay Development in Drug Discovery\"<\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 488. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781420015706<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=RmrLBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=RmrLBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Assay+Development+in+Drug+Discovery&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=pp.+488&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781420015706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmrLBQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AugustanaArchLab-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AugustanaArchLab_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.augie.edu\/academics\/academic-offices-and-centers\/archeology-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">\"Archeology Laboratory\"<\/a>. Augustana University<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.augie.edu\/academics\/academic-offices-and-centers\/archeology-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.augie.edu\/academics\/academic-offices-and-centers\/archeology-laboratory<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Archeology+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Augustana+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.augie.edu%2Facademics%2Facademic-offices-and-centers%2Farcheology-laboratory&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SLUArchLab-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SLUArchLab_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slu.edu\/arts-and-sciences\/sociology-anthropology\/labs.php\" target=\"_blank\">\"Labs\"<\/a>. Saint Louis University<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slu.edu\/arts-and-sciences\/sociology-anthropology\/labs.php\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.slu.edu\/arts-and-sciences\/sociology-anthropology\/labs.php<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Labs&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Saint+Louis+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slu.edu%2Farts-and-sciences%2Fsociology-anthropology%2Flabs.php&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NokiaHistoryBell-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NokiaHistoryBell_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bell-labs.com\/about\/history\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"History - Bell Labs\"<\/a>. Nokia Group<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bell-labs.com\/about\/history\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.bell-labs.com\/about\/history\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=History+-+Bell+Labs&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Nokia+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-UNH-IOL_FAQ-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-UNH-IOL_FAQ_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iol.unh.edu\/about\/faq\" target=\"_blank\">\"UNH-IOL FAQ\"<\/a>. University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iol.unh.edu\/about\/faq\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iol.unh.edu\/about\/faq<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=UNH-IOL+FAQ&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=University+of+New+Hampshire+InterOperability+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.unh.edu%2Fabout%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KarelinSelecting13-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KarelinSelecting13_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Karelin, A.; Belotserkovskiy, M.; Khokhlova, V.; Kumar, A. (6 May 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.contractpharma.com\/issues\/2013-05\/view_features\/selecting-a-central-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Selecting a Central Laboratory\"<\/a>. <i>Contract Pharma<\/i>. Rodman Media, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.contractpharma.com\/issues\/2013-05\/view_features\/selecting-a-central-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.contractpharma.com\/issues\/2013-05\/view_features\/selecting-a-central-laboratory\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Selecting+a+Central+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Contract+Pharma&rft.aulast=Karelin%2C+A.%3B+Belotserkovskiy%2C+M.%3B+Khokhlova%2C+V.%3B+Kumar%2C+A.&rft.au=Karelin%2C+A.%3B+Belotserkovskiy%2C+M.%3B+Khokhlova%2C+V.%3B+Kumar%2C+A.&rft.date=6+May+2013&rft.pub=Rodman+Media%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.contractpharma.com%2Fissues%2F2013-05%2Fview_features%2Fselecting-a-central-laboratory%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AMIA_CRI-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AMIA_CRI_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/amia.org\/about-amia\/why-informatics\/informatics-research-and-practice\" target=\"_blank\">\"Informatics: Research and Practice\"<\/a>. American Medical Informatics Association<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/amia.org\/about-amia\/why-informatics\/informatics-research-and-practice\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/amia.org\/about-amia\/why-informatics\/informatics-research-and-practice<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Informatics%3A+Research+and+Practice&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=American+Medical+Informatics+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famia.org%2Fabout-amia%2Fwhy-informatics%2Finformatics-research-and-practice&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EmbiClinical09-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EmbiClinical09_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Embi, P.J.; Payne, P.R. (2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2732242\" target=\"_blank\">\"Clinical research informatics: Challenges, opportunities and definition for an emerging domain\"<\/a>. <i>JAMIA<\/i> <b>16<\/b> (3): 316\u201327. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1197%2Fjamia.M3005\" target=\"_blank\">10.1197\/jamia.M3005<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2732242\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC2732242<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19261934\" target=\"_blank\">19261934<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2732242\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2732242<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clinical+research+informatics%3A+Challenges%2C+opportunities+and+definition+for+an+emerging+domain&rft.jtitle=JAMIA&rft.aulast=Embi%2C+P.J.%3B+Payne%2C+P.R.&rft.au=Embi%2C+P.J.%3B+Payne%2C+P.R.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=316%E2%80%9327&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1197%2Fjamia.M3005&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC2732242&rft_id=info:pmid\/19261934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC2732242&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DukeORI-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DukeORI_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medschool.duke.edu\/research\/research-support\/research-support-offices\/oasis\" target=\"_blank\">\"Office of Academic Solutions and Information Systems\"<\/a>. Duke University<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/medschool.duke.edu\/research\/research-support\/research-support-offices\/oasis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/medschool.duke.edu\/research\/research-support\/research-support-offices\/oasis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Office+of+Academic+Solutions+and+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedschool.duke.edu%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-support%2Fresearch-support-offices%2Foasis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-UChicCRI-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-UChicCRI_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cri.uchicago.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Center for Research Informatics\"<\/a>. University of Chicago<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cri.uchicago.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cri.uchicago.edu\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Center+for+Research+Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcri.uchicago.edu%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HuggettInto04-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HuggettInto04_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Huggett, J.; Ross, S. (2004). \"Introduction\". <i>Internet Archaeology<\/i> (15): 13. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.11141%2Fia.15.13\" target=\"_blank\">10.11141\/ia.15.13<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.aulast=Huggett%2C+J.%3B+Ross%2C+S.&rft.au=Huggett%2C+J.%3B+Ross%2C+S.&rft.date=2004&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=13&rft_id=info:doi\/10.11141%2Fia.15.13&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232256\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.110 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.167 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8313\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 66864\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 18564\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 18287\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 111.061 1 -total\n 66.94% 74.348 1 Template:Reflist\n 64.52% 71.655 13 Template:Citation\/core\n 42.90% 47.643 10 Template:Cite_web\n 32.98% 36.633 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\n 21.87% 24.288 1 Template:Cite_book\n 12.72% 14.124 2 Template:Cite_journal\n 8.72% 9.680 6 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 6.53% 7.252 2 Template:Date\n 4.68% 5.198 16 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13435-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232256 and revision id 48524. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","752fb072bc3f7fa68bd74fe93ef08e8d_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/66\/Blausen_0580_Insulin_Syringe%26Pen.png"],"752fb072bc3f7fa68bd74fe93ef08e8d_timestamp":1657236872,"17b9558a4444db8a1efc245c31bc7a81_type":"article","17b9558a4444db8a1efc245c31bc7a81_title":"3.5 Clinical, public and private","17b9558a4444db8a1efc245c31bc7a81_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private","17b9558a4444db8a1efc245c31bc7a81_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Clinical, public and privateFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 3.5 Clinical, public and private \n\n1.1 3.5.1 Client types \n1.2 3.5.2 Functions \n1.3 3.5.3 Informatics in the clinical industry \n1.4 3.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n 3.5 Clinical, public and private \n\n\nTo talk of clinical laboratories (serving the patient) and public health laboratories (serving the population) requires a broad look at those labs that serve in the direct analysis, treatment, and prevention of illness. From large third-party reference laboratories like Quest Diagnostics that handle laboratory analysis of patient samples for doctors to the tiny physician office laboratory (POL) performing CLIA-waived tests, from the local hospital lab to a state's public health laboratory, from the mobile diabetes testing unit to the national disease prevention lab, it's difficult not to bump into a clinical or public health lab of some sort. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \nClinical\n\ndiagnostic analysis of patient samples[1]\nidentification of infectious agents[1]\nassurance of the quality of blood for transfusions[1]\nanalysis, management, and storage of reproductive tissues and fluids[1]\nprovision of basic point-of-care testing[1]\nscreening or testing of employees for drugs of abuse[1]\nPublic health\n\nprevention, control, and surveillance of diseases[2]\ncollection, monitoring, and analysis of laboratory data submitted to national databases[2]\nanalysis and specialized testing of patient samples[2]\ndetection and analysis of toxic contaminants in environmental and food samples[2]\ndevelopment and promotion of laboratory improvement programs as well as state and federal policy[2]\nBut how do clinical and public health laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nAs the debate about whether healthcare access should be universal[3] or is a human right[4] wages on, many people still receive medical care but some do not. While it's bad for the \"have nots,\" can you imagine a different world, one where it's not a fight for the have nots but a fight for most everyone to survive? Try, if you will, to imagine a universe where laboratory medicine never existed. Without laboratorians diagnosing and researching, today's healthy population would be significantly smaller. Clinical and public laboratories have brought us advances in antibiotics, which without many more people would die from surgical site infections post-surgery.[5] These laboratories have helped bring medical diagnostics to more people more conveniently and efficiently, and they are at the forefront of most people's health care.[6]\n\n3.5.1 Client types \nPrivate - Private clinical (or sometimes referred to as reference) labs usually appear in either stand-alone facilities that outpatients go to or in a medical facility such as a physicians group, hospital, or some other form of care facility. Occasionally, you may find private clinical labs in manufacturing facilities to handle mandated drug testing or even in a mobile environment. \nExamples include:\n\nAccu Reference Medical Labs\nClinical Reference Laboratory, Inc.\nQuest Diagnostics\nGovernment - You'll find public health labs almost exclusively on the government side, managing disease outbreaks, monitoring public health, and acting as a third-party analysis option for clinical labs struggling to identify or characterize a sample.\nExamples include:\n\nCDC Newborn Screening and Molecular Biology Branch\nMissouri State Public Health Laboratory\nVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Australia\nAcademic - The laboratories found in the academic sphere are often multi-purpose, serving as teaching facilities for students while at the same time providing vital in-house testing to the academic facility's affiliated medical center. However, some may be stand-alone teaching labs designed to provide hands-on education in a lab outside a medical facility.\nExamples include: \n\nCentral Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology\nEmory University Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine\nUniversity of Virginia Health System\n3.5.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? biological specimens, cadavers, whole organs\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, cytopathology, epidemiology, genetics, hematology, histopathology, immunohematology, immunology, molecular biology, oncology, parasitology, pathophysiology, reproductive biology, surgical pathology, toxicology, virology\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Alcohol level, Allergy, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Bioaccumulation, Blood culture, Blood gases, Biocompatibility, Biomolecular, Biophysical profile, Blood typing, Calorimetry, Clinical diagnostic, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Complete blood count, Compliance\/Conformance, Composition, Cytopathology, Detection, Dietary exposure, Efficiency, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Electrophoresis, Endurance, Genetic, Genotype, Hematotoxicity, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Identification, Immunoassay, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Kidney function, Infectious disease, Lipid profile, Liver function, Medical toxicology, Metabolic, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Pathogen, pH, Proficiency, Radiochemical, Red blood cell count, Refractive index, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific gravity, Sports performance, Stress, Subchronic toxicity, Temperature, Thermal, Thyroid function, Urine culture, Validation, Verification\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nautoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, fume hood, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, urinalysis device, water bath \nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical and public health industry? \nAt least in the United States, clinical labs are some of the most prevalent labs in the country; as of June 2022 there was approximately one CLIA-regulated clinical laboratory for every 1,049 people.[7][8] While many of the diagnostic techniques and laboratory instruments specific to clinical diagnostic laboratories can also be found in the clinical research setting, clinical research labs tend to be a somewhat different beast. As such, we cover those labs separately, in the next chapter. \n\n3.5.3 Informatics in the clinical industry \nFrom nursing to clinical care, from dentistry to occupational therapy, health informatics (or clinical informatics) is helping clinicians manage data and knowledge. In turn, clinicians collaborate with other health care and information technology professionals to develop health informatics tools that promote patient care that is safe, efficient, effective, timely, patient-centered, and equitable. Health informaticians use their knowledge of patient care combined with their understanding of informatics concepts, methods, and health informatics tools to[9]:\n\nassess the information and knowledge needs of health care professionals and patients;\ncharacterize, evaluate, and refine clinical processes;\ndevelop, implement, and refine clinical decision support systems; and\nlead or participate in the procurement, customization, development, implementation, management, evaluation, and continuous improvement of clinical information systems.\nFinally, with the unfortunate emergence and lingering of the COVID-19 pandemic, the necessity for quality health informatics solutions inside and outside the laboratory setting has been highlighted further. This importance has become more evident with the need for more timely and accurate public health data, better tracking of COVID patient statuses, and better mining of data in order to better understand the impact of the virus.[10][11][12]\n\n3.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources - Clinical\n\nAnatomical pathology\nClinical chemistry\nClinical laboratory\nClinical chemistry\nClinical pathology\nCytopathology\nHealth care LIMS\nHealth informatics\nHematology\nHistopathology\nImaging informatics\nImmunoinformatics\nMolecular informatics\nPhysician office laboratory\nLIMSwiki resources - Public health\n\nE-epidemiology\nInfectious disease informatics\nPublic health and service LIMS\nPublic health informatics\nPublic health laboratory\nFurther reading\n\nDesai, S. (2019). Clinician's Guide to Laboratory Medicine (4th ed.). MD2B. pp. 453. ISBN 9781937978105. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ppBZxAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Douglas, S. (5 July 2014). \"02. Types of Clinical Labs\". Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Informatics \u2013 LII 006. Laboratory Informatics Institute, Inc. Archived from the original on 26 May 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170526212033\/https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/lessons\/02-types-of-clinical-labs\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Witt-Kushner, J.; Astles, J.R.; Ridderhof, J.C. et al. (20 September 2002). \"Core Functions and Capabilities of State Public Health Laboratories\". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51 (RR14): 1\u20138. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr5114a1.htm . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Evans, D.B.; Hsu, J.; Boerma, T. (2013). \"Universal health coverage and universal access\". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 91: 546\u2013546A. doi:10.2471\/BLT.13.125450.   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Is Healthcare A Right?\". PBS Newshour Extra: Student Voices. NewsHour Productions LLC. 30 September 2013. https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/classroom\/2013\/09\/debating-health-care-right-america\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Dall, C. (3 November 2016). \"WHO guidance says no routine post-surgery antibiotics\". CIDRAP. Regents of the University of Minnesota. https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/news-perspective\/2016\/11\/who-guidance-says-no-routine-post-surgery-antibiotics . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Shirts, B.H.; Jackson, B.R.; Baird, G.S. et al. (2015). \"Clinical laboratory analytics: Challenges and promise for an emerging discipline\". Journal of Pathology Informatics 6: 9. doi:10.4103\/2153-3539.151919. PMC PMC4355825. PMID 25774320. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4355825 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Division of Laboratory Services (June 2022). \"Laboratories by type of facility\" (PDF). https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Regulations-and-Guidance\/Legislation\/CLIA\/downloads\/factype.pdf . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"U.S. and World Population Clock\". United States Census Bureau. U.S. Department of Commerce. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/popclock\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 . \"Used population value from June 1, 2022\"   \n \n\n\u2191 Gardner, R.M.; Overhage J.M.; Steen, E.B. et al. (2009). \"Core content for the subspecialty of clinical informatics\". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 16 (2): 153\u20137. doi:10.1197\/jamia.M3045. PMC 2649328. PMID 19074296. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2649328 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Zalon, M.L. (8 July 2022). \"Health Informatics in the Time of COVID-19\". University of Scranton. https:\/\/elearning.scranton.edu\/resources\/article\/health-informatics-covid\/ . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bakken, Suzanne (1 June 2020). \"Informatics is a critical strategy in combating the COVID-19 pandemic\" (in en). Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27 (6): 843\u2013844. doi:10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa101. ISSN 1527-974X. PMC PMC7313991. PMID 32501484. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/27\/6\/843\/5851687 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ganjali, Raheleh; Eslami, Saeid; Samimi, Tahereh; Sargolzaei, Mahdi; Firouraghi, Neda; MohammadEbrahimi, Shahab; khoshrounejad, Farnaz; Kheirdoust, Azam (2022). \"Clinical informatics solutions in COVID-19 pandemic: Scoping literature review\" (in en). Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 30: 100929. doi:10.1016\/j.imu.2022.100929. PMC PMC8949656. PMID 35350124. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352914822000776 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:22.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 5 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","17b9558a4444db8a1efc245c31bc7a81_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Clinical_public_and_private rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Clinical_public_and_private skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Clinical, public and private<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-3.5_Clinical,_public_and_private\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.5_Clinical.2C_public_and_private\">3.5 Clinical, public and private<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Pathology_Lab.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"3da4ad43c6e7b8c9b78ef4ac8fc2c941\"><img alt=\"Pathology Lab.png\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b1\/Pathology_Lab.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>To talk of clinical laboratories (serving the patient) and public health laboratories (serving the population) requires a broad look at those labs that serve in the direct analysis, treatment, and prevention of illness. From large third-party <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Reference_laboratory\" title=\"Reference laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f719f408e1660f86b53857eef2f13f32\">reference laboratories<\/a> like Quest Diagnostics that handle laboratory analysis of patient samples for doctors to the tiny <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Physician_office_laboratory\" title=\"Physician office laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0655647b0091e0dd168f162b621a6cef\">physician office laboratory<\/a> (POL) performing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_Laboratory_Improvement_Amendments\" title=\"Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"64bdae1dc17c40c28e0c560396a6ae35\">CLIA-waived<\/a> tests, from the local <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Hospital\" title=\"Hospital\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b8f070c66d8123fe91063594befebdff\">hospital<\/a> lab to a state's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Public_health_laboratory\" title=\"Public health laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"34ffb658cb79bf322c65efaad95996f5\">public health laboratory<\/a>, from the mobile diabetes testing unit to the national disease prevention lab, it's difficult not to bump into a clinical or public health lab of some sort. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n<\/p><p><i>Clinical<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>diagnostic analysis of patient samples<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DouglasTypes14-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>identification of infectious agents<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DouglasTypes14-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>assurance of the quality of blood for transfusions<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DouglasTypes14-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis, management, and storage of reproductive tissues and fluids<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DouglasTypes14-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>provision of basic point-of-care testing<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DouglasTypes14-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>screening or testing of employees for drugs of abuse<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DouglasTypes14-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>Public health<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>prevention, control, and surveillance of diseases<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMWR2_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMWR2-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>collection, monitoring, and analysis of laboratory data submitted to national databases<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMWR2_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMWR2-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis and specialized testing of patient samples<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMWR2_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMWR2-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>detection and analysis of toxic contaminants in environmental and food samples<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMWR2_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMWR2-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>development and promotion of laboratory improvement programs as well as state and federal policy<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMWR2_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMWR2-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do clinical and public health laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>As the debate about whether healthcare access should be universal<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EvansUniversal13_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EvansUniversal13-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> or is a human right<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PBSIsHealth13_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PBSIsHealth13-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> wages on, many people still receive medical care but some do not. While it's bad for the \"have nots,\" can you imagine a different world, one where it's not a fight for the have nots but a fight for most everyone to survive? Try, if you will, to imagine a universe where laboratory medicine never existed. Without laboratorians diagnosing and researching, today's healthy population would be significantly smaller. Clinical and public laboratories have brought us advances in antibiotics, which without many more people would die from surgical site infections post-surgery.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DallWHO16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DallWHO16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> These laboratories have helped bring medical diagnostics to more people more conveniently and efficiently, and they are at the forefront of most people's health care.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShirtsClinical15_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShirtsClinical15-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.5.1_Client_types\">3.5.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Private clinical (or sometimes referred to as reference) labs usually appear in either stand-alone facilities that outpatients go to or in a medical facility such as a physicians group, hospital, or some other form of care facility. Occasionally, you may find private clinical labs in manufacturing facilities to handle mandated drug testing or even in a mobile environment. \n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/accureference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Accu Reference Medical Labs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.crlcorp.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Clinical Reference Laboratory, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.questdiagnostics.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Quest Diagnostics<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - You'll find public health labs almost exclusively on the government side, managing disease outbreaks, monitoring public health, and acting as a third-party analysis option for clinical labs struggling to identify or characterize a sample.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/labstandards\/nsqap.html\" target=\"_blank\">CDC Newborn Screening and Molecular Biology Branch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/health.mo.gov\/lab\/\" target=\"_blank\">Missouri State Public Health Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vidrl.org.au\/\" target=\"_blank\">Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Australia<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - The laboratories found in the academic sphere are often multi-purpose, serving as teaching facilities for students while at the same time providing vital in-house testing to the academic facility's affiliated medical center. However, some may be stand-alone teaching labs designed to provide hands-on education in a lab outside a medical facility.\n<\/p><p>Examples include: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/wwwold.ctust.edu.tw\/english2006\/05department\/a101.aspx?DepID=1\" target=\"_blank\">Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3767850\/\" target=\"_blank\">Emory University Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hr.virginia.edu\/careers-uva\/uva-temps\/job-openings\/allied-health-uva\" target=\"_blank\">University of Virginia Health System<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.5.2_Functions\">3.5.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> biological specimens, cadavers, whole organs\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, cytopathology, epidemiology, genetics, hematology, histopathology, immunohematology, immunology, molecular biology, oncology, parasitology, pathophysiology, reproductive biology, surgical pathology, toxicology, virology\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Alcohol level, Allergy, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Bioaccumulation, Blood culture, Blood gases, Biocompatibility, Biomolecular, Biophysical profile, Blood typing, Calorimetry, Clinical diagnostic, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Complete blood count, Compliance\/Conformance, Composition, Cytopathology, Detection, Dietary exposure, Efficiency, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Electrophoresis, Endurance, Genetic, Genotype, Hematotoxicity, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Identification, Immunoassay, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Kidney function, Infectious disease, Lipid profile, Liver function, Medical toxicology, Metabolic, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Pathogen, pH, Proficiency, Radiochemical, Red blood cell count, Refractive index, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific gravity, Sports performance, Stress, Subchronic toxicity, Temperature, Thermal, Thyroid function, Urine culture, Validation, Verification\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, fume hood, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, urinalysis device, water bath \n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical and public health industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>At least in the United States, clinical labs are some of the most prevalent labs in the country; as of June 2022 there was approximately one CLIA-regulated clinical laboratory for every 1,049 people.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CMS17LabTypes_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CMS17LabTypes-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USCBPopClock_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USCBPopClock-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> While many of the diagnostic techniques and laboratory instruments specific to clinical diagnostic laboratories can also be found in the clinical research setting, clinical research labs tend to be a somewhat different beast. As such, we cover those labs separately, in the next chapter. \n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.5.3_Informatics_in_the_clinical_industry\">3.5.3 Informatics in the clinical industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>From nursing to clinical care, from dentistry to occupational therapy, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Health_informatics\" title=\"Health informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"055eb51f53cfdbacc08ed150b266c9f4\">health informatics<\/a> (or clinical informatics) is helping clinicians manage data and knowledge. In turn, clinicians collaborate with other health care and information technology professionals to develop health informatics tools that promote patient care that is safe, efficient, effective, timely, patient-centered, and equitable. Health informaticians use their knowledge of patient care combined with their understanding of informatics concepts, methods, and health informatics tools to<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AMIACore_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AMIACore-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>assess the information and knowledge needs of health care professionals and patients;<\/li>\n<li>characterize, evaluate, and refine clinical processes;<\/li>\n<li>develop, implement, and refine <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_decision_support_system\" title=\"Clinical decision support system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"095141425468d057aa977016869ca37d\">clinical decision support systems<\/a>; and<\/li>\n<li>lead or participate in the procurement, customization, development, implementation, management, evaluation, and continuous improvement of clinical information systems.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Finally, with the unfortunate emergence and lingering of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/COVID-19\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"COVID-19\" data-key=\"da9bd20c492b2a17074ad66c2fe25652\">COVID-19<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Pandemic\" title=\"Pandemic\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bd9a48e6c6e41b6d603ee703836b01f1\">pandemic<\/a>, the necessity for quality health informatics solutions inside and outside the laboratory setting has been highlighted further. This importance has become more evident with the need for more timely and accurate public health data, better tracking of COVID patient statuses, and better mining of data in order to better understand the impact of the virus.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ZalonHealth_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ZalonHealth-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.5.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">3.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources - Clinical<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Anatomical_pathology\" title=\"Anatomical pathology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5668db6faf37e8c1432a1d7953f30cb7\">Anatomical pathology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_chemistry\" title=\"Clinical chemistry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"184d3433dd1f9dba149f42bc82234b8d\">Clinical chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_laboratory\" title=\"Clinical laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"307bcdf1bdbcd1bb167cee435b7a5463\">Clinical laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_chemistry\" title=\"Clinical chemistry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"184d3433dd1f9dba149f42bc82234b8d\">Clinical chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_pathology\" title=\"Clinical pathology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9b0b91aa13ae0209e073db6f30493daf\">Clinical pathology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cytopathology\" title=\"Cytopathology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"41f4b2bf17f761e12a531040231d8c1e\">Cytopathology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Health_care_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Health care LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c9613c74ea8664fc5818638b167329fc\">Health care LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Health_informatics\" title=\"Health informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"055eb51f53cfdbacc08ed150b266c9f4\">Health informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Hematology\" title=\"Hematology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"de8b49c7b0be3cec33af362e763b9b0c\">Hematology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Histopathology\" title=\"Histopathology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1250dd919ba7b6079a53d9b17e5bc666\">Histopathology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Imaging_informatics\" title=\"Imaging informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fc0ae6a154d8896767defefdb6d14d0e\">Imaging informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Immunoinformatics\" title=\"Immunoinformatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"77f8eb6af0d96fa59a52307e17e6c47c\">Immunoinformatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Molecular_informatics\" title=\"Molecular informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"69a9449fdafddc4cbfb484467b832764\">Molecular informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Physician_office_laboratory\" title=\"Physician office laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0655647b0091e0dd168f162b621a6cef\">Physician office laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources - Public health<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/E-epidemiology\" title=\"E-epidemiology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"59f55342a8c6ba7d7c5dbf3ab54fc6a6\">E-epidemiology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Infectious_disease_informatics\" title=\"Infectious disease informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d318bbc2e54c35364b6d9d0c26f0be5d\">Infectious disease informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Public_health_and_service_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Public health and service LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a42994bf394040396bbc2b8b7ee9a279\">Public health and service LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Public_health_informatics\" title=\"Public health informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f0372a80f101e9f6fd00490dc1ebcedd\">Public health informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Public_health_laboratory\" title=\"Public health laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"34ffb658cb79bf322c65efaad95996f5\">Public health laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Desai, S. (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ppBZxAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Clinician's Guide to Laboratory Medicine<\/i><\/a> (4th ed.). MD2B. pp. 453. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781937978105<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ppBZxAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ppBZxAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinician%27s+Guide+to+Laboratory+Medicine&rft.aulast=Desai%2C+S.&rft.au=Desai%2C+S.&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B453&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=MD2B&rft.isbn=9781937978105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DppBZxAEACAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-DouglasTypes14-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-4\">1.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DouglasTypes14_1-5\">1.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Douglas, S. (5 July 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170526212033\/https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/lessons\/02-types-of-clinical-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"02. Types of Clinical Labs\"<\/a>. <i>Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Informatics \u2013 LII 006<\/i>. Laboratory Informatics Institute, Inc. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/lessons\/02-types-of-clinical-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 26 May 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170526212033\/https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/lessons\/02-types-of-clinical-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170526212033\/https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/lessons\/02-types-of-clinical-labs\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=02.+Types+of+Clinical+Labs&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Clinical+Laboratory+Informatics+%E2%80%93+LII+006&rft.aulast=Douglas%2C+S.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+S.&rft.date=5+July+2014&rft.pub=Laboratory+Informatics+Institute%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170526212033%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.limsforum.com%2Flessons%2F02-types-of-clinical-labs%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MMWR2-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMWR2_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMWR2_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMWR2_2-2\">2.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMWR2_2-3\">2.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMWR2_2-4\">2.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Witt-Kushner, J.; Astles, J.R.; Ridderhof, J.C. et al. (20 September 2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr5114a1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Core Functions and Capabilities of State Public Health Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report<\/i> <b>51<\/b> (RR14): 1\u20138<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr5114a1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr5114a1.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Core+Functions+and+Capabilities+of+State+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.jtitle=Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.aulast=Witt-Kushner%2C+J.%3B+Astles%2C+J.R.%3B+Ridderhof%2C+J.C.+et+al.&rft.au=Witt-Kushner%2C+J.%3B+Astles%2C+J.R.%3B+Ridderhof%2C+J.C.+et+al.&rft.date=20+September+2002&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=RR14&rft.pages=1%E2%80%938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Frr5114a1.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EvansUniversal13-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EvansUniversal13_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Evans, D.B.; Hsu, J.; Boerma, T. (2013). \"Universal health coverage and universal access\". <i>Bulletin of the World Health Organization<\/i> <b>91<\/b>: 546\u2013546A. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2471%2FBLT.13.125450\" target=\"_blank\">10.2471\/BLT.13.125450<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Universal+health+coverage+and+universal+access&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.aulast=Evans%2C+D.B.%3B+Hsu%2C+J.%3B+Boerma%2C+T.&rft.au=Evans%2C+D.B.%3B+Hsu%2C+J.%3B+Boerma%2C+T.&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=546%E2%80%93546A&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2471%2FBLT.13.125450&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PBSIsHealth13-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PBSIsHealth13_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/classroom\/2013\/09\/debating-health-care-right-america\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Is Healthcare A Right?\"<\/a>. <i>PBS Newshour Extra: Student Voices<\/i>. NewsHour Productions LLC. 30 September 2013<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/classroom\/2013\/09\/debating-health-care-right-america\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/classroom\/2013\/09\/debating-health-care-right-america\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Is+Healthcare+A+Right%3F&rft.atitle=PBS+Newshour+Extra%3A+Student+Voices&rft.date=30+September+2013&rft.pub=NewsHour+Productions+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fclassroom%2F2013%2F09%2Fdebating-health-care-right-america%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DallWHO16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DallWHO16_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Dall, C. (3 November 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/news-perspective\/2016\/11\/who-guidance-says-no-routine-post-surgery-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">\"WHO guidance says no routine post-surgery antibiotics\"<\/a>. <i>CIDRAP<\/i>. Regents of the University of Minnesota<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/news-perspective\/2016\/11\/who-guidance-says-no-routine-post-surgery-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/news-perspective\/2016\/11\/who-guidance-says-no-routine-post-surgery-antibiotics<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=WHO+guidance+says+no+routine+post-surgery+antibiotics&rft.atitle=CIDRAP&rft.aulast=Dall%2C+C.&rft.au=Dall%2C+C.&rft.date=3+November+2016&rft.pub=Regents+of+the+University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidrap.umn.edu%2Fnews-perspective%2F2016%2F11%2Fwho-guidance-says-no-routine-post-surgery-antibiotics&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ShirtsClinical15-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShirtsClinical15_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Shirts, B.H.; Jackson, B.R.; Baird, G.S. et al. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4355825\" target=\"_blank\">\"Clinical laboratory analytics: Challenges and promise for an emerging discipline\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Pathology Informatics<\/i> <b>6<\/b>: 9. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4103%2F2153-3539.151919\" target=\"_blank\">10.4103\/2153-3539.151919<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4355825\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4355825<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25774320\" target=\"_blank\">25774320<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4355825\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4355825<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clinical+laboratory+analytics%3A+Challenges+and+promise+for+an+emerging+discipline&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pathology+Informatics&rft.aulast=Shirts%2C+B.H.%3B+Jackson%2C+B.R.%3B+Baird%2C+G.S.+et+al.&rft.au=Shirts%2C+B.H.%3B+Jackson%2C+B.R.%3B+Baird%2C+G.S.+et+al.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=9&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4103%2F2153-3539.151919&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4355825&rft_id=info:pmid\/25774320&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC4355825&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CMS17LabTypes-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CMS17LabTypes_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Division of Laboratory Services (June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Regulations-and-Guidance\/Legislation\/CLIA\/downloads\/factype.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Laboratories by type of facility\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Regulations-and-Guidance\/Legislation\/CLIA\/downloads\/factype.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Regulations-and-Guidance\/Legislation\/CLIA\/downloads\/factype.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Laboratories+by+type+of+facility&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Centers+for+Medicare+and+Medicaid+Services%2C+Division+of+Laboratory+Services&rft.au=Centers+for+Medicare+and+Medicaid+Services%2C+Division+of+Laboratory+Services&rft.date=June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cms.gov%2FRegulations-and-Guidance%2FLegislation%2FCLIA%2Fdownloads%2Ffactype.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USCBPopClock-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-USCBPopClock_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/popclock\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"U.S. and World Population Clock\"<\/a>. <i>United States Census Bureau<\/i>. U.S. Department of Commerce<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/popclock\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/popclock\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>. \"Used population value from June 1, 2022\"<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=U.S.+and+World+Population+Clock&rft.atitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopclock%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AMIACore-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AMIACore_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Gardner, R.M.; Overhage J.M.; Steen, E.B. et al. (2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2649328\" target=\"_blank\">\"Core content for the subspecialty of clinical informatics\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association<\/i> <b>16<\/b> (2): 153\u20137. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1197%2Fjamia.M3045\" target=\"_blank\">10.1197\/jamia.M3045<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/2649328\/\" target=\"_blank\">2649328<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19074296\" target=\"_blank\">19074296<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2649328\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2649328<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Core+content+for+the+subspecialty+of+clinical+informatics&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Informatics+Association&rft.aulast=Gardner%2C+R.M.%3B+Overhage+J.M.%3B+Steen%2C+E.B.+et+al.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+R.M.%3B+Overhage+J.M.%3B+Steen%2C+E.B.+et+al.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1197%2Fjamia.M3045&rft_id=info:pmc\/2649328&rft_id=info:pmid\/19074296&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2649328&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ZalonHealth-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ZalonHealth_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Zalon, M.L. (8 July 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/elearning.scranton.edu\/resources\/article\/health-informatics-covid\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Health Informatics in the Time of COVID-19\"<\/a>. University of Scranton<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/elearning.scranton.edu\/resources\/article\/health-informatics-covid\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/elearning.scranton.edu\/resources\/article\/health-informatics-covid\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Health+Informatics+in+the+Time+of+COVID-19&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Zalon%2C+M.L.&rft.au=Zalon%2C+M.L.&rft.date=8+July+2022&rft.pub=University+of+Scranton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felearning.scranton.edu%2Fresources%2Farticle%2Fhealth-informatics-covid%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bakken, Suzanne (1 June 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/27\/6\/843\/5851687\" target=\"_blank\">\"Informatics is a critical strategy in combating the COVID-19 pandemic\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association<\/i> <b>27<\/b> (6): 843\u2013844. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjamia%2Focaa101\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa101<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1527-974X\" target=\"_blank\">1527-974X<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7313991\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC7313991<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32501484\" target=\"_blank\">32501484<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/27\/6\/843\/5851687\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/27\/6\/843\/5851687<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Informatics+is+a+critical+strategy+in+combating+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Informatics+Association&rft.aulast=Bakken&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Bakken%2C%26%2332%3BSuzanne&rft.date=1+June+2020&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=843%E2%80%93844&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fjamia%2Focaa101&rft.issn=1527-974X&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC7313991&rft_id=info:pmid\/32501484&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjamia%2Farticle%2F27%2F6%2F843%2F5851687&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ganjali, Raheleh; Eslami, Saeid; Samimi, Tahereh; Sargolzaei, Mahdi; Firouraghi, Neda; MohammadEbrahimi, Shahab; khoshrounejad, Farnaz; Kheirdoust, Azam (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352914822000776\" target=\"_blank\">\"Clinical informatics solutions in COVID-19 pandemic: Scoping literature review\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Informatics in Medicine Unlocked<\/i> <b>30<\/b>: 100929. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.imu.2022.100929\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.imu.2022.100929<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8949656\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8949656<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35350124\" target=\"_blank\">35350124<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352914822000776\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352914822000776<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clinical+informatics+solutions+in+COVID-19+pandemic%3A+Scoping+literature+review&rft.jtitle=Informatics+in+Medicine+Unlocked&rft.aulast=Ganjali&rft.aufirst=Raheleh&rft.au=Ganjali%2C%26%2332%3BRaheleh&rft.au=Eslami%2C%26%2332%3BSaeid&rft.au=Samimi%2C%26%2332%3BTahereh&rft.au=Sargolzaei%2C%26%2332%3BMahdi&rft.au=Firouraghi%2C%26%2332%3BNeda&rft.au=MohammadEbrahimi%2C%26%2332%3BShahab&rft.au=khoshrounejad%2C%26%2332%3BFarnaz&rft.au=Kheirdoust%2C%26%2332%3BAzam&rft.date=2022&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=100929&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.imu.2022.100929&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8949656&rft_id=info:pmid\/35350124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2352914822000776&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232233\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.170 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.746 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 10231\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 96851\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 29240\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 26111\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 138.413 1 -total\n 70.52% 97.606 1 Template:Reflist\n 63.35% 87.690 13 Template:Citation\/core\n 29.44% 40.742 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\n 28.53% 39.492 6 Template:Cite_web\n 28.37% 39.270 6 Template:Cite_journal\n 17.16% 23.745 1 Template:Cite_book\n 9.55% 13.213 8 Template:Date\n 8.97% 12.411 15 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.06% 5.623 18 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13434-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232234 and revision id 48523. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","17b9558a4444db8a1efc245c31bc7a81_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b1\/Pathology_Lab.png"],"17b9558a4444db8a1efc245c31bc7a81_timestamp":1657236872,"5f248965a3be6254ba6f3705f74d98b4_type":"article","5f248965a3be6254ba6f3705f74d98b4_title":"3.4 Chemical","5f248965a3be6254ba6f3705f74d98b4_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical","5f248965a3be6254ba6f3705f74d98b4_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/ChemicalFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 3.4 Chemical \n\n1.1 3.4.1 Client types \n1.2 3.4.2 Functions \n1.3 3.4.3 Informatics in the chemical industry \n1.4 3.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n3.4 Chemical \n\n\nBroadly speaking, laboratories in the chemical industry are focused on testing the properties and constituents of chemicals, bodily fluids, and other organic\/inorganic materials. More narrowly, while such testing may be the sole function of a chemical laboratory (perhaps as a contract laboratory), it may also function as part of a manufacturer's greater research and development effort, a clinical facility's quality control program, a government's public safety program, or an agriculture company's environmental research division. In all these cases the work falls under the general concepts of either pure chemistry (research simply for the sake of knowledge) or applied chemistry (activities towards a short term goal, as part of a company or institution).[1] These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n\nanalysis and assessment of what and how much is in a substance[1]\nanalysis and assessment of the physical properties of a substance[1]\ncreation and synthesis of new substances[1]\ndevelopment of chemical models, theories, and test methods[1][2]\nquality testing and assurance[2]\nBut how do chemical laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? To answer this question, it's best to first point out that matter = chemicals. Matter has mass and occupies space, and it is made of chemicals. Or as the The University of Waikato in New Zealand puts it, matter is constructed from atoms, and \"if atoms are LEGO blocks, chemicals are the structures you can build with them.\"[3] Therefore, chemistry is about the study of matter, it's properties, and how it changes by external forces.[4] Laboratories performing chemistry activities are, by extension, pivotal to most every aspect of our life. From pharmaceuticals and paint to food and drinking water, a chemistry lab is behind the scenes of many of the items we use and consume in daily life.\n\n3.4.1 Client types \nPrivate - The chemical labs of private companies can be found in many professional spaces and contexts. They may appear as part of manufacturing, R&D, and contract lab contexts, located within a facility or as a stand-alone facility. Aside from any of the above mentioned activities, a private lab may also provide consulting services.\nExamples include:\n\nKojundo Chemical Laboratory Co. Ltd.\nNational Chemical Laboratory\nTrane Chemical Laboratory\nGovernment - Government-based chemical labs are often part of a regulatory process or provide research that guides regulation development. They may provide mandated laboratory testing of materials for toxic chemicals or material research studies for the improvement of highway construction materials, for example. \nExamples include:\n\nCalifornia's Environmental Chemistry Laboratory\nNorth Carolina Department of Transportation Chemical Laboratory\nU.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration Chemistry Laboratory\nAcademic - A majority of chemical labs in the academic environment are traditional, in that they act as both teaching spaces and a place for faculty research.\nExamples include:\n\nDartmouth General Chemistry Lab\nOhio State University's McPherson Chemical Laboratory\nPrinceton University's Frick Chemistry Laboratory\n3.4.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? biological materials, ceramics, dyes and pigments, fragrances, glass, inorganics, lubricants, manufactured materials, metals, petrochemicals, polymers, raw chemicals\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Acid and base number, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Amino acid analysis, Anion, Antimicrobial, Ash, Biomolecular, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Carcinogenicity, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Combustion, Compliance\/Conformance, Conductivity, Composition, Congealing point, Contamination, Corrosion, Decomposition, Density, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Efficacy, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Flammability, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Formulation, Geochemistry, Hazard analysis, Impact, Iodine value, Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Moisture, Neurotoxicity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, pH, Polarimetry, Process safety, Proficiency, Quality control, Sensitization, Shelf life, Solubility, Stability, Subchronic toxicity, Thermal, Toxicokinetic, Vapor pressure, Virucidal efficacy, Viscosity\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nbalance, Bunsen burner, burette, colorimeter, centrifuge, chromatographic, crucible, desiccator, dropper, electrophoresis equipment, Erlenmeyer flask, Florence flask, fume hood, funnel, graduated cylinder, hot plate, moisture analyzer, mortar and pestle, multi-well plate, oven, pH meter, pipestem triangle, reagent dispenser, ring stand, rotary evaporator, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stirring rod, thermometer, vibratory disc mill, viscometer\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the chemical industry? \nIt's important to note that by itself, chemistry as a branch of science\u2014and as a science that deals with the study of matter itself\u2014is a central science, one that bridges multiple other sciences.[5] As such, we see significant crossover into the many of the other industries listed in this guide; clinical chemistry ties to the world of clinical analysis (clinical and veterinarian), medicinal chemistry to the pharmaceutical industry, and chemurgy to the agriculture industry.\n\n3.4.3 Informatics in the chemical industry \nThe rise in high-throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry, as well as increases in computing power and data storage sizes, have prompted greater interest in the field of chemical informatics (also known as chemoinformatics) in the twenty-first century.[6] In turn, informatics has been applied in numerous ways to improve the lab activities of the chemist, including the:\n\nstorage, retrieval, and mining of both structured and unstructured information relating to chemical structures, molecular models, and other chemical data[7];\nvisualization of chemical structures two or three dimensions for studying physical interactions, modeling, and docking studies[7];\ngeneration and computational screening of virtual libraries of molecules and compounds to explore chemical space and hypothesize novel compounds with desired properties[8][9]; and\ncalculation of quantitative structure-activity relationship and quantitative structure property relationship values, used to predict the activity of compounds from their structures.[6]\n3.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nChemical industry\nChemical informatics\nChemical LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nAmerican Chemical Society (2021). Laboratory Manual for Chemistry in Context. American Chemical Society. ISBN 9781260497076. https:\/\/www.mheducation.com\/highered\/product\/laboratory-manual-chemistry-context-american-chemical-society\/9781260497076.html .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 \"What Chemists Do and Where They Work\". Dummies.com. Wiley. 26 March 2016. https:\/\/www.dummies.com\/article\/business-careers-money\/careers\/science-careers\/what-chemists-do-and-where-they-work-194427\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 \"Chemistry Laboratory\". Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology. Federal Highway Administration. 18 May 2022. https:\/\/highways.dot.gov\/research\/laboratories\/chemistry-laboratory\/chemistry-laboratory-overview . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Chemicals everywhere\". Science Learning Hub. University of Waikato. 2 December 2016. https:\/\/www.sciencelearn.org.nz\/resources\/363-chemicals-everywhere . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Chemistry if Everywhere\". American Chemical Society. https:\/\/www.acs.org\/content\/acs\/en\/education\/whatischemistry\/everywhere.html . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Brown, T.L.; LeMay Jr., H.E.; Bursten, B.E. et al. (2013). Chemistry: The Central Science. Pearson Australia. pp. 1359. ISBN 9781442559462. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=zSziBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 6.0 6.1 Leach, A.R.; Gillet, V.J. (2007). An Introduction to Chemoinformatics. Springer. pp. 256. ISBN 9781402062902. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=4z7Q87HgBdwC&printsec=frontcover . Retrieved 18 August 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 7.0 7.1 Gasteiger, J.; Engel, T., ed. (2006). \"Chapter 2: Representation of Chemical Compounds\". Chemoinformatics: A Textbook. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 15\u2013157. ISBN 9783527606504. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LCD-1vHBHIAC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kutchukian, P.S.; Lou, D.; Shakhnovich, E.I. (2009). \"FOG: Fragment Optimized Growth Algorithm for the de Novo Generation of Molecules Occupying Druglike Chemical Space\". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 49 (7): 1630\u20131642. doi:10.1021\/ci9000458. PMID 19527020.   \n \n\n\u2191 Kutchukian, P.S.; Virtanen, S.I.; Lounkine, E. et al. (2013). \"Chapter 13: Construction of Drug-Like Compounds by Markov Chains\". In Schneider, G.. De novo Molecular Design. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9783527677009. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Jf1QAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:22.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 4 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","5f248965a3be6254ba6f3705f74d98b4_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Chemical rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Chemical skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Chemical<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.4_Chemical\">3.4 Chemical<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Chemistry_lab_of_HTG.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"36a7e67ef386273da37f1b2a5f8108dc\"><img alt=\"Chemistry lab of HTG.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/71\/Chemistry_lab_of_HTG.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>Broadly speaking, laboratories in the chemical industry are focused on testing the properties and constituents of chemicals, bodily fluids, and other organic\/inorganic materials. More narrowly, while such testing may be the sole function of a chemical laboratory (perhaps as a contract laboratory), it may also function as part of a manufacturer's greater research and development effort, a clinical facility's quality control program, a government's public safety program, or an agriculture company's environmental research division. In all these cases the work falls under the general concepts of either pure chemistry (research simply for the sake of knowledge) or applied chemistry (activities towards a short term goal, as part of a company or institution).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DummiesWhatChemists-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>analysis and assessment of what and how much is in a substance<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DummiesWhatChemists-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis and assessment of the physical properties of a substance<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DummiesWhatChemists-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>creation and synthesis of new substances<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DummiesWhatChemists-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>development of chemical models, theories, and test methods<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DummiesWhatChemists-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FHAChemLab_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FHAChemLab-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>quality testing and assurance<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FHAChemLab_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FHAChemLab-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do chemical laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> To answer this question, it's best to first point out that matter = chemicals. Matter has mass and occupies space, and it is made of chemicals. Or as the The University of Waikato in New Zealand puts it, matter is constructed from atoms, and \"if atoms are LEGO blocks, chemicals are the structures you can build with them.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WaikatoChemicals12_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WaikatoChemicals12-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, chemistry is about the study of matter, it's properties, and how it changes by external forces.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ACSChemistry_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ACSChemistry-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Laboratories performing chemistry activities are, by extension, pivotal to most every aspect of our life. From pharmaceuticals and paint to food and drinking water, a chemistry lab is behind the scenes of many of the items we use and consume in daily life.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.4.1_Client_types\">3.4.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - The chemical labs of private companies can be found in many professional spaces and contexts. They may appear as part of manufacturing, R&D, and contract lab contexts, located within a facility or as a stand-alone facility. Aside from any of the above mentioned activities, a private lab may also provide consulting services.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kojundo.co.jp\/en_index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co. Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncl-india.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Chemical Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.trane.com\/commercial\/north-america\/us\/en\/services\/operate-maintain-repair\/hvac-system-management\/predictive-services\/chemical-laboratory.html\" target=\"_blank\">Trane Chemical Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Government-based chemical labs are often part of a regulatory process or provide research that guides regulation development. They may provide mandated laboratory testing of materials for toxic chemicals or material research studies for the improvement of highway construction materials, for example. \n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dtsc.ca.gov\/chemistry\/\" target=\"_blank\">California's Environmental Chemistry Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/connect.ncdot.gov\/resources\/Materials\/Pages\/ChemicalLaboratory.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">North Carolina Department of Transportation Chemical Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/highways.dot.gov\/research\/laboratories\/chemistry-laboratory\/chemistry-laboratory-overview\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration Chemistry Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - A majority of chemical labs in the academic environment are traditional, in that they act as both teaching spaces and a place for faculty research.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/chemistry.dartmouth.edu\/undergraduate\/general-chemistry-lab\" target=\"_blank\">Dartmouth General Chemistry Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osu.edu\/map\/building.php?building=053\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio State University's McPherson Chemical Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/chemistry.princeton.edu\/research-facilities\/frick-chemistry-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Princeton University's Frick Chemistry Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.4.2_Functions\">3.4.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> biological materials, ceramics, dyes and pigments, fragrances, glass, inorganics, lubricants, manufactured materials, metals, petrochemicals, polymers, raw chemicals\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Acid and base number, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Amino acid analysis, Anion, Antimicrobial, Ash, Biomolecular, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Carcinogenicity, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Combustion, Compliance\/Conformance, Conductivity, Composition, Congealing point, Contamination, Corrosion, Decomposition, Density, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Efficacy, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Flammability, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Formulation, Geochemistry, Hazard analysis, Impact, Iodine value, Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Moisture, Neurotoxicity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, pH, Polarimetry, Process safety, Proficiency, Quality control, Sensitization, Shelf life, Solubility, Stability, Subchronic toxicity, Thermal, Toxicokinetic, Vapor pressure, Virucidal efficacy, Viscosity\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>balance, Bunsen burner, burette, colorimeter, centrifuge, chromatographic, crucible, desiccator, dropper, electrophoresis equipment, Erlenmeyer flask, Florence flask, fume hood, funnel, graduated cylinder, hot plate, moisture analyzer, mortar and pestle, multi-well plate, oven, pH meter, pipestem triangle, reagent dispenser, ring stand, rotary evaporator, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stirring rod, thermometer, vibratory disc mill, viscometer\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the chemical industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>It's important to note that by itself, chemistry as a branch of science\u2014and as a science that deals with the study of matter itself\u2014is a central science, one that bridges multiple other sciences.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BrownChemistry13_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BrownChemistry13-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> As such, we see significant crossover into the many of the other industries listed in this guide; clinical chemistry ties to the world of clinical analysis (clinical and veterinarian), medicinal chemistry to the pharmaceutical industry, and chemurgy to the agriculture industry.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.4.3_Informatics_in_the_chemical_industry\">3.4.3 Informatics in the chemical industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The rise in high-throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry, as well as increases in computing power and data storage sizes, have prompted greater interest in the field of chemical informatics (also known as chemoinformatics) in the twenty-first century.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LeachIntroChem07_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LeachIntroChem07-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> In turn, informatics has been applied in numerous ways to improve the lab activities of the chemist, including the:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>storage, retrieval, and mining of both structured and unstructured information relating to chemical structures, molecular models, and other chemical data<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GasteigerRepresent06_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GasteigerRepresent06-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>;<\/li>\n<li>visualization of chemical structures two or three dimensions for studying physical interactions, modeling, and docking studies<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GasteigerRepresent06_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GasteigerRepresent06-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>;<\/li>\n<li>generation and computational screening of virtual libraries of molecules and compounds to explore chemical space and hypothesize novel compounds with desired properties<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KutchukianFOG09_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KutchukianFOG09-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchneiderDeNovo13_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchneiderDeNovo13-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>; and<\/li>\n<li>calculation of quantitative structure-activity relationship and quantitative structure property relationship values, used to predict the activity of compounds from their structures.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LeachIntroChem07_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LeachIntroChem07-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.4.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">3.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Chemical_industry\" title=\"Chemical industry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"61aea533420f306db2dc0635ab2ee6be\">Chemical industry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Chemical_informatics\" title=\"Chemical informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f351334854570f46a1227e6e952840c1\">Chemical informatics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Chemical_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Chemical LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"693a17f935e52ed44a11d9ec929b0a64\">Chemical LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">American Chemical Society (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mheducation.com\/highered\/product\/laboratory-manual-chemistry-context-american-chemical-society\/9781260497076.html\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Laboratory Manual for Chemistry in Context<\/i><\/a>. American Chemical Society. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781260497076<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mheducation.com\/highered\/product\/laboratory-manual-chemistry-context-american-chemical-society\/9781260497076.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mheducation.com\/highered\/product\/laboratory-manual-chemistry-context-american-chemical-society\/9781260497076.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Manual+for+Chemistry+in+Context&rft.aulast=American+Chemical+Society&rft.au=American+Chemical+Society&rft.date=2021&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft.isbn=9781260497076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mheducation.com%2Fhighered%2Fproduct%2Flaboratory-manual-chemistry-context-american-chemical-society%2F9781260497076.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-DummiesWhatChemists-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DummiesWhatChemists_1-4\">1.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dummies.com\/article\/business-careers-money\/careers\/science-careers\/what-chemists-do-and-where-they-work-194427\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"What Chemists Do and Where They Work\"<\/a>. <i>Dummies.com<\/i>. Wiley. 26 March 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dummies.com\/article\/business-careers-money\/careers\/science-careers\/what-chemists-do-and-where-they-work-194427\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.dummies.com\/article\/business-careers-money\/careers\/science-careers\/what-chemists-do-and-where-they-work-194427\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+Chemists+Do+and+Where+They+Work&rft.atitle=Dummies.com&rft.date=26+March+2016&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dummies.com%2Farticle%2Fbusiness-careers-money%2Fcareers%2Fscience-careers%2Fwhat-chemists-do-and-where-they-work-194427%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FHAChemLab-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FHAChemLab_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FHAChemLab_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/highways.dot.gov\/research\/laboratories\/chemistry-laboratory\/chemistry-laboratory-overview\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chemistry Laboratory\"<\/a>. <i>Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology<\/i>. Federal Highway Administration. 18 May 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/highways.dot.gov\/research\/laboratories\/chemistry-laboratory\/chemistry-laboratory-overview\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/highways.dot.gov\/research\/laboratories\/chemistry-laboratory\/chemistry-laboratory-overview<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chemistry+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Federal+Highway+Administration+Research+and+Technology&rft.date=18+May+2022&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhighways.dot.gov%2Fresearch%2Flaboratories%2Fchemistry-laboratory%2Fchemistry-laboratory-overview&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WaikatoChemicals12-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WaikatoChemicals12_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencelearn.org.nz\/resources\/363-chemicals-everywhere\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chemicals everywhere\"<\/a>. <i>Science Learning Hub<\/i>. University of Waikato. 2 December 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencelearn.org.nz\/resources\/363-chemicals-everywhere\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sciencelearn.org.nz\/resources\/363-chemicals-everywhere<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chemicals+everywhere&rft.atitle=Science+Learning+Hub&rft.date=2+December+2016&rft.pub=University+of+Waikato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencelearn.org.nz%2Fresources%2F363-chemicals-everywhere&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ACSChemistry-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ACSChemistry_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acs.org\/content\/acs\/en\/education\/whatischemistry\/everywhere.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chemistry if Everywhere\"<\/a>. American Chemical Society<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acs.org\/content\/acs\/en\/education\/whatischemistry\/everywhere.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.acs.org\/content\/acs\/en\/education\/whatischemistry\/everywhere.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chemistry+if+Everywhere&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Feverywhere.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BrownChemistry13-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BrownChemistry13_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Brown, T.L.; LeMay Jr., H.E.; Bursten, B.E. et al. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=zSziBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Chemistry: The Central Science<\/i><\/a>. Pearson Australia. pp. 1359. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781442559462<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=zSziBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=zSziBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+The+Central+Science&rft.aulast=Brown%2C+T.L.%3B+LeMay+Jr.%2C+H.E.%3B+Bursten%2C+B.E.+et+al.&rft.au=Brown%2C+T.L.%3B+LeMay+Jr.%2C+H.E.%3B+Bursten%2C+B.E.+et+al.&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1359&rft.pub=Pearson+Australia&rft.isbn=9781442559462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzSziBAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LeachIntroChem07-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-LeachIntroChem07_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-LeachIntroChem07_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Leach, A.R.; Gillet, V.J. (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=4z7Q87HgBdwC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>An Introduction to Chemoinformatics<\/i><\/a>. Springer. pp. 256. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781402062902<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=4z7Q87HgBdwC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=4z7Q87HgBdwC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 18 August 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Chemoinformatics&rft.aulast=Leach%2C+A.R.%3B+Gillet%2C+V.J.&rft.au=Leach%2C+A.R.%3B+Gillet%2C+V.J.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B256&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=9781402062902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4z7Q87HgBdwC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GasteigerRepresent06-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GasteigerRepresent06_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GasteigerRepresent06_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Gasteiger, J.; Engel, T., ed. (2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LCD-1vHBHIAC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 2: Representation of Chemical Compounds\"<\/a>. <i>Chemoinformatics: A Textbook<\/i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 15\u2013157. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783527606504<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LCD-1vHBHIAC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LCD-1vHBHIAC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+2%3A+Representation+of+Chemical+Compounds&rft.atitle=Chemoinformatics%3A+A+Textbook&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B15%E2%80%93157&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9783527606504&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCD-1vHBHIAC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KutchukianFOG09-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KutchukianFOG09_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kutchukian, P.S.; Lou, D.; Shakhnovich, E.I. (2009). \"FOG: Fragment Optimized Growth Algorithm for the de Novo Generation of Molecules Occupying Druglike Chemical Space\". <i>Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling<\/i> <b>49<\/b> (7): 1630\u20131642. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Fci9000458\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/ci9000458<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19527020\" target=\"_blank\">19527020<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FOG%3A+Fragment+Optimized+Growth+Algorithm+for+the+de+Novo+Generation+of+Molecules+Occupying+Druglike+Chemical+Space&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Information+and+Modeling&rft.aulast=Kutchukian%2C+P.S.%3B+Lou%2C+D.%3B+Shakhnovich%2C+E.I.&rft.au=Kutchukian%2C+P.S.%3B+Lou%2C+D.%3B+Shakhnovich%2C+E.I.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1630%E2%80%931642&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Fci9000458&rft_id=info:pmid\/19527020&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchneiderDeNovo13-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchneiderDeNovo13_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Kutchukian, P.S.; Virtanen, S.I.; Lounkine, E. et al. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Jf1QAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA311\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 13: Construction of Drug-Like Compounds by Markov Chains\"<\/a>. In Schneider, G.. <i>De novo Molecular Design<\/i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783527677009<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Jf1QAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA311\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Jf1QAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA311<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+13%3A+Construction+of+Drug-Like+Compounds+by+Markov+Chains&rft.atitle=De+novo+Molecular+Design&rft.aulast=Kutchukian%2C+P.S.%3B+Virtanen%2C+S.I.%3B+Lounkine%2C+E.+et+al.&rft.au=Kutchukian%2C+P.S.%3B+Virtanen%2C+S.I.%3B+Lounkine%2C+E.+et+al.&rft.date=2013&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9783527677009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJf1QAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232209\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.139 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.711 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 6988\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 61868\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 18481\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 16835\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 121.497 1 -total\n 66.21% 80.442 1 Template:Reflist\n 55.17% 67.026 10 Template:Citation\/core\n 35.30% 42.888 5 Template:Cite_book\n 33.74% 40.988 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\n 24.65% 29.954 4 Template:Cite_web\n 8.29% 10.075 7 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 8.13% 9.880 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 6.60% 8.019 3 Template:Date\n 4.11% 4.995 15 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13433-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232210 and revision id 48522. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","5f248965a3be6254ba6f3705f74d98b4_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/71\/Chemistry_lab_of_HTG.jpg"],"5f248965a3be6254ba6f3705f74d98b4_timestamp":1657236872,"cf4433328053e3622b3b250de45626b3_type":"article","cf4433328053e3622b3b250de45626b3_title":"3.3 Calibration and standards","cf4433328053e3622b3b250de45626b3_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards","cf4433328053e3622b3b250de45626b3_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Calibration and standardsFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 3.3 Calibration and standards \n\n1.1 3.3.1 Client types \n1.2 3.3.2 Functions \n1.3 3.3.3 Informatics in the calibration industry \n1.4 3.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n3.3 Calibration and standards \n\n\nLaboratories in the calibration and standards industry are focused on testing the accuracy of measurement devices and reference standards, correcting inaccuracies in measurement devices, and developing and using standards\/reference equipment and devices for calibration testing. Broadly speaking, these laboratories will appear as stand-alone, accredited laboratories performing calibrations for customers on request; as in-house calibration laboratories found in production facilities testing their equipment against working standards tested by the third-party accredited lab; or in a university setting, which may or may not offer accredited third-party calibration services.[1] These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n\ncalibration of working or reference standards used in other calibration activities[2]\ncalibration of mechanical, electronic, and other instruments and components, in-lab or onsite[1][2]\nmaintenance and repair of instruments\ndocumentation of tests for regulatory or audit purposes\nenact measurement assurance programs[3]\nBut how do calibration and standards laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nLet's turn to an introductory section of Jay L. Bucher's The Quality Calibration Handbook to help visualize an answer to this question[4]:\n\nWithout calibration, or by using incorrect calibrations, all of us pay more at the gas station, for food weighed incorrectly at the checkout counter, and for speeding tickets. Incorrect amounts of ingredients in your prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs can cost more, or even cause illness or death. Because of poor or incorrect calibration, killers and rapists are either not convicted or are released on bad evidence. Crime labs cannot identify the remains of victims or wrongly identify victims in the case of mass graves. Airliners fly into mountaintops and off the ends of runways because they don't know their altitude and\/or speed. Babies are not correctly weighed at birth. The amount of drugs confiscated in a raid determines whether the offense is a misdemeanor or a felony; which weight is correct? ... Satellites and everything they affect would be a thing of the past, as would be the manufacturing and production of almost everything made in the world today.\n3.3.1 Client types \nPrivate - As previously mentioned, private industry labs are largely either in a production facility or act as a third-party contract laboratory for manufacturers who are unable or unwilling to invest in their own private calibration laboratory. Aside from making the calibration (comparison), these labs may also provide maintenance and repair services, as well as compliance documentation.\nExamples include:\n\nClassic Instrumentation Pvt. Ltd.\nEM TEST\nEssco Calibration Laboratory\nGovernment - These government-affiliated labs are often at or near the top of the chain of calibration labs, working with others to link their equipment to national or even international measurement standards. They can be found not only at the federal level but also at the state\/territory level and may even exist as a public-private partnership.\nExamples include:\n\nNational Institute of Standards and Technology\nPennsylvania Standards Laboratory\nSandia National Laboratories' Primary Standards Laboratory\nAcademic - Like agriculture labs, calibration and standards laboratories associated with higher education institutions are often of a hybrid client type and function. They may make their laboratory multi-purpose for research, teaching, and professional calibration services, processing equipment and instruments from external third-party clients, acting in some ways like a private analytical lab would. Some university labs may have strong ties (through contracts or received funding) with commercial and government entities, leveraging university research and knowledge to those external parties to further fund university laboratory teaching efforts.\nExamples include:\n\nUniversity of Colorado - Boulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics\nUniversity of Minnesota's Particle Calibration Laboratory\nUtah State's Utah Water Research Laboratory, Hydraulics Laboratory\n3.3.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? calibration, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled? electronics, measurement tools, mechanical devices, and primary standards; chronometric, dimensional, hardness, photometric, sensitivity, thermal, volumetric\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? applied statistics, engineering, metrology, physics \nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Acceleration, Acoustical, Compression, Dimensional, Grain and particle size, Humidity, Mass, Optical, Oxidation reduction potential, pH, Photometric, Power quality, Pressure, Proficiency, Reflectance, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Temperature, Tensile, Torque, Validation, Velocity and flow \nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nbenchtop precision meters, calibration mass sets, dry block probe calibrators, heated calibration bath, infrared calibrator, milliamp loop calibrator, multifunction calibrator, pressure calibrator, stage micrometer, standard resistors, standard capacitors, standard inductors, surface probe tester, thermocouple calibrator, torque reference transducer\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the calibration industry? \nCalibration laboratories, whether located in a manufacturing facility or as a stand-alone third-party facility, have special placement and environmental requirements that must be met to ensure optimal operations. This includes maintaining a strict range of relative humidity; maintaining temperature stability and uniformity; and managing air flow, vibration, and dust issues properly.[2] Many calibration labs found in higher education facilities seem to be multipurpose, capable of handling not only teaching and research functions but also able to provide independent calibration services to external customers, public and private. In the U.S. at least, the government is engaged in several public-private ventures involving calibration and standards laboratories.\n\n3.3.3 Informatics in the calibration industry \nLike other laboratories, calibration labs are using informatics to improve their operations. Standards such as ISO\/IEC 17025 (technical competence and management system requirements) and ANSI\/NCSL Z540.3 (metrology and calibration accreditation requirements) are vital to the end user having their equipment calibrated, as they better guarantee calculations of \"probability of false acceptance\" and issuance of calibration certificates, which today are largely performed via informatics software. Those same systems can keep track of client ID, certificate number, equipment ID, calibration due date, values assessed, and test results for not only the certificate issuance but also further data-driven insights about calibration effectiveness and frequency.[5][6][7]\n\n3.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nCalibration and testing LIMS\nReference laboratory\nFurther reading\n\nBucher, J.L. (2012). The Metrology Handbook (2nd ed.). ASQ Quality Press. pp. 560. ISBN 9780873898386. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=w2XpqR-3MK4C&printsec=frontcover .   \nCzichos, H.; Saito, T.; Smith, L.E., ed. (2011). Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1500. ISBN 9783642166419. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 Czichos, H.; Saito, T.; Smith, L.E., ed. (2011). \"Chapter 3: Quality in Measurement and Testing\". Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 45\u201349. ISBN 9783642166419. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&pg=PA47 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bucher, J.L. (2007). \"Chapter 12: Calibration Environment\". The Quality Calibration Handbook: Developing and Managing a Calibration Program. ASQ Quality Press. pp. 113\u2013116. ISBN 9780873897044. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Policies\". National Institute of Standards and Technology. 17 February 2022. https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/calibrations\/policies . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bucher, J.L. (2007). \"Chapter 1: Preventing the Next Great Train Wreck\". The Quality Calibration Handbook: Developing and Managing a Calibration Program. ASQ Quality Press. pp. 3\u20138. ISBN 9780873897044. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Recommended practices for calibration laboratories\". National Research Council Canada. Government of Canada. 27 March 2019. https:\/\/nrc.canada.ca\/en\/certifications-evaluations-standards\/calibration-laboratory-assessment-service\/recommended-practices-calibration-laboratories . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Z540.3 Calibration Service Explained\" (PDF). Keysight Technologies. 8 August 2019. https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/us\/en\/assets\/7018-03055\/brochures\/5990-8567.pdf . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Keysight Technologies Certificate of Calibration Enhanced\" (PDF). Keysight Technologies. 2 August 2014. https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/us\/en\/assets\/7018-03392\/flyers\/5991-0112.pdf . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:21.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 5 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","cf4433328053e3622b3b250de45626b3_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Calibration_and_standards rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Calibration_and_standards skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Calibration and standards<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.3_Calibration_and_standards\">3.3 Calibration and standards<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Calibrate_scale.JPG\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"4ca073f2619fb3548d9c5e90fd666f05\"><img alt=\"Calibrate scale.JPG\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/45\/Calibrate_scale.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>Laboratories in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Reference_laboratory\" title=\"Reference laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f719f408e1660f86b53857eef2f13f32\">calibration<\/a> and standards industry are focused on testing the accuracy of measurement devices and reference standards, correcting inaccuracies in measurement devices, and developing and using standards\/reference equipment and devices for calibration testing. Broadly speaking, these laboratories will appear as stand-alone, accredited laboratories performing calibrations for customers on request; as in-house calibration laboratories found in production facilities testing their equipment against working standards tested by the third-party accredited lab; or in a university setting, which may or may not offer accredited third-party calibration services.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CzichosSpringerHand11_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CzichosSpringerHand11-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>calibration of working or reference standards used in other calibration activities<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BucherTheQualChapt12_07_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BucherTheQualChapt12_07-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>calibration of mechanical, electronic, and other instruments and components, in-lab or onsite<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CzichosSpringerHand11_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CzichosSpringerHand11-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BucherTheQualChapt12_07_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BucherTheQualChapt12_07-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>maintenance and repair of instruments<\/li>\n<li>documentation of tests for regulatory or audit purposes<\/li>\n<li>enact measurement assurance programs<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NISTPolicies_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NISTPolicies-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do calibration and standards laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Let's turn to an introductory section of Jay L. Bucher's <i>The Quality Calibration Handbook<\/i> to help visualize an answer to this question<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BucherTheQual07_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BucherTheQual07-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Without calibration, or by using incorrect calibrations, all of us pay more at the gas station, for food weighed incorrectly at the checkout counter, and for speeding tickets. Incorrect amounts of ingredients in your prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs can cost more, or even cause illness or death. Because of poor or incorrect calibration, killers and rapists are either not convicted or are released on bad evidence. Crime labs cannot identify the remains of victims or wrongly identify victims in the case of mass graves. Airliners fly into mountaintops and off the ends of runways because they don't know their altitude and\/or speed. Babies are not correctly weighed at birth. The amount of drugs confiscated in a raid determines whether the offense is a misdemeanor or a felony; which weight is correct? ... Satellites and everything they affect would be a thing of the past, as would be the manufacturing and production of almost everything made in the world today.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.3.1_Client_types\">3.3.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - As previously mentioned, private industry labs are largely either in a production facility or act as a third-party contract laboratory for manufacturers who are unable or unwilling to invest in their own private calibration laboratory. Aside from making the calibration (comparison), these labs may also provide maintenance and repair services, as well as compliance documentation.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/classiclabindia.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Classic Instrumentation Pvt. Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ametek-cts.com\/about-us\/brands\/em-test\" target=\"_blank\">EM TEST<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esscolab.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Essco Calibration Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - These government-affiliated labs are often at or near the top of the chain of calibration labs, working with others to link their equipment to national or even international measurement standards. They can be found not only at the federal level but also at the state\/territory level and may even exist as a public-private partnership.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/calibrations\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Standards and Technology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dgs.pa.gov\/Pennsylvania-Standards-Laboratory\/Pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Pennsylvania Standards Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sandia.gov\/psl\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sandia National Laboratories' Primary Standards Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Like agriculture labs, calibration and standards laboratories associated with higher education institutions are often of a hybrid client type and function. They may make their laboratory multi-purpose for research, teaching, and professional calibration services, processing equipment and instruments from external third-party clients, acting in some ways like a private analytical lab would. Some university labs may have strong ties (through contracts or received funding) with commercial and government entities, leveraging university research and knowledge to those external parties to further fund university laboratory teaching efforts.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lasp.colorado.edu\/home\/engineering\/facilities\/labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Colorado - Boulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hoganlab.net\/particle-calibration-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Minnesota's Particle Calibration Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/uwrl.usu.edu\/hydraulics\/hydraulic-testing\" target=\"_blank\">Utah State's Utah Water Research Laboratory, Hydraulics Laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.3.2_Functions\">3.3.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> calibration, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> electronics, measurement tools, mechanical devices, and primary standards; chronometric, dimensional, hardness, photometric, sensitivity, thermal, volumetric\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> applied statistics, engineering, metrology, physics \n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Acceleration, Acoustical, Compression, Dimensional, Grain and particle size, Humidity, Mass, Optical, Oxidation reduction potential, pH, Photometric, Power quality, Pressure, Proficiency, Reflectance, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Temperature, Tensile, Torque, Validation, Velocity and flow \n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>benchtop precision meters, calibration mass sets, dry block probe calibrators, heated calibration bath, infrared calibrator, milliamp loop calibrator, multifunction calibrator, pressure calibrator, stage micrometer, standard resistors, standard capacitors, standard inductors, surface probe tester, thermocouple calibrator, torque reference transducer\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the calibration industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>Calibration laboratories, whether located in a manufacturing facility or as a stand-alone third-party facility, have special placement and environmental requirements that must be met to ensure optimal operations. This includes maintaining a strict range of relative humidity; maintaining temperature stability and uniformity; and managing air flow, vibration, and dust issues properly.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BucherTheQualChapt12_07_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BucherTheQualChapt12_07-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Many calibration labs found in higher education facilities seem to be multipurpose, capable of handling not only teaching and research functions but also able to provide independent calibration services to external customers, public and private. In the U.S. at least, the government is engaged in several public-private ventures involving calibration and standards laboratories.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.3.3_Informatics_in_the_calibration_industry\">3.3.3 Informatics in the calibration industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Like other laboratories, calibration labs are using informatics to improve their operations. Standards such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/ISO\/IEC_17025\" title=\"ISO\/IEC 17025\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0a89cebb34370dd860cce86881cbf29c\">ISO\/IEC 17025<\/a> (technical competence and management system requirements) and ANSI\/NCSL Z540.3 (metrology and calibration accreditation requirements) are vital to the end user having their equipment calibrated, as they better guarantee calculations of \"probability of false acceptance\" and issuance of calibration certificates, which today are largely performed via informatics software. Those same systems can keep track of client ID, certificate number, equipment ID, calibration due date, values assessed, and test results for not only the certificate issuance but also further data-driven insights about calibration effectiveness and frequency.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NRCCRecommended03_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NRCCRecommended03-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KeysightZ540.3_14_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KeysightZ540.3_14-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KeysightCertOfCalib15_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KeysightCertOfCalib15-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.3.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">3.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Calibration_and_testing_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Calibration and testing LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ecffaeea83783c3267f46f47ca4cff3a\">Calibration and testing LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Reference_laboratory\" title=\"Reference laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f719f408e1660f86b53857eef2f13f32\">Reference laboratory<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Bucher, J.L. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=w2XpqR-3MK4C&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Metrology Handbook<\/i><\/a> (2nd ed.). ASQ Quality Press. pp. 560. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780873898386<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=w2XpqR-3MK4C&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=w2XpqR-3MK4C&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metrology+Handbook&rft.aulast=Bucher%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Bucher%2C+J.L.&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B560&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ASQ+Quality+Press&rft.isbn=9780873898386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw2XpqR-3MK4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Czichos, H.; Saito, T.; Smith, L.E., ed. (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing<\/i><\/a> (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1500. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783642166419<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Springer+Handbook+of+Metrology+and+Testing&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1500&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.isbn=9783642166419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfpTE1Z5UfsQC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-CzichosSpringerHand11-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CzichosSpringerHand11_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CzichosSpringerHand11_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Czichos, H.; Saito, T.; Smith, L.E., ed. (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&pg=PA47\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 3: Quality in Measurement and Testing\"<\/a>. <i>Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing<\/i>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 45\u201349. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783642166419<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&pg=PA47\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&pg=PA47<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+3%3A+Quality+in+Measurement+and+Testing&rft.atitle=Springer+Handbook+of+Metrology+and+Testing&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B45%E2%80%9349&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.isbn=9783642166419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfpTE1Z5UfsQC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BucherTheQualChapt12_07-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BucherTheQualChapt12_07_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BucherTheQualChapt12_07_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BucherTheQualChapt12_07_2-2\">2.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Bucher, J.L. (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 12: Calibration Environment\"<\/a>. <i>The Quality Calibration Handbook: Developing and Managing a Calibration Program<\/i>. ASQ Quality Press. pp. 113\u2013116. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780873897044<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+12%3A+Calibration+Environment&rft.atitle=The+Quality+Calibration+Handbook%3A+Developing+and+Managing+a+Calibration+Program&rft.aulast=Bucher%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Bucher%2C+J.L.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B113%E2%80%93116&rft.pub=ASQ+Quality+Press&rft.isbn=9780873897044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj7z9QaYFhrUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NISTPolicies-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NISTPolicies_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/calibrations\/policies\" target=\"_blank\">\"Policies\"<\/a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 17 February 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/calibrations\/policies\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/calibrations\/policies<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Policies&rft.atitle=&rft.date=17+February+2022&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fcalibrations%2Fpolicies&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BucherTheQual07-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BucherTheQual07_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Bucher, J.L. (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 1: Preventing the Next Great Train Wreck\"<\/a>. <i>The Quality Calibration Handbook: Developing and Managing a Calibration Program<\/i>. ASQ Quality Press. pp. 3\u20138. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780873897044<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+1%3A+Preventing+the+Next+Great+Train+Wreck&rft.atitle=The+Quality+Calibration+Handbook%3A+Developing+and+Managing+a+Calibration+Program&rft.aulast=Bucher%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Bucher%2C+J.L.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%938&rft.pub=ASQ+Quality+Press&rft.isbn=9780873897044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj7z9QaYFhrUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NRCCRecommended03-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NRCCRecommended03_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nrc.canada.ca\/en\/certifications-evaluations-standards\/calibration-laboratory-assessment-service\/recommended-practices-calibration-laboratories\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recommended practices for calibration laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>National Research Council Canada<\/i>. Government of Canada. 27 March 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nrc.canada.ca\/en\/certifications-evaluations-standards\/calibration-laboratory-assessment-service\/recommended-practices-calibration-laboratories\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nrc.canada.ca\/en\/certifications-evaluations-standards\/calibration-laboratory-assessment-service\/recommended-practices-calibration-laboratories<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recommended+practices+for+calibration+laboratories&rft.atitle=National+Research+Council+Canada&rft.date=27+March+2019&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnrc.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcertifications-evaluations-standards%2Fcalibration-laboratory-assessment-service%2Frecommended-practices-calibration-laboratories&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KeysightZ540.3_14-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KeysightZ540.3_14_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/us\/en\/assets\/7018-03055\/brochures\/5990-8567.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Z540.3 Calibration Service Explained\"<\/a> (PDF). Keysight Technologies. 8 August 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/us\/en\/assets\/7018-03055\/brochures\/5990-8567.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/us\/en\/assets\/7018-03055\/brochures\/5990-8567.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Z540.3+Calibration+Service+Explained&rft.atitle=&rft.date=8+August+2019&rft.pub=Keysight+Technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keysight.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Fassets%2F7018-03055%2Fbrochures%2F5990-8567.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KeysightCertOfCalib15-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KeysightCertOfCalib15_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/us\/en\/assets\/7018-03392\/flyers\/5991-0112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Keysight Technologies Certificate of Calibration Enhanced\"<\/a> (PDF). Keysight Technologies. 2 August 2014<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/us\/en\/assets\/7018-03392\/flyers\/5991-0112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/us\/en\/assets\/7018-03392\/flyers\/5991-0112.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Keysight+Technologies+Certificate+of+Calibration+Enhanced&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2+August+2014&rft.pub=Keysight+Technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keysight.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Fassets%2F7018-03392%2Fflyers%2F5991-0112.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232144\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.116 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.546 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 6284\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 55211\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 15528\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 12286\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 96.661 1 -total\n 59.71% 57.714 9 Template:Citation\/core\n 56.87% 54.974 1 Template:Reflist\n 43.06% 41.621 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\n 41.90% 40.496 5 Template:Cite_book\n 27.80% 26.867 4 Template:Cite_web\n 8.90% 8.598 4 Template:Date\n 8.37% 8.086 5 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.38% 4.236 13 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.37% 2.295 5 Template:Only_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13432-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232146 and revision id 48521. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","cf4433328053e3622b3b250de45626b3_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/45\/Calibrate_scale.JPG"],"cf4433328053e3622b3b250de45626b3_timestamp":1657236872,"64406ed4912d6ca45c5c2b6453deed6e_type":"article","64406ed4912d6ca45c5c2b6453deed6e_title":"3.2 Automotive, aerospace, and marine","64406ed4912d6ca45c5c2b6453deed6e_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine","64406ed4912d6ca45c5c2b6453deed6e_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Automotive, aerospace, and marineFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 3.2 Automotive, aerospace, and marine \n\n1.1 3.2.1 Client types \n1.2 3.2.2 Functions \n1.3 3.2.3 Informatics in the automotive, aerospace, and marine industry \n1.4 3.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n 3.2 Automotive, aerospace, and marine \n\n\nLaboratories in the automotive, aerospace, and maritime travel industry are focused on the design, development, and testing of components, materials, fluids, etc. that make up vehicles that operate on land, on sea, in air, and in outer space. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n\nanalysis and assessment of chemicals and petrochemicals[1]\nanalysis and assessment of materials[2][3]\nanalysis and assessment of safety[2][3]\ntracking and analysis of structural integrity[4]\ndesign and analysis of lighting[5]\ndesign and analysis of chassis[6]\ndesign and analysis of fuel cells[7]\nfailure analysis[8]\nBut how do automotive, aerospace, and marine laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nWhile much scientific effort has gone into the development of modern vehicles\u2014a significant portion of it in some sort of laboratory\u2014from the ergonomic shift knob and regenerative braking system to the quantum accelerometer[9] and solid rocket booster, the laboratory testing that goes into designing safer transportation solutions and control systems is the easiest for the layperson to relate to. From Volvo and Nils Bohlin's contribution of the three-point seat belt[10] to the continuing improvement of automotive and pedestrian impact safety standards[11], traditional and non-traditional laboratories alike are responsible for advances in keeping drivers, passengers, and pedestrians safer. Without these laboratories in place\u2014and without the related efforts of pioneering automotive engineers developing and propagating tested standards in the 1910s[12]\u2014the safety of vehicles arguably wouldn't be anything like what it is today. Secondarily, vehicle reliability and longevity would also suffer.\n\n3.2.1 Client types \nPrivate - Private laboratories in this industry are usually either associated directly with a vehicle manufacturer (e.g., Ford Motor Company, Boeing Company, Gulf Craft, and SpaceX) or act as a third-party contract laboratory for manufacturers and designers who are unable or unwilling to invest in their own private laboratory. Aside from analytical services, these labs often include consulting services on design management and analysis as well as team and project management.\nExamples include:\n\nAutomotive Research Association of India\nCalspan Corporation\nIntertek Group PLC\nGovernment - Government-run transportation-related laboratories conduct specialized topical research, provide analytical services, and oversee federal, state, and local programs in the industry. From aircraft fatigue research and emissions testing to transportation system modelling, these public or public-private labs may act as major research hubs or checkpoints of regulated testing. \nExamples include:\n\nH.A. Wills Structures and Materials Test Centre\nU.S. EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory\nU.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Transportation Research And Analysis Computing Center\nAcademic - Automotive, aerospace, and maritime transportation laboratories associated with higher education institutions act as teaching locations for new students, as well as fundamental and applied research locations for more advanced students. That academic research may be funded by industry sources, by a government, or by a non-profit or foundation, and some academic laboratories may act as a public-private entity when a non-profit or private entity partners with the higher education institution.\nExamples include:\n\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology's Sloan Automotive Laboratory\nMichigan State University's Energy & Automotive Research Laboratory\nNational Technical University of Athens' Laboratory for Maritime Transport\n3.2.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, and research\/design\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? braking, combustion, durability, emissions, fluid dynamics, lubricants, materials and components, paints and coatings, power conversion and control, propulsion and power generation, safety, structural mechanics\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? biomechanics, chemical, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, environmental, ergonomics, materials science, mathematics, mechanical engineering, physics, safety engineering, software engineering\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAccelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acceleration, Acoustical, Adhesion, Aging, Altitude, Ash, Case depth, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Cleanliness, Climatics, Combustion, Comparative Tracking Index, Compliance\/Conformance, Compression, Conductivity, Contact mechanics, Continuous salt spray, Corrosion, Damage tolerance, Degradation, Design review and evaluation, Dielectric withstand, Dimensional, Discoloration, Dynamics, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Ergonomics, Etching, Failure, Fatigue, Feasibility, Flammability, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Friction, Functional testing, Hazard analysis, Heat resistance, Hydraulic, Immersion, Impact, Inclusion, Inflatability, Ingress, Iterative, Lightning, Lubricity, Macroetch, Mass, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Oxidation reduction potential, Passivation, Performance, Permeability, pH, Photometric, Plating and coating evaluations, Proficiency, Prohesion, Qualification, Quality control, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Safety, Shear, Shock, Stress corrosion cracking, Surface topography, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Ultraviolet, Usability, Velocity and flow, Vibration, Visibility, Voltage, Weathering\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nbattery load tester, carbon sulfur analyzer, circuit tester, calorimeter, compression tester, demonstration and simulation equipment, digital multimeter, gas analyzer, gyroscope, hardness tester, heat treatment furnace, salt spray chamber, temperature and humidity chamber, tension tester, thermal shock chamber\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the automotive, aerospace, and maritime travel industry? \nA September 2010 Brookings report stated that \"innovation activity undertaken in the private sector of the auto industry extends far beyond the automaker itself, as nearly three-fourths of the value of a vehicle is added by companies other than the automaker.\"[13] Though the report doesn't directly mention who makes up those companies, presumably industry-focused R&D, QA, and compliance testing laboratories make up at least a small portion of them. As for intersections with other industries, the petrochemical, environmental, and energy industries are closely linked, providing insight and advances in combustion, emissions control, and alternative fuel sources to automobile, airplane, boat, and space vehicle designers and manufacturers.\n\n 3.2.3 Informatics in the automotive, aerospace, and marine industry \nAs the automobile is being transformed by technologies, applications and services grounded in advances in everything from sensors to artificial intelligence to big data analysis; the ecosystem is witnessing a steady influx of new players and the continued evolution of the roles played by key stakeholders and the balance of power among them. Of particular interest is the evolving relationship between automakers and software providers. - Mike Woodward, U.K. Automotive Leader, Deloitte[14]\nWoodward's statement isn't that unusual in itself; representative of multiple industries have made similar remarks. What is more interesting is his mention of the role software providers specifically are playing in industries like the automotive, aerospace, and marine industry. From data recovery and distribution to data sharing, whether it's in the R&D lab or on the factory floor, informatics software is increasingly playing a role in making safer products, improving operational efficiency, and better targeting sales and marketing. Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) are being tailored to the industry to assist with statistical process control (SPC) and capability studies using data directly from the factory floor.[15] LIMS is also helping in aerospace development, particularly with managing specifications and materials analysis in the lab.[16] And with the greater focus on informatics in the industry, new journals like the International Journal of Aerospace System Science and Engineering[17] are appearing to further informatics applications in automotive, aerospace, and marine labs.\n\n3.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nAutomotive and aerospace LIMS\nFurther reading\n\nGascoin, N.; Balasubramanian, E., ed. (2020). Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 571. ISBN 9789811566196. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=aI__DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \nLehmhus, D.; Busse, M.; Herrmann, A.; Kayvantash, K., ed. (2013). Structural Materials and Processes in Transportation. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 500. ISBN 9783527649860. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZSFrAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Phlegm, H.K. (2009). The Role of the Chemist in Automotive Design. CRC Press. pp. 216. ISBN 9781420071894. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=tRzfAwbzbNMC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 Elmarakbi, A., ed. (2013). Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 472. ISBN 9781118535264. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wfxQAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 Davies, G. (2012). Materials for Automobile Bodies. Elsevier. pp. 416. ISBN 9780080969800. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_fZsIeCavO8C&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 Staszewski, W.; Boller, C.; Tomlinson, G.R., ed. (2004). Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures: Smart Sensor Technologies and Signal Processing. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 288. ISBN 9780470092835. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nzSPVBZ_Yg0C&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 W\u00f6rdenweber, B.; Wallaschek, J.; Boyce, P.; Hoffman, D.D. (2007). Automotive Lighting and Human Vision. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 410. ISBN 9783540366973. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yatUXs8QQAMC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 Reimpell, J.; Stoll, H.; Betzler, J., ed. (2001). The Automotive Chassis: Engineering Principles. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 456. ISBN 9780080527734. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fuXf3wmahM8C&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kocha, S.S. (2012). \"Chapter 15: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells, Automotive Applications\". In Kreuer, K.-D.. Fuel Cells: Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 473\u2013518. ISBN 9781461457855. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LE99dRxwtVcC&pg=PA473 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Reddy, A.V. (2004). Investigation of Aeronautical and Engineering Component Failures. CRC Press. pp. 368. ISBN 9780203492093. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WkXRBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 Marks, P. (14 May 2014). \"Quantum positioning system steps in when GPS fails\". New Scientist. New Scientist Ltd. https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg22229694-000-quantum-positioning-system-steps-in-when-gps-fails\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Three-point seatbelt inventor Nils Bohlin born\". History.com. A+E Networks. 27 January 2010. https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/three-point-seatbelt-inventor-nils-bohlin-born . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Atiyeh, C. (9 December 2015). \"NHTSA Overhauling Crash Tests for 2019 Model Year Cars\". Car and Driver. Hearst Communications, Inc. https:\/\/www.caranddriver.com\/news\/a15350598\/nhtsa-overhauling-crash-tests-for-2019-model-year-cars\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Thompson, G.V. (1954). \"Intercompany Technical Standardization in the Early American Automobile Industry\". The Journal of Economic History 14 (1): 1\u201320. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2115223 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Klier, T.; Sands, C. (September 2010). \"The Federal Role in Supporting Auto Sector Innovation\" (PDF). Metropolitan Policy Program. Brookings Institution. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/0927_great_lakes_auto.pdf . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Big data and analytics in the automotive industry: Automotive analytics thought piece\" (PDF). Deloitte LLP. 2015. https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/uk\/Documents\/manufacturing\/deloitte-uk-automotive-analytics.pdf . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"SPC & Capability studies with a single mouse click\". Asystance B.V. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170915011017\/http:\/\/www.alis.nl\/en\/alis-lims-for-automotive-industry\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Aerospace & Defense\". Wavefront Software, Inc. https:\/\/www.wavefrontsoftware.com\/industries\/aerospace.asp . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"International Journal of Aerospace System Science and Engineering\". Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. https:\/\/www.inderscience.com\/jhome.php?jcode=ijasse . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:21.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 4 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","64406ed4912d6ca45c5c2b6453deed6e_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Automotive_aerospace_and_marine rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Automotive_aerospace_and_marine skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Automotive, aerospace, and marine<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-3.2_Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2_Automotive.2C_aerospace.2C_and_marine\">3.2 Automotive, aerospace, and marine<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Delphi_Automotive_(6944417073).jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"72857b7880ff36aedb135d1b7b04fcef\"><img alt=\"Delphi Automotive (6944417073).jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/Delphi_Automotive_%286944417073%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p>Laboratories in the automotive, aerospace, and maritime travel industry are focused on the design, development, and testing of components, materials, fluids, etc. that make up vehicles that operate on land, on sea, in air, and in outer space. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): \n<\/p>\n<ul><li>analysis and assessment of chemicals and petrochemicals<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PhlegmTheRole09_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PhlegmTheRole09-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis and assessment of materials<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ElmarakbiAdvanced13_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ElmarakbiAdvanced13-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DaviesMaterials12_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DaviesMaterials12-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis and assessment of safety<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ElmarakbiAdvanced13_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ElmarakbiAdvanced13-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DaviesMaterials12_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DaviesMaterials12-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>tracking and analysis of structural integrity<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StaszewskiHealth04_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StaszewskiHealth04-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>design and analysis of lighting<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-W.C3.B6rdenweberAuto07_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-W.C3.B6rdenweberAuto07-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>design and analysis of chassis<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ReimpellTheAuto01_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ReimpellTheAuto01-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>design and analysis of fuel cells<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KochaPolymer12_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KochaPolymer12-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>failure analysis<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ReddyInvestigation04_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ReddyInvestigation04-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do automotive, aerospace, and marine laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>While much scientific effort has gone into the development of modern vehicles\u2014a significant portion of it in some sort of laboratory\u2014from the ergonomic shift knob and regenerative braking system to the quantum accelerometer<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MarksQuantum14_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MarksQuantum14-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> and solid rocket booster, the laboratory testing that goes into designing safer transportation solutions and control systems is the easiest for the layperson to relate to. From Volvo and Nils Bohlin's contribution of the three-point seat belt<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HistoryThree10_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HistoryThree10-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> to the continuing improvement of automotive and pedestrian impact safety standards<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AtiyehNHTSA15_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AtiyehNHTSA15-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>, traditional and non-traditional laboratories alike are responsible for advances in keeping drivers, passengers, and pedestrians safer. Without these laboratories in place\u2014and without the related efforts of pioneering automotive engineers developing and propagating tested standards in the 1910s<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ThompsonIntercomp54_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ThompsonIntercomp54-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014the safety of vehicles arguably wouldn't be anything like what it is today. Secondarily, vehicle reliability and longevity would also suffer.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2.1_Client_types\">3.2.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Private laboratories in this industry are usually either associated directly with a vehicle manufacturer (e.g., Ford Motor Company, Boeing Company, Gulf Craft, and SpaceX) or act as a third-party contract laboratory for manufacturers and designers who are unable or unwilling to invest in their own private laboratory. Aside from analytical services, these labs often include consulting services on design management and analysis as well as team and project management.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.araiindia.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Automotive Research Association of India<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/calspan.com\/automotive\/vehicle-crash-test-services\" target=\"_blank\">Calspan Corporation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intertek.com\/automotive\/\" target=\"_blank\">Intertek Group PLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Government-run transportation-related laboratories conduct specialized topical research, provide analytical services, and oversee federal, state, and local programs in the industry. From aircraft fatigue research and emissions testing to transportation system modelling, these public or public-private labs may act as major research hubs or checkpoints of regulated testing. \n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dst.defence.gov.au\/content\/ha-wills-structures-and-materials-test-centre\" target=\"_blank\">H.A. Wills Structures and Materials Test Centre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/aboutepa\/about-national-vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-laboratory-nvfel\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tracc.anl.gov\/joomla\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Transportation Research And Analysis Computing Center<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Automotive, aerospace, and maritime transportation laboratories associated with higher education institutions act as teaching locations for new students, as well as fundamental and applied research locations for more advanced students. That academic research may be funded by industry sources, by a government, or by a non-profit or foundation, and some academic laboratories may act as a public-private entity when a non-profit or private entity partners with the higher education institution.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/sloan-auto-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Sloan Automotive Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.egr.msu.edu\/future-engineer\/energy-and-automotive-research-lab-earl\" target=\"_blank\">Michigan State University's Energy & Automotive Research Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.martrans.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Technical University of Athens' Laboratory for Maritime Transport<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2.2_Functions\">3.2.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, and research\/design\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> braking, combustion, durability, emissions, fluid dynamics, lubricants, materials and components, paints and coatings, power conversion and control, propulsion and power generation, safety, structural mechanics\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> biomechanics, chemical, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, environmental, ergonomics, materials science, mathematics, mechanical engineering, physics, safety engineering, software engineering\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Accelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acceleration, Acoustical, Adhesion, Aging, Altitude, Ash, Case depth, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Cleanliness, Climatics, Combustion, Comparative Tracking Index, Compliance\/Conformance, Compression, Conductivity, Contact mechanics, Continuous salt spray, Corrosion, Damage tolerance, Degradation, Design review and evaluation, Dielectric withstand, Dimensional, Discoloration, Dynamics, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Ergonomics, Etching, Failure, Fatigue, Feasibility, Flammability, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Friction, Functional testing, Hazard analysis, Heat resistance, Hydraulic, Immersion, Impact, Inclusion, Inflatability, Ingress, Iterative, Lightning, Lubricity, Macroetch, Mass, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Oxidation reduction potential, Passivation, Performance, Permeability, pH, Photometric, Plating and coating evaluations, Proficiency, Prohesion, Qualification, Quality control, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Safety, Shear, Shock, Stress corrosion cracking, Surface topography, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Ultraviolet, Usability, Velocity and flow, Vibration, Visibility, Voltage, Weathering\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>battery load tester, carbon sulfur analyzer, circuit tester, calorimeter, compression tester, demonstration and simulation equipment, digital multimeter, gas analyzer, gyroscope, hardness tester, heat treatment furnace, salt spray chamber, temperature and humidity chamber, tension tester, thermal shock chamber\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the automotive, aerospace, and maritime travel industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>A September 2010 Brookings report stated that \"innovation activity undertaken in the private sector of the auto industry extends far beyond the automaker itself, as nearly three-fourths of the value of a vehicle is added by companies other than the automaker.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KlierTheFed10_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KlierTheFed10-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> Though the report doesn't directly mention who makes up those companies, presumably industry-focused R&D, QA, and compliance testing laboratories make up at least a small portion of them. As for intersections with other industries, the petrochemical, environmental, and energy industries are closely linked, providing insight and advances in combustion, emissions control, and alternative fuel sources to automobile, airplane, boat, and space vehicle designers and manufacturers.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"rdp-ebb-3.2.3_Informatics_in_the_automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine_industry\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2.3_Informatics_in_the_automotive.2C_aerospace.2C_and_marine_industry\">3.2.3 Informatics in the automotive, aerospace, and marine industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<blockquote><p>As the automobile is being transformed by technologies, applications and services grounded in advances in everything from sensors to artificial intelligence to big data analysis; the ecosystem is witnessing a steady influx of new players and the continued evolution of the roles played by key stakeholders and the balance of power among them. Of particular interest is the evolving relationship between automakers and software providers. - Mike Woodward, U.K. Automotive Leader, Deloitte<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DeloitteBig15_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DeloitteBig15-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Woodward's statement isn't that unusual in itself; representative of multiple industries have made similar remarks. What is more interesting is his mention of the role software providers specifically are playing in industries like the automotive, aerospace, and marine industry. From data recovery and distribution to data sharing, whether it's in the R&D lab or on the factory floor, informatics software is increasingly playing a role in making safer products, improving operational efficiency, and better targeting sales and marketing. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_information_management_system\" title=\"Laboratory information management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8ff56a51d34c9b1806fcebdcde634d00\">Laboratory information management systems<\/a> (LIMS) are being tailored to the industry to assist with statistical process control (SPC) and capability studies using data directly from the factory floor.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ALISAuto_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ALISAuto-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> LIMS is also helping in aerospace development, particularly with managing specifications and materials analysis in the lab.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WavefrontAero_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WavefrontAero-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> And with the greater focus on informatics in the industry, new journals like the International Journal of Aerospace System Science and Engineering<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IJASSE_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IJASSE-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> are appearing to further informatics applications in automotive, aerospace, and marine labs.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">3.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Automotive_and_aerospace_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Automotive and aerospace LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"68892b9d7eaaed4057752f11a86185e7\">Automotive and aerospace LIMS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Gascoin, N.; Balasubramanian, E., ed. (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=aI__DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering<\/i><\/a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 571. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9789811566196<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=aI__DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=aI__DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovative+Design%2C+Analysis+and+Development+Practices+in+Aerospace+and+Automotive+Engineering&rft.date=2020&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B571&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.isbn=9789811566196&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaI__DwAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Lehmhus, D.; Busse, M.; Herrmann, A.; Kayvantash, K., ed. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZSFrAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Structural Materials and Processes in Transportation<\/i><\/a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 500. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783527649860<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZSFrAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZSFrAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Materials+and+Processes+in+Transportation&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B500&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9783527649860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSFrAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-PhlegmTheRole09-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PhlegmTheRole09_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Phlegm, H.K. (2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=tRzfAwbzbNMC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Role of the Chemist in Automotive Design<\/i><\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 216. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781420071894<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=tRzfAwbzbNMC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=tRzfAwbzbNMC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+the+Chemist+in+Automotive+Design&rft.aulast=Phlegm%2C+H.K.&rft.au=Phlegm%2C+H.K.&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B216&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781420071894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtRzfAwbzbNMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ElmarakbiAdvanced13-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ElmarakbiAdvanced13_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ElmarakbiAdvanced13_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Elmarakbi, A., ed. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wfxQAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness<\/i><\/a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 472. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781118535264<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wfxQAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=wfxQAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Composite+Materials+for+Automotive+Applications%3A+Structural+Integrity+and+Crashworthiness&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B472&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9781118535264&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfxQAQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DaviesMaterials12-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DaviesMaterials12_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DaviesMaterials12_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Davies, G. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_fZsIeCavO8C&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Materials for Automobile Bodies<\/i><\/a>. Elsevier. pp. 416. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780080969800<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_fZsIeCavO8C&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_fZsIeCavO8C&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+for+Automobile+Bodies&rft.aulast=Davies%2C+G.&rft.au=Davies%2C+G.&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B416&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=9780080969800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_fZsIeCavO8C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StaszewskiHealth04-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-StaszewskiHealth04_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Staszewski, W.; Boller, C.; Tomlinson, G.R., ed. (2004). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nzSPVBZ_Yg0C&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures: Smart Sensor Technologies and Signal Processing<\/i><\/a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 288. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780470092835<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nzSPVBZ_Yg0C&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nzSPVBZ_Yg0C&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Monitoring+of+Aerospace+Structures%3A+Smart+Sensor+Technologies+and+Signal+Processing&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B288&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9780470092835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzSPVBZ_Yg0C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-W.C3.B6rdenweberAuto07-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-W.C3.B6rdenweberAuto07_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">W\u00f6rdenweber, B.; Wallaschek, J.; Boyce, P.; Hoffman, D.D. (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yatUXs8QQAMC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Automotive Lighting and Human Vision<\/i><\/a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 410. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783540366973<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yatUXs8QQAMC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yatUXs8QQAMC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automotive+Lighting+and+Human+Vision&rft.aulast=W%C3%B6rdenweber%2C+B.%3B+Wallaschek%2C+J.%3B+Boyce%2C+P.%3B+Hoffman%2C+D.D.&rft.au=W%C3%B6rdenweber%2C+B.%3B+Wallaschek%2C+J.%3B+Boyce%2C+P.%3B+Hoffman%2C+D.D.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B410&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.isbn=9783540366973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyatUXs8QQAMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ReimpellTheAuto01-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ReimpellTheAuto01_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Reimpell, J.; Stoll, H.; Betzler, J., ed. (2001). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fuXf3wmahM8C&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Automotive Chassis: Engineering Principles<\/i><\/a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 456. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780080527734<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fuXf3wmahM8C&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=fuXf3wmahM8C&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Automotive+Chassis%3A+Engineering+Principles&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B456&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.isbn=9780080527734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfuXf3wmahM8C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KochaPolymer12-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KochaPolymer12_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Kocha, S.S. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LE99dRxwtVcC&pg=PA473\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 15: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells, Automotive Applications\"<\/a>. In Kreuer, K.-D.. <i>Fuel Cells: Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology<\/i>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 473\u2013518. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781461457855<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LE99dRxwtVcC&pg=PA473\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LE99dRxwtVcC&pg=PA473<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+15%3A+Polymer+Electrolyte+Membrane+%28PEM%29+Fuel+Cells%2C+Automotive+Applications&rft.atitle=Fuel+Cells%3A+Selected+Entries+from+the+Encyclopedia+of+Sustainability+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Kocha%2C+S.S.&rft.au=Kocha%2C+S.S.&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B473%E2%80%93518&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.isbn=9781461457855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLE99dRxwtVcC%26pg%3DPA473&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ReddyInvestigation04-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ReddyInvestigation04_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Reddy, A.V. (2004). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WkXRBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Investigation of Aeronautical and Engineering Component Failures<\/i><\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 368. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780203492093<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WkXRBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WkXRBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigation+of+Aeronautical+and+Engineering+Component+Failures&rft.aulast=Reddy%2C+A.V.&rft.au=Reddy%2C+A.V.&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B368&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9780203492093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWkXRBQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MarksQuantum14-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MarksQuantum14_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Marks, P. (14 May 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg22229694-000-quantum-positioning-system-steps-in-when-gps-fails\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Quantum positioning system steps in when GPS fails\"<\/a>. <i>New Scientist<\/i>. New Scientist Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg22229694-000-quantum-positioning-system-steps-in-when-gps-fails\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg22229694-000-quantum-positioning-system-steps-in-when-gps-fails\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Quantum+positioning+system+steps+in+when+GPS+fails&rft.atitle=New+Scientist&rft.aulast=Marks%2C+P.&rft.au=Marks%2C+P.&rft.date=14+May+2014&rft.pub=New+Scientist+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22229694-000-quantum-positioning-system-steps-in-when-gps-fails%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HistoryThree10-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HistoryThree10_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/three-point-seatbelt-inventor-nils-bohlin-born\" target=\"_blank\">\"Three-point seatbelt inventor Nils Bohlin born\"<\/a>. <i>History.com<\/i>. A+E Networks. 27 January 2010<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/three-point-seatbelt-inventor-nils-bohlin-born\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/three-point-seatbelt-inventor-nils-bohlin-born<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Three-point+seatbelt+inventor+Nils+Bohlin+born&rft.atitle=History.com&rft.date=27+January+2010&rft.pub=A%2BE+Networks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fthree-point-seatbelt-inventor-nils-bohlin-born&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AtiyehNHTSA15-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AtiyehNHTSA15_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Atiyeh, C. (9 December 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.caranddriver.com\/news\/a15350598\/nhtsa-overhauling-crash-tests-for-2019-model-year-cars\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"NHTSA Overhauling Crash Tests for 2019 Model Year Cars\"<\/a>. <i>Car and Driver<\/i>. Hearst Communications, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.caranddriver.com\/news\/a15350598\/nhtsa-overhauling-crash-tests-for-2019-model-year-cars\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.caranddriver.com\/news\/a15350598\/nhtsa-overhauling-crash-tests-for-2019-model-year-cars\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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(1954). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2115223\" target=\"_blank\">\"Intercompany Technical Standardization in the Early American Automobile Industry\"<\/a>. <i>The Journal of Economic History<\/i> <b>14<\/b> (1): 1\u201320<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2115223\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2115223<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intercompany+Technical+Standardization+in+the+Early+American+Automobile+Industry&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.aulast=Thompson%2C+G.V.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+G.V.&rft.date=1954&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2115223&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KlierTheFed10-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KlierTheFed10_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Klier, T.; Sands, C. (September 2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/0927_great_lakes_auto.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Federal Role in Supporting Auto Sector Innovation\"<\/a> (PDF). <i>Metropolitan Policy Program<\/i>. Brookings Institution<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/0927_great_lakes_auto.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/0927_great_lakes_auto.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Role+in+Supporting+Auto+Sector+Innovation&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Policy+Program&rft.aulast=Klier%2C+T.%3B+Sands%2C+C.&rft.au=Klier%2C+T.%3B+Sands%2C+C.&rft.date=September+2010&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2F0927_great_lakes_auto.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DeloitteBig15-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DeloitteBig15_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/uk\/Documents\/manufacturing\/deloitte-uk-automotive-analytics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Big data and analytics in the automotive industry: Automotive analytics thought piece\"<\/a> (PDF). Deloitte LLP. 2015<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/uk\/Documents\/manufacturing\/deloitte-uk-automotive-analytics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/uk\/Documents\/manufacturing\/deloitte-uk-automotive-analytics.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Big+data+and+analytics+in+the+automotive+industry%3A+Automotive+analytics+thought+piece&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=Deloitte+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FDeloitte%2Fuk%2FDocuments%2Fmanufacturing%2Fdeloitte-uk-automotive-analytics.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ALISAuto-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ALISAuto_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170915011017\/http:\/\/www.alis.nl\/en\/alis-lims-for-automotive-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"SPC & Capability studies with a single mouse click\"<\/a>. Asystance B.V. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.alis.nl\/en\/alis-lims-for-automotive-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 15 September 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170915011017\/http:\/\/www.alis.nl\/en\/alis-lims-for-automotive-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170915011017\/http:\/\/www.alis.nl\/en\/alis-lims-for-automotive-industry\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=SPC+%26+Capability+studies+with+a+single+mouse+click&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Asystance+B.V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170915011017%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.alis.nl%2Fen%2Falis-lims-for-automotive-industry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WavefrontAero-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WavefrontAero_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wavefrontsoftware.com\/industries\/aerospace.asp\" target=\"_blank\">\"Aerospace & Defense\"<\/a>. 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Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aerospace+%26+Defense&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Wavefront+Software%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wavefrontsoftware.com%2Findustries%2Faerospace.asp&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IJASSE-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IJASSE_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inderscience.com\/jhome.php?jcode=ijasse\" target=\"_blank\">\"International Journal of Aerospace System Science and Engineering\"<\/a>. Inderscience Enterprises Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inderscience.com\/jhome.php?jcode=ijasse\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.inderscience.com\/jhome.php?jcode=ijasse<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+Aerospace+System+Science+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Inderscience+Enterprises+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inderscience.com%2Fjhome.php%3Fjcode%3Dijasse&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232124\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.146 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.204 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 12913\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 107955\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 34447\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 29184\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 147.268 1 -total\n 69.58% 102.463 1 Template:Reflist\n 67.69% 99.680 19 Template:Citation\/core\n 43.23% 63.664 10 Template:Cite_book\n 30.37% 44.719 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\n 30.10% 44.324 8 Template:Cite_web\n 7.20% 10.607 10 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 6.90% 10.158 5 Template:Date\n 5.95% 8.765 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 4.64% 6.835 25 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13431-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232124 and revision id 48520. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","64406ed4912d6ca45c5c2b6453deed6e_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/Delphi_Automotive_%286944417073%29.jpg"],"64406ed4912d6ca45c5c2b6453deed6e_timestamp":1657236872,"d73fa788ef73bdf9a4be03d56500a8ef_type":"article","d73fa788ef73bdf9a4be03d56500a8ef_title":"3.1 Agriculture and forestry","d73fa788ef73bdf9a4be03d56500a8ef_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry","d73fa788ef73bdf9a4be03d56500a8ef_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Agriculture and forestryFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 3. Labs by industry: Part 1 \n\n1.1 3.1 Agriculture and forestry \n\n1.1.1 3.1.1 Client types \n1.1.2 3.1.2 Functions \n1.1.3 3.1.3 Informatics in the agriculture and forestry industry \n1.1.4 3.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \n\n\n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n3. Labs by industry: Part 1 \nIn this and the following three chapters, we take a look at 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline functions through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. Finally, we discuss the role of informatics in each industry lab type.\n\r\n\n\n3.1 Agriculture and forestry \n \n\nLaboratories within the agriculture and forestry industry are focused on analyzing, improving, and ensuring the safety of the various plants, animals, and fungi that are cultivated or bred to sustain and enhance human life. These labs provide a solid foundation for the safety and security of what can at times be a large network of food and plant-based resources, particularly for large countries with temperate climates.[1] They are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including:\n\nanalysis and assessment of seeds and soils[2]\nanalysis and assessment of fertilizers and pesticides[2]\nstudies of farm and field systems[2]\nstudies of plant and feedstock nutrition[3]\nanalysis and assessment of plant and tree fibers and chemicals[4]\nanalysis and assessment of fungi and their chemical components[5][6]\ntracking and analysis of plant and tree diseases[7]\ntracking and analysis of invasive plants and insects[7]\nrisk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and microorganisms[8]\ntracking and analysis of agricultural animal disease[9]\nBut how do agriculture and forestry laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis? \nThe most obvious way these labs touch our lives on a daily basis is through the food and beverages we consume. Though we talk about the food and beverage industry and its laboratories separately in this guide, agriculture labs are at the forefront of humanity's push to provide greater, more efficient, healthier, and safer agricultural yields. Agriculture lab personnel work to better feed humans and animals alike, while also considering the environmental impact of research-based advances in fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs. Without these laboratories in place, we would surely face an even more dire future of struggling to maintain crop yields in a world of increasing population and decreasing natural resources.[10]\nThese labs also intersect our lives in other ways. For example, studies of fungi have revealed constituents applicable to paper production, soil remediation, and pharmaceutical development.[6] Similarly, monitoring of plant and tree diseases through laboratory work helps us stand prepared to address potential threats to our own agricultural products.[7] In these cases, the work of these labs shows up in many of the products we use and agriculture we consume.\n\n3.1.1 Client types \nPrivate - Agriculture labs in the private sector typically serve as third-party or contract laboratories to other entities conducting agricultural activities while unable or unwilling to invest in their own private laboratory. Aside from analytical services, these labs often include consulting services on plant nutrition, soil sciences, and water management.\nExamples include:\n\nA&L Western Laboratories, Inc.\nWaters Agricultural Laboratories, Inc.\nWaypoint Analytical\nGovernment - Government-run agriculture and forestry laboratories conduct specialized topical research, provide analytical services, and oversee federal, state, and local programs in the industry. From bee research to interstate milk shipping programs and compliance testing, these public or public-private labs may act as major research hubs or checkpoints of regulated testing.\nExamples include:\n\nOregon Department of Agriculture Lab Services Program\nU.S. Department of Agriculture National Laboratory for Agriculture and The Environment\nWyoming Department of Agriculture Analytical Services Lab\nAcademic - Agriculture laboratories associated with higher education institutions are often of a hybrid client type and function. The institution's laboratory may be made multi-purpose for research, teaching, and analytical testing purposes. Many higher-education agriculture labs also process samples from external third-party clients, acting in some ways like a private analytical lab would. In some cases, non-profit and private entities partner with higher education (public-private) to provide research and training opportunities beneficial to both the entities and the students. (See for example the Cornell-affiliated non-profit Hudson Valley Research Laboratory.[11])\nExamples include:\n\nClemson University Agricultural Service Laboratory\nPenn State Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory\nUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln High Plains Ag Lab\n3.1.2 Functions \nWhat are the most common functions? analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\nWhat materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled? animal tissue, commodities, compost, feed and forage, fertilizers, fruits, fungi, insects, irrigation water, manure, pesticides, plant tissue, seeds, soil\nWhat sciences are being applied in these labs? agroecology, agronomy, agrophysics, animal science, biological engineering, biology, biotechnology, chemistry, environmental science, food science, forestry, microbiology, mycology, nematology, soil science, water management\nWhat are some examples of test types and equipment? \nCommon test types include: \nAbsorption, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Antifungal susceptibility, Antimicrobial, Atterberg limits, Bioaccumulation, Biodegradation, Chronic toxicity, Composition, Conductivity, Consolidation, Contamination, Cytology, Density, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Efficacy, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Expiration dating, Fluorescence, Formulation, Genotoxicity, GMO detection, Hydraulic conductivity, Identification, Impurity, Labeling, Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Moisture, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Mutagenicity, Nutritional, Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, Pathogenicity, PDCAAS, Permeability, pH, Phytosanitary, Plant metabolism, Proficiency, Purity, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Sanitation, Sensory, Shelf life, Soil microflora, Solubility, Specific gravity, Subchronic toxicity, Terrestrial toxicology, Toxicokinetic, Vigor and germination, Water activity, Wildlife toxicology\nIndustry-related lab equipment may include: \nautomated weather stations, chromatographs, colorimeters, conductivity analyzers, diffractometer, dry ovens, fat analyzers, incubators, mills, moisture testers, nitrogen\/oxygen analyzers, pH meters, porometers, scales, spectrometers\nWhat else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the agriculture industry? \nThe food and beverage industry is closely linked. For example, the State of Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture includes a food safety laboratory division.[12] However, for the purposes of this guide, food, beverages, and ingredients are separated out as part of their own industry. Even raw materials that can be consumed alone such as cow milk or apples require some processing and handling (e.g., cleaning and packaging). In other words, the agriculture industry is arguably worried about the research, development, growth, and safety of what goes into what the food and beverage industry provides. Agriculture labs also have obvious tie-ins to environmental laboratories, as agricultural activities impact the environment and vice versa. Ties to veterinary labs may seem evident, and in fact many universities lump veterinary science programs with agriculture programs. However, animal science as a scientific discipline is arguably more closely aligned with agriculture science, as animal science takes a broader approach to the production, care, nutrition, and processing of animal-based food products.[13]\n\n3.1.3 Informatics in the agriculture and forestry industry \nInformatics software is being applied in agricultural fields, forests, and laboratories in a variety of ways, including for:\n\ncontinuous soil profile monitoring[14]\ncollecting and analyzing real time kinematic (RTK) elevation and mapping data to improve crop yields[14]\ntracking animal disease[15]\noptimization of tree harvest scheduling and crew assignment[16]\ncomputation of wildfire risk indices[17]\nmaintaining lab compliance with testing standards from organizations such as the Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA)[18]\nResearchers of agricultural informatics may publish in journals such as Journal of Agricultural Informatics[19] and present at conferences like the International Conference on Agricultural Informatics.[20] Some universities like The Hebrew University of Jerusalem even offer agricultural informatics programs to students wishing to apply informatics within and outside the agriculture lab.[21]\n\n3.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading \nLIMSwiki resources\n\nAgriculture industry\nAgriculture LIMS\nForest informatics\nFurther reading\n\nBurton, L.D. (2017). Introduction to Forestry Science (3rd Revised ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 544. ISBN 9781337904568. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0PmRtAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \nHerren, R.V. (2017). The Science of Agriculture: A Biological Approach (5th Revised ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 764. ISBN 9781337271592. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=uq6JvgAACAAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"GAEZ v4 Themes\". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/pages\/modules . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gliessman, S.R. (2007). Field and Laboratory Investigations in Agroecology. CRC Press. pp. 302. ISBN 9780849328466. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=pENYREeyGHoC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 Askey, K. (7 December 2016). \"Feedstocks - Increasing nutrition\". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. https:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/news\/feedstocks-increasing-nutrition . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Research Unit: Fiber and Chemical Sciences Research\". Forest Products Laboratory. U.S. Forest Service. https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/units\/4709.php . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory: Beltsville, MD\". U.S. Department of Agriculture. https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-barc\/beltsville-agricultural-research-center\/mycology-and-nematology-genetic-diversity-and-biology-laboratory\/ . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 6.0 6.1 \"Center For Forest Mycology Research - Culture Collection\". U.S. Forest Service. https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/centers\/mycology\/culture-collection.shtml . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 7.0 7.1 7.2 \"Forest Inventory and Analysis\". USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station. U.S. Forest Service. https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/research\/research_analysis.php . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (August 1992). \"Chapter 8: Scientific Issues: Risk Assessment and Risk Management\". A New Technological Era for American Agriculture. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 225\u2013256. ISBN 9780160379784. https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/~ota\/disk1\/1992\/9201\/9201.PDF .   \n \n\n\u2191 National Academies Press (2012). Meeting Critical Laboratory Needs for Animal Agriculture: Examination of Three Options. National Academy of Science. pp. 144. ISBN 9780309261296. https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/13454\/meeting-critical-laboratory-needs-for-animal-agriculture-examination-of-three .   \n \n\n\u2191 Singh, R.B. (2012). \"Chapter 1: Climate Change and Food Security\". In Tuteja, N.; Gill, S.S.; Tuteja, R.. Improving Crop Productivity in Sustainable Agriculture. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1\u201322. ISBN 9783527665198. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vtPmQIEXZVcC&pg=PT31 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Farmer's Alliance for Research & Management\". Cornell University. https:\/\/www.farmhv.org\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Food Safety Laboratory\". Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. https:\/\/www.agriculture.pa.gov\/consumer_protection\/FoodSafety\/Laboratory\/pages\/default.aspx . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Flanders, F. (2011). Exploring Animal Science. Cengage Learning. pp. 38\u201339. ISBN 9781435439528. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38 .   \n \n\n\u2191 14.0 14.1 \"An Introduction to Agro-Informatics\". CropMetrics. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 03 December 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181203234912\/http:\/\/cropmetrics.com\/2014\/02\/an-introduction-to-agro-informatics\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"A Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for Africa\". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 13 October 2014. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/againfo\/programmes\/en\/empres\/news_131014.html . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Jansen, M.; Judas, M.; Saborowski, J. (2002). \"Chapter 2: Introduction\". Spatial Modelling in Forest Ecology and Management: A Case Study. Springer. pp. 3\u201310. ISBN 9783540433576. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=cvMqnkqMN9UC&pg=PA3 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Iliadis, L.; Betsidou, T. (2014). \"Chapter 53: Soft Computing Modeling of Wild Fire Risk Indices: The Risk Profile of Peloponnesus Region in Greece\". Crisis Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications. IGI Global. pp. 1073\u20131087. ISBN 9781466647084. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-R9HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1073 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Features\". Elmwood Solutions, Inc. http:\/\/www.pureharvest.com\/PHDoc\/doku.php?id=phpromo:features . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Journal of Agricultural Informatics\". Hungarian Association of Agricultural Informatics. https:\/\/journal.magisz.org\/index.php\/jai . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"International Conference on Agricultural Informatics\". World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. https:\/\/waset.org\/agricultural-informatics-conference . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Agro informatics Program\". Computational Agriculture Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. https:\/\/cafe.agri.huji.ac.il\/courses\/agro-informatics-program . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:21.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 5 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","d73fa788ef73bdf9a4be03d56500a8ef_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Agriculture_and_forestry rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Labs_by_industry_Part_1_Agriculture_and_forestry skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Agriculture and forestry<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3._Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\">3. Labs by industry: Part 1<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In this and the following three chapters, we take a look at 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline functions through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. Finally, we discuss the role of informatics in each industry lab type.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.1_Agriculture_and_forestry\">3.1 Agriculture and forestry<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"bef08edd38d1c3f460d6e7d18bdd0112\"><img alt=\"Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div> \n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">Laboratories<\/a> within the agriculture and forestry industry are focused on analyzing, improving, and ensuring the safety of the various plants, animals, and fungi that are cultivated or bred to sustain and enhance human life. These labs provide a solid foundation for the safety and security of what can at times be a large network of food and plant-based resources, particularly for large countries with temperate climates.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FAO_GAEZ_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FAO_GAEZ-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> They are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>analysis and assessment of seeds and soils<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GliessmanField07_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GliessmanField07-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis and assessment of fertilizers and pesticides<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GliessmanField07_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GliessmanField07-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>studies of farm and field systems<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GliessmanField07_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GliessmanField07-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>studies of plant and feedstock nutrition<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AskeyFeedstocks16_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AskeyFeedstocks16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis and assessment of plant and tree fibers and chemicals<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FSResearchUnitFiber_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FSResearchUnitFiber-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>analysis and assessment of fungi and their chemical components<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USDAMyco_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USDAMyco-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USFSCulture_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USFSCulture-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>tracking and analysis of plant and tree diseases<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FSSRSForestHealth_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FSSRSForestHealth-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>tracking and analysis of invasive plants and insects<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FSSRSForestHealth_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FSSRSForestHealth-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and microorganisms<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OTAANew92_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OTAANew92-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>tracking and analysis of agricultural animal disease<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NRCMeeting12_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NRCMeeting12-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><i>But how do agriculture and forestry laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>The most obvious way these labs touch our lives on a daily basis is through the food and beverages we consume. Though we talk about the food and beverage industry and its laboratories separately in this guide, agriculture labs are at the forefront of humanity's push to provide greater, more efficient, healthier, and safer agricultural yields. Agriculture lab personnel work to better feed humans and animals alike, while also considering the environmental impact of research-based advances in fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs. Without these laboratories in place, we would surely face an even more dire future of struggling to maintain crop yields in a world of increasing population and decreasing natural resources.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SinghClimate12_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SinghClimate12-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>These labs also intersect our lives in other ways. For example, studies of fungi have revealed constituents applicable to paper production, soil remediation, and pharmaceutical development.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USFSCulture_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USFSCulture-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Similarly, monitoring of plant and tree diseases through laboratory work helps us stand prepared to address potential threats to our own agricultural products.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FSSRSForestHealth_7-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FSSRSForestHealth-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> In these cases, the work of these labs shows up in many of the products we use and agriculture we consume.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.1.1_Client_types\">3.1.1 Client types<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Private<\/b> - Agriculture labs in the private sector typically serve as third-party or contract laboratories to other entities conducting agricultural activities while unable or unwilling to invest in their own private laboratory. Aside from analytical services, these labs often include consulting services on plant nutrition, soil sciences, and water management.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.al-labs-west.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">A&L Western Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/watersag.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Waters Agricultural Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waypointanalytical.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Waypoint Analytical<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Government<\/b> - Government-run agriculture and forestry laboratories conduct specialized topical research, provide analytical services, and oversee federal, state, and local programs in the industry. From bee research to interstate milk shipping programs and compliance testing, these public or public-private labs may act as major research hubs or checkpoints of regulated testing.\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oda\/AboutUs\/Pages\/LaboratoryServices.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Oregon Department of Agriculture Lab Services Program<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/midwest-area\/ames\/nlae\/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Agriculture National Laboratory for Agriculture and The Environment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/wyagric.state.wy.us\/divisions\/asl\" target=\"_blank\">Wyoming Department of Agriculture Analytical Services Lab<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Academic<\/b> - Agriculture laboratories associated with higher education institutions are often of a hybrid client type and function. The institution's laboratory may be made multi-purpose for research, teaching, and analytical testing purposes. Many higher-education agriculture labs also process samples from external third-party clients, acting in some ways like a private analytical lab would. In some cases, non-profit and private entities partner with higher education (public-private) to provide research and training opportunities beneficial to both the entities and the students. (See for example the Cornell-affiliated non-profit Hudson Valley Research Laboratory.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HVRL_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HVRL-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>)\n<\/p><p>Examples include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.clemson.edu\/public\/regulatory\/ag-srvc-lab\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Clemson University Agricultural Service Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agsci.psu.edu\/aasl\" target=\"_blank\">Penn State Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.unl.edu\/statewide\/panhandle\/high-plains-ag-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Nebraska-Lincoln High Plains Ag Lab<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.1.2_Functions\">3.1.2 Functions<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><i>What are the most common functions?<\/i> analytical, QA\/QC, research\/design, and teaching\n<\/p><p><i>What materials, technologies, and\/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?<\/i> animal tissue, commodities, compost, feed and forage, fertilizers, fruits, fungi, insects, irrigation water, manure, pesticides, plant tissue, seeds, soil\n<\/p><p><i>What sciences are being applied in these labs?<\/i> agroecology, agronomy, agrophysics, animal science, biological engineering, biology, biotechnology, chemistry, environmental science, food science, forestry, microbiology, mycology, nematology, soil science, water management\n<\/p><p><i>What are some examples of test types and equipment?<\/i> \n<\/p><p><b>Common test types include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>Absorption, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Antifungal susceptibility, Antimicrobial, Atterberg limits, Bioaccumulation, Biodegradation, Chronic toxicity, Composition, Conductivity, Consolidation, Contamination, Cytology, Density, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Efficacy, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Expiration dating, Fluorescence, Formulation, Genotoxicity, GMO detection, Hydraulic conductivity, Identification, Impurity, Labeling, Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Moisture, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Mutagenicity, Nutritional, Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, Pathogenicity, PDCAAS, Permeability, pH, Phytosanitary, Plant metabolism, Proficiency, Purity, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Sanitation, Sensory, Shelf life, Soil microflora, Solubility, Specific gravity, Subchronic toxicity, Terrestrial toxicology, Toxicokinetic, Vigor and germination, Water activity, Wildlife toxicology\n<\/p><p><b>Industry-related lab equipment may include<\/b>: \n<\/p><p>automated weather stations, chromatographs, colorimeters, conductivity analyzers, diffractometer, dry ovens, fat analyzers, incubators, mills, moisture testers, nitrogen\/oxygen analyzers, pH meters, porometers, scales, spectrometers\n<\/p><p><i>What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the agriculture industry?<\/i> \n<\/p><p>The food and beverage industry is closely linked. For example, the State of Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture includes a food safety laboratory division.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PAFoodSafety_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PAFoodSafety-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> However, for the purposes of this guide, food, beverages, and ingredients are separated out as part of their own industry. Even raw materials that can be consumed alone such as cow milk or apples require some processing and handling (e.g., cleaning and packaging). In other words, the agriculture industry is arguably worried about the research, development, growth, and safety of what goes into what the food and beverage industry provides. Agriculture labs also have obvious tie-ins to environmental laboratories, as agricultural activities impact the environment and vice versa. Ties to veterinary labs may seem evident, and in fact many universities lump veterinary science programs with agriculture programs. However, animal science as a scientific discipline is arguably more closely aligned with agriculture science, as animal science takes a broader approach to the production, care, nutrition, and processing of animal-based food products.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FlandersExploring11_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FlandersExploring11-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.1.3_Informatics_in_the_agriculture_and_forestry_industry\">3.1.3 Informatics in the agriculture and forestry industry<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Informatics software is being applied in agricultural fields, forests, and laboratories in a variety of ways, including for:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>continuous soil profile monitoring<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CropMetricsAnIntro14_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CropMetricsAnIntro14-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>collecting and analyzing real time kinematic (RTK) elevation and mapping data to improve crop yields<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CropMetricsAnIntro14_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CropMetricsAnIntro14-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>tracking animal disease<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FAOALab14_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FAOALab14-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>optimization of tree harvest scheduling and crew assignment<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JansenSpatial02_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JansenSpatial02-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>computation of wildfire risk indices<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IliadisWildfire14_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IliadisWildfire14-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>maintaining lab compliance with testing standards from organizations such as the Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PHFeats_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PHFeats-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Researchers of agricultural informatics may publish in journals such as <i>Journal of Agricultural Informatics<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JAI_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JAI-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> and present at conferences like the International Conference on Agricultural Informatics.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ICAI_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICAI-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> Some universities like The Hebrew University of Jerusalem even offer agricultural informatics programs to students wishing to apply informatics within and outside the agriculture lab.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CAFEAgro_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CAFEAgro-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.1.4_LIMSwiki_resources_and_further_reading\">3.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>LIMSwiki resources<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Agriculture_industry\" title=\"Agriculture industry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4882fd1b1f6fb6017adf6f0c0741eafc\">Agriculture industry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Category:Agriculture_LIMS\" title=\"Category:Agriculture LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e653bbc5d6e87c2dfb5f93c1076609f6\">Agriculture LIMS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Forest_informatics\" title=\"Forest informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1a6e868f28444e8e1e5fbd7b4f1beb23\">Forest informatics<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Further reading<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Burton, L.D. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0PmRtAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Introduction to Forestry Science<\/i><\/a> (3rd Revised ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 544. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781337904568<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0PmRtAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0PmRtAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Forestry+Science&rft.aulast=Burton%2C+L.D.&rft.au=Burton%2C+L.D.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B544&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.isbn=9781337904568&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PmRtAEACAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Herren, R.V. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=uq6JvgAACAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Science of Agriculture: A Biological Approach<\/i><\/a> (5th Revised ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 764. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781337271592<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=uq6JvgAACAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=uq6JvgAACAAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Agriculture%3A+A+Biological+Approach&rft.aulast=Herren%2C+R.V.&rft.au=Herren%2C+R.V.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B764&rft.edition=5th+Revised&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.isbn=9781337271592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duq6JvgAACAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-FAO_GAEZ-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FAO_GAEZ_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/pages\/modules\" target=\"_blank\">\"GAEZ v4 Themes\"<\/a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/pages\/modules\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/pages\/modules<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=GAEZ+v4+Themes&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaez.fao.org%2Fpages%2Fmodules&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GliessmanField07-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GliessmanField07_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GliessmanField07_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GliessmanField07_2-2\">2.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Gliessman, S.R. (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=pENYREeyGHoC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Field and Laboratory Investigations in Agroecology<\/i><\/a>. CRC Press. pp. 302. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780849328466<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=pENYREeyGHoC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=pENYREeyGHoC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+and+Laboratory+Investigations+in+Agroecology&rft.aulast=Gliessman%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Gliessman%2C+S.R.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B302&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9780849328466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpENYREeyGHoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AskeyFeedstocks16-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AskeyFeedstocks16_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Askey, K. (7 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/news\/feedstocks-increasing-nutrition\" target=\"_blank\">\"Feedstocks - Increasing nutrition\"<\/a>. <i>Oak Ridge National Laboratory<\/i>. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/news\/feedstocks-increasing-nutrition\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/news\/feedstocks-increasing-nutrition<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Feedstocks+-+Increasing+nutrition&rft.atitle=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&rft.aulast=Askey%2C+K.&rft.au=Askey%2C+K.&rft.date=7+December+2016&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+Office+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ornl.gov%2Fnews%2Ffeedstocks-increasing-nutrition&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FSResearchUnitFiber-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FSResearchUnitFiber_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/units\/4709.php\" target=\"_blank\">\"Research Unit: Fiber and Chemical Sciences Research\"<\/a>. <i>Forest Products Laboratory<\/i>. U.S. Forest Service<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/units\/4709.php\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/units\/4709.php<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Research+Unit%3A+Fiber+and+Chemical+Sciences+Research&rft.atitle=Forest+Products+Laboratory&rft.pub=U.S.+Forest+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpl.fs.fed.us%2Fresearch%2Funits%2F4709.php&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USDAMyco-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-USDAMyco_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-barc\/beltsville-agricultural-research-center\/mycology-and-nematology-genetic-diversity-and-biology-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory: Beltsville, MD\"<\/a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-barc\/beltsville-agricultural-research-center\/mycology-and-nematology-genetic-diversity-and-biology-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-barc\/beltsville-agricultural-research-center\/mycology-and-nematology-genetic-diversity-and-biology-laboratory\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mycology+and+Nematology+Genetic+Diversity+and+Biology+Laboratory%3A+Beltsville%2C+MD&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fnortheast-area%2Fbeltsville-md-barc%2Fbeltsville-agricultural-research-center%2Fmycology-and-nematology-genetic-diversity-and-biology-laboratory%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USFSCulture-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-USFSCulture_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-USFSCulture_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/centers\/mycology\/culture-collection.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">\"Center For Forest Mycology Research - Culture Collection\"<\/a>. U.S. Forest Service<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/centers\/mycology\/culture-collection.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fpl.fs.fed.us\/research\/centers\/mycology\/culture-collection.shtml<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Center+For+Forest+Mycology+Research+-+Culture+Collection&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=U.S.+Forest+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpl.fs.fed.us%2Fresearch%2Fcenters%2Fmycology%2Fculture-collection.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FSSRSForestHealth-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FSSRSForestHealth_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FSSRSForestHealth_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FSSRSForestHealth_7-2\">7.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/research\/research_analysis.php\" target=\"_blank\">\"Forest Inventory and Analysis\"<\/a>. <i>USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station<\/i>. U.S. Forest Service<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/research\/research_analysis.php\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/research\/research_analysis.php<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Forest+Inventory+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=USDA+Forest+Service+Southern+Research+Station&rft.pub=U.S.+Forest+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srs.fs.usda.gov%2Fresearch%2Fresearch_analysis.php&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OTAANew92-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OTAANew92_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (August 1992). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/~ota\/disk1\/1992\/9201\/9201.PDF\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 8: Scientific Issues: Risk Assessment and Risk Management\"<\/a>. <i>A New Technological Era for American Agriculture<\/i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 225\u2013256. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780160379784<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/~ota\/disk1\/1992\/9201\/9201.PDF\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/~ota\/disk1\/1992\/9201\/9201.PDF<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+8%3A+Scientific+Issues%3A+Risk+Assessment+and+Risk+Management&rft.atitle=A+New+Technological+Era+for+American+Agriculture&rft.aulast=U.S.+Congress%2C+Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft.au=U.S.+Congress%2C+Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft.date=August+1992&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B225%E2%80%93256&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.isbn=9780160379784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F%7Eota%2Fdisk1%2F1992%2F9201%2F9201.PDF&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NRCMeeting12-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NRCMeeting12_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">National Academies Press (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/13454\/meeting-critical-laboratory-needs-for-animal-agriculture-examination-of-three\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Meeting Critical Laboratory Needs for Animal Agriculture: Examination of Three Options<\/i><\/a>. National Academy of Science. pp. 144. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780309261296<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/13454\/meeting-critical-laboratory-needs-for-animal-agriculture-examination-of-three\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/13454\/meeting-critical-laboratory-needs-for-animal-agriculture-examination-of-three<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+Critical+Laboratory+Needs+for+Animal+Agriculture%3A+Examination+of+Three+Options&rft.aulast=National+Academies+Press&rft.au=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B144&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Science&rft.isbn=9780309261296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fcatalog%2F13454%2Fmeeting-critical-laboratory-needs-for-animal-agriculture-examination-of-three&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SinghClimate12-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SinghClimate12_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Singh, R.B. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vtPmQIEXZVcC&pg=PT31\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 1: Climate Change and Food Security\"<\/a>. In Tuteja, N.; Gill, S.S.; Tuteja, R.. <i>Improving Crop Productivity in Sustainable Agriculture<\/i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1\u201322. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783527665198<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vtPmQIEXZVcC&pg=PT31\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vtPmQIEXZVcC&pg=PT31<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+1%3A+Climate+Change+and+Food+Security&rft.atitle=Improving+Crop+Productivity+in+Sustainable+Agriculture&rft.aulast=Singh%2C+R.B.&rft.au=Singh%2C+R.B.&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%9322&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9783527665198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtPmQIEXZVcC%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HVRL-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HVRL_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhv.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Farmer's Alliance for Research & Management\"<\/a>. Cornell University<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhv.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.farmhv.org\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Farmer%27s+Alliance+for+Research+%26+Management&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmhv.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PAFoodSafety-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PAFoodSafety_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agriculture.pa.gov\/consumer_protection\/FoodSafety\/Laboratory\/pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Food Safety Laboratory\"<\/a>. Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agriculture.pa.gov\/consumer_protection\/FoodSafety\/Laboratory\/pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.agriculture.pa.gov\/consumer_protection\/FoodSafety\/Laboratory\/pages\/default.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Food+Safety+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.pa.gov%2Fconsumer_protection%2FFoodSafety%2FLaboratory%2Fpages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FlandersExploring11-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FlandersExploring11_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Flanders, F. (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Exploring Animal Science<\/i><\/a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 38\u201339. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781435439528<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Animal+Science&rft.aulast=Flanders%2C+F.&rft.au=Flanders%2C+F.&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B38%E2%80%9339&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.isbn=9781435439528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWT1Ws2o3keYC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CropMetricsAnIntro14-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CropMetricsAnIntro14_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CropMetricsAnIntro14_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181203234912\/http:\/\/cropmetrics.com\/2014\/02\/an-introduction-to-agro-informatics\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"An Introduction to Agro-Informatics\"<\/a>. CropMetrics. 6 February 2014. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/cropmetrics.com\/2014\/02\/an-introduction-to-agro-informatics\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 03 December 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181203234912\/http:\/\/cropmetrics.com\/2014\/02\/an-introduction-to-agro-informatics\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181203234912\/http:\/\/cropmetrics.com\/2014\/02\/an-introduction-to-agro-informatics\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Agro-Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.date=6+February+2014&rft.pub=CropMetrics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181203234912%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fcropmetrics.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fan-introduction-to-agro-informatics%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FAOALab14-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FAOALab14_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/againfo\/programmes\/en\/empres\/news_131014.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for Africa\"<\/a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 13 October 2014<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/againfo\/programmes\/en\/empres\/news_131014.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/againfo\/programmes\/en\/empres\/news_131014.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Laboratory+Information+Management+System+%28LIMS%29+for+Africa&rft.atitle=&rft.date=13+October+2014&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fag%2Fagainfo%2Fprogrammes%2Fen%2Fempres%2Fnews_131014.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JansenSpatial02-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JansenSpatial02_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Jansen, M.; Judas, M.; Saborowski, J. (2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=cvMqnkqMN9UC&pg=PA3\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 2: Introduction\"<\/a>. <i>Spatial Modelling in Forest Ecology and Management: A Case Study<\/i>. Springer. pp. 3\u201310. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783540433576<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=cvMqnkqMN9UC&pg=PA3\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=cvMqnkqMN9UC&pg=PA3<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+2%3A+Introduction&rft.atitle=Spatial+Modelling+in+Forest+Ecology+and+Management%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.aulast=Jansen%2C+M.%3B+Judas%2C+M.%3B+Saborowski%2C+J.&rft.au=Jansen%2C+M.%3B+Judas%2C+M.%3B+Saborowski%2C+J.&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%9310&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=9783540433576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvMqnkqMN9UC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IliadisWildfire14-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IliadisWildfire14_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Iliadis, L.; Betsidou, T. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-R9HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1073\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 53: Soft Computing Modeling of Wild Fire Risk Indices: The Risk Profile of Peloponnesus Region in Greece\"<\/a>. <i>Crisis Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications<\/i>. IGI Global. pp. 1073\u20131087. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781466647084<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-R9HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1073\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-R9HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1073<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+53%3A+Soft+Computing+Modeling+of+Wild+Fire+Risk+Indices%3A+The+Risk+Profile+of+Peloponnesus+Region+in+Greece&rft.atitle=Crisis+Management%3A+Concepts%2C+Methodologies%2C+Tools+and+Applications&rft.aulast=Iliadis%2C+L.%3B+Betsidou%2C+T.&rft.au=Iliadis%2C+L.%3B+Betsidou%2C+T.&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1073%E2%80%931087&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.isbn=9781466647084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-R9HAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1073&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PHFeats-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PHFeats_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pureharvest.com\/PHDoc\/doku.php?id=phpromo:features\" target=\"_blank\">\"Features\"<\/a>. Elmwood Solutions, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pureharvest.com\/PHDoc\/doku.php?id=phpromo:features\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pureharvest.com\/PHDoc\/doku.php?id=phpromo:features<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Features&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Elmwood+Solutions%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pureharvest.com%2FPHDoc%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dphpromo%3Afeatures&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JAI-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JAI_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journal.magisz.org\/index.php\/jai\" target=\"_blank\">\"Journal of Agricultural Informatics\"<\/a>. 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Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Hungarian+Association+of+Agricultural+Informatics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.magisz.org%2Findex.php%2Fjai&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ICAI-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ICAI_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/waset.org\/agricultural-informatics-conference\" target=\"_blank\">\"International Conference on Agricultural Informatics\"<\/a>. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/waset.org\/agricultural-informatics-conference\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/waset.org\/agricultural-informatics-conference<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=International+Conference+on+Agricultural+Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=World+Academy+of+Science%2C+Engineering+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaset.org%2Fagricultural-informatics-conference&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CAFEAgro-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CAFEAgro_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cafe.agri.huji.ac.il\/courses\/agro-informatics-program\" target=\"_blank\">\"Agro informatics Program\"<\/a>. Computational Agriculture Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cafe.agri.huji.ac.il\/courses\/agro-informatics-program\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cafe.agri.huji.ac.il\/courses\/agro-informatics-program<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Agro+informatics+Program&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Computational+Agriculture+Food+%26+Environment%2C+The+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcafe.agri.huji.ac.il%2Fcourses%2Fagro-informatics-program&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232104\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.187 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.742 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 14773\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 117988\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 37584\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 34210\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 156.720 1 -total\n 71.35% 111.815 1 Template:Reflist\n 67.43% 105.669 23 Template:Citation\/core\n 37.95% 59.477 14 Template:Cite_web\n 36.72% 57.540 9 Template:Cite_book\n 28.61% 44.834 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\n 6.34% 9.939 9 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.67% 7.315 3 Template:Date\n 4.51% 7.076 31 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 1.90% 2.984 9 Template:Only_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13430-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232106 and revision id 48519. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","d73fa788ef73bdf9a4be03d56500a8ef_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg"],"d73fa788ef73bdf9a4be03d56500a8ef_timestamp":1657236871,"abcfa5ad95aca2c070a0eec3410d5016_type":"article","abcfa5ad95aca2c070a0eec3410d5016_title":"2.1 A proposed framework for organizing laboratories","abcfa5ad95aca2c070a0eec3410d5016_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories","abcfa5ad95aca2c070a0eec3410d5016_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/A framework for the laboratories of our lives\/A proposed framework for organizing laboratoriesFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n2. A framework for the laboratories of our lives \nIt is well and good to broadly discuss laboratories and how they've impacted humanity, but classifying them is still a challenge. But why classify labs? As Professor John Blamire of Brooklyn College notes, \"[h]umans like to bring order out of chaos\" through classification, with hopes of revealing new insights or find patterns in otherwise complex systems.[1] Making sense of laboratories in the scope of our lives is no different really, and as such, history in hand, we look to build a framework for better visualizing and understanding how labs intersect our lives. This brief chapter proposes a framework for the organization of labs, which then lays the foundation for subsequent chapters and their explanation of the industries laboratories function in.\n\r\n\n\n2.1 A proposed framework for organizing laboratories \nWhen thinking casually about laboratories, clinical diagnostic and chemistry labs likely spring to mind. But when the layman is pressed to name more laboratory types than that, the task becomes increasingly difficult. The next logical jump is to think about all the different types of scientific study that might have a laboratory associated with it: how about biology, physics, geology, and engineering? That list could get rather long, actually, and it may be a little like throwing darts blindfolded given the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of scientific research today. \nSo how do we better visualize how and where laboratories intersect our lives? It helps to build a framework that all laboratories could find a home within.\nBelow (Fig. 1) is a diagrammatic expression of one method of organizing laboratories of the world. The idea behind the framework is that, starting from the top, you could name a specific laboratory and be able to put it somewhere within the framework. For example:\n\nThe U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's mobile forensics laboratory[2] would fall under Government > Public > Analytical > Dry > Mobile.\nAn engineering design laboratory based within a for-profit car manufacturing company would fall under Private > Internal Customer > Research \/ Design > Dry > Fixed.\nA chemistry laboratory housed in a secondary school in Germany would fall under Academic > Public > Teaching > Secondary > Wet > Fixed.\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1. A diagrammatic representation of laboratory types using both client type and function as the key organizational elements\n\n\n\nThe original inspiration for Figure 1 came from Jain and Rao's attempt to diagram Indian diagnostic laboratories in 2015.[3] While their diagram focused entirely on the clinical sphere of laboratories, it was easy to envision expanding upon their work to express laboratories of all types. Additional inspiration came from KlingStubbins' architecture textbook Sustainable Design of Research Laboratories: Planning, Design, and Operation[4], which lists several methods for organizing types of laboratories; Daniel D. Watch's Building Type Basics for Research Laboratories[5]; and Walter Hain's Laboratories: A Briefing and Design Guide.[6]\nThe colored sections of the diagram represent:\n\nBlue chalk: Sector\/client type (private\/non-profit, government, or academic)\nHot green: Customer (internal\/external) or partnership\/role (public, private, or public-private)\nSea green: Function (analytical, calibration, QA\/QC and compliance, research\/design, or teaching)\nBanana yellow: Sub-functions (wet\/dry, secondary, collegiate, or graduate)\nDodger blue: Mobility (fixed or mobile)\nThe benefit of this diagrammatic approach\u2014with sector or \"client type\" as a starting point\u2014becomes more apparent when we start considering the other two methods we could use to categorize laboratories, as described by KlingStubbins et al.: by science and by function. Organizing by science quickly becomes problematic, emphasizes KlingStubbins[4]:\n\nGone are the days when the division was as simple as biology and chemistry. New science fields emerge rapidly now and the lines between the sciences are blurred. A list based on science types would include not just biology and chemistry, but biochemistry, biophysics, electronics, electrophysiology, genetics, metrology, nanotechnology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, physics, and so on.\nAs for \"function,\" we can look at what type of activity is primary to the lab. Is the lab designed to act as a routine analytical station; calibrate equipment; provide quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), or compliance testing functions; function as a base for research and development (R&D); or perform more than one of these tasks? Another benefit of looking at labs by function is it helps with our organization of labs within various industries (discussed in the subsequent sections) by what they do. For example, we don't have a \"manufacturing lab\"; rather, we have a laboratory in a manufacturing company\u2014perhaps making cosmetics\u2014that serves a particular function, whether its QC or R&D. This line of thinking has utility, but upon closer inspection, we discover that we need to also look further up the chain at who's running it (sector\/client type), as well as the customer or role it serves. \nAs such, we realize the \"function\" the lab serves can be integrated with client type, customer, and role to provide a more complete framework. Why? When we look at laboratories by science type\u2014particularly when inspecting newer fields of science\u2014 we realize 1. they are often interdisciplinary (e.g., molecular diagnostics integrating molecular biology with clinical chemistry) and 2. they can serve two different functions within the same science (e.g., a diagnostic cytopathology lab vs. a teaching cytopathology lab). Rather than build a massively complex chart of science types, with numerous intersections and tangled webs, it seems more straightforward to look at laboratories by client type, customer\/role, and then function, following from the architectural viewpoints presented by KlingStubbins et al. With that framework firmly in place, we can better organize an examination of where labs can be found and what roles they function under.\nHowever, this doesn't mean looking at laboratories by science is entirely fruitless. But rather than focus directly on the sciences, why not look at the industries employing laboratory science? While there is crossover between industries (e.g., the cosmetic and petrochemical industries both lean on various chemical sciences), we can extend from Figure 1 (or work in parallel with it) and paint a broader picture of just how prevalent laboratories are in our life.\nIn the subsequent sections, we look at the private, government, and academic labs (i.e., client types) in various industries; provide real-life examples of labs and their specific tests; and discuss the various activities (i.e., functions) and sciences performed in them.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Blamire, J. (1998). \"Introduction\". Classification: Bringing order out of chaos. Brooklyn College. http:\/\/www.brooklyn.cuny.edu\/bc\/ahp\/CLAS\/CLAS.Intro.html . Retrieved 06 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Stephens, B. (4 March 2015). \"Inside look at FBI's new mobile forensics lab\". KCTV5 News. Gannaway Web Holdings, LLC. Archived from the original on 06 August 2015. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150806100647\/http:\/\/www.kctv5.com\/story\/28266161\/inside-look-at-fbis-new-mobile-forensics-lab . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Jain, R.; Rao, B. (2015). \"Medical diagnostic laboratories provisioning of services in India\". CHRISMED Journal of Health and Research 2 (1): 19\u201331. doi:10.4103\/2348-3334.149340.   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 KlingStubbins (2010). Sustainable Design of Research Laboratories: Planning, Design, and Operation. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 17\u201318. ISBN 9780470915967. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yZQhTvvVD7sC&pg=PA18 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Watch, D.D. (2001). \"Chapter 2: Laboratory Types\". Building Type Basics for Research Laboratories. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 37\u201399. ISBN 9780471217572. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_EGpDgUNppIC&pg=PA37 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hain, W. (2003). Laboratories: A Briefing and Design Guide. Taylor & Francis. pp. 2\u20135. ISBN 9781135822941. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=HPB4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:20.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 5 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","abcfa5ad95aca2c070a0eec3410d5016_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives_A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives_A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/A framework for the laboratories of our lives\/A proposed framework for organizing laboratories<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"2._A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\">2. A framework for the laboratories of our lives<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>It is well and good to broadly discuss laboratories and how they've impacted humanity, but classifying them is still a challenge. But why classify labs? As Professor John Blamire of Brooklyn College notes, \"[h]umans like to bring order out of chaos\" through classification, with hopes of revealing new insights or find patterns in otherwise complex systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BlamireWhy98_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BlamireWhy98-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Making sense of laboratories in the scope of our lives is no different really, and as such, history in hand, we look to build a framework for better visualizing and understanding how labs intersect our lives. This brief chapter proposes a framework for the organization of labs, which then lays the foundation for subsequent chapters and their explanation of the industries laboratories function in.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"2.1_A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\">2.1 A proposed framework for organizing laboratories<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>When thinking casually about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratories<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_laboratory\" title=\"Clinical laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"307bcdf1bdbcd1bb167cee435b7a5463\">clinical diagnostic<\/a> and chemistry labs likely spring to mind. But when the layman is pressed to name more laboratory types than that, the task becomes increasingly difficult. The next logical jump is to think about all the different types of scientific study that might have a laboratory associated with it: how about biology, physics, geology, and engineering? That list could get rather long, actually, and it may be a little like throwing darts blindfolded given the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of scientific research today. \n<\/p><p>So how do we better visualize how and where laboratories intersect our lives? It helps to build a framework that all laboratories could find a home within.\n<\/p><p>Below (Fig. 1) is a diagrammatic expression of one method of organizing laboratories of the world. The idea behind the framework is that, starting from the top, you could name a specific laboratory and be able to put it somewhere within the framework. For example:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's mobile <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Forensic_science\" title=\"Forensic science\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"415d36a7b65494677b6d2873d5febec1\">forensics<\/a> laboratory<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StephensInside15_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StephensInside15-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> would fall under Government > Public > Analytical > Dry > Mobile.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>An engineering design laboratory based within a for-profit car manufacturing company would fall under Private > Internal Customer > Research \/ Design > Dry > Fixed.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>A chemistry laboratory housed in a secondary school in Germany would fall under Academic > Public > Teaching > Secondary > Wet > Fixed.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Laboratory_types_diagram.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"724270ce6d89b185668659dd671f238f\"><img alt=\"Laboratory types diagram.png\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/28\/Laboratory_types_diagram.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><blockquote><p><b>Figure 1.<\/b> A diagrammatic representation of laboratory types using both client type and function as the key organizational elements<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The original inspiration for Figure 1 came from Jain and Rao's attempt to diagram Indian diagnostic laboratories in 2015.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JainMedical15_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JainMedical15-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> While their diagram focused entirely on the clinical sphere of laboratories, it was easy to envision expanding upon their work to express laboratories of all types. Additional inspiration came from KlingStubbins' architecture textbook <i>Sustainable Design of Research Laboratories: Planning, Design, and Operation<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KlingstubbinsSustainable10_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KlingstubbinsSustainable10-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>, which lists several methods for organizing types of laboratories; Daniel D. Watch's <i>Building Type Basics for Research Laboratories<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WatchBuilding01_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WatchBuilding01-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>; and Walter Hain's <i>Laboratories: A Briefing and Design Guide<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HainLab03_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HainLab03-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The colored sections of the diagram represent:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>Blue chalk<\/b>: Sector\/client type (private\/non-profit, government, or academic)<\/li>\n<li><b>Hot green<\/b>: Customer (internal\/external) or partnership\/role (public, private, or public-private)<\/li>\n<li><b>Sea green<\/b>: Function (analytical, calibration, QA\/QC and compliance, research\/design, or teaching)<\/li>\n<li><b>Banana yellow<\/b>: Sub-functions (wet\/dry, secondary, collegiate, or graduate)<\/li>\n<li><b>Dodger blue<\/b>: Mobility (fixed or mobile)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The benefit of this diagrammatic approach\u2014with sector or \"client type\" as a starting point\u2014becomes more apparent when we start considering the other two methods we could use to categorize laboratories, as described by KlingStubbins <i>et al.<\/i>: by science and by function. Organizing by science quickly becomes problematic, emphasizes KlingStubbins<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KlingstubbinsSustainable10_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KlingstubbinsSustainable10-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Gone are the days when the division was as simple as biology and chemistry. New science fields emerge rapidly now and the lines between the sciences are blurred. A list based on science types would include not just biology and chemistry, but biochemistry, biophysics, electronics, electrophysiology, genetics, metrology, nanotechnology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, physics, and so on.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>As for \"function,\" we can look at what type of activity is primary to the lab. Is the lab designed to act as a routine analytical station; calibrate equipment; provide <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_assurance\" title=\"Quality assurance\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2ede4490f0ea707b14456f44439c0984\">quality assurance<\/a> (QA), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1e0e0c2eb3e45aff02f5d61799821f0f\">quality control<\/a> (QC), or compliance testing functions; function as a base for research and development (R&D); or perform more than one of these tasks? Another benefit of looking at labs by function is it helps with our organization of labs within various industries (discussed in the subsequent sections) by <i>what they do<\/i>. For example, we don't have a \"manufacturing lab\"; rather, we have a laboratory in a manufacturing company\u2014perhaps making cosmetics\u2014that serves a particular function, whether its QC or R&D. This line of thinking has utility, but upon closer inspection, we discover that we need to also look further up the chain at who's running it (sector\/client type), as well as the customer or role it serves. \n<\/p><p>As such, we realize the \"function\" the lab serves can be integrated with client type, customer, and role to provide a more complete framework. Why? When we look at laboratories by science type\u2014particularly when inspecting newer fields of science\u2014 we realize 1. they are often interdisciplinary (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Molecular_diagnostics\" title=\"Molecular diagnostics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8fc14cae7a6fbac9a53fae1394fae7ee\">molecular diagnostics<\/a> integrating molecular biology with clinical chemistry) and 2. they can serve two different functions within the same science (e.g., a diagnostic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Cytopathology\" title=\"Cytopathology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"41f4b2bf17f761e12a531040231d8c1e\">cytopathology<\/a> lab vs. a teaching cytopathology lab). Rather than build a massively complex chart of science types, with numerous intersections and tangled webs, it seems more straightforward to look at laboratories by client type, customer\/role, and then function, following from the architectural viewpoints presented by KlingStubbins <i>et al.<\/i> With that framework firmly in place, we can better organize an examination of where labs can be found and what roles they function under.\n<\/p><p>However, this doesn't mean looking at laboratories by science is entirely fruitless. But rather than focus directly on the sciences, why not look at the industries employing laboratory science? While there is crossover between industries (e.g., the cosmetic and petrochemical industries both lean on various chemical sciences), we can extend from Figure 1 (or work in parallel with it) and paint a broader picture of just how prevalent laboratories are in our life.\n<\/p><p>In the subsequent sections, we look at the private, government, and academic labs (i.e., client types) in various industries; provide real-life examples of labs and their specific tests; and discuss the various activities (i.e., functions) and sciences performed in them.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-BlamireWhy98-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BlamireWhy98_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Blamire, J. (1998). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brooklyn.cuny.edu\/bc\/ahp\/CLAS\/CLAS.Intro.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Introduction\"<\/a>. <i>Classification: Bringing order out of chaos<\/i>. Brooklyn College<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brooklyn.cuny.edu\/bc\/ahp\/CLAS\/CLAS.Intro.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.brooklyn.cuny.edu\/bc\/ahp\/CLAS\/CLAS.Intro.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 06 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.atitle=Classification%3A+Bringing+order+out+of+chaos&rft.aulast=Blamire%2C+J.&rft.au=Blamire%2C+J.&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Brooklyn+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fbc%2Fahp%2FCLAS%2FCLAS.Intro.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StephensInside15-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-StephensInside15_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Stephens, B. (4 March 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150806100647\/http:\/\/www.kctv5.com\/story\/28266161\/inside-look-at-fbis-new-mobile-forensics-lab\" target=\"_blank\">\"Inside look at FBI's new mobile forensics lab\"<\/a>. <i>KCTV5 News<\/i>. Gannaway Web Holdings, LLC. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kctv5.com\/story\/28266161\/inside-look-at-fbis-new-mobile-forensics-lab\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 06 August 2015<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150806100647\/http:\/\/www.kctv5.com\/story\/28266161\/inside-look-at-fbis-new-mobile-forensics-lab\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150806100647\/http:\/\/www.kctv5.com\/story\/28266161\/inside-look-at-fbis-new-mobile-forensics-lab<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Inside+look+at+FBI%27s+new+mobile+forensics+lab&rft.atitle=KCTV5+News&rft.aulast=Stephens%2C+B.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+B.&rft.date=4+March+2015&rft.pub=Gannaway+Web+Holdings%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150806100647%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.kctv5.com%2Fstory%2F28266161%2Finside-look-at-fbis-new-mobile-forensics-lab&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JainMedical15-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JainMedical15_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jain, R.; Rao, B. (2015). \"Medical diagnostic laboratories provisioning of services in India\". <i>CHRISMED Journal of Health and Research<\/i> <b>2<\/b> (1): 19\u201331. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4103%2F2348-3334.149340\" target=\"_blank\">10.4103\/2348-3334.149340<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Medical+diagnostic+laboratories+provisioning+of+services+in+India&rft.jtitle=CHRISMED+Journal+of+Health+and+Research&rft.aulast=Jain%2C+R.%3B+Rao%2C+B.&rft.au=Jain%2C+R.%3B+Rao%2C+B.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19%E2%80%9331&rft_id=info:doi\/10.4103%2F2348-3334.149340&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KlingstubbinsSustainable10-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KlingstubbinsSustainable10_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KlingstubbinsSustainable10_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">KlingStubbins (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yZQhTvvVD7sC&pg=PA18\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Sustainable Design of Research Laboratories: Planning, Design, and Operation<\/i><\/a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 17\u201318. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780470915967<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yZQhTvvVD7sC&pg=PA18\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yZQhTvvVD7sC&pg=PA18<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Design+of+Research+Laboratories%3A+Planning%2C+Design%2C+and+Operation&rft.aulast=KlingStubbins&rft.au=KlingStubbins&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B17%E2%80%9318&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9780470915967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyZQhTvvVD7sC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WatchBuilding01-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WatchBuilding01_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Watch, D.D. (2001). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_EGpDgUNppIC&pg=PA37\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 2: Laboratory Types\"<\/a>. <i>Building Type Basics for Research Laboratories<\/i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 37\u201399. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780471217572<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_EGpDgUNppIC&pg=PA37\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_EGpDgUNppIC&pg=PA37<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+2%3A+Laboratory+Types&rft.atitle=Building+Type+Basics+for+Research+Laboratories&rft.aulast=Watch%2C+D.D.&rft.au=Watch%2C+D.D.&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B37%E2%80%9399&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9780471217572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_EGpDgUNppIC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HainLab03-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HainLab03_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Hain, W. (2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=HPB4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Laboratories: A Briefing and Design Guide<\/i><\/a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 2\u20135. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781135822941<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=HPB4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=HPB4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratories%3A+A+Briefing+and+Design+Guide&rft.aulast=Hain%2C+W.&rft.au=Hain%2C+W.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B2%E2%80%935&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.isbn=9781135822941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPB4AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707232036\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.091 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.256 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 4353\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 40223\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 11145\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 11076\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 98.237 1 -total\n 77.45% 76.086 1 Template:Reflist\n 49.20% 48.337 6 Template:Citation\/core\n 27.25% 26.768 2 Template:Cite_web\n 22.48% 22.083 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\n 18.09% 17.772 3 Template:Cite_book\n 17.58% 17.266 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 9.85% 9.675 4 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 5.99% 5.888 2 Template:Date\n 4.08% 4.005 10 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13429-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707232037 and revision id 48518. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","abcfa5ad95aca2c070a0eec3410d5016_images":["https:\/\/s3.limswiki.org\/www.limswiki.org\/images\/2\/28\/Laboratory_types_diagram.png"],"abcfa5ad95aca2c070a0eec3410d5016_timestamp":1657236871,"6792ceda5be42192bbcd522d99591619_type":"article","6792ceda5be42192bbcd522d99591619_title":"1.4 Modern laboratories and their importance","6792ceda5be42192bbcd522d99591619_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance","6792ceda5be42192bbcd522d99591619_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Laboratories: A historical perspective\/Modern laboratories and their importanceFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n1.4 Modern laboratories and their importance \nThe twentieth century saw laboratories of all kinds grow, develop, and mature, though not without their share of difficulties. In the 1920s, for example, some U.S. physicians, specialists, and dentists complained heavily of the lack of quality standards, regulations, and ethics inherent in for-profit clinical, chemical, and radiological laboratories.[1][2][3][4] Other changes took place there too, particularly after World War II, when a fundamental transition took place, shifting many perceptions of what was the \"Western\" world from Europe to the U.S. This post-war shift also saw focus from the philosophical and theoretical laboratorian to the experimental and practical lab researcher, according to Pestre[5]:\n\nFundamental theorists were still essential, and they were highly respected, but they no longer had that mythical status which was accorded to the founders of quantum mechanics. They were also in minority with those (the \"phenomenologists\") whose job it was to deal with the mass of experimental results produced in the laboratories. Seeking theories which were locally coherent and which could be immediately useful and produce numbers, their role was to display a practical efficiency. They thus participated in the development of a science which was increasingly integrated into its economic and political environment, and contributed to the multiplications of the sites where knowledge was produced. These were now the universities and the technical institutes, the national laboratories and the industrial laboratories (Siemens or General Electric), but also the myriad of small firms established as a result of government contracts.\nThis transition carried on to other parts of the world, where the Industrial Revolution gave way to the Scientific-Technical Revolution of the '50s and '60s, and that to the Information Age in roughly the late '70s to early '80s. Through all of these time periods to present day, we've seen the amount of information moving in and out of laboratories multiply drastically as well, particularly with the advent of data-producing analytical devices and data management tools, including genomics equipment such as DNA sequencers.[6]\nMost importantly, however, is the transition to a time when the ubiquity of the laboratory in our way of life becomes apparent. The previous quote from Pestre is important to note when thinking about this concept; today we see labs in all the places he mentioned as well as in other unexpected locations and fields of research, including the expanding cannabis industry.[7] Like the idea of the ubiquitous transistor and how easy it is to take for granted[8], the laboratory is also found everywhere, sometimes obvious (e.g., when you need to have blood drawn for a medical test) and other times not at all obvious (e.g., the U.S. Navy's Arctic Submarine Laboratory[9]). \nAnd these labs are important, positively impacting industry, government, and the public. Take for example the United States' Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, which claimed in 2020 to employ more than 3,400 people and have approximately $144 million total economic impact for the state.[10] Looking to the past, we find that Bell Telephone Laboratories at its peak employed some 1,200 PhDs and was responsible for the creation of vital technologies such as solid state components, wireless telephony technology, the C programming language, and the Unix operating system (thanks to Bell researchers like Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie).[11] In fact, laboratories are often at the heart of a company's R&D efforts towards bringing people new products. Vehicle[12] and makeup[13] users alike are affected by manufacturing laboratories that research, design, test, and quality control their products. Clinical labs help keep current and future generations healthy, and forensic labs help bring justice to the wronged. Of course, calibration laboratories are vital to ensuring the precise measurement and production values of any equipment those other laboratories strongly depend on. \nIn a quest to further put the prevalence of laboratories into perspective, we use examples similar to above to describe 20 common industries that find laboratories vital to their activities. But before we can do that, we need to first build a framework for better visualizing and understanding how labs intersect our lives, which we do in the next section.\n\nFurther reading \nBennett, J.; Talas, S., ed. (2013). Cabinets of Experimental Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Europe. Brill. pp. 296. ISBN 9789004252974. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DJKiWjpCgAkC&pg=PA4 .   \nKlein, U. (2008). \"The Laboratory Challenge: Some Revisions of the Standard View of Early Modern Experimentation\". Isis 99 (4): 769-782. doi:10.1086\/595771.   \nSchmidgen, H. (8 August 2011). \"The Laboratory\". European History Online (EGO). Institute of European History. http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/crossroads\/knowledge-spaces\/henning-schmidgen-laboratory .   \nWelch, William Henry (1920). \"The Evolution of Modern Scientific Laboratories\". Papers and Addresses by William Henry Welch. 3. The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 200\u2013211. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200 .   \n\r\n\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Taylor, Holman (ed.) (October 1920). \"Advertising Medical Laboratories (Encore)\". Texas State Journal of Medicine 16 (6): 229\u2013230. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LbEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA229 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Sondern, Frederic E. (ed.) (October 1921). \"Commercial Laboratories\". New York State Journal of Medicine 21 (10): 390. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7hYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA390 .   \n \n\n\u2191 White, Courtland Y. (August 1922). \"The Role of the Nonmedical Graduate in the Medical Laboratory\". Kentucky Medical Journal 25 (11): 755\u2013760. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OTMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA755 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Sundelof, E. M. (30 March 1922). \"The Business Side of X-ray Diagnosis and Treatment\". The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 186 (13): 442\u2013444. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=E741AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA442 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Pestre, D. (2013). \"Chapter 4: Science, Political Power and the State\". In Krige, J.; Pestre, D.. Science in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. pp. 61\u201376. ISBN 9057021722. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZYUfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Pollack, A. (30 November 2011). \"DNA Sequencing Caught in Deluge of Data\". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/12\/01\/business\/dna-sequencing-caught-in-deluge-of-data.html . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Douglas, S.E. (March 2020). \"Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States, Third Edition\". LIMSwiki.org. https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gaudin, S. (12 December 2007). \"The transistor: The most important invention of the 20th century?\". Computerworld. IDG Communication, Inc. https:\/\/www.computerworld.com\/article\/2538123\/the-transistor--the-most-important-invention-of-the-20th-century-.html . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Arctic Submarine Lab\". United States Navy. https:\/\/www.sublant.usff.navy.mil\/ASL\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Argonne Impacts State by State: Illinois\". Argonne National Laboratory. UChicago Argonne, LLC. https:\/\/www.anl.gov\/argonne-impacts\/illinois . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gertner, J. (2013). The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation. Penguin. pp. 422. ISBN 9780143122791. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OkECDAAAQBAJ .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Materials Technology\". Volvo Group. AB Volvo. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170629222307\/http:\/\/www.volvogroup.com\/en-en\/about-us\/r-d-and-innovations\/materials-technology.html . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"L\u2019Or\u00e9al USA Research And Innovation\". L\u2019Or\u00e9al Group. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181021232022\/http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l'or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:19.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 5 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","6792ceda5be42192bbcd522d99591619_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Laboratories_A_historical_perspective_Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Laboratories_A_historical_perspective_Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Laboratories: A historical perspective\/Modern laboratories and their importance<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.4_Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\">1.4 Modern laboratories and their importance<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The twentieth century saw laboratories of all kinds grow, develop, and mature, though not without their share of difficulties. In the 1920s, for example, some U.S. physicians, specialists, and dentists complained heavily of the lack of quality standards, regulations, and ethics inherent in for-profit clinical, chemical, and radiological laboratories.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TaylorAdvert1920_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TaylorAdvert1920-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SondernCommer1921_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SondernCommer1921-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WhiteTheRole1922_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WhiteTheRole1922-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SundelofTheBus1922_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SundelofTheBus1922-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Other changes took place there too, particularly after World War II, when a fundamental transition took place, shifting many perceptions of what was the \"Western\" world from Europe to the U.S. This post-war shift also saw focus from the philosophical and theoretical laboratorian to the experimental and practical lab researcher, according to Pestre<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PestreScience13_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PestreScience13-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Fundamental theorists were still essential, and they were highly respected, but they no longer had that mythical status which was accorded to the founders of quantum mechanics. They were also in minority with those (the \"phenomenologists\") whose job it was to deal with the mass of experimental results produced in the laboratories. Seeking theories which were locally coherent and which could be immediately useful and produce numbers, their role was to display a practical efficiency. They thus participated in the development of a science which was increasingly integrated into its economic and political environment, and contributed to the multiplications of the sites where knowledge was produced. These were now the universities and the technical institutes, the national laboratories and the industrial laboratories (Siemens or General Electric), but also the myriad of small firms established as a result of government contracts.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This transition carried on to other parts of the world, where the Industrial Revolution gave way to the Scientific-Technical Revolution of the '50s and '60s, and that to the Information Age in roughly the late '70s to early '80s. Through all of these time periods to present day, we've seen the amount of information moving in and out of laboratories multiply drastically as well, particularly with the advent of data-producing analytical devices and data management tools, including genomics equipment such as DNA sequencers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PollackDNA11_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PollackDNA11-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Most importantly, however, is the transition to a time when the ubiquity of the laboratory in our way of life becomes apparent. The previous quote from Pestre is important to note when thinking about this concept; today we see labs in all the places he mentioned as well as in other unexpected locations and fields of research, including the expanding cannabis industry.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DouglasPast17_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DouglasPast17-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Like the idea of the ubiquitous transistor and how easy it is to take for granted<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GaudinTheTrans07_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GaudinTheTrans07-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>, the laboratory is also found everywhere, sometimes obvious (e.g., when you need to have blood drawn for a medical test) and other times not at all obvious (e.g., the U.S. Navy's Arctic Submarine Laboratory<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USNArctic_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USNArctic-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>). \n<\/p><p>And these labs are important, positively impacting industry, government, and the public. Take for example the United States' Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, which claimed in 2020 to employ more than 3,400 people and have approximately $144 million total economic impact for the state.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ArgonneOurImpact_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ArgonneOurImpact-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Looking to the past, we find that Bell Telephone Laboratories at its peak employed some 1,200 PhDs and was responsible for the creation of vital technologies such as solid state components, wireless telephony technology, the C programming language, and the Unix operating system (thanks to Bell researchers like Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GertnerTheIdea13_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GertnerTheIdea13-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> In fact, laboratories are often at the heart of a company's R&D efforts towards bringing people new products. Vehicle<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VolvoMaterials_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VolvoMaterials-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> and makeup<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LOrealUSAResearch_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LOrealUSAResearch-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> users alike are affected by manufacturing laboratories that research, design, test, and quality control their products. Clinical labs help keep current and future generations healthy, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Forensic_science#The_forensic_laboratory\" title=\"Forensic science\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3d9bca20281d7d847d502c64c503e712\">forensic labs<\/a> help bring justice to the wronged. Of course, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Reference_laboratory\" title=\"Reference laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f719f408e1660f86b53857eef2f13f32\">calibration laboratories<\/a> are vital to ensuring the precise measurement and production values of any equipment those other laboratories strongly depend on. \n<\/p><p>In a quest to further put the prevalence of laboratories into perspective, we use examples similar to above to describe 20 common industries that find laboratories vital to their activities. But before we can do that, we need to first build a framework for better visualizing and understanding how labs intersect our lives, which we do in the next section.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Further_reading\">Further reading<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Bennett, J.; Talas, S., ed. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DJKiWjpCgAkC&pg=PA4\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Cabinets of Experimental Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Europe<\/i><\/a>. Brill. pp. 296. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9789004252974<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DJKiWjpCgAkC&pg=PA4\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DJKiWjpCgAkC&pg=PA4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cabinets+of+Experimental+Philosophy+in+Eighteenth-Century+Europe&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B296&rft.pub=Brill&rft.isbn=9789004252974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJKiWjpCgAkC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation Journal\">Klein, U. (2008). \"The Laboratory Challenge: Some Revisions of the Standard View of Early Modern Experimentation\". <i>Isis<\/i> <b>99<\/b> (4): 769-782. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1086%2F595771\" target=\"_blank\">10.1086\/595771<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Laboratory+Challenge%3A+Some+Revisions+of+the+Standard+View+of+Early+Modern+Experimentation&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.aulast=Klein%2C+U.&rft.au=Klein%2C+U.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=769-782&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1086%2F595771&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Schmidgen, H. (8 August 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/crossroads\/knowledge-spaces\/henning-schmidgen-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Laboratory\"<\/a>. <i>European History Online (EGO)<\/i>. Institute of European History<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/crossroads\/knowledge-spaces\/henning-schmidgen-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/crossroads\/knowledge-spaces\/henning-schmidgen-laboratory<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Laboratory&rft.atitle=European+History+Online+%28EGO%29&rft.aulast=Schmidgen%2C+H.&rft.au=Schmidgen%2C+H.&rft.date=8+August+2011&rft.pub=Institute+of+European+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieg-ego.eu%2Fen%2Fthreads%2Fcrossroads%2Fknowledge-spaces%2Fhenning-schmidgen-laboratory&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Welch, William Henry (1920). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Evolution of Modern Scientific Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Papers and Addresses by William Henry Welch<\/i>. <b>3<\/b>. The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 200\u2013211<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Modern+Scientific+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Papers+and+Addresses+by+William+Henry+Welch&rft.aulast=Welch%2C+William+Henry&rft.au=Welch%2C+William+Henry&rft.date=1920&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B200%E2%80%93211&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dutc0AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3D200&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-TaylorAdvert1920-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TaylorAdvert1920_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Taylor, Holman (ed.) (October 1920). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LbEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA229\" target=\"_blank\">\"Advertising Medical Laboratories (Encore)\"<\/a>. <i>Texas State Journal of Medicine<\/i> <b>16<\/b> (6): 229\u2013230<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LbEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA229\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LbEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA229<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Advertising+Medical+Laboratories+%28Encore%29&rft.jtitle=Texas+State+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=Taylor%2C+Holman+%28ed.%29&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Holman+%28ed.%29&rft.date=October+1920&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=229%E2%80%93230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbEDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SondernCommer1921-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SondernCommer1921_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Sondern, Frederic E. (ed.) (October 1921). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7hYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA390\" target=\"_blank\">\"Commercial Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>New York State Journal of Medicine<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (10): 390<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7hYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA390\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=j7hYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA390<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Commercial+Laboratories&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=Sondern%2C+Frederic+E.+%28ed.%29&rft.au=Sondern%2C+Frederic+E.+%28ed.%29&rft.date=October+1921&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj7hYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WhiteTheRole1922-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WhiteTheRole1922_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">White, Courtland Y. (August 1922). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OTMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA755\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Role of the Nonmedical Graduate in the Medical Laboratory\"<\/a>. <i>Kentucky Medical Journal<\/i> <b>25<\/b> (11): 755\u2013760<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OTMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA755\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OTMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA755<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Nonmedical+Graduate+in+the+Medical+Laboratory&rft.jtitle=Kentucky+Medical+Journal&rft.aulast=White%2C+Courtland+Y.&rft.au=White%2C+Courtland+Y.&rft.date=August+1922&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=755%E2%80%93760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTMTAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA755&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SundelofTheBus1922-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SundelofTheBus1922_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Sundelof, E. M. (30 March 1922). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=E741AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA442\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Business Side of X-ray Diagnosis and Treatment\"<\/a>. <i>The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal<\/i> <b>186<\/b> (13): 442\u2013444<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=E741AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA442\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=E741AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA442<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Business+Side+of+X-ray+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Medical+and+Surgical+Journal&rft.aulast=Sundelof%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Sundelof%2C+E.+M.&rft.date=30+March+1922&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=442%E2%80%93444&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE741AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA442&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PestreScience13-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PestreScience13_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Pestre, D. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZYUfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 4: Science, Political Power and the State\"<\/a>. In Krige, J.; Pestre, D.. <i>Science in the Twentieth Century<\/i>. Routledge. pp. 61\u201376. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9057021722<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZYUfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZYUfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+4%3A+Science%2C+Political+Power+and+the+State&rft.atitle=Science+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.aulast=Pestre%2C+D.&rft.au=Pestre%2C+D.&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B61%E2%80%9376&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=9057021722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZYUfAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PollackDNA11-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PollackDNA11_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Pollack, A. (30 November 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/12\/01\/business\/dna-sequencing-caught-in-deluge-of-data.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"DNA Sequencing Caught in Deluge of Data\"<\/a>. <i>The New York Times<\/i>. The New York Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/12\/01\/business\/dna-sequencing-caught-in-deluge-of-data.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/12\/01\/business\/dna-sequencing-caught-in-deluge-of-data.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DNA+Sequencing+Caught+in+Deluge+of+Data&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Pollack%2C+A.&rft.au=Pollack%2C+A.&rft.date=30+November+2011&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F01%2Fbusiness%2Fdna-sequencing-caught-in-deluge-of-data.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DouglasPast17-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DouglasPast17_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Douglas, S.E. (March 2020). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\" data-key=\"08470684e387a85ead631a501fb1727f\">\"Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States, Third Edition\"<\/a>. <i>LIMSwiki.org<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free wiki-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\" data-key=\"08470684e387a85ead631a501fb1727f\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+Cannabis+Laboratory+Testing+and+Regulation+in+the+United+States%2C+Third+Edition&rft.atitle=LIMSwiki.org&rft.aulast=Douglas%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+S.E.&rft.date=March+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.limswiki.org%2Findex.php%2FLII%3APast%2C_Present%2C_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GaudinTheTrans07-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GaudinTheTrans07_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Gaudin, S. (12 December 2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.computerworld.com\/article\/2538123\/the-transistor--the-most-important-invention-of-the-20th-century-.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The transistor: The most important invention of the 20th century?\"<\/a>. <i>Computerworld<\/i>. IDG Communication, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.computerworld.com\/article\/2538123\/the-transistor--the-most-important-invention-of-the-20th-century-.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.computerworld.com\/article\/2538123\/the-transistor--the-most-important-invention-of-the-20th-century-.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+transistor%3A+The+most+important+invention+of+the+20th+century%3F&rft.atitle=Computerworld&rft.aulast=Gaudin%2C+S.&rft.au=Gaudin%2C+S.&rft.date=12+December+2007&rft.pub=IDG+Communication%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F2538123%2Fthe-transistor--the-most-important-invention-of-the-20th-century-.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USNArctic-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-USNArctic_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sublant.usff.navy.mil\/ASL\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Arctic Submarine Lab\"<\/a>. United States Navy<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sublant.usff.navy.mil\/ASL\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sublant.usff.navy.mil\/ASL\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arctic+Submarine+Lab&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=United+States+Navy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sublant.usff.navy.mil%2FASL%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ArgonneOurImpact-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ArgonneOurImpact_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.anl.gov\/argonne-impacts\/illinois\" target=\"_blank\">\"Argonne Impacts State by State: Illinois\"<\/a>. <i>Argonne National Laboratory<\/i>. UChicago Argonne, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.anl.gov\/argonne-impacts\/illinois\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.anl.gov\/argonne-impacts\/illinois<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Argonne+Impacts+State+by+State%3A+Illinois&rft.atitle=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.pub=UChicago+Argonne%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anl.gov%2Fargonne-impacts%2Fillinois&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GertnerTheIdea13-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GertnerTheIdea13_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Gertner, J. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OkECDAAAQBAJ\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation<\/i><\/a>. Penguin. pp. 422. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780143122791<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OkECDAAAQBAJ\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OkECDAAAQBAJ<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+Factory%3A+Bell+Labs+and+the+Great+Age+of+American+Innovation&rft.aulast=Gertner%2C+J.&rft.au=Gertner%2C+J.&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B422&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=9780143122791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkECDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VolvoMaterials-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-VolvoMaterials_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170629222307\/http:\/\/www.volvogroup.com\/en-en\/about-us\/r-d-and-innovations\/materials-technology.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Materials Technology\"<\/a>. <i>Volvo Group<\/i>. AB Volvo. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.volvogroup.com\/en-en\/about-us\/r-d-and-innovations\/materials-technology.html\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 29 June 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170629222307\/http:\/\/www.volvogroup.com\/en-en\/about-us\/r-d-and-innovations\/materials-technology.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170629222307\/http:\/\/www.volvogroup.com\/en-en\/about-us\/r-d-and-innovations\/materials-technology.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Materials+Technology&rft.atitle=Volvo+Group&rft.pub=AB+Volvo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170629222307%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvogroup.com%2Fen-en%2Fabout-us%2Fr-d-and-innovations%2Fmaterials-technology.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LOrealUSAResearch-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LOrealUSAResearch_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181021232022\/http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l'or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation\" target=\"_blank\">\"L\u2019Or\u00e9al USA Research And Innovation\"<\/a>. L\u2019Or\u00e9al Group. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l%27or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 21 October 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181021232022\/http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l'or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181021232022\/http:\/\/www.lorealusa.com\/group\/discover-l'or%C3%A9al-usa\/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=L%E2%80%99Or%C3%A9al+USA+Research+And+Innovation&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Or%C3%A9al+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181021232022%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lorealusa.com%2Fgroup%2Fdiscover-l%27or%25C3%25A9al-usa%2Fl%25E2%2580%2599or%25C3%25A9al-usa-research-and-innovation&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707231936\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.124 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.154 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 11956\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 94692\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 32283\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 22158\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 140.994 1 -total\n 66.39% 93.606 17 Template:Citation\/core\n 54.67% 77.078 1 Template:Reflist\n 45.28% 63.848 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\n 30.52% 43.031 8 Template:Cite_web\n 26.39% 37.204 4 Template:Cite_book\n 20.86% 29.409 5 Template:Cite_journal\n 9.47% 13.353 8 Template:Date\n 6.36% 8.962 4 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.72% 6.660 27 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13428-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707231937 and revision id 48517. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","6792ceda5be42192bbcd522d99591619_images":[],"6792ceda5be42192bbcd522d99591619_timestamp":1657236871,"2fb3f0e368683cfe4ae3cb88d32edee7_type":"article","2fb3f0e368683cfe4ae3cb88d32edee7_title":"1.3 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century laboratories","2fb3f0e368683cfe4ae3cb88d32edee7_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories","2fb3f0e368683cfe4ae3cb88d32edee7_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Laboratories: A historical perspective\/Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century laboratoriesFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n1.3 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century laboratories \n Friedrich Strohmeyer played an important role in chemical and mineralogical analysis; he was also one of the first professors to promote and enact hands-on chemical analysis for students in a laboratory setting.The eighteenth century saw the \"embryonic\" laboratories develop further, but in truth in wasn't until the nineteenth century that the age of the laboratory in academic, hospital, and\u2014particularly in the latter half of the century[1][2][3][4]\u2014physician settings began to bloom. Some historians have described the changes that took place during these centuries as a transition from natural philosophy\u2014sometimes referred to as \"experimental philosophy\"\u2014and its \"philosophical instruments\" to natural or empirical science (or \"physics,\" but not in the modern sense[5]) and the laboratory instruments used to better analyze and describe the physical and life sciences.[5][6][7] \nEven by the late eighteenth century, the laboratory was still viewed as a \"workshop,\" a place for material (chemicals, colored glass, etc.) production.[8] However, instances of scientists beginning to view laboratory teaching and hands-on analysis as vital slowly began to spring forth. For example, the laboratory teaching of practical or \"physical chemistry\"\u2014separating itself even further by several decades from alchemical study\u2014first took place in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1751 under the professorship of Mikhail Lomonosov. Two years prior he had built for him a small 15 x 9 meter brick structure where he developed colored glasses for mosaics, but he quickly turned his focus towards using the laboratory to teach students in physical chemistry, \"a science which must explain by means of physical laws and experiments the cause of changes produced by chemical operations in composite bodies.\"[9] Three years later in Berlin, the Prussian Academy of Sciences' academic laboratory was founded with materials from a previously associated artisanal lab, signaling a shift \"from commercial production to systematic observation and experimental exploration of the properties and chemical transformations of material substances.\"[7]\nSpeaking of German kingdoms, universities and associated laboratories in the region continued to build a renowned reputation on into the early and mid-nineteenth century.[8][10] In 1806, Friedrich Stromeyer, fresh from being named \"extraordinary professor\" after the death of Johann Friedrich Gmelin, took over as director of University of G\u00f6ttingen's chemical laboratory. Stromeyer's strong opinion that students could only learn chemistry best through practice and self-analysis led to a subtle but significant change: the development of one of the first university laboratories in Germany to offer students hands-on chemical analysis.[11][12] Following a similar path, Czech physiologist Johannes Evangelista Purkinje, upon being appointed a professor at the University of Breslau (then a part of Germany), set up a private physiology laboratory in 1824 within his own house and taught students from it. Impressed by his work, the government eventually helped Purkinje set up the world's first professional physiology laboratory in 1842, known as the Physiological Institute.[13][10] And in 1826, at the University of Giessen, influential chemist Justus Liebig began perhaps not the first but definitely one of the more influential teaching and analysis laboratories, his work influencing the future direction of German as well as international universities and institutes.[14][12] That carried over to Wilhelm Weber's physics lab at G\u00f6ttingen University (1833), Franz Neumann's physics lab in K\u00f6nigsberg (1847), Robert Bunsen's chemical teaching and research laboratory in Heidelberg (c. 1850), and Johann N. Czermak's spectatorium for physiology teaching in Leipzig (c. 1870).[8]\nBy the late eighteenth century, other countries marveled at the laboratories of the German-speaking countries.[8][10] Industrial labs began to pop up around the world, including the United States, with researchers \"interested in getting patents recognized so as to have commercial control of the processes and products involved in their research.\"[8] Even physician laboratories began to take shape at the turn of the century as instruments such as centrifuges, microscopes, and microtomes became slightly easier to acquire.[4][15] The role-based division of responsibilities within laboratories was also becoming entrenched into labs by the end of the century.[8][10]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Welch, William Henry (1920). \"The Evolution of Modern Scientific Laboratories\". Papers and Addresses by William Henry Welch. 3. The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 200\u2013211. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Simon, Charles E. (9 May 1896). \"The Importance of Laboratory Methods in Diagnosis\". Maryland Medical Journal 35 (4): 55\u201357. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dooRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Shoemaker, John V. (ed.) (November 1884). \"Chemical Department at Jefferson Medical College\". The Medical Bulletin: A Monthly Journal of Medicine and Surgery 6 (11): 277\u2013278. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DmQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 Elliott, L. B. (March 1898). \"Editorial\". Journal of Applied Microscopy 1 (3): 57\u201358. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=bcjRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA57 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 5.0 5.1 Buchwald, J.Z.; Hong, S. (2003). \"Chapter 6: Physics\". In Cahan, D.. From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. University of Chicago Press. pp. 163\u2013195. ISBN 9780226089287. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=k5qgGcZVOugC&pg=PA163 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Zuidervaart, H.J. (2013). \"Cabinets for Experimental Philosophy in the Netherlands\". In Bennett, J.; Talas, S.. Cabinets of Experimental Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Europe. Brill. pp. 1\u201326. ISBN 9789004252974. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DJKiWjpCgAkC&pg=PA4 .   \n \n\n\u2191 7.0 7.1 Klein, U. (2008). \"The Laboratory Challenge: Some Revisions of the Standard View of Early Modern Experimentation\". Isis 99 (4): 769-782. doi:10.1086\/595771.   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Schmidgen, H. (8 August 2011). \"The Laboratory\". European History Online (EGO). Institute of European History. http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/crossroads\/knowledge-spaces\/henning-schmidgen-laboratory . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Menschutkin, B.N. (1927). \"A Russian physical chemist of the eighteenth century\". Journal of Chemical Education 4 (9): 1079\u20131087. doi:10.1021\/ed004p1079.   \n \n\n\u2191 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 \"The Laboratory in Modern Science\". Mechanics (David Williams) 5 (120): 290. 19 April 1884. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yAZHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Lockemann, G.; Oesper, R.E. (1953). \"Friedrich Stromeyer and the history of chemical laboratory instruction\". Journal of Chemical Education 30 (4): 202\u2013204. doi:10.1021\/ed030p202.   \n \n\n\u2191 12.0 12.1 Ihde, A.J. (1984). \"Chapter 10: The Diffusion of Chemical Knowledge\". The Development of Modern Chemistry. Dover Publications. pp. 259\u2013276. ISBN 0486642356. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=89BIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Garrison, F.H. (1921). \"XI: The Nineteenth Century: The Beginnings of Organized Advancement of Science\". An Introduction to the History of Medicine (3rd ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 486\u2013488. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JvoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA486 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Holmes, F.L.. \"The Complementarity of Teaching and Research in Liebig's Laboratory\". Osiris 5: 121-164. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/301795 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bartley, Elias H. (1899). Manual of Clinical Chemistry. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. p. 53. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FqPVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:19.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 5 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","2fb3f0e368683cfe4ae3cb88d32edee7_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Laboratories_A_historical_perspective_Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Laboratories_A_historical_perspective_Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Laboratories: A historical perspective\/Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century laboratories<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.3_Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\">1.3 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century laboratories<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:262px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"b5a3a6715f458379e9f14703e4ae9e98\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/30\/Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"379\" class=\"thumbimage\" \/><\/a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg\" class=\"internal wiki-link\" title=\"Enlarge\" data-key=\"b5a3a6715f458379e9f14703e4ae9e98\"><\/a><\/div>Friedrich Strohmeyer played an important role in chemical and mineralogical analysis; he was also one of the first professors to promote and enact hands-on chemical analysis for students in a laboratory setting.<\/div><\/div><\/div><p>The eighteenth century saw the \"embryonic\" laboratories develop further, but in truth in wasn't until the nineteenth century that the age of the laboratory in academic, hospital, and\u2014particularly in the latter half of the century<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WelchTheEvolution20-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMJSimon_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMJSimon-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShoemakerChemical1884_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShoemakerChemical1884-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ElliottEditorial1898_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ElliottEditorial1898-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014physician settings began to bloom. Some historians have described the changes that took place during these centuries as a transition from natural philosophy\u2014sometimes referred to as \"experimental philosophy\"\u2014and its \"philosophical instruments\" to natural or empirical science (or \"physics,\" but not in the modern sense<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BuchwaldPhysics03_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BuchwaldPhysics03-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>) and the laboratory instruments used to better analyze and describe the physical and life sciences.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BuchwaldPhysics03_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BuchwaldPhysics03-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BennettCabinets13_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BennettCabinets13-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KleinTheLab08_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KleinTheLab08-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Even by the late eighteenth century, the laboratory was still viewed as a \"workshop,\" a place for material (chemicals, colored glass, etc.) production.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchmidgenTheLab11-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> However, instances of scientists beginning to view laboratory teaching and hands-on analysis as vital slowly began to spring forth. For example, the laboratory teaching of practical or \"physical chemistry\"\u2014separating itself even further by several decades from alchemical study\u2014first took place in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1751 under the professorship of Mikhail Lomonosov. Two years prior he had built for him a small 15 x 9 meter brick structure where he developed colored glasses for mosaics, but he quickly turned his focus towards using the laboratory to teach students in physical chemistry, \"a science which must explain by means of physical laws and experiments the cause of changes produced by chemical operations in composite bodies.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MenschutkinARussian1927_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MenschutkinARussian1927-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Three years later in Berlin, the Prussian Academy of Sciences' academic laboratory was founded with materials from a previously associated artisanal lab, signaling a shift \"from commercial production to systematic observation and experimental exploration of the properties and chemical transformations of material substances.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KleinTheLab08_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KleinTheLab08-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Speaking of German kingdoms, universities and associated laboratories in the region continued to build a renowned reputation on into the early and mid-nineteenth century.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchmidgenTheLab11-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MechanicsTheLab1884-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> In 1806, Friedrich Stromeyer, fresh from being named \"extraordinary professor\" after the death of Johann Friedrich Gmelin, took over as director of University of G\u00f6ttingen's chemical laboratory. Stromeyer's strong opinion that students could only learn chemistry best through practice and self-analysis led to a subtle but significant change: the development of one of the first university laboratories in Germany to offer students hands-on chemical analysis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LockemannFriedrich53_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LockemannFriedrich53-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IhdeTheDevelop84_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IhdeTheDevelop84-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Following a similar path, Czech physiologist Johannes Evangelista Purkinje, upon being appointed a professor at the University of Breslau (then a part of Germany), set up a private physiology laboratory in 1824 within his own house and taught students from it. Impressed by his work, the government eventually helped Purkinje set up the world's first professional physiology laboratory in 1842, known as the Physiological Institute.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GarrisonAnIntro1921_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GarrisonAnIntro1921-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MechanicsTheLab1884-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> And in 1826, at the University of Giessen, influential chemist Justus Liebig began perhaps not the first but definitely one of the more influential teaching and analysis laboratories, his work influencing the future direction of German as well as international universities and institutes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HolmesTheComp89_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HolmesTheComp89-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IhdeTheDevelop84_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IhdeTheDevelop84-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> That carried over to Wilhelm Weber's physics lab at G\u00f6ttingen University (1833), Franz Neumann's physics lab in K\u00f6nigsberg (1847), Robert Bunsen's chemical teaching and research laboratory in Heidelberg (<i>c.<\/i> 1850), and Johann N. Czermak's <i>spectatorium<\/i> for physiology teaching in Leipzig (<i>c.<\/i> 1870).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchmidgenTheLab11-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>By the late eighteenth century, other countries marveled at the laboratories of the German-speaking countries.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchmidgenTheLab11-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MechanicsTheLab1884-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Industrial labs began to pop up around the world, including the United States, with researchers \"interested in getting patents recognized so as to have commercial control of the processes and products involved in their research.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchmidgenTheLab11-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Even physician laboratories began to take shape at the turn of the century as instruments such as centrifuges, microscopes, and microtomes became slightly easier to acquire.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ElliottEditorial1898_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ElliottEditorial1898-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BartleyManualOfClin1899_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BartleyManualOfClin1899-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> The role-based division of responsibilities within laboratories was also becoming entrenched into labs by the end of the century.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchmidgenTheLab11-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MechanicsTheLab1884-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-WelchTheEvolution20-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Welch, William Henry (1920). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Evolution of Modern Scientific Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Papers and Addresses by William Henry Welch<\/i>. <b>3<\/b>. The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 200\u2013211<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Modern+Scientific+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Papers+and+Addresses+by+William+Henry+Welch&rft.aulast=Welch%2C+William+Henry&rft.au=Welch%2C+William+Henry&rft.date=1920&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B200%E2%80%93211&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dutc0AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3D200&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MMJSimon-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMJSimon_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Simon, Charles E. (9 May 1896). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dooRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Importance of Laboratory Methods in Diagnosis\"<\/a>. <i>Maryland Medical Journal<\/i> <b>35<\/b> (4): 55\u201357<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dooRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dooRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Laboratory+Methods+in+Diagnosis&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Medical+Journal&rft.aulast=Simon%2C+Charles+E.&rft.au=Simon%2C+Charles+E.&rft.date=9+May+1896&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=55%E2%80%9357&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdooRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ShoemakerChemical1884-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShoemakerChemical1884_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Shoemaker, John V. (ed.) (November 1884). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DmQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chemical Department at Jefferson Medical College\"<\/a>. <i>The Medical Bulletin: A Monthly Journal of Medicine and Surgery<\/i> <b>6<\/b> (11): 277\u2013278<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DmQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DmQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chemical+Department+at+Jefferson+Medical+College&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Bulletin%3A+A+Monthly+Journal+of+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.aulast=Shoemaker%2C+John+V.+%28ed.%29&rft.au=Shoemaker%2C+John+V.+%28ed.%29&rft.date=November+1884&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=277%E2%80%93278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmQWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ElliottEditorial1898-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ElliottEditorial1898_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ElliottEditorial1898_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Elliott, L. B. (March 1898). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=bcjRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA57\" target=\"_blank\">\"Editorial\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Applied Microscopy<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (3): 57\u201358<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=bcjRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA57\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=bcjRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA57<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Editorial&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Microscopy&rft.aulast=Elliott%2C+L.+B.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+L.+B.&rft.date=March+1898&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57%E2%80%9358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcjRAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BuchwaldPhysics03-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BuchwaldPhysics03_5-0\">5.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BuchwaldPhysics03_5-1\">5.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Buchwald, J.Z.; Hong, S. (2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=k5qgGcZVOugC&pg=PA163\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 6: Physics\"<\/a>. In Cahan, D.. <i>From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science<\/i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 163\u2013195. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780226089287<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=k5qgGcZVOugC&pg=PA163\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=k5qgGcZVOugC&pg=PA163<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+6%3A+Physics&rft.atitle=From+Natural+Philosophy+to+the+Sciences%3A+Writing+the+History+of+Nineteenth-Century+Science&rft.aulast=Buchwald%2C+J.Z.%3B+Hong%2C+S.&rft.au=Buchwald%2C+J.Z.%3B+Hong%2C+S.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B163%E2%80%93195&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=9780226089287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk5qgGcZVOugC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BennettCabinets13-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BennettCabinets13_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Zuidervaart, H.J. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DJKiWjpCgAkC&pg=PA4\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cabinets for Experimental Philosophy in the Netherlands\"<\/a>. In Bennett, J.; Talas, S.. <i>Cabinets of Experimental Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Europe<\/i>. Brill. pp. 1\u201326. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9789004252974<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DJKiWjpCgAkC&pg=PA4\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DJKiWjpCgAkC&pg=PA4<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cabinets+for+Experimental+Philosophy+in+the+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Cabinets+of+Experimental+Philosophy+in+Eighteenth-Century+Europe&rft.aulast=Zuidervaart%2C+H.J.&rft.au=Zuidervaart%2C+H.J.&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%9326&rft.pub=Brill&rft.isbn=9789004252974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJKiWjpCgAkC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KleinTheLab08-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KleinTheLab08_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KleinTheLab08_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Klein, U. (2008). \"The Laboratory Challenge: Some Revisions of the Standard View of Early Modern Experimentation\". <i>Isis<\/i> <b>99<\/b> (4): 769-782. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1086%2F595771\" target=\"_blank\">10.1086\/595771<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Laboratory+Challenge%3A+Some+Revisions+of+the+Standard+View+of+Early+Modern+Experimentation&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.aulast=Klein%2C+U.&rft.au=Klein%2C+U.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=769-782&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1086%2F595771&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchmidgenTheLab11-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-2\">8.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-3\">8.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-4\">8.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchmidgenTheLab11_8-5\">8.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schmidgen, H. (8 August 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/crossroads\/knowledge-spaces\/henning-schmidgen-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Laboratory\"<\/a>. <i>European History Online (EGO)<\/i>. Institute of European History<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/crossroads\/knowledge-spaces\/henning-schmidgen-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/crossroads\/knowledge-spaces\/henning-schmidgen-laboratory<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Laboratory&rft.atitle=European+History+Online+%28EGO%29&rft.aulast=Schmidgen%2C+H.&rft.au=Schmidgen%2C+H.&rft.date=8+August+2011&rft.pub=Institute+of+European+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieg-ego.eu%2Fen%2Fthreads%2Fcrossroads%2Fknowledge-spaces%2Fhenning-schmidgen-laboratory&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MenschutkinARussian1927-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MenschutkinARussian1927_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Menschutkin, B.N. (1927). \"A Russian physical chemist of the eighteenth century\". <i>Journal of Chemical Education<\/i> <b>4<\/b> (9): 1079\u20131087. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Fed004p1079\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/ed004p1079<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Russian+physical+chemist+of+the+eighteenth+century&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.aulast=Menschutkin%2C+B.N.&rft.au=Menschutkin%2C+B.N.&rft.date=1927&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1079%E2%80%931087&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Fed004p1079&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MechanicsTheLab1884-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_10-2\">10.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_10-3\">10.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yAZHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Laboratory in Modern Science\"<\/a>. <i>Mechanics<\/i> (David Williams) <b>5<\/b> (120): 290. 19 April 1884<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yAZHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yAZHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Laboratory+in+Modern+Science&rft.jtitle=Mechanics&rft.date=19+April+1884&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=David+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAZHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LockemannFriedrich53-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LockemannFriedrich53_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Lockemann, G.; Oesper, R.E. (1953). \"Friedrich Stromeyer and the history of chemical laboratory instruction\". <i>Journal of Chemical Education<\/i> <b>30<\/b> (4): 202\u2013204. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Fed030p202\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/ed030p202<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Stromeyer+and+the+history+of+chemical+laboratory+instruction&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.aulast=Lockemann%2C+G.%3B+Oesper%2C+R.E.&rft.au=Lockemann%2C+G.%3B+Oesper%2C+R.E.&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=202%E2%80%93204&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Fed030p202&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IhdeTheDevelop84-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-IhdeTheDevelop84_12-0\">12.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-IhdeTheDevelop84_12-1\">12.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Ihde, A.J. (1984). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=89BIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 10: The Diffusion of Chemical Knowledge\"<\/a>. <i>The Development of Modern Chemistry<\/i>. Dover Publications. pp. 259\u2013276. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 0486642356<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=89BIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=89BIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+10%3A+The+Diffusion+of+Chemical+Knowledge&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Ihde%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Ihde%2C+A.J.&rft.date=1984&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B259%E2%80%93276&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.isbn=0486642356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89BIAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GarrisonAnIntro1921-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GarrisonAnIntro1921_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Garrison, F.H. (1921). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JvoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA486\" target=\"_blank\">\"XI: The Nineteenth Century: The Beginnings of Organized Advancement of Science\"<\/a>. <i>An Introduction to the History of Medicine<\/i> (3rd ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 486\u2013488<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JvoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA486\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JvoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA486<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=XI%3A+The+Nineteenth+Century%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Organized+Advancement+of+Science&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=Garrison%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Garrison%2C+F.H.&rft.date=1921&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B486%E2%80%93488&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvoIAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA486&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HolmesTheComp89-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HolmesTheComp89_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Holmes, F.L.. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/301795\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Complementarity of Teaching and Research in Liebig's Laboratory\"<\/a>. <i>Osiris<\/i> <b>5<\/b>: 121-164<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/301795\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/301795<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Complementarity+of+Teaching+and+Research+in+Liebig%27s+Laboratory&rft.jtitle=Osiris&rft.aulast=Holmes%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Holmes%2C+F.L.&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=121-164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F301795&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BartleyManualOfClin1899-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BartleyManualOfClin1899_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Bartley, Elias H. (1899). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FqPVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Manual of Clinical Chemistry<\/i><\/a>. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. p. 53<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FqPVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FqPVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Clinical+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Bartley%2C+Elias+H.&rft.au=Bartley%2C+Elias+H.&rft.date=1899&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B53&rft.pub=P.+Blakiston%27s+Son+%26+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqPVAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707231913\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.163 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.710 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 10887\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 79338\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 23086\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 27957\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 138.596 1 -total\n 88.30% 122.381 1 Template:Reflist\n 62.83% 87.083 15 Template:Citation\/core\n 33.83% 46.883 8 Template:Cite_journal\n 32.91% 45.614 6 Template:Cite_book\n 11.65% 16.142 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\n 7.22% 10.011 5 Template:Date\n 7.05% 9.767 6 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 6.79% 9.414 1 Template:Cite_web\n 4.33% 5.994 21 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13427-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707231914 and revision id 48516. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","2fb3f0e368683cfe4ae3cb88d32edee7_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/30\/Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg"],"2fb3f0e368683cfe4ae3cb88d32edee7_timestamp":1657236871,"a804ebce573d4b6ad4de78660f5042d9_type":"article","a804ebce573d4b6ad4de78660f5042d9_title":"1.2 Origins of the laboratory","a804ebce573d4b6ad4de78660f5042d9_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory","a804ebce573d4b6ad4de78660f5042d9_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Laboratories: A historical perspective\/Origins of the laboratoryFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n1.2 Origins of the laboratory \nAmong the earliest known organized scientific study was that under the rule of the early Ptolomies of Alexandria in the third century B.C. While little to no evidence seems to exist for public or organized laboratories during this time period, researchers and historians widely accept the idea that at least organized and individual research (meaning \"direct personal contact with the objects of study, and by the aid of such appliances as were then available\"[1]) into anatomy, physiology, and medicine occurred.[2][3][1][4] Dissections and experiments took place, but certainly not in an organized teaching or research laboratory setting like today. Early twentieth-century philosopher of science Edgar Zilsel suggested that scientific endeavor was non-collaborative in this early era, and the laboratory as a collaborative environment simply didn't exist[2]:\n\nNo publications, no astronomical or geographical investigation which are the work of several collaborating scientists are known. Even the learned compendia of the Roman period (Varro, Pliny, Celsus) and the encyclopedias of late antiquity (Bo\u00ebthius) were composed by single polyhistors. There is no evidence that the Alexandrian Museum conjointly carried out investigations. Laboratories, the birth places of scientific co-operation in the modern era, existed neither in the Alexandrian Museum, nor in the Academy, nor in the Lyceum. As far as the fellow scholars of the museum did not work each for himself they might have contented themselves with dinners and debates. And of course, there were in antiquity no scientific periodicals in which new findings could have been discussed.\nWith scientific advancement and discovery still largely a personal (i.e., prestigious) goal, even through to the Renaissance humanists of the fourteenth through sixteenth century A.D.[2], it took quite some time for both the private and public laboratory to evolve. To be certain, private laboratories surely existed, from Aristotle[1] (third century B.C.) to the anatomical laboratory\u2014\"the first scientific laboratory\"\u2014that began to take hold in the late thirteenth to early fourteenth century[1][5], all the way to the \"zenith\" of the alchemical research laboratory in the second half of the sixteenth century.[6] But it wouldn't be until the late sixteenth to early seventeenth century that collaboratory science and the first university-affiliated labs would appear.\nZilsel claimed that Italian polymath Galileo Galilei, while teaching at the University of Padua from 1592 to 1610, founded the first university-affiliated laboratory in his own home, with help from craftsmen who aided in researching architectural and mechanical concepts.[7] As Galileo was nearing completion of his professorship at Padua, chemist Johannes Hartmann opened up a university laboratory for students at the University of Marburg in 1609, albeit for \"instruction not in [chemical] analysis\u2014still in a very rudimentary state\u2014but in pharmaceutical preparations.\"[8] One of the first actual public laboratories dedicated to chemical instruction was founded later that century, in 1683, hosted at the University of Altdorf, created and directed by physician and professor Johan Moritz Hofmann.[8][9][10] That same year the (Old) Ashmolean played host to Britain's first university laboratory, directed by chemistry chair Robert Plot.[11][12]\nBy the end of the seventeenth century, textbooks on various subjects such as anatomy[13] and chemistry[9] had become more notable, and numerous vital scientific measurement and observation devices\u2014including astronomy equipment\u2014had been created.[14] And most importantly, as early twentieth century political science researcher Martha Ornstein put it, after much build-up, finally \"the [public] chemical and physical laboratory existed in embryonic form.\"[14]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Welch, William Henry (1920). \"The Evolution of Modern Scientific Laboratories\". Papers and Addresses by William Henry Welch. 3. The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 200\u2013211. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 2.2 Zilsel, E. (2003). \"The Genesis of the Concept of Scientific Progress and Cooperation\". In Cohen, R.S., Wartofsky, M.W.. The Social Origins of Modern Science. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 130\u2013171. ISBN 1402013590.   \n \n\n\u2191 Martin, H.N. (1895). \"Some Thoughts About Laboratories\". Physiological Papers. The John Hopkins Press. pp. 256\u2013264. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Raw-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA256 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Serageldin, I. (2013). \"Ancient Alexandria and the dawn of medical science\". Global Cardiology Science & Practice 2013 (4): 395\u2013404. doi:10.5339\/gcsp.2013.47. PMC PMC3991212. PMID 24749113. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3991212 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Walker, H.K. (1990). \"Chapter 1: The Origins of the History and Physical Examination\". In Walker, H.K.; Hall, W.D.; Hurst, J.W.. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (3rd ed.). Butterworths. ISBN 040990077X. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK201\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Martin\u00f3n-Torres, M.; Rehren, T.; von Osten, S.. \"A 16th century lab in a 21st century lab: Archaeometric study of the laboratory equipment from Oberstockstall (Kirchberg am Wagram, Austria)\". Antiquity 77 (298). http:\/\/antiquity.ac.uk\/projgall\/martinon298 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Zilsel, E. (2000). \"The Sociological Roots of Science\". Social Studies of Science 30 (6): 935\u2013949. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/285793 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 Ihde, A.J. (1984). \"Chapter 10: The Diffusion of Chemical Knowledge\". The Development of Modern Chemistry. Dover Publications. pp. 259\u2013276. ISBN 0486642356. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=89BIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 .   \n \n\n\u2191 9.0 9.1 Wiechmann, F.G. (1899). Chemistry: Its Evolution and Achievements. Science Sketches. New York: William R. Jenkins. pp. 176. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=z4k-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA83 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Lockemann, G.; Oesper, R.E. (1953). \"Friedrich Stromeyer and the history of chemical laboratory instruction\". Journal of Chemical Education 30 (4): 202\u2013204. doi:10.1021\/ed030p202.   \n \n\n\u2191 Bowen, E.J. (1970). \"The Balliol-Trinity Laboratories, Oxford 1853-1940\". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 25 (2): 227\u2013236. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/530877 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Martin\u00f3n-Torres, M. (2011-2012). \"The Archaeology of Alchemy and Chemistry in the Early Modern World: An Afterthought\". Archaeology International 15: 33\u201336. doi:10.5334\/ai.1508.   \n \n\n\u2191 Bartholin, T. (2015). The Anatomy House in Copenhagen. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 222. ISBN 9788763542593. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Y9o_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 .   \n \n\n\u2191 14.0 14.1 Bronfenbrenner, M.O. (1913). The Role of Scientific Societies in the Seventeenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 308. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-v4CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:18.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 5 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","a804ebce573d4b6ad4de78660f5042d9_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Laboratories_A_historical_perspective_Origins_of_the_laboratory rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Laboratories_A_historical_perspective_Origins_of_the_laboratory skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Laboratories: A historical perspective\/Origins of the laboratory<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.2_Origins_of_the_laboratory\">1.2 Origins of the laboratory<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Among the earliest known organized scientific study was that under the rule of the early Ptolomies of Alexandria in the third century B.C. While little to no evidence seems to exist for public or organized laboratories during this time period, researchers and historians widely accept the idea that at least organized and individual research (meaning \"direct personal contact with the objects of study, and by the aid of such appliances as were then available\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WelchTheEvolution20-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>) into anatomy, physiology, and medicine occurred.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ZilselTheSocial03_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ZilselTheSocial03-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MartinSomeThoughts1888_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MartinSomeThoughts1888-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WelchTheEvolution20-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SerageldinAncient13_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SerageldinAncient13-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Dissections and experiments took place, but certainly not in an organized teaching or research laboratory setting like today. Early twentieth-century philosopher of science Edgar Zilsel suggested that scientific endeavor was non-collaborative in this early era, and the laboratory as a collaborative environment simply didn't exist<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ZilselTheSocial03_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ZilselTheSocial03-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>No publications, no astronomical or geographical investigation which are the work of several collaborating scientists are known. Even the learned compendia of the Roman period (Varro, Pliny, Celsus) and the encyclopedias of late antiquity (Bo\u00ebthius) were composed by single polyhistors. There is no evidence that the Alexandrian Museum conjointly carried out investigations. Laboratories, the birth places of scientific co-operation in the modern era, existed neither in the Alexandrian Museum, nor in the Academy, nor in the Lyceum. As far as the fellow scholars of the museum did not work each for himself they might have contented themselves with dinners and debates. And of course, there were in antiquity no scientific periodicals in which new findings could have been discussed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>With scientific advancement and discovery still largely a personal (i.e., prestigious) goal, even through to the Renaissance humanists of the fourteenth through sixteenth century A.D.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ZilselTheSocial03_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ZilselTheSocial03-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>, it took quite some time for both the private and public laboratory to evolve. To be certain, private laboratories surely existed, from Aristotle<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WelchTheEvolution20-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> (third century B.C.) to the anatomical laboratory\u2014\"the first scientific laboratory\"\u2014that began to take hold in the late thirteenth to early fourteenth century<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WelchTheEvolution20-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WalkerClinical90_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WalkerClinical90-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>, all the way to the \"zenith\" of the alchemical research laboratory in the second half of the sixteenth century.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Martin.C3.B3n-TorresA16th03_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Martin.C3.B3n-TorresA16th03-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> But it wouldn't be until the late sixteenth to early seventeenth century that collaboratory science and the first university-affiliated labs would appear.\n<\/p><p>Zilsel claimed that Italian polymath Galileo Galilei, while teaching at the University of Padua from 1592 to 1610, founded the first university-affiliated laboratory in his own home, with help from craftsmen who aided in researching architectural and mechanical concepts.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ZilselTheSocio00_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ZilselTheSocio00-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> As Galileo was nearing completion of his professorship at Padua, chemist Johannes Hartmann opened up a university laboratory for students at the University of Marburg in 1609, albeit for \"instruction not in [chemical] analysis\u2014still in a very rudimentary state\u2014but in pharmaceutical preparations.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IhdeTheDevelop84_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IhdeTheDevelop84-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> One of the first actual public laboratories dedicated to chemical instruction was founded later that century, in 1683, hosted at the University of Altdorf, created and directed by physician and professor Johan Moritz Hofmann.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IhdeTheDevelop84_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IhdeTheDevelop84-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WiechmannChemistry1899_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WiechmannChemistry1899-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LockemannFriedrich53_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LockemannFriedrich53-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> That same year the (Old) Ashmolean played host to Britain's first university laboratory, directed by chemistry chair Robert Plot.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BowenTheBalliol70_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BowenTheBalliol70-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Martin.C3.B3n-TorresTheArch11_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Martin.C3.B3n-TorresTheArch11-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>By the end of the seventeenth century, textbooks on various subjects such as anatomy<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BartholinTheAnat15_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BartholinTheAnat15-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> and chemistry<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WiechmannChemistry1899_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WiechmannChemistry1899-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> had become more notable, and numerous vital scientific measurement and observation devices\u2014including astronomy equipment\u2014had been created.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BronfenbrennerTheRole1913_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BronfenbrennerTheRole1913-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> And most importantly, as early twentieth century political science researcher Martha Ornstein put it, after much build-up, finally \"the [public] chemical and physical laboratory existed in embryonic form.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BronfenbrennerTheRole1913_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BronfenbrennerTheRole1913-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-WelchTheEvolution20-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WelchTheEvolution20_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Welch, William Henry (1920). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Evolution of Modern Scientific Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Papers and Addresses by William Henry Welch<\/i>. <b>3<\/b>. The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 200\u2013211<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=utc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=200<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Modern+Scientific+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Papers+and+Addresses+by+William+Henry+Welch&rft.aulast=Welch%2C+William+Henry&rft.au=Welch%2C+William+Henry&rft.date=1920&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B200%E2%80%93211&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dutc0AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3D200&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ZilselTheSocial03-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ZilselTheSocial03_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ZilselTheSocial03_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ZilselTheSocial03_2-2\">2.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Zilsel, E. (2003). \"The Genesis of the Concept of Scientific Progress and Cooperation\". In Cohen, R.S., Wartofsky, M.W.. <i>The Social Origins of Modern Science<\/i>. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 130\u2013171. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 1402013590.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+the+Concept+of+Scientific+Progress+and+Cooperation&rft.atitle=The+Social+Origins+of+Modern+Science&rft.aulast=Zilsel%2C+E.&rft.au=Zilsel%2C+E.&rft.date=2003&rft.series=Boston+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B130%E2%80%93171&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.isbn=1402013590&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MartinSomeThoughts1888-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MartinSomeThoughts1888_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Martin, H.N. (1895). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Raw-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA256\" target=\"_blank\">\"Some Thoughts About Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Physiological Papers<\/i>. The John Hopkins Press. pp. 256\u2013264<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Raw-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA256\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Raw-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA256<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Some+Thoughts+About+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Physiological+Papers&rft.aulast=Martin%2C+H.N.&rft.au=Martin%2C+H.N.&rft.date=1895&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B256%E2%80%93264&rft.pub=The+John+Hopkins+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRaw-AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SerageldinAncient13-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SerageldinAncient13_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Serageldin, I. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3991212\" target=\"_blank\">\"Ancient Alexandria and the dawn of medical science\"<\/a>. <i>Global Cardiology Science & Practice<\/i> <b>2013<\/b> (4): 395\u2013404. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5339%2Fgcsp.2013.47\" target=\"_blank\">10.5339\/gcsp.2013.47<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991212\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC3991212<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24749113\" target=\"_blank\">24749113<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3991212\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3991212<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+Alexandria+and+the+dawn+of+medical+science&rft.jtitle=Global+Cardiology+Science+%26+Practice&rft.aulast=Serageldin%2C+I.&rft.au=Serageldin%2C+I.&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395%E2%80%93404&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5339%2Fgcsp.2013.47&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC3991212&rft_id=info:pmid\/24749113&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC3991212&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WalkerClinical90-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WalkerClinical90_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Walker, H.K. (1990). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK201\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 1: The Origins of the History and Physical Examination\"<\/a>. In Walker, H.K.; Hall, W.D.; Hurst, J.W.. <i>Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations<\/i> (3rd ed.). Butterworths. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 040990077X<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK201\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK201\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+Origins+of+the+History+and+Physical+Examination&rft.atitle=Clinical+Methods%3A+The+History%2C+Physical%2C+and+Laboratory+Examinations&rft.aulast=Walker%2C+H.K.&rft.au=Walker%2C+H.K.&rft.date=1990&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.isbn=040990077X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK201%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Martin.C3.B3n-TorresA16th03-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Martin.C3.B3n-TorresA16th03_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Martin\u00f3n-Torres, M.; Rehren, T.; von Osten, S.. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/antiquity.ac.uk\/projgall\/martinon298\" target=\"_blank\">\"A 16th century lab in a 21st century lab: Archaeometric study of the laboratory equipment from Oberstockstall (Kirchberg am Wagram, Austria)\"<\/a>. <i>Antiquity<\/i> <b>77<\/b> (298)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/antiquity.ac.uk\/projgall\/martinon298\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/antiquity.ac.uk\/projgall\/martinon298<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+16th+century+lab+in+a+21st+century+lab%3A+Archaeometric+study+of+the+laboratory+equipment+from+Oberstockstall+%28Kirchberg+am+Wagram%2C+Austria%29&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.aulast=Martin%C3%B3n-Torres%2C+M.%3B+Rehren%2C+T.%3B+von+Osten%2C+S.&rft.au=Martin%C3%B3n-Torres%2C+M.%3B+Rehren%2C+T.%3B+von+Osten%2C+S.&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=298&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fprojgall%2Fmartinon298&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ZilselTheSocio00-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ZilselTheSocio00_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Zilsel, E. (2000). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/285793\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Sociological Roots of Science\"<\/a>. <i>Social Studies of Science<\/i> <b>30<\/b> (6): 935\u2013949<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/285793\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/285793<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Sociological+Roots+of+Science&rft.jtitle=Social+Studies+of+Science&rft.aulast=Zilsel%2C+E.&rft.au=Zilsel%2C+E.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=935%E2%80%93949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F285793&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IhdeTheDevelop84-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-IhdeTheDevelop84_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-IhdeTheDevelop84_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Ihde, A.J. (1984). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=89BIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 10: The Diffusion of Chemical Knowledge\"<\/a>. <i>The Development of Modern Chemistry<\/i>. Dover Publications. pp. 259\u2013276. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 0486642356<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=89BIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=89BIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+10%3A+The+Diffusion+of+Chemical+Knowledge&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Ihde%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Ihde%2C+A.J.&rft.date=1984&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B259%E2%80%93276&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.isbn=0486642356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89BIAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WiechmannChemistry1899-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WiechmannChemistry1899_9-0\">9.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WiechmannChemistry1899_9-1\">9.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Wiechmann, F.G. (1899). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=z4k-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA83\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Chemistry: Its Evolution and Achievements<\/i><\/a>. Science Sketches. New York: William R. Jenkins. pp. 176<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=z4k-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA83\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=z4k-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA83<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+Its+Evolution+and+Achievements&rft.aulast=Wiechmann%2C+F.G.&rft.au=Wiechmann%2C+F.G.&rft.date=1899&rft.series=Science+Sketches&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B176&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+R.+Jenkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4k-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LockemannFriedrich53-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LockemannFriedrich53_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Lockemann, G.; Oesper, R.E. (1953). \"Friedrich Stromeyer and the history of chemical laboratory instruction\". <i>Journal of Chemical Education<\/i> <b>30<\/b> (4): 202\u2013204. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Fed030p202\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/ed030p202<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Stromeyer+and+the+history+of+chemical+laboratory+instruction&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.aulast=Lockemann%2C+G.%3B+Oesper%2C+R.E.&rft.au=Lockemann%2C+G.%3B+Oesper%2C+R.E.&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=202%E2%80%93204&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Fed030p202&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BowenTheBalliol70-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BowenTheBalliol70_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bowen, E.J. (1970). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/530877\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Balliol-Trinity Laboratories, Oxford 1853-1940\"<\/a>. <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London<\/i> <b>25<\/b> (2): 227\u2013236<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/530877\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/530877<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Balliol-Trinity+Laboratories%2C+Oxford+1853-1940&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.aulast=Bowen%2C+E.J.&rft.au=Bowen%2C+E.J.&rft.date=1970&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227%E2%80%93236&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530877&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Martin.C3.B3n-TorresTheArch11-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Martin.C3.B3n-TorresTheArch11_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Martin\u00f3n-Torres, M. (2011-2012). \"The Archaeology of Alchemy and Chemistry in the Early Modern World: An Afterthought\". <i>Archaeology International<\/i> <b>15<\/b>: 33\u201336. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5334%2Fai.1508\" target=\"_blank\">10.5334\/ai.1508<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Alchemy+and+Chemistry+in+the+Early+Modern+World%3A+An+Afterthought&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+International&rft.aulast=Martin%C3%B3n-Torres%2C+M.&rft.au=Martin%C3%B3n-Torres%2C+M.&rft.date=2011-2012&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=33%E2%80%9336&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5334%2Fai.1508&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BartholinTheAnat15-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BartholinTheAnat15_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Bartholin, T. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Y9o_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Anatomy House in Copenhagen<\/i><\/a>. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 222. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9788763542593<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Y9o_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Y9o_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+House+in+Copenhagen&rft.aulast=Bartholin%2C+T.&rft.au=Bartholin%2C+T.&rft.date=2015&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B222&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.isbn=9788763542593&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9o_CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BronfenbrennerTheRole1913-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BronfenbrennerTheRole1913_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BronfenbrennerTheRole1913_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Bronfenbrenner, M.O. (1913). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-v4CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Role of Scientific Societies in the Seventeenth Century<\/i><\/a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 308<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-v4CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-v4CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Scientific+Societies+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.aulast=Bronfenbrenner%2C+M.O.&rft.au=Bronfenbrenner%2C+M.O.&rft.date=1913&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B308&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-v4CAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707231847\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.106 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.131 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 9859\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 74219\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 22130\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 25992\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 118.729 1 -total\n 87.61% 104.022 1 Template:Reflist\n 60.92% 72.328 14 Template:Citation\/core\n 44.62% 52.972 8 Template:Cite_book\n 25.20% 29.915 6 Template:Cite_journal\n 12.33% 14.635 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\n 8.48% 10.065 9 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 5.21% 6.189 19 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.49% 2.958 19 Template:Hide_in_print\n 2.42% 2.868 9 Template:Only_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13426-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707231848 and revision id 48515. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","a804ebce573d4b6ad4de78660f5042d9_images":[],"a804ebce573d4b6ad4de78660f5042d9_timestamp":1657236871,"c7b05dd8306949133fbf97c9c4e33895_type":"article","c7b05dd8306949133fbf97c9c4e33895_title":"1.1 What is a laboratory?","c7b05dd8306949133fbf97c9c4e33895_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F","c7b05dd8306949133fbf97c9c4e33895_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Laboratories: A historical perspective\/What is a laboratory?From LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 1. Laboratories: A historical perspective \n\n1.1 1.1 What is a laboratory? \n\n1.1.1 1.1.1 Skilled, knowledgeable people \n1.1.2 1.1.2 Facilities \n1.1.3 1.1.3 Equipment and instrumentation \n1.1.4 1.1.4 Consumables \n1.1.5 1.1.5 Experiment\/test data and its management \n1.1.6 1.1.6 Summing it up \n\n\n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n1. Laboratories: A historical perspective \n What laboratory-based research went into the development of this iPhone?Take note of your surroundings. If you're indoors, what objects are nearby? If you're outdoors, what objects are on your person? Are you in a vehicle such as an automobile, bus, or airplane? Are you using a mobile phone, desktop computer, tablet, or laptop? What of the clothes you wear, the food you eat, and the water you drink? \nWhat do all these things have in common? A laboratory was likely involved at some point beforehand.\nFor some this will be an obvious but uninteresting point. \"Why should I care that a laboratory was somehow involved in a product's creation?\" some may ask. For others the association isn't as obvious. \"How is a laboratory involved with the ink pen on my desk or water I drink?\"\nBoth of these questions are valid and productive, particularly to the inquisitive mind. To the first, we could simply reply with something about quality assurance, safety, and more efficient design regarding the items we interact with on a daily basis. But it's a bit more complicated than that. And so is the reply to the second question: it's more than just research and design (R&D) or quality control. \nLaboratories play an integral role in modern life, ubiquitous and often unseen by the average person. They improve quality of life, act as hotbeds of discovery, and help us make sense of our universe, particularly in the capable hands of the tens of thousands of professionals who work in them. But the laboratory as we know it today is actually a relatively new concept. It wasn't always as sectionally organized, well staffed, and well equipped. To gain a better sense of how common the laboratory is to our lives, we must first briefly look at the past history of laboratory research and how it developed from a philosophical and more selfish endeavor to one more focused on analysis and the benefits to society. This will help give perspective about why laboratories are important to modern life.\n\n 1.1 What is a laboratory? \nEven when we go back in time nearly two centuries, we discover that the \"essentials and requisites of a laboratory\"[1]\u2014i.e., what makes a laboratory a laboratory\u2014today practically mirror those of long ago. (This history is discussed later in this chapter.) These \"essentials and requisites,\" as notable scientist Michel Faraday referred to them in the 1831 second edition of his book Chemical Manipulation (though note that the word \"scientist\" didn't appear until three years later, when Cambridge philosopher William Whewell coined it as \"the name for a new way of earning a living\"[2]), can under a modern context be broken down into five categories:\n\nskilled, knowledgeable people\nfacilities\nequipment and instrumentation\nconsumables\nexperiment\/test data and its management\nLet's examine these five categories through both the eyes of Faraday and of what we know today about how a laboratory functions.\n\n 1.1.1 Skilled, knowledgeable people \nThe idea of having multiple people assisting with lab experiments was still in its infancy during Faraday\u2019s early work life; in his book Chemical Manipulation he refers to having help in the lab as \"[t]hose persons whose fortunes enable them to have an assistant operator, on whose accuracy and intelligence they can depend.\" (p. 580)[1] Regardless, he fully recognized the importance of proper instruction for the people who worked in a laboratory, emphasizing it not only in the preface but throughout the book. In essence, he was saying knowledgeable people were necessary, without which the march of scientific discovery wouldn't move forward. It wasn't until decades later, following by example of Germany, that the belief \"[a] laboratory without this working force cannot do much for the promotion of science\"[3] gained broader recognition.\nToday we see how having skilled, knowledgeable people in the laboratory setting proves vital. Secondary and higher education institutions still act as important disseminators of scientific knowledge for those who will go on to work within the confines of laboratories of all types. And when gaps are identified in the professional knowledge base, professional organizations and standards developers help pick up the slack with draft guidance, standards, and educational outreach. In the end, we quickly realize that no amount of fancy instruments and exotic experiments will move the intangible bar of scientific progress forward without the properly trained people to use and conduct them.\n\n1.1.2 Facilities \nWhat is a laboratory if not a location, specially designed to perform experiments and analysis? Faraday noted the following about the laboratory as a facility in 1831 (p. 17)[1]:\n\nAs the Laboratory is a spot where every chemist will pass a great portion of his time, it is natural that its arrangement and furniture should at first claim much of his attention; for being the place peculiarly fitted up for the performance of chemical experiments, fitness for that purpose must have material influence over the facilities required for those practical exercises, which by their results are so important in the formation and correction of his opinions.\nFaraday shortly after described the placement and design needs of a laboratory, emphasizing sufficient space and lighting, though from a nineteenth-century point-of-view. From a modern viewpoint, these same aspects are emphasized, plus many more factors buttressed by nearly 200 more years of design experience. In fact, design considerations for laboratory facilities are so important that in the next chapter we discuss how modern design theory for laboratories plays an important role in creating a framework to better understand where labs fit into our lives. Funny that: by way of study of a lab's architectural design we arrive at both the practical activities of a laboratory and the semi-abstract placement it holds within society.\n\n1.1.3 Equipment and instrumentation \nIn his book, Faraday pays reverence to the instrument and the vital nature of \"the clear comprehension of the manner of using it\" (p. 31)[1] while noting in passing that the \"correction and construction of an instrument\" should be left to the \"workman.\" (This was a way of saying \"I'm focusing more on explaining to the reader how to use the instrument; I'll leave the construction and calibration of it to the experts.\") \nIn his day, the balance was essential to the laboratory, as were hydrometers, thermometers, and graduated cylinders. The \"electrical revolution\" of the second half of the nineteenth century brought even more instrumentation that \"changed the whole way of life of western Europe and North America by universalizing a science-based technology.\"[2] Today those same instruments are in use in laboratories, plus a multitude more that he likely could never have imagined, including DNA sequencers and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instruments. And just like people, instrumentation and equipment is just as vital to the laboratory; skilled laboratory scientists won't be able to analyze samples\/specimens or conduct experiments in an empty facility. Like any job, the appropriate tools make it easier to do.\n\n1.1.4 Consumables \nFaraday didn't speak of consumables\u2014items meant to be used up and replaced\u2014broadly in his laboratory treatise, but he recognized certain consumable substances need to be present and well stocked. \"Distilled water must be included among the chemist's requisites; and so much advantage is gained by its abundant supply, that any accessible source should be eagerly sought,\" he noted. (pp. 27\u201328)[1] He spoke similarly of solvents and other chemicals and test substances, vital in placement and sufficient quantity for conducting chemical experiments. \nToday the definition of \"laboratory consumables\" has most certainly expanded beyond the elements, minerals, solvents, etc. of Faraday's time. Managing consumables can become costly, too. In 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 30-plus labs spent more than $7 million a year on supplies and consumables, utilizing more than 800 vendors, prompting them to put into place high-level oversight to better monitor use and cost.[4] Consumables even pop up in unexpected places, e.g., dry labs such as footwear R&D labs depend on consumables such as rubber, cloth, and fabric.[5]\n\n 1.1.5 Experiment\/test data and its management \nWhy does a laboratory exist in the first place? We get into that topic more in the next chapter, where we discuss the functions of a laboratory, which most typically include analysis, calibration, research\/design, quality analysis\/control (QA\/QC), and teaching. But for now know that out of those functions always comes some sort of experimental or test data as well as ancillary information related to it. Historically, these experiment and test results were manually documented in laboratory notebooks. We turn to Faraday in 1831 again for more historical perspective (p. 576)[1]:\n\nThe laboratory note-book, intended to receive the account of the results of experiments, should always be at hand, as should also pen and ink. All the results worthy of record should be entered at the time the experiments are made, whilst the things themselves are under the eye, and can be re-examined if doubt or difficulty arise. The practice of delaying to note, until the end of a train of experiments, or to the conclusion of the day, is a bad one, as it then becomes difficult accurately to remember the succession of events. There is a probability also that some important point which may suggest itself during the writing, cannot then be ascertained by reference to experiment, because of its occurrence to the mind at too late a period.\nThis manual documentation of results has continued as such up until the past few decades, when the information age began to bring computational data analysis, storage, and management to laboratories in the form of electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs)[6][7][8] and laboratory information management systems (LIMS)[9]. The adoption and further development of these and other laboratory informatics systems have made many of the difficulties Faraday mentioned largely forgotten, particularly when good data management practices are put into place.[10] But with these advances come other concerns, including the amount of data being produced in many laboratories (big data)[11] and how research data is being shared (or the lack of sharing thereof).[12]\n\n1.1.6 Summing it up \nWhen we combine what we've noted of these five categories, we better understand what makes up a laboratory. It exists to conduct one or more functions: analysis, calibration, research\/design, quality analysis\/control (QA\/QC), and teaching. In other words, the laboratorians within the facility that houses the laboratory analyze clinical specimens or experimental samples; verify and calibrate laboratory instruments; conduct research and\/or design new products; gauge and help enforce quality standards; and train future generations of laboratorians. These functions couldn't be performed effectively without appropriately designed facilities, proper instruments, and sufficient consumables. And of course, these functions (as well as the ancillary business and management activities) of a lab produce raw data, which must be analyzed, stored, and distributed in a secure and efficient manner. The end result? Well, that becomes more obvious when we start looking at laboratories' benefits, where those labs are located, and how they operate.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Faraday, M. (1831). \"Chemical Manipulation\". In Mitchell, J.K. Carey and Lea. pp. 689. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=L34IAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 Turner, G. L'E. (1983). Nineteenth-Century Scientific Instruments. University of California Press. pp. 320. ISBN 9780520051607. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FaAYfJYVNXQC&printsec=frontcover .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"The Laboratory in Modern Science\". Mechanics (David Williams) 5 (120): 290. 19 April 1884. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yAZHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Filosa, A. (15 September 2014). \"Managing Laboratory Consumables\". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. https:\/\/www.genengnews.com\/resources\/managing-laboratory-consumables\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rose, S. (November 2014). \"The critical role of laboratory consumables\". SATRA Bulletin. SATRA Technology Centre. p. 44. https:\/\/www.satra.com\/bulletin\/article.php?id=1346 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Matthews, Marge, ed. (1993). \"Meeting Program Division of Chemical Education\". Chemical Information Bulletin, A Publication of the Division of Chemical Information of the ACS (University of North Texas Digital Library) 45 (3): 64. https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc5647\/m1\/48\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Matthews, M., ed. (1993). \"Meeting Program Division of Chemical Education\". Chemical Information Bulletin, A Publication of the Division of Chemical Information of the ACS (University of North Texas Digital Library) 45 (3): 46. https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc5647\/m1\/48\/ . Retrieved 28 June 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Borman, S. (1994). \"Electronic Laboratory Notebooks May Revolutionize Research Record Keeping\". Chemical Engineering News 72 (21): 10\u201320. doi:10.1021\/cen-v072n021.p010.   \n \n\n\u2191 Gibbon, G.A. (1996). \"A brief history of LIMS\". Laboratory Automation and Information Management 32 (1): 1\u20135. doi:10.1016\/1381-141X(95)00024-K.   \n \n\n\u2191 Michener, W.K. (2015). \"Ten Simple Rules for Creating a Good Data Management Plan\". PLOS Computational Biology 11 (10): e1004525. doi:10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004525. PMC PMC4619636. PMID 26492633. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4619636 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Tolan, N.V.; Parnas, M.L.; Baudhuin, L.M. et al. (2015). \"\"Big Data\" in Laboratory Medicine\". Clinical Chemistry 61 (12): 1433\u201340. doi:10.1373\/clinchem.2015.248591. PMID 26487761.   \n \n\n\u2191 Rowhani-Farid, A.; Allen, M.; Barnett, A.G. (2017). \"What incentives increase data sharing in health and medical research? A systematic review\". Research Integrity and Peer Review 2: 4. doi:10.1186\/s41073-017-0028-9.   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:17.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 5 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","c7b05dd8306949133fbf97c9c4e33895_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Laboratories_A_historical_perspective_What_is_a_laboratory rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Laboratories_A_historical_perspective_What_is_a_laboratory skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Laboratories: A historical perspective\/What is a laboratory?<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1._Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\">1. Laboratories: A historical perspective<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:202px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:IPhone_Internals.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"658b5e8037e99a2eb2427e7628410f8e\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/72\/IPhone_Internals.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" class=\"thumbimage\" \/><\/a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:IPhone_Internals.jpg\" class=\"internal wiki-link\" title=\"Enlarge\" data-key=\"658b5e8037e99a2eb2427e7628410f8e\"><\/a><\/div>What laboratory-based research went into the development of this iPhone?<\/div><\/div><\/div><p>Take note of your surroundings. If you're indoors, what objects are nearby? If you're outdoors, what objects are on your person? Are you in a vehicle such as an automobile, bus, or airplane? Are you using a mobile phone, desktop computer, tablet, or laptop? What of the clothes you wear, the food you eat, and the water you drink? \n<\/p><p>What do all these things have in common? A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratory<\/a> was likely involved at some point beforehand.\n<\/p><p>For some this will be an obvious but uninteresting point. \"Why should I care that a laboratory was somehow involved in a product's creation?\" some may ask. For others the association isn't as obvious. \"How is a laboratory involved with the ink pen on my desk or water I drink?\"\n<\/p><p>Both of these questions are valid and productive, particularly to the inquisitive mind. To the first, we could simply reply with something about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_assurance\" title=\"Quality assurance\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2ede4490f0ea707b14456f44439c0984\">quality assurance<\/a>, safety, and more efficient design regarding the items we interact with on a daily basis. But it's a bit more complicated than that. And so is the reply to the second question: it's more than just research and design (R&D) or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1e0e0c2eb3e45aff02f5d61799821f0f\">quality control<\/a>. \n<\/p><p>Laboratories play an integral role in modern life, ubiquitous and often unseen by the average person. They improve quality of life, act as hotbeds of discovery, and help us make sense of our universe, particularly in the capable hands of the tens of thousands of professionals who work in them. But the laboratory as we know it today is actually a relatively new concept. It wasn't always as sectionally organized, well staffed, and well equipped. To gain a better sense of how common the laboratory is to our lives, we must first briefly look at the past history of laboratory research and how it developed from a philosophical and more selfish endeavor to one more focused on analysis and the benefits to society. This will help give perspective about <i>why<\/i> laboratories are important to modern life.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-1.1_What_is_a_laboratory?\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.1_What_is_a_laboratory.3F\">1.1 What is a laboratory?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Even when we go back in time nearly two centuries, we discover that the \"essentials and requisites of a laboratory\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FaradayChemical1831-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014i.e., what makes a laboratory a laboratory\u2014today practically mirror those of long ago. (This history is discussed later in this chapter.) These \"essentials and requisites,\" as notable scientist Michel Faraday referred to them in the 1831 second edition of his book <i>Chemical Manipulation<\/i> (though note that the word \"scientist\" didn't appear until three years later, when Cambridge philosopher William Whewell coined it as \"the name for a new way of earning a living\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TurnerNineteenth83_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TurnerNineteenth83-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>), can under a modern context be broken down into five categories:\n<\/p>\n<ol><li>skilled, knowledgeable people<\/li>\n<li>facilities<\/li>\n<li>equipment and instrumentation<\/li>\n<li>consumables<\/li>\n<li>experiment\/test data and its management<\/li><\/ol>\n<p>Let's examine these five categories through both the eyes of Faraday and of what we know today about how a laboratory functions.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"rdp-ebb-1.1.1_Skilled,_knowledgeable_people\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.1.1_Skilled.2C_knowledgeable_people\">1.1.1 Skilled, knowledgeable people<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The idea of having multiple people assisting with lab experiments was still in its infancy during Faraday\u2019s early work life; in his book <i>Chemical Manipulation<\/i> he refers to having help in the lab as \"[t]hose persons whose fortunes enable them to have an assistant operator, on whose accuracy and intelligence they can depend.\" (p. 580)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FaradayChemical1831-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Regardless, he fully recognized the importance of proper instruction for the people who worked in a laboratory, emphasizing it not only in the preface but throughout the book. In essence, he was saying knowledgeable people were necessary, without which the march of scientific discovery wouldn't move forward. It wasn't until decades later, following by example of Germany, that the belief \"[a] laboratory without this working force cannot do much for the promotion of science\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MechanicsTheLab1884-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> gained broader recognition.\n<\/p><p>Today we see how having skilled, knowledgeable people in the laboratory setting proves vital. Secondary and higher education institutions still act as important disseminators of scientific knowledge for those who will go on to work within the confines of laboratories of all types. And when gaps are identified in the professional knowledge base, professional organizations and standards developers help pick up the slack with draft guidance, standards, and educational outreach. In the end, we quickly realize that no amount of fancy instruments and exotic experiments will move the intangible bar of scientific progress forward without the properly trained people to use and conduct them.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.1.2_Facilities\">1.1.2 Facilities<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>What is a laboratory if not a location, specially designed to perform experiments and analysis? Faraday noted the following about the laboratory as a facility in 1831 (p. 17)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FaradayChemical1831-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>As the Laboratory is a spot where every chemist will pass a great portion of his time, it is natural that its arrangement and furniture should at first claim much of his attention; for being the place peculiarly fitted up for the performance of chemical experiments, fitness for that purpose must have material influence over the facilities required for those practical exercises, which by their results are so important in the formation and correction of his opinions.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Faraday shortly after described the placement and design needs of a laboratory, emphasizing sufficient space and lighting, though from a nineteenth-century point-of-view. From a modern viewpoint, these same aspects are emphasized, plus many more factors buttressed by nearly 200 more years of design experience. In fact, design considerations for laboratory facilities are so important that in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/LII:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_in_our_lives\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"LII:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/A framework for the laboratories in our lives\" data-key=\"7bf44f5420068ad8aab31767add9e660\">the next chapter<\/a> we discuss how modern design theory for laboratories plays an important role in creating a framework to better understand where labs fit into our lives. Funny that: by way of study of a lab's architectural design we arrive at both the practical activities of a laboratory and the semi-abstract placement it holds within society.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.1.3_Equipment_and_instrumentation\">1.1.3 Equipment and instrumentation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>In his book, Faraday pays reverence to the instrument and the vital nature of \"the clear comprehension of the manner of using it\" (p. 31)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FaradayChemical1831-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> while noting in passing that the \"correction and construction of an instrument\" should be left to the \"workman.\" (This was a way of saying \"I'm focusing more on explaining to the reader how to use the instrument; I'll leave the construction and calibration of it to the experts.\") \n<\/p><p>In his day, the balance was essential to the laboratory, as were hydrometers, thermometers, and graduated cylinders. The \"electrical revolution\" of the second half of the nineteenth century brought even more instrumentation that \"changed the whole way of life of western Europe and North America by universalizing a science-based technology.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TurnerNineteenth83_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TurnerNineteenth83-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Today those same instruments are in use in laboratories, plus a multitude more that he likely could never have imagined, including and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/High-performance_liquid_chromatography\" title=\"High-performance liquid chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"dc274e995eb18113903eebaef69c0cf9\">high-performance liquid chromatography<\/a> (HPLC) instruments. And just like people, instrumentation and equipment is just as vital to the laboratory; skilled laboratory scientists won't be able to analyze <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Sample_(material)\" title=\"Sample (material)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7f8cd41a077a88d02370c02a3ba3d9d6\">samples<\/a>\/specimens or conduct experiments in an empty facility. Like any job, the appropriate tools make it easier to do.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.1.4_Consumables\">1.1.4 Consumables<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Faraday didn't speak of consumables\u2014items meant to be used up and replaced\u2014broadly in his laboratory treatise, but he recognized certain consumable substances need to be present and well stocked. \"Distilled water must be included among the chemist's requisites; and so much advantage is gained by its abundant supply, that any accessible source should be eagerly sought,\" he noted. (pp. 27\u201328)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FaradayChemical1831-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> He spoke similarly of solvents and other chemicals and test substances, vital in placement and sufficient quantity for conducting chemical experiments. \n<\/p><p>Today the definition of \"laboratory consumables\" has most certainly expanded beyond the elements, minerals, solvents, etc. of Faraday's time. Managing consumables can become costly, too. In 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 30-plus labs spent more than $7 million a year on supplies and consumables, utilizing more than 800 vendors, prompting them to put into place high-level oversight to better monitor use and cost.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FilosaManaging14_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FilosaManaging14-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Consumables even pop up in unexpected places, e.g., dry labs such as footwear R&D labs depend on consumables such as rubber, cloth, and fabric.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RoseTheCrit14_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RoseTheCrit14-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"rdp-ebb-1.1.5_Experiment\/test_data_and_its_management\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.1.5_Experiment.2Ftest_data_and_its_management\">1.1.5 Experiment\/test data and its management<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Why does a laboratory exist in the first place? We get into that topic more in the next chapter, where we discuss the functions of a laboratory, which most typically include analysis, calibration, research\/design, quality analysis\/control (QA\/QC), and teaching. But for now know that out of those functions always comes some sort of experimental or test data as well as ancillary <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Information\" title=\"Information\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6300a14d9c2776dcca0999b5ed940e7d\">information<\/a> related to it. Historically, these experiment and test results were manually documented in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"be60c7be96aba8e9a84537fd8835fa54\">laboratory notebooks<\/a>. We turn to Faraday in 1831 again for more historical perspective (p. 576)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FaradayChemical1831-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The laboratory note-book, intended to receive the account of the results of experiments, should always be at hand, as should also pen and ink. All the results worthy of record should be entered at the time the experiments are made, whilst the things themselves are under the eye, and can be re-examined if doubt or difficulty arise. The practice of delaying to note, until the end of a train of experiments, or to the conclusion of the day, is a bad one, as it then becomes difficult accurately to remember the succession of events. There is a probability also that some important point which may suggest itself during the writing, cannot then be ascertained by reference to experiment, because of its occurrence to the mind at too late a period.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This manual documentation of results has continued as such up until the past few decades, when the information age began to bring computational data analysis, storage, and management to laboratories in the form of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Electronic_laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Electronic laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a9fbbd5e0807980106763fab31f1e72f\">electronic laboratory notebooks<\/a> (ELNs)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EarlyELN_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EarlyELN-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMattChemEd_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMattChemEd-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BormanELNRev_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BormanELNRev-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_information_management_system\" title=\"Laboratory information management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8ff56a51d34c9b1806fcebdcde634d00\">laboratory information management systems<\/a> (LIMS)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LIMSHistory_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LIMSHistory-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>. The adoption and further development of these and other <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_informatics\" title=\"Laboratory informatics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"00edfa43edcde538a695f6d429280301\">laboratory informatics<\/a> systems have made many of the difficulties Faraday mentioned largely forgotten, particularly when good data management practices are put into place.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MichenerTenSimple15_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MichenerTenSimple15-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> But with these advances come other concerns, including the amount of data being produced in many laboratories (big data)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TolanBigData15_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TolanBigData15-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> and how research data is being shared (or the lack of sharing thereof).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Rowhani-FaridWhat17_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rowhani-FaridWhat17-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.1.6_Summing_it_up\">1.1.6 Summing it up<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>When we combine what we've noted of these five categories, we better understand what makes up a laboratory. It exists to conduct one or more functions: analysis, calibration, research\/design, quality analysis\/control (QA\/QC), and teaching. In other words, the laboratorians within the facility that houses the laboratory analyze clinical specimens or experimental samples; verify and calibrate laboratory instruments; conduct research and\/or design new products; gauge and help enforce quality standards; and train future generations of laboratorians. These functions couldn't be performed effectively without appropriately designed facilities, proper instruments, and sufficient consumables. And of course, these functions (as well as the ancillary business and management activities) of a lab produce raw data, which must be analyzed, stored, and distributed in a secure and efficient manner. The end result? Well, that becomes more obvious when we start looking at laboratories' benefits, where those labs are located, and how they operate.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-FaradayChemical1831-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-4\">1.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FaradayChemical1831_1-5\">1.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Faraday, M. (1831). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=L34IAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chemical Manipulation\"<\/a>. In Mitchell, J.K. Carey and Lea. pp. 689<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=L34IAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=L34IAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chemical+Manipulation&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Faraday%2C+M.&rft.au=Faraday%2C+M.&rft.date=1831&rft.pages=pp.+689&rft.pub=Carey+and+Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL34IAAAAMAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TurnerNineteenth83-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-TurnerNineteenth83_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-TurnerNineteenth83_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Turner, G. L'E. (1983). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FaAYfJYVNXQC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Nineteenth-Century Scientific Instruments<\/i><\/a>. University of California Press. pp. 320. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780520051607<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FaAYfJYVNXQC&printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FaAYfJYVNXQC&printsec=frontcover<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Scientific+Instruments&rft.aulast=Turner%2C+G.+L%27E.&rft.au=Turner%2C+G.+L%27E.&rft.date=1983&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B320&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=9780520051607&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFaAYfJYVNXQC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MechanicsTheLab1884-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MechanicsTheLab1884_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yAZHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Laboratory in Modern Science\"<\/a>. <i>Mechanics<\/i> (David Williams) <b>5<\/b> (120): 290. 19 April 1884<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yAZHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yAZHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Laboratory+in+Modern+Science&rft.jtitle=Mechanics&rft.date=19+April+1884&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=David+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAZHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FilosaManaging14-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FilosaManaging14_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Filosa, A. (15 September 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.genengnews.com\/resources\/managing-laboratory-consumables\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Managing Laboratory Consumables\"<\/a>. <i>Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News<\/i>. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.genengnews.com\/resources\/managing-laboratory-consumables\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.genengnews.com\/resources\/managing-laboratory-consumables\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Managing+Laboratory+Consumables&rft.atitle=Genetic+Engineering+%26+Biotechnology+News&rft.aulast=Filosa%2C+A.&rft.au=Filosa%2C+A.&rft.date=15+September+2014&rft.pub=Mary+Ann+Liebert%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Fresources%2Fmanaging-laboratory-consumables%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RoseTheCrit14-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RoseTheCrit14_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rose, S. (November 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.satra.com\/bulletin\/article.php?id=1346\" target=\"_blank\">\"The critical role of laboratory consumables\"<\/a>. <i>SATRA Bulletin<\/i>. SATRA Technology Centre. p. 44<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.satra.com\/bulletin\/article.php?id=1346\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.satra.com\/bulletin\/article.php?id=1346<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 June 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+critical+role+of+laboratory+consumables&rft.atitle=SATRA+Bulletin&rft.aulast=Rose%2C+S.&rft.au=Rose%2C+S.&rft.date=November+2014&rft.pages=p.+44&rft.pub=SATRA+Technology+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.satra.com%2Fbulletin%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D1346&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EarlyELN-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EarlyELN_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Matthews, Marge, ed. (1993). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc5647\/m1\/48\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Meeting Program Division of Chemical Education\"<\/a>. <i>Chemical Information Bulletin, A Publication of the Division of Chemical Information of the ACS<\/i> (University of North Texas Digital Library) <b>45<\/b> (3): 64<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc5647\/m1\/48\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc5647\/m1\/48\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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(1996). \"A brief history of LIMS\". <i>Laboratory Automation and Information Management<\/i> <b>32<\/b> (1): 1\u20135. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2F1381-141X%2895%2900024-K\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/1381-141X(95)00024-K<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+LIMS&rft.jtitle=Laboratory+Automation+and+Information+Management&rft.aulast=Gibbon%2C+G.A.&rft.au=Gibbon%2C+G.A.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2F1381-141X%2895%2900024-K&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MichenerTenSimple15-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MichenerTenSimple15_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Michener, W.K. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4619636\" target=\"_blank\">\"Ten Simple Rules for Creating a Good Data Management Plan\"<\/a>. <i>PLOS Computational Biology<\/i> <b>11<\/b> (10): e1004525. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1004525\" target=\"_blank\">10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004525<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4619636\/\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4619636<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26492633\" target=\"_blank\">26492633<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4619636\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4619636<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ten+Simple+Rules+for+Creating+a+Good+Data+Management+Plan&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&rft.aulast=Michener%2C+W.K.&rft.au=Michener%2C+W.K.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e1004525&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1004525&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4619636&rft_id=info:pmid\/26492633&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC4619636&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TolanBigData15-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TolanBigData15_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Tolan, N.V.; Parnas, M.L.; Baudhuin, L.M. et al. (2015). \"\"Big Data\" in Laboratory Medicine\". <i>Clinical Chemistry<\/i> <b>61<\/b> (12): 1433\u201340. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1373%2Fclinchem.2015.248591\" target=\"_blank\">10.1373\/clinchem.2015.248591<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26487761\" target=\"_blank\">26487761<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Big+Data%22+in+Laboratory+Medicine&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Tolan%2C+N.V.%3B+Parnas%2C+M.L.%3B+Baudhuin%2C+L.M.+et+al.&rft.au=Tolan%2C+N.V.%3B+Parnas%2C+M.L.%3B+Baudhuin%2C+L.M.+et+al.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1433%E2%80%9340&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1373%2Fclinchem.2015.248591&rft_id=info:pmid\/26487761&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Rowhani-FaridWhat17-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Rowhani-FaridWhat17_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Rowhani-Farid, A.; Allen, M.; Barnett, A.G. (2017). \"What incentives increase data sharing in health and medical research? A systematic review\". <i>Research Integrity and Peer Review<\/i> <b>2<\/b>: 4. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs41073-017-0028-9\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s41073-017-0028-9<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+incentives+increase+data+sharing+in+health+and+medical+research%3F+A+systematic+review&rft.jtitle=Research+Integrity+and+Peer+Review&rft.aulast=Rowhani-Farid%2C+A.%3B+Allen%2C+M.%3B+Barnett%2C+A.G.&rft.au=Rowhani-Farid%2C+A.%3B+Allen%2C+M.%3B+Barnett%2C+A.G.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=4&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs41073-017-0028-9&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707231735\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.155 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.722 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8636\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 74349\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 19820\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 22217\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 123.413 1 -total\n 89.11% 109.968 1 Template:Reflist\n 64.05% 79.040 12 Template:Citation\/core\n 39.82% 49.145 8 Template:Cite_journal\n 23.30% 28.750 3 Template:Cite_web\n 13.98% 17.253 1 Template:Cite_book\n 10.83% 13.366 1 Template:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory?\n 9.31% 11.495 9 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 6.73% 8.303 3 Template:Date\n 4.49% 5.539 14 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13425-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707231734 and revision id 48514. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","c7b05dd8306949133fbf97c9c4e33895_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/72\/IPhone_Internals.jpg"],"c7b05dd8306949133fbf97c9c4e33895_timestamp":1657236871,"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8_type":"article","62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8_title":"Introduction","62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8_url":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction","62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8_plaintext":"\n\nBook:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/IntroductionFrom LIMSWikiJump to navigationJump to search\nTitle: The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\nEdition: Second edition\nAuthor for citation: Shawn E. Douglas\nLicense for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International\nPublication date: July 2022\n\r\n\nWhen asked to think about a laboratory and what it does, many people think of the clinical lab where their blood is drawn, or even the \"mad scientist's\" laboratory, with sundry bubbling vessels. But there is much more to the laboratory than blood and cauldrons. In fact, a laboratory appears in common and unexpected places in society, affecting practically everything in our lives. This guide takes a look at the laboratories that up-front\u2014and more often, behind-the-scenes\u2014intersect our lives on a daily basis. This guide includes laboratory history, an evaluative and contextual framework for understanding laboratories' roles in our lives, analysis of 20 different industry lab types, and closing discussion and remarks.\nThis second edition, among other things, updates a number of statistics, adds additional historical context since it was written, and reorganizes the structure to be more consistent with current LIMSwiki guides. The framework itself, found in Chapter 2, was also tweaked slightly to be more consistent and make the wording about the various divisions clearer. Additional background was added to some of the industries where relevant, including in the informatics sections. All references and resources in the guide were also refreshed for this update, including the addition of a link to an industry-specific category page of LIMS options for each industry.\nThe table of contents for The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere! is as follows: \n\r\n\n1. Laboratories: A historical perspective\n\n1.1 What is a laboratory?\n1.1.1 Skilled, knowledgeable people\n1.1.2 Facilities\n1.1.3 Equipment and instrumentation\n1.1.4 Consumables\n1.1.5 Experiment\/test data and its management\n1.1.6 Summing it up<\/dd>\n1.2 Origins of the laboratory\n1.3 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century laboratories\n1.4 Modern laboratories and their importance\n2. A framework for the laboratories of our lives\n\n2.1 A proposed framework for organizing laboratories\n3. Labs by industry: Part 1\n\n3.1 Agriculture and forestry\n3.1.1 Client types\n3.1.2 Functions\n3.1.3 Informatics in the agriculture and forestry industry\n3.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n3.2 Automotive, aerospace, and marine\n3.2.1 Client types\n3.2.2 Functions\n3.2.3 Informatics in the automotive, aerospace, and marine industry\n3.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n3.3 Calibration and standards\n3.3.1 Client types\n3.3.2 Functions\n3.3.3 Informatics in the calibration industry\n3.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n3.4 Chemical\n3.4.1 Client types\n3.4.2 Functions\n3.4.3 Informatics in the chemical industry\n3.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n3.5 Clinical, public and private\n3.5.1 Client types\n3.5.2 Functions\n3.5.3 Informatics in the clinical industry\n3.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n4. Labs by industry: Part 2\n\n4.1 Clinical and academic research\n4.1.1 Client types\n4.1.2 Functions\n4.1.3 Informatics in the clinical and academic research industry\n4.1.4 LIMSwiki resources further reading<\/dd>\n4.2 Cosmetic\n4.2.1 Client types\n4.2.2 Functions\n4.2.3 Informatics in the cosmetics industry\n4.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n4.3 Energy\n4.3.1 Client types\n4.3.2 Functions\n4.3.3 Informatics in the energy industry\n4.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n4.4 Environmental\n4.4.1 Client types\n4.4.2 Functions\n4.4.3 Informatics in the environmental industry\n4.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n4.5 Food and beverage\n4.5.1 Client types\n4.5.2 Functions\n4.5.3 Informatics in the food and beverage industry\n4.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n5. Labs by industry: Part 3\n\n5.1 Geology and mining\n5.1.1 Client types\n5.1.2 Functions\n5.1.3 Informatics in the geology and mining industry\n5.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n5.2 Law enforcement and forensics\n5.2.1 Client types\n5.2.2 Functions\n5.2.3 Informatics in the law enforcement and forensics industry\n5.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n5.3 Life sciences and biotechnology\n5.3.1 Client types\n5.3.2 Functions\n5.3.3 Informatics in the life sciences and biotechnology industry\n5.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n5.4 Logistics\n5.4.1 Client types\n5.4.2 Functions\n5.4.3 Informatics in the logistics industry\n5.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n5.5 Manufacturing and R&D\n5.5.1 Client types\n5.5.2 Functions\n5.5.3 Informatics in the manufacturing and R&D industry\n5.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n6. Labs by industry: Part 4\n\n6.1 Nanotechnology\n6.1.1 Client types\n6.1.2 Functions\n6.1.3 Informatics in the nanotechnology industry\n6.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n6.2 Petrochemical and hydrocarbon\n6.2.1 Client types\n6.2.2 Functions\n6.2.3 Informatics in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon industry\n6.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n6.3 Pharmaceutical\n6.3.1 Client types\n6.3.2 Functions\n6.3.3 Informatics in the pharmaceutical industry\n6.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n6.4 Power and utility\n6.4.1 Client types\n6.4.2 Functions\n6.4.3 Informatics in the power and utility industry\n6.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\n6.5 Veterinary\n6.5.1 Client types\n6.5.2 Functions\n6.5.3 Informatics in the veterinary industry\n6.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd>\nDiscussion and closing remarks\n\n7.1 Discussion\n7.2 Closing remarks\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inRequest accountNavigationMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp about MediaWikiSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationSponsors \r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n \n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n \n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\n\n\t\r\nPrint\/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFDownload as PDFDownload as Plain textPrintable version This page was last edited on 7 July 2022, at 23:05.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.This page has been accessed 4 times.Privacy policyAbout LIMSWikiDisclaimers\n\n\n\n","62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-208 ns-subject page-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Introduction rootpage-Book_The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives_Labs_Labs_Everywhere_Introduction skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Introduction<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/File:Continental_Carbon_Company_(10429000336).jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"79d2d7f1c8640809254a5f1636ecde69\"><img alt=\"Continental Carbon Company (10429000336).jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/Continental_Carbon_Company_%2810429000336%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><b>Title<\/b>: <i>The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Edition<\/b>: Second edition\n<\/p><p><b>Author for citation<\/b>: Shawn E. Douglas\n<\/p><p><b>License for content<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International<\/a>\n<\/p><p><b>Publication date<\/b>: July 2022\n<\/p><p><br \/>\nWhen asked to think about a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c57fc5aac9e4abf31dccae81df664c33\">laboratory<\/a> and what it does, many people think of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Clinical_lab\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Clinical lab\" data-key=\"4f3c685a9aa7bc9c588f658841ec1180\">clinical lab<\/a> where their blood is drawn, or even the \"mad scientist's\" laboratory, with sundry bubbling vessels. But there is much more to the laboratory than blood and cauldrons. In fact, a laboratory appears in common and unexpected places in society, affecting practically everything in our lives. This guide takes a look at the laboratories that up-front\u2014and more often, behind-the-scenes\u2014intersect our lives on a daily basis. This guide includes laboratory history, an evaluative and contextual framework for understanding laboratories' roles in our lives, analysis of 20 different industry lab types, and closing discussion and remarks.\n<\/p><p>This second edition, among other things, updates a number of statistics, adds additional historical context since it was written, and reorganizes the structure to be more consistent with current LIMSwiki guides. The framework itself, found in Chapter 2, was also tweaked slightly to be more consistent and make the wording about the various divisions clearer. Additional background was added to some of the industries where relevant, including in the informatics sections. All references and resources in the guide were also refreshed for this update, including the addition of a link to an industry-specific category page of LIMS options for each industry.\n<\/p><p>The table of contents for <i>The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!<\/i> is as follows: \n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Laboratories: A historical perspective\/What is a laboratory?\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c7b05dd8306949133fbf97c9c4e33895\">1. Laboratories: A historical perspective<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>1.1 What is a laboratory?\n<dl><dd>1.1.1 Skilled, knowledgeable people<\/dd>\n<dd>1.1.2 Facilities<\/dd>\n<dd>1.1.3 Equipment and instrumentation<\/dd>\n<dd>1.1.4 Consumables<\/dd>\n<dd>1.1.5 Experiment\/test data and its management<\/dd>\n<dd>1.1.6 Summing it up<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>1.2 Origins of the laboratory<\/dd>\n<dd>1.3 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century laboratories<\/dd>\n<dd>1.4 Modern laboratories and their importance<\/dd><\/dl>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/A framework for the laboratories of our lives\/A proposed framework for organizing laboratories\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"abcfa5ad95aca2c070a0eec3410d5016\">2. A framework for the laboratories of our lives<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>2.1 A proposed framework for organizing laboratories<\/dd><\/dl>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 1\/Agriculture and forestry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d73fa788ef73bdf9a4be03d56500a8ef\">3. Labs by industry: Part 1<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>3.1 Agriculture and forestry\n<dl><dd>3.1.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>3.1.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>3.1.3 Informatics in the agriculture and forestry industry<\/dd>\n<dd>3.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>3.2 Automotive, aerospace, and marine\n<dl><dd>3.2.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>3.2.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>3.2.3 Informatics in the automotive, aerospace, and marine industry<\/dd>\n<dd>3.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>3.3 Calibration and standards\n<dl><dd>3.3.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>3.3.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>3.3.3 Informatics in the calibration industry<\/dd>\n<dd>3.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>3.4 Chemical\n<dl><dd>3.4.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>3.4.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>3.4.3 Informatics in the chemical industry<\/dd>\n<dd>3.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>3.5 Clinical, public and private\n<dl><dd>3.5.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>3.5.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>3.5.3 Informatics in the clinical industry<\/dd>\n<dd>3.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 2\/Clinical and academic research\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"752fb072bc3f7fa68bd74fe93ef08e8d\">4. Labs by industry: Part 2<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>4.1 Clinical and academic research\n<dl><dd>4.1.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.3 Informatics in the clinical and academic research industry<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.4 LIMSwiki resources further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>4.2 Cosmetic\n<dl><dd>4.2.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.3 Informatics in the cosmetics industry<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>4.3 Energy\n<dl><dd>4.3.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.3 Informatics in the energy industry<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>4.4 Environmental\n<dl><dd>4.4.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>4.4.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>4.4.3 Informatics in the environmental industry<\/dd>\n<dd>4.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>4.5 Food and beverage\n<dl><dd>4.5.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>4.5.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>4.5.3 Informatics in the food and beverage industry<\/dd>\n<dd>4.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_3\/Geology_and_mining\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 3\/Geology and mining\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ae9810db33c91f00a5c77b13963715d6\">5. Labs by industry: Part 3<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>5.1 Geology and mining\n<dl><dd>5.1.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>5.1.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>5.1.3 Informatics in the geology and mining industry<\/dd>\n<dd>5.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>5.2 Law enforcement and forensics\n<dl><dd>5.2.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>5.2.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>5.2.3 Informatics in the law enforcement and forensics industry<\/dd>\n<dd>5.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>5.3 Life sciences and biotechnology\n<dl><dd>5.3.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>5.3.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>5.3.3 Informatics in the life sciences and biotechnology industry<\/dd>\n<dd>5.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>5.4 Logistics\n<dl><dd>5.4.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>5.4.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>5.4.3 Informatics in the logistics industry<\/dd>\n<dd>5.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>5.5 Manufacturing and R&D\n<dl><dd>5.5.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>5.5.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>5.5.3 Informatics in the manufacturing and R&D industry<\/dd>\n<dd>5.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_4\/Nanotechnology\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Labs by industry: Part 4\/Nanotechnology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ff4cad36b3231abc1385bf2d5d2cad49\">6. Labs by industry: Part 4<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>6.1 Nanotechnology\n<dl><dd>6.1.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>6.1.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>6.1.3 Informatics in the nanotechnology industry<\/dd>\n<dd>6.1.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>6.2 Petrochemical and hydrocarbon\n<dl><dd>6.2.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>6.2.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>6.2.3 Informatics in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon industry<\/dd>\n<dd>6.2.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>6.3 Pharmaceutical\n<dl><dd>6.3.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>6.3.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>6.3.3 Informatics in the pharmaceutical industry<\/dd>\n<dd>6.3.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>6.4 Power and utility\n<dl><dd>6.4.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>6.4.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>6.4.3 Informatics in the power and utility industry<\/dd>\n<dd>6.4.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>6.5 Veterinary\n<dl><dd>6.5.1 Client types<\/dd>\n<dd>6.5.2 Functions<\/dd>\n<dd>6.5.3 Informatics in the veterinary industry<\/dd>\n<dd>6.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Discussion_and_closing_remarks\/Discussion\" title=\"Book:The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!\/Discussion and closing remarks\/Discussion\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e6a57daf63961e38b1fe76ee7bae5f43\">Discussion and closing remarks<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>7.1 Discussion<\/dd>\n<dd>7.2 Closing remarks<\/dd><\/dl>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220707233251\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.015 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.053 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 1\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 1\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 0\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 0.000 1 -total\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key limswiki:pcache:idhash:13424-0!canonical and timestamp 20220707233251 and revision id 48512. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction\">https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/body>","62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/Continental_Carbon_Company_%2810429000336%29.jpg"],"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8_timestamp":1657236871,"816bc5ee048c8669f9d42b30425606b4":{"type":"chapter","title":"About this book","key":"816bc5ee048c8669f9d42b30425606b4"}},"link":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!","price_currency":"","price_amount":"","book_size":"","download_url":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com?ebb_action=book_download&book_id=78542","language":"","cta_button_content":"","toc":[{"type":"chapter","name":"About this book","id":"816bc5ee048c8669f9d42b30425606b4","children":[{"type":"article","name":"Introduction","id":"62e818727d2442f615322ce29b352ad8","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Introduction"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"1. Laboratories: A historical perspective","id":"986c457c107450b5e7188dc20f48ec54","children":[{"type":"article","name":"1.1 What is a laboratory?","id":"c7b05dd8306949133fbf97c9c4e33895","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/What_is_a_laboratory%3F"},{"type":"article","name":"1.2 Origins of the laboratory","id":"a804ebce573d4b6ad4de78660f5042d9","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Origins_of_the_laboratory"},{"type":"article","name":"1.3 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century laboratories","id":"2fb3f0e368683cfe4ae3cb88d32edee7","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Eighteenth-_and_nineteenth-century_laboratories"},{"type":"article","name":"1.4 Modern laboratories and their importance","id":"6792ceda5be42192bbcd522d99591619","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Laboratories:_A_historical_perspective\/Modern_laboratories_and_their_importance"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"2. A framework for the laboratories of our lives","id":"f4aaef601d4bfc856099a628f1a1d032","children":[{"type":"article","name":"2.1 A proposed framework for organizing laboratories","id":"abcfa5ad95aca2c070a0eec3410d5016","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/A_framework_for_the_laboratories_of_our_lives\/A_proposed_framework_for_organizing_laboratories"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"3. Labs by industry: Part 1","id":"a2b33c4a4460979df1637a9abceb90cb","children":[{"type":"article","name":"3.1 Agriculture and forestry","id":"d73fa788ef73bdf9a4be03d56500a8ef","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Agriculture_and_forestry"},{"type":"article","name":"3.2 Automotive, aerospace, and marine","id":"64406ed4912d6ca45c5c2b6453deed6e","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Automotive,_aerospace,_and_marine"},{"type":"article","name":"3.3 Calibration and standards","id":"cf4433328053e3622b3b250de45626b3","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Calibration_and_standards"},{"type":"article","name":"3.4 Chemical","id":"5f248965a3be6254ba6f3705f74d98b4","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Chemical"},{"type":"article","name":"3.5 Clinical, public and private","id":"17b9558a4444db8a1efc245c31bc7a81","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_1\/Clinical,_public_and_private"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"4. Labs by industry: Part 2","id":"565a5951d755b0ac3d3c12a40124a05e","children":[{"type":"article","name":"4.1 Clinical and academic research","id":"752fb072bc3f7fa68bd74fe93ef08e8d","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Clinical_and_academic_research"},{"type":"article","name":"4.2 Cosmetic","id":"825e6f7857557fdc550688705626a2ed","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Cosmetic"},{"type":"article","name":"4.3 Energy","id":"182c96858f2d659bf0bf4ed79879552a","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Energy"},{"type":"article","name":"4.4 Environmental","id":"519097a2364fab56b010a5495bab1f5c","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Environmental"},{"type":"article","name":"4.5 Food and beverage","id":"c2742ba810b5560fa5752db2651a76d7","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Book:The_Laboratories_of_Our_Lives:_Labs,_Labs_Everywhere!\/Labs_by_industry:_Part_2\/Food_and_beverage"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"5. 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