{"ID":89631,"post_author":"26","post_date":"2020-03-26 17:12:27","post_date_gmt":"2020-03-26 21:12:27","post_content":"This guide provides an in-depth discussion of the ever-changing status of the regulation of the\u00a0<i>Cannabis <\/i>plant in the United States (and other parts of the world), as well as the industries surrounding it, including\u00a0laboratory\u00a0testing. It also addresses history, regulations, and standards as well as the chemical properties of cannabis and the laboratory methods used to define them. Additionally, the guide examines the equipment, software, and reporting of testing labs; provides future-looking trends and guidance both nationally and internationally; and offers a full directory of resources associated with cannabis\u00a0regulation and testing.","post_title":"Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"past-present-and-future-of-cannabis-laboratory-testing-and-regulation-in-the-united-states","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-08-10 10:09:07","post_modified_gmt":"2022-08-10 14:09:07","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/?post_type=ebook&p=89631","menu_order":0,"post_type":"ebook","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"","_ebook_metadata":{"enabled":"on","private":"0","guid":"0320699D-F704-4BC8-B3D5-F83450339ECA","title":"Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States","subtitle":"Fourth Edition","cover_theme":"nico_6","cover_image":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/rdp-ebook-builder\/pl\/cover.php?cover_style=nico_6&subtitle=Fourth+Edition&editor=Shawn+Douglas&title=Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+Cannabis+Laboratory+Testing+and+Regulation+in+the+United+States&title_image=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.limsforum.com%2Fwww.limsforum.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FMy_420_Tours_guide-1-scaled.jpg&publisher=LabLynx+Press","editor":"Shawn Douglas","publisher":"LabLynx Press","author_id":"26","image_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/images\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg\/600px-Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg.png","items":{"b1b3d688b0a303a28955a2d498ef5f5c_type":"article","b1b3d688b0a303a28955a2d498ef5f5c_title":"6.9 Testing labs and pricing info - Canada, United States, and Mexico","b1b3d688b0a303a28955a2d498ef5f5c_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info","b1b3d688b0a303a28955a2d498ef5f5c_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Testing labs and pricing infoFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchContents \n\n1 6.9 Testing labs and pricing info \n\n1.1 6.9.1 Canada \n1.2 6.9.2 United States \n1.3 6.9.3 Mexico \n\n\n2 References \n3 Citation information for this chapter \n\n\n\n6.9 Testing labs and pricing info \n6.9.1 Canada \nThe following are licensed cannabis testing labs, as reported by Health Canada.[1] Note that some of these laboratories are not stand-alone laboratories accepting samples but rather in-house labs testing for R&D or manufacturing programs.\n\r\n\nAlberta\n\n2253500 Alberta, Inc.\nBio-Chem Consulting Services (1980) Ltd.\nBlue Sky Analytical Labs Ltd.\nCaro Analytical Services Ltd.\nDrug Development and Innovation Centre\nInnoTech Alberta, Inc.\nIntertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.\nKeystone Labs, Inc.\nLabs-Mart, Inc.\nOlds Softgels, Inc.\nPBR Laboratories, Inc.\nQuality Analytical Services Ltd.\nRadient Technologies, Inc.\n\r\n\nBritish Columbia\n\nAnalytical Core for Metabolomics and Nutrition\nAvalite Sciences, Inc.\nCanvas Labs Ltd.\nCaro Analytical Services Ltd.\nCentre for Applied Research and Innovation\nChemia Analytics, Inc.\nDelic Labs, Inc.\nDrug Analysis Service\nHalo Analytics, Inc.\nInnovate Phytoceuticals, Inc.\nISURA\nLabs-Mart, Inc.\nM.B. Laboratories Ltd.\nPeak Wellness Ltd.\nProgenyBio Agricultural Services, Inc.\nPura Analytical Labs, Inc.\nSalvation Botanicals Ltd.\nSGS Canada, Inc.\nSilliker Canada Co. Ltd.\nSupra Research and Development, Inc.\nTeewinot Laboratories, Inc.\nValens Agritech Ltd.\nVSSL Enterprises Ltd.\nWhistler Therapeutics Corporation\nWillow Analytics, Inc.\nZenalytic Laboratories Ltd.\n\r\n\nManitoba\n\nBioScision Pharma, Inc.\nGenvion Corporation\nSafeMed Canada Corp.\nTeewinot Laboratories, Inc.\n\r\n\nNew Brunswick\n\nC-Therm Technologies Ltd.\nNew Brunswick Research and Productivity Council\n\r\n\nNewfoundland\n\nNone\n\r\n\nNova Scotia\n\nPerennia Food and Agriculture, Inc.\n\r\n\nOntario\n\nA&L Canada Laboratories, Inc.\nAbide, Inc.\nAccuchek Labs, Inc.\nActivation Laboratories Ltd.\nApplied Research Centre for Natural Products and Medical Cannabis\nARA-Avanti Rx Analytics, Inc.\nCanadian Clinical Cannabinoids, Inc.\nCannalabs Science, Inc.\nCREM Co, Inc.\nDalton Chemical Laboratories, Inc.\nDiaSYS, Inc.\nDiteba Laboratories, Inc.\nDow Testing Services, Inc.\nDrug Analysis Service\nEurofins Experchem Laboratories, Inc.\nFume Labs, Inc.\nHigh North, Inc.\nIntervivo Solutions, Inc.\nLabs-Mart, Inc.\nLoyalist College of Applied Arts and Technology\nMedical Plants Canada, Inc.\nMold & Bacteria Consulting Laboratories, Inc.\nMolecular Science Labs Corp.\nNordion (Canada), Inc.\nOntario Water Testing Centre, Inc.\nPharma Medica Research, Inc.\nPPB Analytical, Inc.\nReena Group of Companies, Inc.\nSGS Canada, Inc.\nSigma Analytical Services, Inc.\nSynfine Research Limited\nSynHiTech, Inc.\nThe Vimy Ridge Group Ltd.\nTranspharm Canada, Inc.\nTweed, Inc.\nVivariant Laboratories, Inc.\nWyndham Forensic Group, Inc.\nZollaris Laboratories Corporation\n\r\n\nPrince Edward Island\n\nDosecann LD, Inc.\nFTC Contractor Enterprises Ltd.\n\r\n\nQuebec\n\nABICH, Inc.\nAGAT Laboratories Ltd.\nAltasciences Company, Inc.\nC-CREST Laboratories, Inc.\nDrug Analysis Service\nEurofins Environment Testing Canada, Inc.\nExka, Inc.\nLaboratoire InoVert, Inc.\nLaboratoire PhytoChemia, Inc.\nLaboVal, Inc.\nMS Pharma, Inc.\nNeopharm Labs, Inc.\nNordion (Canada), Inc.\nPathogenia, Inc.\nPharmascience, Inc.\nSyneos Health Clinique, Inc.\n\r\n\nSaskatchewan\n\nIntertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.\nMed-Life Discoveries LP\nSaskatchewan Research Council\nZYUS Life Sciences, Inc.\n\r\n\nYukon\n\nNone\n\r\n\n\n6.9.2 United States \nThe prevalence of testing laboratories in any given state depends on a few factors: legalization status, state laws regarding testing, and strictness of regulations. Labs typically appear as stand-alone, third-party entities. Though not common, some testing laboratories are located within dispensaries (e.g., Champlain Valley Dispensary in Vermont[2]) and treatment centers (e.g., Sanctuary ATC in New Hampshire.[3]).\nThe following are known active cannabis testing labs (those currently in the licensing process are not included):\n\r\n\nAlabama\nAs of July 2022, the state is still in the process of finalizing rules and regulations for its program.\n\r\n\nAlaska\n\nCannTest, LLC\nFairbanks Analytical Testing, LLC\nLand & Seas Laboratory, LLC\nSoutheast Alaska Laboratories, LLC\n\r\n\nArizona:\n\nApollo Labs, LLC\nAZ Laboratories, LLC\nBlack Labs, LLC\nC4 Laboratories, LLC\nDelta Verde Laboratory, LLC\nDesert Valley Testing, LLC\nGreen Scientific Labs AZ, LLC\nHighgrade Labs of Arizona, LLC\nInter-Ag Services, Inc.\nKanna-Bosm Labs, LLC\nKaycha Holdings, LLC\nL1 Management, LLC\nLegend Technical Services, Inc.\nMotzz Laboratory, Inc.\nOnPoint Laboratories, LLC\nPAL Arizona, LLC\nPure Labs, LLC\nSaguaro Testing, LLC\nSV Labs, LLC\nTitan Laboratories Tucson, LLC\nTree House Labs, LLC\n\r\n\nArkansas:\n\nArcanna Analytics, LLC\nFelling Analytical Services and Technology, LLC\nMarygold Laboratories, LLC\nSteep Hill, Inc.\n\r\n\nCalifornia:\n\n2 River Labs, Inc.\n8 Lane Investments, Inc.\nAdvanced Analytical Labs, Inc.\nAnresco, Inc.\nBelCosta Labs Long Beach, LLC\nBiocann Laboratories, LLC\nBrightside Scientific, Inc.\nCalifornia Cannabis Testing Labs, Inc.\nCaligreen Laboratory, Inc.\nCanMedLabs, LLC\nCB Labs Management, LLC\nCertified Ag Labs, LLC\nCMB Squared, Inc.\nConfidence Analytics CA, LLC\nConsumer Safety Analytics, LLC\nCoverton Labs, LLC\nCWAL, Inc.\nEncore Labs, LLC\nExcelbis Labs, LLC\nGL Labs Lompoc, LLC\nGreen Leaf Lab, LLC\nHarrens Lab, Inc.\nHK Holding, LLC\nInfinite Chemical Analysis Labs, LLC\nLA Test Labs, LLC\nLabPlex, Inc.\nLandau Laboratories, Inc.\nMerso Labs, Inc.\nNCALC, LLC\nNiva Labs, LLC\nNorth America Laboratories Of Southern California, LLC\nPH Solutions, LLC\nPharmLabs, LLC\nPride Analytics and Consulting, LLC\nProforma Labs, LLC\nPure Analytics, LLC\nPurity Medical Laboratories, LLC\nQC Labs, Inc.\nSC Laboratories, Inc.\nShasta Laboratory, Inc.\nSonoma Lab Works, LLC\nSpectrum CannaLabs, Inc.\nSteep Hill, Inc.\nThink20 Labs, LLC\nTwin Arbor Analytical\nVerity Analytics, LLC\nVK Labs, LLC\n\r\n\nColorado:\n\nAgricor Laboratories, LLC\nAgriscience Labs, Inc.\nAurum Laboratories, LLC\nAvat, LLC\nBona Fides Laboratory, Inc.\nBotanacor Laboratories, LLC (hemp only)\nExtract Labs, Inc. (hemp only)\nGobi Analytical, Inc.\nKaycha Holdings, LLC (hemp only)\nNordic Analytical Laboratories, LLC\nPhytaTech CO, LLC\nRm3 Labs Colorado, LLC\n\r\n\nConnecticut:\n\nAltaSci, LLC\nNortheast Laboratories, Inc.\n\r\n\nDelaware:\n\nHigh Tide Lab Company (formerly AgroLab Organics) (State-contracted[4][5][6])\n\r\n\nDistrict of Columbia:\nD.C. is still seeking a lab to take on testing as of mid-2021.[7]\n\r\n\nFlorida:\n\nAccuscience Laboratories, LLC\nACS Laboratory, LLC\nAmericanna Laboratories, LLC\nFlorida Cannalytics, LLC\nGreen Scientific Labs, LLC\nKaycha Holdings, LLC\nMCS, LLC\nMethod Testing Laboratories, LLC\nTerpLife Labs, LLC\n\r\n\nGeorgia:\nAs of July 2022, the Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission (GMCC) has not yet opened up applications for laboratory testing licenses.[8]\n\r\n\nHawaii:\n\nAgLabs Hawaii, LLC\nMedCan Hawaii, LLC\nSpectra Analytical Laboratories, LLC\n\r\n\nIllinois:\n\nACT Laboratories, Inc.\nDeibel Laboratories\nLK Pure Labs, LLC\nMS Bioanalytical, LLC\nOrigo Labs, LLC\n\r\n\nIowa:\nThe state requires cannabidiol product manufacturers for its medical cannabidiol program test the products at two different stages of production.[9] However, it's not clear if any external labs are licensed to test the state's cannabidiol products.\n\r\n\nLouisiana:\nDue to an absence of independent testing labs, the Louisiana Department of Agriculture was testing, as of October 2018[10] The Department of Agriculture was jointly working with the LSU AgCenter's Agricultural Chemistry Department to test for the state's fledgling medical marijuana program.[11]\nIn July 2022, news broke that the state had amended medical marijuana statute to allow The University of Louisiana's Monroe School of Pharmacy \"to provide lab testing services for purity and potency to the state\u2019s medical cannabis industry,\" with an engineering and construction phase for the associated facility beginning in early 2023.[12]\n\r\n\nMaine:\n\nCATLAB, LLC\nIndicative-Testing, LLC\nMCR Labs, LLC\nNelson Analytical, LLC\nNova Analytic Labs, LLC\n\r\n\nMaryland:\n\nEastern Analytical Labs, LLC\nGreen Analytics MD, LLC\nPinnacle CT, Inc.\nQuales, LLC\n\r\n\nMassachusetts:\n\nAnalytics Labs, LLC\nAries Laboratories, LLC\nATOZ Laboratories, Inc.\nCDX Analytics, LLC\nGreen Analytics Massachusetts, LLC\nKaycha Holdings, LLC\nMassbiolytics Corp.\nMCR Labs, LLC\nProVerde Laboratories, Inc.\n\r\n\nMichigan:\n\n1st Choice Labs, LLC\nABKO Labs, LLC\nACT Laboratories, Inc.\nAries Analytic, LLC\nCan-Lab, LLC\nCentennial Logistics, LLC\nInfinite Chemical Analysis Labs MI, LLC\nIron Laboratories, LLC\nLaja Investments, LLC\nNorth Coast Testing Laboratories of Michigan, LLC\nPalmatier Enterprises, Inc.\nPrecision Safety Innovation Laboratories, LLC\nPrism Triangle, LLC\nRC Labs, LLC\nReassure, Inc.\nSteadfast, LLC\nSV Labs, LLC\nTherapeutic Health Choices, LLC\nTreetown Analytical, LLC\nViridis Group, LLC\n\r\n\nMinnesota:\nNot clear; independent labs must be approved by Commissioner of Health.[13] Two labs\u2014Aspen Research Corporation and Legend Technical Services, Inc.\u2014were approved to do testing in 2015, but neither lists those services on their website.[14] The state explains how to apply to become an approved laboratory, but no corresponding list of approved labs can be found on the site.\n\r\n\nMississippi:\nAs of July 2022, the Mississippi medical cannabis program is young, and there are no entities approved as a \"Testing Facility\" yet on the medical cannabis establishment list.[15]\n\r\n\nMissouri:\nMedical marijuana passed in November 2018.[16] In late December 2019, Missouri announced a list of 10 labs that were approved for medical marijuana testing.[17] As of July 2022, eight labs are currently approved to operate in MO:\n\nClearWater Science, LLC\nCloud TEN, LLC\nContiCorp, LLC\nEKG Life Science Solutions, LLC\nGCA, Inc.\nGreen Hills Labs, LLC\nGreen Precision Analytics, Inc.\nInovatia AgriTesting Services, LLC\n\r\n\nMontana:\n\nFidelity Diagnostics Laboratory, LLC\nNordic Labs, LLC\nStillwater Laboratories, Inc.\nWhite Buffalo Laboratories, LLC\n\r\n\nNevada:\n\n374 Labs, LLC\nCanalysis Nevada, LLC\nCertified Ag Lab, LLC\nDB Labs, LLC\nDigipath Labs, Inc.\nERP, LLC\nG3 Labs, LLC\nLettucetest, LLC\nMA & Associates, LLC\nNV Cann Labs, LLC\n\r\n\nNew Hampshire:\nThe state mandates testing, but it's not clear which independent laboratories are approved to do so. Alternative treatment centers may be responsible for own testing. Nelson Analytical, LLC may be licensed to test cannabis in New Hampshire, but it's not clear.\n\r\n\nNew Jersey:\nFor the medicinal Cannabis program, independent laboratories are able to test for the program, but a list of labs for medicinal Cannabis can not be found on the Cannabis Regulatory Commission's site. As of July 2022, a list of four testing laboratories show as being approved for a testing license[18]:\n\nGreen Analytics East, LLC\nNew Jersey Cannalytics, LLC\nSriven Labs LLC\nTrichome Analytical, LLC\n\r\n\nNew Mexico:\nAs of August 2022, the State of New Mexico indicates that a list of currently licensed cannabis testing labs, for some reason, is only available \"with an Inspection of Public Records (IPRA) request,\" found here. (Citation: e-mail correspondence.) It's not clear why cultivators, etc. are listed publicly but laboratories are not. Prior to this, Scepter Lab, LLC and Scientific Base Solutions Laboratories, LLC were suspected of being licensed, but it's not clear if they still are.\n\r\n\nNew York:\n\"The Department's Wadsworth Center Laboratory will perform initial testing and analysis of final medical marijuana products until independent laboratories receive certification from the New York State Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP).\"[19] The state is accepting comments about laboratory testing regulations until August 15, 2022.[20] Presumably once accepted, applications will be accepted for independent testing labs.\n\r\n\nNorth Carolina:\nSome labs in North Carolina, like Avazyme, Inc., are registered with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration to test hemp. See the USDA page for more.\n\r\n\nNorth Dakota:\nThe state mandates that its compassion centers must test cannabis in-house or have it done by a contracted facility.[21] Keystone State Testing, LLC DBA Dakota State Testing was originally selected by the state for testing in May 2018.[22] However, by late 2020 or early 2021, the North Dakota location was removed from the Keystone State Testing website. A news article from The Dickinson Press in October 2021 casually indicated that Adams Independent Testing, LLC was testing medical marijuana for the state.[23] It's not clear when this transition occurred.\n\r\n\nOhio:\n\nACT Laboratories, Inc.\nBattelle Memorial Institute (Provisional)\nCAS Laboratories, LLC\nCP Labs Ohio Operating Company, LLC\nNorth Coast Testing Laboratories, LLC\nOne Bond Laboratories, Inc.\nPinnacle Testing and Specialty Labs, LLC (Provisional)\nSV Labs, LLC (Provisional)\n\r\n\nOklahoma:\n\n405 Analytical, LLC\nAbraxas Labs, LLC\nAdvanced Analytics Lab, LLC\nBaseline Laboratories, LLC\nBCA Laboratories, LLC\nBud's Testing, LLC\nCannabis Testing, LLC\nCannalytics Laboratories, LLC\nDaylight Labs, LLC\nDelta9 Labs, LLC\nDemeter OK Laboratory, LLC\nElevate Scientific, LLC\nExpress Toxicology Services, LLC\nGreen Country Testing, Inc.\nGreenleaf Labs, LLC\nHavard Industries, LLC\nHigher Testing, LLC\nHighRes Labs, Inc.\nOK Compliance Testing Lab, LLC\nPureLabs-OKC, LLC\nQuality Laboratories, LLC\nRhino Labs, LLC\nScissortail Laboratory, LLC\nSunrise Labs, LLC\nElite Element Testing Laboratory Tulsa, LLC\nTJB Restricted Holdings, LLC\nTransparent Testing, LLC\n\r\n\nOregon\n\n3B Analytical, LLC\nChemHistory, LLC\nColumbia Laboratories, Inc.\nCS Laboratories, Inc.\nGreen Leaf Lab, LLC\nIron Laboratories, LLC\nJuniper Analytics, LLC\nKGO, LLC\nLightscale, Inc.\nMW Labs, LLC\nOregon Integrated Labs, LLC\nPinnacle Analytics, LLC\nPREE Laboratories, LLC\nProfessional Testing Labs, Inc.\nReference Labs, LLC\nRogue Research Lab, LLC\nRose City Laboratories, LLC\nSC Laboratories, Inc.\n\r\n\nPennsylvania:\n\nACT Laboratories, Inc.\nCoral Reef EV, LLC\nGreen Analytics North, LLC\nKeystone State Testing, LLC\nMCR Labs, LLC\nUS Cannalytics, LLC\n\r\n\nRhode Island:\n\nCannalytics RI, LLC\nEast Coast Labs, LLC\nGreen Peaks Analytical\nPureVita Labs, LLC\n\r\n\nSouth Dakota:\nAs of August 2022, the state lists only Cannabis Chem Lab, LLC as the primary testing laboratory, noting also that the South Dakota Public Health Laboratory in Pierre is available but only for \"for confirmatory and law enforcement testing.\"[24]\n\r\n\nTexas:\nAs of August 2022, the state's medical cannabis program is quite limited in scope.[25][26] It appears the three approved suppliers may be doing their own testing in-house, e.g., as with Texas Original.[27]\n\r\n\nUtah:\nIn November 2019, the application process for laboratories opened up.[28] As of August 2022, the Utah Department of Health & Human Services states that the \"Utah Department of Agriculture and Food has one licensed Independent Cannabis Testing Facility located in Utah County.\"[28] The Department of Agriculture and Food reveals this lab to be Aromatic Plant Research Center, LLC.[29]\n\r\n\nVermont:\n\nBia Diagnostics, LLC\nEndyne, Inc.\n\r\n\nWashington:\n\nCapitol Analysis Group, LLC\nConfidence Analytics, Inc.\nGOAT Labs, Inc.\nIntegrity Labs, LLC\nPacific Botanical Laboratories, LLC\nPlaindoor, LLC\nPuyallup Tribal Cannabis Enterprises, Inc.\nTesting Technologies, Inc.\nTreeline Analytics, LLC\nTrue Northwest, Inc.\n\r\n\nWest Virginia:\nDraft legislation originally stated the Bureau for Public Health will be responsible for approving testing laboratories.[30] An update to its \"Growers\/Processors\/Dispensaries\/Laboratories\" FAQ was made in February 2020[31], and the application period for such businesses was set to close on February 18, 2020.[31]\nAs of August 2022, it's not clear how many laboratories have been approved. No formal list of labs can be found on the state site, and according to law, \"an approved laboratory may not advertise, market, or otherwise promote its medical cannabis testing services to the general public,\"[32] making it difficult to locate them. A single press release was found, however, indicating Analabs, Inc. of Crab Orchard, WV was approved by the state in March 2021.[33]\n\r\n\n\n6.9.3 Mexico \nRecreational cannabis was potentially going to be legalized in Mexico in 2019.[34][35] However, the push to legalize was stalled until April 30, 2020, and the possibility it would get pushed back further was real.[36] Expectations were that legalization maybe be limited to medical applications, according to statements by President Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador.[37]\nThough the Mexico Supreme Court struck down laws that would prohibit the use of recreational Cannabis products in June 2021[38], the government has not put in place a legal framework as of August 2022, leaving some of Mexico's farmers to forge ahead without official government approval.[39]\n\r\n\n \n\r\n\n \n\r\n\n \n\r\n\n \n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Laboratories licensed to conduct activities with cannabis\". Health Canada. Government of Canada. 24 June 2022. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/list-licensed-dealers.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Our Quality Commitment\". Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc. http:\/\/www.cvdvt.org\/products\/quality-commitment\/ . Retrieved 24 February 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"New Hampshire Therapeutic Cannabis Laboratory Analysis \u2014 Therapeutic Uses\". Sanctuary ATC. http:\/\/www.sanctuaryatc.org\/laboratory-analysis-nh.php . Retrieved 24 February 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Flood, C. (15 November 2016). \"State contracts medical marijuana tester\". Cape Gazette. http:\/\/www.capegazette.com\/article\/state-contracts-medical-marijuana-tester\/120159 . Retrieved 02 March 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cape Gazette (17 April 2019). \"Statewide testing keeps medical marijuana safe for users\". DelBook.com. https:\/\/www.delbook.com\/statewide-testing-keeps-medical-marijuana-safe-for-users\/ . Retrieved 07 May 2019 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Delaware Health and Social Services (October 2021). \"Delaware Medical Marijuana Program Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2021\" (PDF). https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dhss\/dph\/hsp\/files\/mmpannrpt2021.pdf . Retrieved 27 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Le Dem, G. (1 April 2021). \"D.C. Cannabis Growers Say It\u2019s High Time For A New Testing Lab\". The Outlaw Report. https:\/\/outlawreport.com\/dc-testing-labs\/ . Retrieved 27 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Apply for a License\". Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission. https:\/\/www.gmcc.ga.gov\/licensing . Retrieved 27 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Office of Medical Cannabidiol, Iowa Department of Public Health. \"Laboratory Testing Requirements & Acceptance Criteria\" (PDF). https:\/\/idph.iowa.gov\/Portals\/1\/userfiles\/234\/Files\/(HF2589%20Updates)%20v4_3%20Lab%20Acceptance%20Criteria%20Document.pdf . Retrieved 28 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Karlin, S. (23 October 2018). \"Louisiana medical marijuana delayed after state forced to do product testing, company says\". The Advocate. https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html . Retrieved 27 November 2018 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Boone, T. (17 April 2019). \"Louisiana ag commissioner hopes to get medical marijuana products on approved pharmacy shelves in May\". The Advocate. https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_14dcfe5c-6158-11e9-8480-5b6d2335b4c0.html . Retrieved 07 May 2019 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Herrington, A.J. (12 July 2022). \"Louisiana University Gains Approval to Conduct Cannabis Research and Testing\". High Times. https:\/\/hightimes.com\/news\/louisiana-university-gains-approval-to-conduct-cannabis-research-and-testing\/ . Retrieved 27 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Klarqvist, E. (August 2016). \"Minnesota\u2019s Medical Cannabis Therapeutic Research Act\" (PDF). Minnesota House of Representatives. http:\/\/www.house.leg.state.mn.us\/hrd\/pubs\/MCTRA.pdf . Retrieved 02 March 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Public Health Laboratory Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2015\" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory. 2016. https:\/\/www.leg.state.mn.us\/docs\/2016\/other\/160894.pdf . Retrieved 14 March 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Establishment Registry: Registered Mississippi Medical Cannabis Establishments\". Mississippi State Department of Health. 5 July 2022. https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/30,0,425,1005.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Marso, A. (16 November 2018). \"Medical marijuana in Missouri: When\u2014and if\u2014you can get it\". The Kansas City Star. https:\/\/www.kansascity.com\/living\/health-fitness\/article221302705.html . Retrieved 27 November 2018 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Holman, G.J. (19 December 2019). \"Medical marijuana: Missouri notifies winners of testing lab licenses\". USA Today. https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/local\/ozarks\/2019\/12\/19\/medical-marijuana-missouri-notifies-winners-10-testing-lab-licenses\/2698035001\/ . Retrieved 15 February 2020 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cannabis Regulatory Commission. \"Recreational License Awardees\". State of New Jersey. https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/cannabis\/businesses\/recreational\/license-awardees\/ . Retrieved 30 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Frequently Asked Questions\". New York State Medical Marijuana Program. New York State Department of Health. March 2016. https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/regulations\/medical_marijuana\/faq.htm . Retrieved 24 February 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Office of Cannabis Management. \"Marihuana Regulation and Taxation Act (MRTA)\". State of New York. https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/marihuana-regulation-and-taxation-act-mrta . Retrieved 30 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Initiated Constitutional Amendment No. 5\" (PDF). North Dakota Secretary of State. 2016. https:\/\/vip.sos.nd.gov\/pdfs\/Measures%20Info\/2016%20General\/Measure%205.pdf . Retrieved 02 March 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"North Dakota chooses medical marijuana laboratory company\". The Associated Press. 21 May 2018. https:\/\/www.apnews.com\/397eab5555e84454af2833c2763ba481 . Retrieved 27 November 2018 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Schmidt, H. (10 October 2021). \"Fargo lab keeps 'Wild West' of hemp and marijuana industry in line\". The Dickinson Press. https:\/\/www.thedickinsonpress.com\/business\/fargo-lab-keeps-wild-west-of-hemp-and-marijuana-industry-in-line . Retrieved 30 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Certified Establishments\". South Dakota Department of Health. https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/Establishments\/CertifiedEstablishments.aspx#Testing . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Miller, S.R. (13 February 2020). \"Texas Cannabis Market Restrictions Stunt Growth\". New Cannabis Ventures. https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/texas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Teakell, J.R.. \"A Guide To Texas Medical Marijuana Laws For Doctors And Patient Use\". Law Office of John R. Teakell. https:\/\/teakelllaw.com\/texas-medical-marijuana-laws\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Testing Results\". Texas Original. https:\/\/texasoriginal.com\/testing-results\/ . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 28.0 28.1 \"Laboratory & Testing\". State of Utah. https:\/\/medicalcannabis.utah.gov\/production\/labs\/ . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"License Lookup\". Utah Department of Agriculture and Food. https:\/\/webapp.ag.utah.gov\/LicenseLookup\/ . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bureau for Public Health (14 December 2017). \"Title 64, Legislative Rule, Bureau for Public Health, Series 111, Medical Cannabis Program - Laboratories\" (PDF). State of West Virginia. http:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Documents\/MedicalCannabis\/Proposed%20Rules\/Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories%20-%2064%20CSR%20111%20v1.pdf . Retrieved 29 November 2018 .   \n \n\n\u2191 31.0 31.1 \"Office of Medical Cannabis\". Bureau for Public Health. State of West Virginia. Archived from the original on 01 February 2022. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220201215737\/https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Title 64, Legislative Rule, Bureau for Public Health, Series 111, Medical Cannabis Program - Laboratories\" (PDF). State of West Virginia. 21 April 2020. https:\/\/omc.wv.gov\/rules\/Documents\/64-111%20Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories.pdf . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Medical Cannabis Testing Laboratory Announced\". West Virginia Department of Health & Human Resources. 19 March 2021. https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/News\/2021\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Testing-Laboratory-Announced.aspx . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hasse, J. (12 February 2019). \"This Former President Thinks Mexico Could Soon Be Exporting Cannabis To The U.S., Legally\". Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/javierhasse\/2019\/02\/12\/this-former-president-thinks-mexico-could-soon-be-exporting-cannabis-to-the-us-legally\/ . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Jaeger, K. (8 February 2019). \"Mexican Senate Report Lays Out Marijuana Legalization Considerations\". Marijuana Moment. https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/mexican-senate-report-lays-out-marijuana-legalization-considerations\/ . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Williams, S. (16 November 2019). \"News Flash: Recreational Marijuana in Mexico Is Going to Have to Wait\". The Motley Fool. https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2019\/11\/16\/news-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Jaeger, K. (26 February 2020). \"Mexican President Wants Focus On Medical Marijuana As Senators Consider Broader Legalization\". Marijuana Moment. https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/mexican-president-wants-focus-on-medical-marijuana-as-senators-consider-broader-legalization\/ . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Agren, D. (28 June 2021). \"Mexico supreme court strikes down laws that ban use of recreational marijuana\". The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/jun\/28\/mexicos-high-court-strikes-down-laws-that-ban-use-of-recreational-marijuana . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Janowitz, N. (15 June 2022). \"Mexico's Cannabis Growers Are Going Rogue\". Vice. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/akewjg\/mexico-rogue-cannabis-growers . Retrieved 03 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\nCitation information for this chapter \nChapter: 6. Final thoughts and resources\nTitle: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\nEdition: Fourth edition\nAuthor for citation: Shawn E. Douglas\nLicense for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International\nPublication date: August 2022\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:27.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","b1b3d688b0a303a28955a2d498ef5f5c_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Testing_labs_and_pricing_info rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Testing_labs_and_pricing_info skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Testing labs and pricing info<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.9_Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\">6.9 Testing labs and pricing info<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.9.1_Canada\">6.9.1 Canada<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"bed5fbdef009b36e0d10aecd7f1a5bea\"><img alt=\"Flag of Canada.png\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/Flag_of_Canada.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"125\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>The following are licensed cannabis testing labs, as reported by Health Canada.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoCLab20_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoCLab20-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Note that some of these laboratories are not stand-alone laboratories accepting samples but rather in-house labs testing for R&D or manufacturing programs.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Alberta<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=2253500_Alberta,_Inc.\" title=\"2253500 Alberta, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"76dfe395f58986d8cc57a11b0d539076\">2253500 Alberta, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Bio-Chem_Consulting_Services_(1980)_Ltd.\" title=\"Bio-Chem Consulting Services (1980) Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9d70dd67788c7e82e6226605e097e6c0\">Bio-Chem Consulting Services (1980) Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Blue_Sky_Analytical_Labs_Ltd.\" title=\"Blue Sky Analytical Labs Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"02a7569f9d4d2922dc96f89fa0e6feb3\">Blue Sky Analytical Labs Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Caro_Analytical_Services_Ltd.\" title=\"Caro Analytical Services Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1008f7c750ab0b1fbf54bea71a6d6f5b\">Caro Analytical Services Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Drug_Development_and_Innovation_Centre\" title=\"Drug Development and Innovation Centre\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d438380236139b818d0e426f254cdeb2\">Drug Development and Innovation Centre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=InnoTech_Alberta,_Inc.\" title=\"InnoTech Alberta, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"80adee3fb4f3db77f756469ae1612ff9\">InnoTech Alberta, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Intertek_Testing_Services_(ITS)_Canada_Ltd.\" title=\"Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"31eb52400d8360f67881e1da757af5c5\">Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Keystone_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Keystone Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f9a824b7f30d1b2dc830e212ceb7f834\">Keystone Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Labs-Mart,_Inc.\" title=\"Labs-Mart, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c37eab687c2e49194ff7cece6bca74bf\">Labs-Mart, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Olds_Softgels,_Inc.\" title=\"Olds Softgels, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed75ecfd9d78ef3a5aa315942a1884c3\">Olds Softgels, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=PBR_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"PBR Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"715605553d0f8f510392d6f1b8ca536c\">PBR Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Quality_Analytical_Services_Ltd.\" title=\"Quality Analytical Services Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b57fc269fd423883ab105da8540f29ef\">Quality Analytical Services Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Radient_Technologies,_Inc.\" title=\"Radient Technologies, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"548c75f41e5600d32ed033c2c5317bba\">Radient Technologies, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>British Columbia<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Analytical_Core_for_Metabolomics_and_Nutrition\" title=\"Analytical Core for Metabolomics and Nutrition\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d36ace329e91c2099f4117ee49a67b34\">Analytical Core for Metabolomics and Nutrition<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Avalite_Sciences,_Inc.\" title=\"Avalite Sciences, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e2d855b5ebbaa60319d00ac5af362b0e\">Avalite Sciences, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Canvas_Labs_Ltd.\" title=\"Canvas Labs Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8a861ad60edf29276a64b7f3e9ccc407\">Canvas Labs Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Caro_Analytical_Services_Ltd.\" title=\"Caro Analytical Services Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1008f7c750ab0b1fbf54bea71a6d6f5b\">Caro Analytical Services Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Centre_for_Applied_Research_and_Innovation\" title=\"Centre for Applied Research and Innovation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"848c1eb4cecd4e1e11bc898883389f95\">Centre for Applied Research and Innovation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chemia_Analytics,_Inc.\" title=\"Chemia Analytics, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2bf960b00aa428f9c871f882b7f82a54\">Chemia Analytics, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Delic_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Delic Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ba16ddbf709fefabf65bf8c3f1b8dddf\">Delic Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Drug_Analysis_Service\" title=\"Drug Analysis Service\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b49ddb224ad20db2abba4ceed13263fe\">Drug Analysis Service<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Halo_Analytics,_Inc.\" title=\"Halo Analytics, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4530cc55e5d551562593b5e0c12f2ddc\">Halo Analytics, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Innovate_Phytoceuticals,_Inc.\" title=\"Innovate Phytoceuticals, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6b1ad7076a93fd213137c9b4600e5fe5\">Innovate Phytoceuticals, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ISURA\" title=\"ISURA\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"622bfc8b11094f76e3fb74bfef6015ea\">ISURA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Labs-Mart,_Inc.\" title=\"Labs-Mart, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c37eab687c2e49194ff7cece6bca74bf\">Labs-Mart, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=M.B._Laboratories_Ltd.\" title=\"M.B. Laboratories Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1a6f42884ba53829173f5cdb34435982\">M.B. Laboratories Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Peak_Wellness_Ltd.\" title=\"Peak Wellness Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0340ebe98295565dd112308c41f1449a\">Peak Wellness Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ProgenyBio_Agricultural_Services,_Inc.\" title=\"ProgenyBio Agricultural Services, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5ce7d5b7498152c497299d51712f3905\">ProgenyBio Agricultural Services, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pura_Analytical_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Pura Analytical Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"493bdabd78ca388391bfaa3d58eede9f\">Pura Analytical Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Salvation_Botanicals_Ltd.\" title=\"Salvation Botanicals Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4bf9551dbde34336c16ee2eea58048cf\">Salvation Botanicals Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SGS_Canada,_Inc.\" title=\"SGS Canada, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"758616cec489a0de164fff2361a1d195\">SGS Canada, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Silliker_Canada_Co._Ltd.\" title=\"Silliker Canada Co. Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a0c3b82180de1cc7c12ae21ca36073e6\">Silliker Canada Co. Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Supra_Research_and_Development,_Inc.\" title=\"Supra Research and Development, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"531c850545521783442b412dec2b1184\">Supra Research and Development, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Teewinot_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Teewinot Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2ad0b7a323231d87395bcc2b96698785\">Teewinot Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Valens_Agritech_Ltd.\" title=\"Valens Agritech Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3e98ba4f23a8a66bbda8d0e63f40151c\">Valens Agritech Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=VSSL_Enterprises_Ltd.\" title=\"VSSL Enterprises Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"eabdbf01c818b51d53ef7cad86922c63\">VSSL Enterprises Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Whistler_Therapeutics_Corporation\" title=\"Whistler Therapeutics Corporation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6e0336f37efef880002b1282c735dcbe\">Whistler Therapeutics Corporation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Willow_Analytics,_Inc.\" title=\"Willow Analytics, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c5e839cb1185ec9d46784970d80e95d2\">Willow Analytics, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Zenalytic_Laboratories_Ltd.\" title=\"Zenalytic Laboratories Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b4550d1e28188aeac3650742e0f66da8\">Zenalytic Laboratories Ltd.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Manitoba<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=BioScision_Pharma,_Inc.\" title=\"BioScision Pharma, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9c540bfaa47f2317f46b9417b0c32b2a\">BioScision Pharma, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Genvion_Corporation\" title=\"Genvion Corporation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"832b01525fd849c5c87d9550f8dc2534\">Genvion Corporation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SafeMed_Canada_Corp.\" title=\"SafeMed Canada Corp.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3bcfac4511640d50aae9e3f2ae5206a2\">SafeMed Canada Corp.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Teewinot_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Teewinot Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2ad0b7a323231d87395bcc2b96698785\">Teewinot Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>New Brunswick<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=C-Therm_Technologies_Ltd.\" title=\"C-Therm Technologies Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2b4c3eb939268b63855fe1a964f772e5\">C-Therm Technologies Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=New_Brunswick_Research_and_Productivity_Council\" title=\"New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"007184dd96634466ef65eadc005bf25f\">New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Newfoundland<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>None<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Nova Scotia<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Perennia_Food_and_Agriculture,_Inc.\" title=\"Perennia Food and Agriculture, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"475c6b754d9f82ad268b44f014c76da6\">Perennia Food and Agriculture, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Ontario<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=A%26L_Canada_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"A&L Canada Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8e5248bd59a10ed147b0c02f2062f3ac\">A&L Canada Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Abide,_Inc.\" title=\"Abide, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"89911dabdf8fdd485bd5236c8ec41bdd\">Abide, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Accuchek_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Accuchek Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a89735074e5dd13a7eb4bb8d7c6f66db\">Accuchek Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Activation_Laboratories_Ltd.\" title=\"Activation Laboratories Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"60f56e136323cf738f417a2cb835b5b3\">Activation Laboratories Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Applied_Research_Centre_for_Natural_Products_and_Medical_Cannabis\" title=\"Applied Research Centre for Natural Products and Medical Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bdbfe0ad34a1648f20bcf4d6e89479c3\">Applied Research Centre for Natural Products and Medical Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ARA-Avanti_Rx_Analytics,_Inc.\" title=\"ARA-Avanti Rx Analytics, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2064a3307685c13b9a2be041c0d42062\">ARA-Avanti Rx Analytics, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Canadian_Clinical_Cannabinoids,_Inc.\" title=\"Canadian Clinical Cannabinoids, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d6f3aa1462b8eadeac6d2e2b5167ba0f\">Canadian Clinical Cannabinoids, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannalabs_Science,_Inc.\" title=\"Cannalabs Science, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7d47d5a0d3d2536688b2572f38eae569\">Cannalabs Science, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CREM_Co,_Inc.\" title=\"CREM Co, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"de686125738585fe1547c6ab37ade400\">CREM Co, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Dalton_Chemical_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Dalton Chemical Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e7dffe9c3aaa6e736515da9599f533a1\">Dalton Chemical Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=DiaSYS,_Inc.\" title=\"DiaSYS, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"091455090ae74b720fba0bd03e8f5eaa\">DiaSYS, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Diteba_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Diteba Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5036c7e4fc318f224a41e0181bbcd6ec\">Diteba Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Dow_Testing_Services,_Inc.\" title=\"Dow Testing Services, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"be7c5b742c8431c2834bb68e1262c702\">Dow Testing Services, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Drug_Analysis_Service\" title=\"Drug Analysis Service\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b49ddb224ad20db2abba4ceed13263fe\">Drug Analysis Service<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Eurofins_Experchem_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Eurofins Experchem Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bb2ca90634bf50786585e717b3762e7d\">Eurofins Experchem Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Fume_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Fume Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3ca09c437c51ddc16e6d98fcd86dd014\">Fume Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=High_North,_Inc.\" title=\"High North, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"41e89623fefa23f08dca0f841690c5c0\">High North, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Intervivo_Solutions,_Inc.\" title=\"Intervivo Solutions, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"40a36051a7ed0e18fae790ce958ef005\">Intervivo Solutions, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Labs-Mart,_Inc.\" title=\"Labs-Mart, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c37eab687c2e49194ff7cece6bca74bf\">Labs-Mart, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Loyalist_College_of_Applied_Arts_and_Technology\" title=\"Loyalist College of Applied Arts and Technology\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"66791e4ebe75c24568447d60294526e6\">Loyalist College of Applied Arts and Technology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Medical_Plants_Canada,_Inc.\" title=\"Medical Plants Canada, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0afad81036645f382b993ed20dab6333\">Medical Plants Canada, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Mold_%26_Bacteria_Consulting_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Mold & Bacteria Consulting Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"663340d3b53de2bcd720ce7c85300bf7\">Mold & Bacteria Consulting Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Molecular_Science_Labs_Corp.\" title=\"Molecular Science Labs Corp.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4a2225de950f668eb8cc2cb74e7b2ed2\">Molecular Science Labs Corp.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nordion_(Canada),_Inc.\" title=\"Nordion (Canada), Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9925f52c3fee90beec12a6a3a6761c80\">Nordion (Canada), Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Ontario_Water_Testing_Centre,_Inc.\" title=\"Ontario Water Testing Centre, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5fd11fde7b16c35c69d2189a49fe0991\">Ontario Water Testing Centre, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pharma_Medica_Research,_Inc.\" title=\"Pharma Medica Research, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"80beaddd59856f5c61d288470654c4f9\">Pharma Medica Research, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=PPB_Analytical,_Inc.\" title=\"PPB Analytical, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f8c977739bd2773895bc6c10537ab26b\">PPB Analytical, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Reena_Group_of_Companies,_Inc.\" title=\"Reena Group of Companies, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"043986d45d541cf9b52e525772288c40\">Reena Group of Companies, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SGS_Canada,_Inc.\" title=\"SGS Canada, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"758616cec489a0de164fff2361a1d195\">SGS Canada, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Sigma_Analytical_Services,_Inc.\" title=\"Sigma Analytical Services, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f21eda0775821f72fce14c5144a322f3\">Sigma Analytical Services, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Synfine_Research_Limited\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Synfine Research Limited\" data-key=\"3bc54558f8490edd38e7c093b15791e0\">Synfine Research Limited<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SynHiTech,_Inc.\" title=\"SynHiTech, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ca74432c84ace4e731659b8c309bf3e4\">SynHiTech, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=The_Vimy_Ridge_Group_Ltd.\" title=\"The Vimy Ridge Group Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9aa76c652bc1b5f8806f8b1c6f8adfd8\">The Vimy Ridge Group Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Transpharm_Canada,_Inc.\" title=\"Transpharm Canada, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"57cfc80044a2261ec25451c696c79e56\">Transpharm Canada, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tweed,_Inc.\" title=\"Tweed, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"733951acb79866d5135da92935a9c479\">Tweed, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Vivariant_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Vivariant Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"73e8ebfc6dc2aa94dc763c407ab4e24f\">Vivariant Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Wyndham_Forensic_Group,_Inc.\" title=\"Wyndham Forensic Group, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b99f001aff4b861615b28ef43afc0b74\">Wyndham Forensic Group, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Zollaris_Laboratories_Corporation\" title=\"Zollaris Laboratories Corporation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b6c8b90724fa5fc9662c88b2348238e3\">Zollaris Laboratories Corporation<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Prince Edward Island<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Dosecann_LD,_Inc.\" title=\"Dosecann LD, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"cd3aa9d46ed69063f743ef406ea990c5\">Dosecann LD, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=FTC_Contractor_Enterprises_Ltd.\" title=\"FTC Contractor Enterprises Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8687e81da92ce3ec94282dc164450ecc\">FTC Contractor Enterprises Ltd.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Quebec<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ABICH,_Inc.\" title=\"ABICH, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b289ef3acc49081dca95681e2dd9307b\">ABICH, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=AGAT_Laboratories_Ltd.\" title=\"AGAT Laboratories Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"23f9a58316b061a078901bca54f70981\">AGAT Laboratories Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Altasciences_Company,_Inc.\" title=\"Altasciences Company, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b219315186897a7ac49e869aced44ebd\">Altasciences Company, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=C-CREST_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"C-CREST Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a21f320c4fcba3cb14b50d88360bb14c\">C-CREST Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Drug_Analysis_Service\" title=\"Drug Analysis Service\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b49ddb224ad20db2abba4ceed13263fe\">Drug Analysis Service<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Eurofins_Environment_Testing_Canada,_Inc.\" title=\"Eurofins Environment Testing Canada, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6848b51489c53d5954870f5c9d05f59b\">Eurofins Environment Testing Canada, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Exka,_Inc.\" title=\"Exka, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"937a1a1edcdbfe955f7041349739dfb0\">Exka, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratoire_InoVert,_Inc.\" title=\"Laboratoire InoVert, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"62e657dd8cd5b15f70d4020d65c222bc\">Laboratoire InoVert, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratoire_PhytoChemia,_Inc.\" title=\"Laboratoire PhytoChemia, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3d4e10d326e547a9897737edea4872eb\">Laboratoire PhytoChemia, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=LaboVal,_Inc.\" title=\"LaboVal, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5b0139073f93d14b0a05152349e0aa3b\">LaboVal, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=MS_Pharma,_Inc.\" title=\"MS Pharma, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fbf835b15e0e8d07d35862e4f709d4f5\">MS Pharma, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Neopharm_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Neopharm Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ee1f9214582e7c4f8bebf4b2d08e58b2\">Neopharm Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nordion_(Canada),_Inc.\" title=\"Nordion (Canada), Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9925f52c3fee90beec12a6a3a6761c80\">Nordion (Canada), Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pathogenia,_Inc.\" title=\"Pathogenia, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0abe0373befae0e2a5c4e4b54e76bc73\">Pathogenia, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pharmascience,_Inc.\" title=\"Pharmascience, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"976ddb23e97a461bd93349d601859f1f\">Pharmascience, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Syneos_Health_Clinique,_Inc.\" title=\"Syneos Health Clinique, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f6d1633c8d3f12e10ac85e45b7fb7111\">Syneos Health Clinique, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Saskatchewan<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Intertek_Testing_Services_(ITS)_Canada_Ltd.\" title=\"Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"31eb52400d8360f67881e1da757af5c5\">Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Med-Life_Discoveries_LP\" title=\"Med-Life Discoveries LP\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ea2fd16341e16d53e4caac30bb0b312a\">Med-Life Discoveries LP<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Saskatchewan_Research_Council\" title=\"Saskatchewan Research Council\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"badb380a8030ec73de8291a1363d2976\">Saskatchewan Research Council<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ZYUS_Life_Sciences,_Inc.\" title=\"ZYUS Life Sciences, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ada5ffeab096d44f3c22a0c277fd35af\">ZYUS Life Sciences, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Yukon<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>None<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.9.2_United_States\">6.9.2 United States<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"6437e0713fcd643cd81ca3437e0765c9\"><img alt=\"Flag of the United States.png\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/de\/Flag_of_the_United_States.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"132\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>The prevalence of testing laboratories in any given state depends on a few factors: legalization status, state laws regarding testing, and strictness of regulations. Labs typically appear as stand-alone, third-party entities. Though not common, some testing laboratories are located within dispensaries (e.g., Champlain Valley Dispensary in Vermont<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CVDOurQuality_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CVDOurQuality-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>) and treatment centers (e.g., Sanctuary ATC in New Hampshire.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SATCAnalysis_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SATCAnalysis-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>).\n<\/p><p>The following are known active cannabis testing labs (those currently in the licensing process are not included):\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Alabama<\/b>\n<\/p><p>As of July 2022, the state is still <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/amcc.alabama.gov\/about\/resources\/\" target=\"_blank\">in the process<\/a> of finalizing rules and regulations for its program.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Alaska<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CannTest,_LLC\" title=\"CannTest, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b128e41161f48ad650e4fcbb22000e5c\">CannTest, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Fairbanks_Analytical_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Fairbanks Analytical Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"11fd1d70082204748ecc96f2b6ac0467\">Fairbanks Analytical Testing, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Land_%26_Seas_Laboratory,_LLC\" title=\"Land & Seas Laboratory, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"45897214721076e0ce26fcc4df8b2d40\">Land & Seas Laboratory, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Southeast_Alaska_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Southeast Alaska Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7a686c45906ca1994022f61759da0a45\">Southeast Alaska Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Arizona<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Apollo_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Apollo Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f63c93d9ff12d2c86ea05ca988d17959\">Apollo Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=AZ_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"AZ Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"edac91b5ec1812df10228691f88541d6\">AZ Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Black_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Black Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1a2d0d3efebd4ee9037775047a12ea71\">Black Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=C4_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"C4 Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b9bba633bf17d82fe1edb5e16937cdcb\">C4 Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Delta_Verde_Laboratory,_LLC\" title=\"Delta Verde Laboratory, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5034765ae71df02722e4291560a46e92\">Delta Verde Laboratory, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Desert_Valley_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Desert Valley Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3b342247b65122ef96cae95c3db4da3b\">Desert Valley Testing, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Green_Scientific_Labs_AZ,_LLC\" title=\"Green Scientific Labs AZ, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"84d6aad2a8f9c69da5138a6822aa8ef7\">Green Scientific Labs AZ, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Highgrade_Labs_of_Arizona,_LLC\" title=\"Highgrade Labs of Arizona, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"702f951902789991b51d38079a920669\">Highgrade Labs of Arizona, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inter-Ag_Services,_Inc.\" title=\"Inter-Ag Services, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8124316ef77c5fdde34ff18ab5be3e63\">Inter-Ag Services, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Kanna-Bosm_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Kanna-Bosm Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b564976619e5fddc7da436c549824c3d\">Kanna-Bosm Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Kaycha_Holdings,_LLC\" title=\"Kaycha Holdings, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"964c1e6808f19da678a7c81b60487fc1\">Kaycha Holdings, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=L1_Management,_LLC\" title=\"L1 Management, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2d527a7258b5924f28b32a5793b98abc\">L1 Management, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Legend_Technical_Services,_Inc.\" title=\"Legend Technical Services, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3a1ba0db3ef05d0ef4863878d9047fb9\">Legend Technical Services, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Motzz_Laboratory,_Inc.\" title=\"Motzz Laboratory, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e6a71a3d2a179d63dcc79fbc2d423fda\">Motzz Laboratory, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=OnPoint_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"OnPoint Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a3a7837f9ff1c9970a9db9aaa74d3cca\">OnPoint Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=PAL_Arizona,_LLC\" title=\"PAL Arizona, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"48428af35a1693e29c5dd37d946d626e\">PAL Arizona, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pure_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Pure Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7f268c65165e5782ddc7707042492361\">Pure Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Saguaro_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Saguaro Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9122136e7b74511bc9a7f304a4f79971\">Saguaro Testing, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SV_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"SV Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fdb3e2d63b60db4297606cca2098c818\">SV Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Titan_Laboratories_Tucson,_LLC\" title=\"Titan Laboratories Tucson, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"182957478e5ed009f29ccb066f35b436\">Titan Laboratories Tucson, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tree_House_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Tree House Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e9d4e42a04f3613fc0f64a876042a49c\">Tree House Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Arkansas<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Arcanna_Analytics,_LLC\" title=\"Arcanna Analytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a9598a5c8a4cc104fc429a2db3ece9dc\">Arcanna Analytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Felling_Analytical_Services_and_Technology,_LLC\" title=\"Felling Analytical Services and Technology, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7da8660576a4b6a0fb7e0e614340cc1f\">Felling Analytical Services and Technology, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Marygold_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Marygold Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2162d3692986377ae4750eb2270fb0f5\">Marygold Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Steep_Hill,_Inc.\" title=\"Steep Hill, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e23729c4edab27f4524cd80092523409\">Steep Hill, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>California<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=2_River_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"2 River Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b27aca40daabd54cc207ffc29246c768\">2 River Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=8_Lane_Investments,_Inc.\" title=\"8 Lane Investments, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9e40abcd69b882cb088e59ce8465149a\">8 Lane Investments, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Advanced_Analytical_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Advanced Analytical Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"41340cb68dc2215e130bcf117e1527a6\">Advanced Analytical Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Anresco,_Inc.\" title=\"Anresco, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"70f91f29a67044cbe69f4cf5e989feaa\">Anresco, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=BelCosta_Labs_Long_Beach,_LLC\" title=\"BelCosta Labs Long Beach, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4fc1447fa7226e8c5df1d725cbafb60d\">BelCosta Labs Long Beach, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Biocann_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Biocann Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"42a76085bb455d9408e404ba0081b4b0\">Biocann Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Brightside_Scientific,_Inc.\" title=\"Brightside Scientific, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d414f1b450264bb1b382db98537210ce\">Brightside Scientific, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=California_Cannabis_Testing_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"California Cannabis Testing Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d39f76087bc35752cf5d2a13142480d6\">California Cannabis Testing Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Caligreen_Laboratory,_Inc.\" title=\"Caligreen Laboratory, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5f9be423cc5c692a36cc0c42db106147\">Caligreen Laboratory, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CanMedLabs,_LLC\" title=\"CanMedLabs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9eb62c0a4ca43774c731d353057a3f7f\">CanMedLabs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CB_Labs_Management,_LLC\" title=\"CB Labs Management, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d98514b798e1bd019b015fdac6a1f1c1\">CB Labs Management, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Certified_Ag_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Certified Ag Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"028a4d75dacce40815962973d9d6a407\">Certified Ag Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CMB_Squared,_Inc.\" title=\"CMB Squared, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b9e5a0ff9b5529944f78a89b77bbf1e2\">CMB Squared, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Confidence_Analytics,_Inc.\" title=\"Confidence Analytics, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"711fa8a3925908e647eeaee4fedc9c3e\">Confidence Analytics CA, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Consumer_Safety_Analytics,_LLC\" title=\"Consumer Safety Analytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f07f27409ae9956fd85a53a0e891b493\">Consumer Safety Analytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Coverton_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Coverton Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7809fa1321e203ad922db0b59c333fc1\">Coverton Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CWAL,_Inc.\" title=\"CWAL, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b1e5c44f75d95cb5d8b2645a0f861da3\">CWAL, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Encore_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Encore Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c0de70d3cf20c4c2f4d8103031dd15f1\">Encore Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Excelbis_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Excelbis Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"739b165a458a82240ee419210c76081f\">Excelbis Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=GL_Labs_Lompoc,_LLC\" title=\"GL Labs Lompoc, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1097912bea6e89a280aa5518ed011c6e\">GL Labs Lompoc, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Green_Leaf_Lab,_LLC\" title=\"Green Leaf Lab, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6baecd24c0c3ced8ea5a07c88069bad8\">Green Leaf Lab, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Harrens_Lab,_Inc.\" title=\"Harrens Lab, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3e0e543d304f65c285105a5463eb2f44\">Harrens Lab, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=HK_Holding,_LLC\" title=\"HK Holding, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e19158284c8675e2c88fd291cbcb1139\">HK Holding, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Infinite_Chemical_Analysis_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Infinite Chemical Analysis Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8e3c405cffb4825f11ef11b4131228e0\">Infinite Chemical Analysis Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=LA_Test_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"LA Test Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a1d27a388578f7672edc12be78ecdfe2\">LA Test Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=LabPlex,_Inc.\" title=\"LabPlex, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"71c2f64eadd80a9e0195755962099f78\">LabPlex, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Landau_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Landau Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5b342f69330b20a68dc977b402e5bab5\">Landau Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Merso_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Merso Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4697d36e71e729c10820bee17ede0e13\">Merso Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=NCALC,_LLC\" title=\"NCALC, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5909cd17bb9d378e481ed3e5b56ccdeb\">NCALC, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Niva_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Niva Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b1937e624dc65c7dae1782b42d1b7a4d\">Niva Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=North_America_Laboratories_Of_Southern_California,_LLC\" title=\"North America Laboratories Of Southern California, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"268fece3a753c8883faf462b7b082713\">North America Laboratories Of Southern California, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=PH_Solutions,_LLC\" title=\"PH Solutions, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"61ddcdaedf588c3fba9ff6377afe983c\">PH Solutions, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=PharmLabs,_LLC\" title=\"PharmLabs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a75c0e1cdb3652911d497de4c48a5ed2\">PharmLabs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pride_Analytics_and_Consulting,_LLC\" title=\"Pride Analytics and Consulting, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"72770bd59eb0ba9f4ed667681be0b354\">Pride Analytics and Consulting, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Proforma_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Proforma Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9e0baa66aa169b6c73f81beab5ba60b8\">Proforma Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pure_Analytics,_LLC\" title=\"Pure Analytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"eb5c4a4a764523b45c6cfc92aafc8dc5\">Pure Analytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Purity_Medical_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Purity Medical Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3c7641542c2f1ae31e458f64d1b1fa1f\">Purity Medical Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=QC_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"QC Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"09724551e754bd15a7038c192fdf6ece\">QC Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SC_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"SC Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2de7ec092b5d8650b9d476e03ee93f0e\">SC Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Shasta_Laboratory,_Inc.\" title=\"Shasta Laboratory, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7760270fc605141755d2808099c0f693\">Shasta Laboratory, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Sonoma_Lab_Works,_LLC\" title=\"Sonoma Lab Works, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"261114b0122593a8d80c1451f8b3c0ab\">Sonoma Lab Works, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Spectrum_CannaLabs,_Inc.\" title=\"Spectrum CannaLabs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3fbdcfad5264b43de2125ff96d8e8b31\">Spectrum CannaLabs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Steep_Hill,_Inc.\" title=\"Steep Hill, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e23729c4edab27f4524cd80092523409\">Steep Hill, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Think20_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Think20 Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"64395578626e619553b69397ccebe574\">Think20 Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Twin_Arbor_Analytical\" title=\"Twin Arbor Analytical\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a2f5b475a26d19101d4b0aa67823a477\">Twin Arbor Analytical<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Verity_Analytics,_LLC\" title=\"Verity Analytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f3dfd06134c438f693e69b04cb181d3d\">Verity Analytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=VK_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"VK Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d12dd5ad2e26e44bb73848ef588856b3\">VK Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Colorado<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Agricor_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Agricor Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"eb68f4a382979b3de985270bf7505937\">Agricor Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Agriscience_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Agriscience Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"aeab8967c5f7b73a538a989de4ecaa00\">Agriscience Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Aurum_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Aurum Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6b187c7c984b677c6c60107202320d46\">Aurum Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Avat,_LLC\" title=\"Avat, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"209f460ad381280971f44a7114590247\">Avat, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Bona_Fides_Laboratory,_Inc.\" title=\"Bona Fides Laboratory, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"dc59b351dd273994c935b09dd458285d\">Bona Fides Laboratory, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Botanacor_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Botanacor Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a8399cfb5a7571cb08170ad298ff6022\">Botanacor Laboratories, LLC<\/a> (hemp only)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Extract_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Extract Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4d75f623e04eb5db71aefe7f498cb831\">Extract Labs, Inc.<\/a> (hemp only)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Gobi_Analytical,_Inc.\" title=\"Gobi Analytical, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"99e31e519e500d10307703a9ceb1a3ff\">Gobi Analytical, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Kaycha_Holdings,_LLC\" title=\"Kaycha Holdings, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"964c1e6808f19da678a7c81b60487fc1\">Kaycha Holdings, LLC<\/a> (hemp only)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nordic_Analytical_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Nordic Analytical Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f41f7e2e3fad433cd0f822e65c08d7d9\">Nordic Analytical Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=PhytaTech_CO,_LLC\" title=\"PhytaTech CO, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fd6ab73827191949f2686f51fd7a22de\">PhytaTech CO, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Rm3_Labs_Colorado,_LLC\" title=\"Rm3 Labs Colorado, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4add7066f068550636540cc02e98ac19\">Rm3 Labs Colorado, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Connecticut<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=AltaSci,_LLC\" title=\"AltaSci, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"53fed508715ce11e07f58fa0a22965be\">AltaSci, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Northeast_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Northeast Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7c6e0a1cc6a9c03f58ce1aa3fe55666d\">Northeast Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Delaware<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=High_Tide_Lab_Company\" title=\"High Tide Lab Company\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c3893b952d9ac8b58e7e433db1b4dd8c\">High Tide Lab Company<\/a> (formerly AgroLab Organics) (State-contracted<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FloodState16_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FloodState16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CapeGazetteStatewide19_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CapeGazetteStatewide19-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DHSSReport21_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DHSSReport21-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>District of Columbia<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>D.C. is still seeking a lab to take on testing as of mid-2021.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LeDemDCCann21_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LeDemDCCann21-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Florida<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Accuscience_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Accuscience Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a88c61bb0d6ef1eebc0a2427a9316232\">Accuscience Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ACS_Laboratory,_LLC\" title=\"ACS Laboratory, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e6b3d3fb52058265f0164781190cb880\">ACS Laboratory, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Americanna_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Americanna Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f6e9b314ab9a8ae9b2aa8c9681bb66b6\">Americanna Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Florida_Cannalytics,_LLC\" title=\"Florida Cannalytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"469ccb249aed964c9f252af6a6eb262d\">Florida Cannalytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Green_Scientific_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Green Scientific Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"910e36397211ddd3813906381a00735a\">Green Scientific Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Kaycha_Holdings,_LLC\" title=\"Kaycha Holdings, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"964c1e6808f19da678a7c81b60487fc1\">Kaycha Holdings, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=MCS,_LLC\" title=\"MCS, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bc9723649d14e3670249ad8689337336\">MCS, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Method_Testing_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Method Testing Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"45984e9e811e58ead8b6ae628384fc3b\">Method Testing Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=TerpLife_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"TerpLife Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"eef727ae999cb1070355951300fe6dd4\">TerpLife Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Georgia<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>As of July 2022, the Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission (GMCC) has not yet opened up applications for laboratory testing licenses.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GMCCApply_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GMCCApply-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Hawaii<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=AgLabs_Hawaii,_LLC\" title=\"AgLabs Hawaii, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"40713fb6a369dc75fa57da867c668aa8\">AgLabs Hawaii, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=MedCan_Hawaii,_LLC\" title=\"MedCan Hawaii, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a1d34939f897284386a65cf7adde54c3\">MedCan Hawaii, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Spectra_Analytical_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Spectra Analytical Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"54fc29147ec707700b4bf81d9a266c87\">Spectra Analytical Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Illinois<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ACT_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"ACT Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"77a01e10320d7affdf503934de3eb17f\">ACT Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Deibel_Laboratories\" title=\"Deibel Laboratories\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d842891b2dbcbc7db704a2c67183181a\">Deibel Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=LK_Pure_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"LK Pure Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"413ba65075887dc75772b99dca5f8d23\">LK Pure Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=MS_Bioanalytical,_LLC\" title=\"MS Bioanalytical, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0fe176d1d07c6b8aa306888ffbdf61f8\">MS Bioanalytical, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Origo_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Origo Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"97aada5b0a19044322675cf818af5316\">Origo Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Iowa<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state requires cannabidiol product manufacturers for its medical cannabidiol program test the products at two different stages of production.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IDPHOffice_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IDPHOffice-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> However, it's not clear if any external labs are licensed to test the state's cannabidiol products.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Louisiana<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Due to an absence of independent testing labs, the Louisiana Department of Agriculture was testing, as of October 2018<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KarlinLouisianaMed18_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KarlinLouisianaMed18-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> The Department of Agriculture was jointly working with the LSU AgCenter's Agricultural Chemistry Department to test for the state's fledgling medical marijuana program.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BooneLouis19_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BooneLouis19-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In July 2022, news broke that the state had amended medical marijuana statute to allow The University of Louisiana's Monroe School of Pharmacy \"to provide lab testing services for purity and potency to the state\u2019s medical cannabis industry,\" with an engineering and construction phase for the associated facility beginning in early 2023.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HerringtonLouisiana22_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HerringtonLouisiana22-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Maine<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CATLAB,_LLC\" title=\"CATLAB, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4e2f540a2e9603b3cea962d0c9ef695d\">CATLAB, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Indicative-Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Indicative-Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"295973ba63e1bbb102971a8a24644865\">Indicative-Testing, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=MCR_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"MCR Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0e4a298b641d66e85a7aa4c167b08ca1\">MCR Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nelson_Analytical,_LLC\" title=\"Nelson Analytical, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2a9dd491012ae8e37f75aa6b9ceb209f\">Nelson Analytical, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nova_Analytic_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Nova Analytic Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"05fc2226a09ab6cbbea322c077e493b8\">Nova Analytic Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Maryland<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Eastern_Analytical_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Eastern Analytical Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d380a0133a8dd48eea0c08ab7f544dbc\">Eastern Analytical Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Green_Analytics_MD,_LLC\" title=\"Green Analytics MD, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4d002a4339ff680a05b2f4c67974ad8c\">Green Analytics MD, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pinnacle_CT,_Inc.\" title=\"Pinnacle CT, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"22285ebf5ea6dcbe3be985107067cff8\">Pinnacle CT, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Quales,_LLC\" title=\"Quales, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a8a675dbea3d3f75d2524113017d2a99\">Quales, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Massachusetts<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Analytics_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Analytics Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e305a27d4930ad43070d4a9dc838a930\">Analytics Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Aries_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Aries Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ae81bbcbde214d4ae37520414a8dae3d\">Aries Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ATOZ_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"ATOZ Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"75c0a7407bc3d5263d33009d5029ba8a\">ATOZ Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CDX_Analytics,_LLC\" title=\"CDX Analytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1ee48fe684b9db06e982725998d09cb3\">CDX Analytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Steep_Hill,_Inc.\" title=\"Steep Hill, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e23729c4edab27f4524cd80092523409\">Green Analytics Massachusetts, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Kaycha_Holdings,_LLC\" title=\"Kaycha Holdings, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"964c1e6808f19da678a7c81b60487fc1\">Kaycha Holdings, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Massbiolytics_Corp.\" title=\"Massbiolytics Corp.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e73a4c7dc307fbd8246d4169dcf55bb9\">Massbiolytics Corp.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=MCR_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"MCR Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0e4a298b641d66e85a7aa4c167b08ca1\">MCR Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ProVerde_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"ProVerde Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"acf8cf4ef250b964856b6fb9e458255c\">ProVerde Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Michigan<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=1st_Choice_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"1st Choice Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"119577c159c279ea22dd95cf3df672ba\">1st Choice Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ABKO_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"ABKO Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5ef49d11f4fdd86435fa8e5e9c5c79df\">ABKO Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ACT_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"ACT Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"77a01e10320d7affdf503934de3eb17f\">ACT Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Aries_Analytic,_LLC\" title=\"Aries Analytic, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e3b803709daef9872545c1f68008b9a6\">Aries Analytic, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Can-Lab,_LLC\" title=\"Can-Lab, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"807f6b6ee28b0cda5b98dcd5b21f827f\">Can-Lab, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Centennial_Logistics,_LLC\" title=\"Centennial Logistics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c2e494fcc92cad247c142a30ab1fd7b8\">Centennial Logistics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Infinite_Chemical_Analysis_Labs_MI,_LLC\" title=\"Infinite Chemical Analysis Labs MI, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3ff5845b9b87cf15ae7ed7f600488a74\">Infinite Chemical Analysis Labs MI, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Iron_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Iron Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"18c5c09c4b3137847e7e080d4288a5ab\">Iron Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laja_Investments,_LLC\" title=\"Laja Investments, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7dafd8d4c849cb05ecdf271cb961d7ca\">Laja Investments, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=North_Coast_Testing_Laboratories_of_Michigan,_LLC\" title=\"North Coast Testing Laboratories of Michigan, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"90a471c8ce9149b34b266e720872b20e\">North Coast Testing Laboratories of Michigan, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Palmatier_Enterprises,_Inc.\" title=\"Palmatier Enterprises, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9584053a6bd81a88ecf45332fa984649\">Palmatier Enterprises, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Precision_Safety_Innovation_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Precision Safety Innovation Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"13bc9badb1fbfd7c66300855af91709d\">Precision Safety Innovation Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Prism_Triangle,_LLC\" title=\"Prism Triangle, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7e829a534b4f6e6dc7870d7babad7a38\">Prism Triangle, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=RC_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"RC Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4699e57681b4b254511d6af02fac5106\">RC Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Reassure,_Inc.\" title=\"Reassure, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b085a31690aa3fade017cb1505803ad4\">Reassure, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Steadfast,_LLC\" title=\"Steadfast, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bd372a8631cf3dd56d67da5701b502c0\">Steadfast, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SV_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"SV Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fdb3e2d63b60db4297606cca2098c818\">SV Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Therapeutic_Health_Choices,_LLC\" title=\"Therapeutic Health Choices, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e144837eec22c6b16e93bde207ba5d8a\">Therapeutic Health Choices, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Steep_Hill,_Inc.\" title=\"Steep Hill, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e23729c4edab27f4524cd80092523409\">Treetown Analytical, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Viridis_Group,_LLC\" title=\"Viridis Group, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4435083884cd2b26810ae9260bba0ee7\">Viridis Group, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Minnesota<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Not clear; independent labs must be approved by Commissioner of Health.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KlarqvistMinnesota16_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KlarqvistMinnesota16-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> Two labs\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Aspen_Research_Corporation\" title=\"Aspen Research Corporation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1ff7fa0ca26c89bc2dc552c7d5e309eb\">Aspen Research Corporation<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Legend_Technical_Services,_Inc.\" title=\"Legend Technical Services, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3a1ba0db3ef05d0ef4863878d9047fb9\">Legend Technical Services, Inc.<\/a>\u2014were approved to do testing in 2015, but neither lists those services on their website.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MDHPublic16_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MDHPublic16-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> The state <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/lab\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">explains<\/a> how to apply to become an approved laboratory, but no corresponding list of approved labs can be found on the site.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Mississippi<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>As of July 2022, the Mississippi medical cannabis program is young, and there are no entities approved as a \"Testing Facility\" yet on the medical cannabis establishment list.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MSDHRegistered22_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MSDHRegistered22-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Missouri<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Medical marijuana passed in November 2018.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MarsoMedical18_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MarsoMedical18-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> In late December 2019, Missouri announced a list of 10 labs that were approved for medical marijuana testing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HolmanMedical19_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HolmanMedical19-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> As of July 2022, eight labs are currently approved to operate in MO:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ClearWater_Science,_LLC\" title=\"ClearWater Science, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"52f280bd43498abcb3ead565f5d1d2c5\">ClearWater Science, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cloud_TEN,_LLC\" title=\"Cloud TEN, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"209f174710d3dc6c676b28d11b924c2a\">Cloud TEN, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ContiCorp,_LLC\" title=\"ContiCorp, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7fd80491d16392551eabd308869dfeab\">ContiCorp, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=EKG_Life_Science_Solutions,_LLC\" title=\"EKG Life Science Solutions, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"553408ab3d4248f46757bf33c651ada2\">EKG Life Science Solutions, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=GCA,_Inc.\" title=\"GCA, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"010e7ba2da384b98d71f9cbf33df7f17\">GCA, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Green_Hills_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Green Hills Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4294f6ebf17a00ca6cba5f335b619358\">Green Hills Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Green_Precision_Analytics,_Inc.\" title=\"Green Precision Analytics, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ab94993c08d052d460b7934548b64602\">Green Precision Analytics, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inovatia_AgriTesting_Services,_LLC\" title=\"Inovatia AgriTesting Services, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e548756e5327dbc63f7fb5bd51c7e129\">Inovatia AgriTesting Services, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Montana<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Fidelity_Diagnostics_Laboratory,_LLC\" title=\"Fidelity Diagnostics Laboratory, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6843fad38511571784eaad7a72ffdf4b\">Fidelity Diagnostics Laboratory, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nordic_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Nordic Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"74fefa28482df9847c86e4e1c29c576b\">Nordic Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Stillwater_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Stillwater Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"81e6187fed9104252350e5cff6cae3d9\">Stillwater Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=White_Buffalo_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"White Buffalo Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"77bd4919c3e7943ca7ea79b1e7bbdea7\">White Buffalo Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Nevada<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=374_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"374 Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6d6f139f71643d6ba73c98c5550acc4b\">374 Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Canalysis_Nevada,_LLC\" title=\"Canalysis Nevada, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5b2f22abc4becff7abb64251b98af243\">Canalysis Nevada, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Certified_Ag_Lab,_LLC\" title=\"Certified Ag Lab, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"edead3e23086c4de05a89560c9ee5d40\">Certified Ag Lab, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=DB_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"DB Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c5368042891a888e537e28711e4ca93c\">DB Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Digipath_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Digipath Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b2ba337edd30d2f652c9eecd9b7075b3\">Digipath Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ERP,_LLC\" title=\"ERP, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"efdeab52b86386c78dc2e8957d16bbd8\">ERP, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=G3_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"G3 Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"499de76cfd5663e0396874de9e841a8a\">G3 Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=MA_%26_Associates,_LLC\" title=\"MA & Associates, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"518f74d66387ec6e74f6407070427518\">MA & Associates, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=NV_Cann_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"NV Cann Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"05a37ff27c9e5936b633a8df393c73f0\">NV Cann Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>New Hampshire<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state mandates testing, but it's not clear which independent laboratories are approved to do so. Alternative treatment centers may be responsible for own testing. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nelson_Analytical,_LLC\" title=\"Nelson Analytical, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2a9dd491012ae8e37f75aa6b9ceb209f\">Nelson Analytical, LLC<\/a> may be licensed to test cannabis in New Hampshire, but it's not clear.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>New Jersey<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>For the medicinal <i>Cannabis<\/i> program, independent laboratories are able to test for the program, but a list of labs for medicinal <i>Cannabis<\/i> can not be found on the Cannabis Regulatory Commission's site. As of July 2022, a list of four testing laboratories show as being approved for a testing license<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NJRecLic_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NJRecLic-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Steep_Hill,_Inc.\" title=\"Steep Hill, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e23729c4edab27f4524cd80092523409\">Green Analytics East, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Cannalytics,_LLC\" title=\"New Jersey Cannalytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5d41140a73cb8ad581426ec19ac63d5c\">New Jersey Cannalytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Trichome_Analytical,_LLC\" title=\"Trichome Analytical, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6145e4d68ad0fced150988c69051918e\">Trichome Analytical, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>New Mexico<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>As of August 2022, the State of New Mexico indicates that a list of currently licensed cannabis testing labs, for some reason, is only available \"with an Inspection of Public Records (IPRA) request,\" found <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rld.nm.gov\/about-us\/public-information-hub\/inspection-of-public-records\/\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>. (Citation: e-mail correspondence.) It's not clear why cultivators, etc. are listed publicly but laboratories are not. Prior to this, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Scepter_Lab,_LLC\" title=\"Scepter Lab, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"038fe6ce50fc55388a9add7a2ae454bf\">Scepter Lab, LLC<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Scientific_Base_Solutions_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Scientific Base Solutions Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1494883eaf84ad970341842b2722a494\">Scientific Base Solutions Laboratories, LLC<\/a> were suspected of being licensed, but it's not clear if they still are.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>New York<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>\"The Department's Wadsworth Center Laboratory will perform initial testing and analysis of final medical marijuana products until independent laboratories receive certification from the New York State Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP).\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NYSFAQ_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYSFAQ-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> The state is accepting comments about laboratory testing regulations until August 15, 2022.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NYMRTAAdultLab_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYMRTAAdultLab-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> Presumably once accepted, applications will be accepted for independent testing labs.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>North Carolina<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Some labs in North Carolina, like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Avazyme,_Inc.\" title=\"Avazyme, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"53a9b3ed95130b7ac9cdef3310576351\">Avazyme, Inc.<\/a>, are registered with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration to test <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c23e30b6cf1df54f1dc338492c9f9da2\">hemp<\/a>. See the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ams.usda.gov\/rules-regulations\/hemp\/dea-laboratories?field_lab_location_administrative_area=NC\" target=\"_blank\">USDA page<\/a> for more.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>North Dakota<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state mandates that its compassion centers must test cannabis in-house or have it done by a contracted facility.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NDPetitionMMJ_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NDPetitionMMJ-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Keystone_State_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Keystone State Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bad0a18f116119d69b49b49e23207f8b\">Keystone State Testing, LLC DBA Dakota State Testing<\/a> was originally selected by the state for testing in May 2018.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APNorth18_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APNorth18-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> However, by late 2020 or early 2021, the North Dakota location was removed from the Keystone State Testing website. A news article from <i>The Dickinson Press<\/i> in October 2021 casually indicated that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Adams_Independent_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Adams Independent Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4a920a4d80997e8a4c7f4f8c57bd7cae\">Adams Independent Testing, LLC<\/a> was testing medical marijuana for the state.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchmidtFargo21_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchmidtFargo21-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> It's not clear when this transition occurred.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Ohio<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ACT_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"ACT Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"77a01e10320d7affdf503934de3eb17f\">ACT Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Battelle_Memorial_Institute\" title=\"Battelle Memorial Institute\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed530d3ca6360ae242ab522a3bbe3bad\">Battelle Memorial Institute<\/a> (Provisional)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CAS_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"CAS Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a61827a5a79e31e91490b756a96c766a\">CAS Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CP_Labs_Ohio_Operating_Company,_LLC\" title=\"CP Labs Ohio Operating Company, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a293bb2261ed5d37aa7a0395f88a7306\">CP Labs Ohio Operating Company, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=North_Coast_Testing_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"North Coast Testing Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"baaea3fc4d83822fd11bfeb8451460d8\">North Coast Testing Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=One_Bond_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"One Bond Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"920c63f4ae0d8e1bbf1f9a953dab178f\">One Bond Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pinnacle_Testing_and_Specialty_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Pinnacle Testing and Specialty Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2854e945d8d2735de655ab67fe4d3988\">Pinnacle Testing and Specialty Labs, LLC<\/a> (Provisional)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SV_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"SV Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fdb3e2d63b60db4297606cca2098c818\">SV Labs, LLC<\/a> (Provisional)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Oklahoma<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=405_Analytical,_LLC\" title=\"405 Analytical, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"30609f7b85947cb7d7cabaf045214e98\">405 Analytical, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Abraxas_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Abraxas Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"92e23a6daa9dffff2828fb277b3560c3\">Abraxas Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Advanced_Analytics_Lab,_LLC\" title=\"Advanced Analytics Lab, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6506c696d0a6e18e40a276f637734736\">Advanced Analytics Lab, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Baseline_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Baseline Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9ad8ff2ffe511e1ed78513761c6ce1c6\">Baseline Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=BCA_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"BCA Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2c9c6cbc9fcc5f100881a7324ab16c7f\">BCA Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Bud%27s_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Bud's Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a67119da87fbf455c81c1c464dbf82c8\">Bud's Testing, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Cannabis Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8229f3f39d85688f1e63e3d948a1f6d5\">Cannabis Testing, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannalytics_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Cannalytics Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3f472a032c9698c9d51a1ae1026e99a8\">Cannalytics Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Daylight_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Daylight Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"55b7d36ac1320ad2f570807c4b0a0bd1\">Daylight Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Delta9_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Delta9 Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"037101a46d387a912a4186e1b289bceb\">Delta9 Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Demeter_OK_Laboratory,_LLC\" title=\"Demeter OK Laboratory, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7f8415f6b441bb948a3e709fc919b62d\">Demeter OK Laboratory, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Elevate_Scientific,_LLC\" title=\"Elevate Scientific, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"900a659ca873c7a842f3c3ea2fce1457\">Elevate Scientific, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Express_Toxicology_Services,_LLC\" title=\"Express Toxicology Services, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"82d1c63b08c16574bc1e0048ebe49261\">Express Toxicology Services, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Green_Country_Testing,_Inc.\" title=\"Green Country Testing, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fb86cce13ae14da9a64444ae5900a066\">Green Country Testing, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Greenleaf_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Greenleaf Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"527512f5b618b12dbd54674218b9d514\">Greenleaf Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Havard_Industries,_LLC\" title=\"Havard Industries, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"59817b7555e6610d28fb35fb615ff465\">Havard Industries, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Higher_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Higher Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b4114f89a802257d1a1f2496489396fb\">Higher Testing, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=HighRes_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"HighRes Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"938a265cefcba01f944df3109ae2953c\">HighRes Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=OK_Compliance_Testing_Lab,_LLC\" title=\"OK Compliance Testing Lab, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1f24bcac9a63f9acd7c3d63b7548fba4\">OK Compliance Testing Lab, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=PureLabs-OKC,_LLC\" title=\"PureLabs-OKC, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f92735fda79aa1551230de8e5a8133f2\">PureLabs-OKC, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Quality_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Quality Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8d90a589d9f852a9ada191d3ff486345\">Quality Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Rhino_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Rhino Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d46e664e2c1f3a9ff773fea2fbfd9252\">Rhino Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Scissortail_Laboratory,_LLC\" title=\"Scissortail Laboratory, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4be2af227a415f701133bb08147abdbc\">Scissortail Laboratory, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Sunrise_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Sunrise Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b8b4dbe286f59bee7e600722f284a565\">Sunrise Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Steep_Hill,_Inc.\" title=\"Steep Hill, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e23729c4edab27f4524cd80092523409\">Elite Element Testing Laboratory Tulsa, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=TJB_Restricted_Holdings,_LLC\" title=\"TJB Restricted Holdings, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a27eee97a161f4a7e0c8318ced0669fa\">TJB Restricted Holdings, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Transparent_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Transparent Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"097a5d0c23b09ccb3553ae27f5ed4a0d\">Transparent Testing, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Oregon<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=3B_Analytical,_LLC\" title=\"3B Analytical, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"72de911d371e208c1c9c8528580bb3ee\">3B Analytical, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ChemHistory,_LLC\" title=\"ChemHistory, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6305ca02df751f31e985a7bb22e6e45c\">ChemHistory, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Columbia_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"Columbia Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e944c218eb91ff25d4e3bd99404948aa\">Columbia Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CS_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"CS Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9e9792edd30b7d0896ab6e519935b36a\">CS Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Green_Leaf_Lab,_LLC\" title=\"Green Leaf Lab, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6baecd24c0c3ced8ea5a07c88069bad8\">Green Leaf Lab, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Iron_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Iron Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"18c5c09c4b3137847e7e080d4288a5ab\">Iron Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Juniper_Analytics,_LLC\" title=\"Juniper Analytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1ebc5ab7beb7eea98c8925221b93de31\">Juniper Analytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Kaycha_Holdings,_LLC\" title=\"Kaycha Holdings, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"964c1e6808f19da678a7c81b60487fc1\">KGO, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Lightscale,_Inc.\" title=\"Lightscale, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3056bfa6d2aed2fa1cc3a45ece45027f\">Lightscale, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=MW_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"MW Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ebff0c46aa4167e1c21f7f8c1e9af36c\">MW Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Oregon_Integrated_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Oregon Integrated Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"21558e7cbec5016d95e843f0f278dc02\">Oregon Integrated Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pinnacle_Analytics,_LLC\" title=\"Pinnacle Analytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"13c0dd5f3edef334337743d167e40ad5\">Pinnacle Analytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=PREE_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"PREE Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"707315e2d59d4cc1e8736013ba1465f7\">PREE Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Professional_Testing_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"Professional Testing Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"901a2f22be5426f2edaf62e64c672658\">Professional Testing Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Reference_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Reference Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b1cb07a77f2b1f2c418c95c0dd95b270\">Reference Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Rogue_Research_Lab,_LLC\" title=\"Rogue Research Lab, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ee6af3d6e3c8be0aee818983316941a8\">Rogue Research Lab, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Rose_City_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Rose City Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ea1675e9d4778855d1f181edf61551a8\">Rose City Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SC_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"SC Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2de7ec092b5d8650b9d476e03ee93f0e\">SC Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Pennsylvania<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ACT_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"ACT Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"77a01e10320d7affdf503934de3eb17f\">ACT Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Coral_Reef_EV,_LLC\" title=\"Coral Reef EV, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7205dfff10cabe13b88d628c495ebc0f\">Coral Reef EV, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Steep_Hill,_Inc.\" title=\"Steep Hill, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e23729c4edab27f4524cd80092523409\">Green Analytics North, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Keystone_State_Testing,_LLC\" title=\"Keystone State Testing, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bad0a18f116119d69b49b49e23207f8b\">Keystone State Testing, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=MCR_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"MCR Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0e4a298b641d66e85a7aa4c167b08ca1\">MCR Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=US_Cannalytics,_LLC\" title=\"US Cannalytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c842f2030c29f83bb87b77cd030522b1\">US Cannalytics, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Rhode Island<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannalytics_RI,_LLC\" title=\"Cannalytics RI, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"28233b76dee3e8a445c47f4ebca2fe83\">Cannalytics RI, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=East_Coast_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"East Coast Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fbfa42cc3c0fa67d1686c910beb160a4\">East Coast Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=R.I._Analytical_Laboratories,_Inc.\" title=\"R.I. Analytical Laboratories, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"80eff70f5f8830bf8d63eb3167b9766e\">Green Peaks Analytical<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=PureVita_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"PureVita Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8efa6b9cc00b5e07d10dcd8f446ceb26\">PureVita Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>South Dakota<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>As of August 2022, the state lists only <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_Chem_Lab,_LLC\" title=\"Cannabis Chem Lab, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ae8365e471b0ff19dbe7832cc11b9a25\">Cannabis Chem Lab, LLC<\/a> as the primary testing laboratory, noting also that the South Dakota Public Health Laboratory in Pierre is available but only for \"for confirmatory and law enforcement testing.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SDCannLic_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SDCannLic-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Texas<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>As of August 2022, the state's medical cannabis program is quite limited in scope.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MillerTexas20_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MillerTexas20-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TeakellAGuide_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TeakellAGuide-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> It appears the three approved suppliers may be doing their own testing in-house, e.g., as with Texas Original.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TOTesting_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TOTesting-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Utah<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>In November 2019, the application process for laboratories opened up.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UtahMedicalLab19_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UtahMedicalLab19-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> As of August 2022, the Utah Department of Health & Human Services states that the \"Utah Department of Agriculture and Food has one licensed Independent Cannabis Testing Facility located in Utah County.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UtahMedicalLab19_28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UtahMedicalLab19-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> The Department of Agriculture and Food reveals this lab to be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Aromatic_Plant_Research_Center,_LLC\" title=\"Aromatic Plant Research Center, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"aabf657c2019381315346a781e65f13b\">Aromatic Plant Research Center, LLC<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UDAFLic_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UDAFLic-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Vermont<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Steep_Hill,_Inc.\" title=\"Steep Hill, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e23729c4edab27f4524cd80092523409\">Bia Diagnostics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Endyne,_Inc.\" title=\"Endyne, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1857687d5567347b816dc44a0d9266f6\">Endyne, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Washington<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Capitol_Analysis_Group,_LLC\" title=\"Capitol Analysis Group, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bf81b4dd81f85d323f22676df0205552\">Capitol Analysis Group, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Confidence_Analytics,_Inc.\" title=\"Confidence Analytics, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"711fa8a3925908e647eeaee4fedc9c3e\">Confidence Analytics, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=GOAT_Labs,_Inc.\" title=\"GOAT Labs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0e18fecbed25a2f41437072200b56fb5\">GOAT Labs, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Integrity_Labs,_LLC\" title=\"Integrity Labs, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"716b9e06d11fa9fbcf2e36e8fcbc0ad1\">Integrity Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pacific_Botanical_Laboratories,_LLC\" title=\"Pacific Botanical Laboratories, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0c0b0809f4c49d5e6f191a06d8f000c0\">Pacific Botanical Laboratories, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Plaindoor,_LLC\" title=\"Plaindoor, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"60079fcc22f2262d9fafcdb0d0351547\">Plaindoor, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Puyallup_Tribal_Cannabis_Enterprises,_Inc.\" title=\"Puyallup Tribal Cannabis Enterprises, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a33558c435cc5d3ba915469cac68a36e\">Puyallup Tribal Cannabis Enterprises, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Testing_Technologies,_Inc.\" title=\"Testing Technologies, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e90f6e295ca16db1d5a4cd192cf764b1\">Testing Technologies, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Treeline_Analytics,_LLC\" title=\"Treeline Analytics, LLC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f99d2f31360aa85502aa10a9fe1e083a\">Treeline Analytics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=True_Northwest,_Inc.\" title=\"True Northwest, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0ce97502958a51c600b29ca2ce50130d\">True Northwest, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>West Virginia<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Draft legislation originally stated the Bureau for Public Health will be responsible for approving testing laboratories.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BPHTitle64_17_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BPHTitle64_17-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> An update to its \"Growers\/Processors\/Dispensaries\/Laboratories\" FAQ was made in February 2020<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BPHOfficeOfMed_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BPHOfficeOfMed-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>, and the application period for such businesses was set to close on February 18, 2020.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BPHOfficeOfMed_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BPHOfficeOfMed-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>As of August 2022, it's not clear how many laboratories have been approved. No formal list of labs can be found on the state site, and according to law, \"an approved laboratory may not advertise, market, or otherwise promote its medical cannabis testing services to the general public,\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Title64-111_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Title64-111-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> making it difficult to locate them. A single press release was found, however, indicating <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Analabs,_Inc.\" title=\"Analabs, Inc.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f4d46181237e346116319b18a8d90899\">Analabs, Inc.<\/a> of Crab Orchard, WV was approved by the state in March 2021.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WVMedical21_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WVMedical21-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.9.3_Mexico\">6.9.3 Mexico<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"9728e4743bd2fb2255aa80375418378c\"><img alt=\"Flag of Mexico.png\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/17\/Flag_of_Mexico.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"143\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>Recreational cannabis was potentially going to be legalized in Mexico in 2019.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HasseThisFormer19_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HasseThisFormer19-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JaegerMexican19_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JaegerMexican19-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> However, the push to legalize was stalled until April 30, 2020, and the possibility it would get pushed back further was real.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WilliamsNews19_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WilliamsNews19-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup> Expectations were that legalization maybe be limited to medical applications, according to statements by President Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JaegerMexico20_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JaegerMexico20-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Though the Mexico Supreme Court struck down laws that would prohibit the use of recreational <i>Cannabis<\/i> products in June 2021<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AgrenMexico21_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AgrenMexico21-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>, the government has not put in place a legal framework as of August 2022, leaving some of Mexico's farmers to forge ahead without official government approval.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JanowitzMexico22_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JanowitzMexico22-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n \n<br \/>\n \n<br \/>\n \n<br \/>\n \n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-GoCLab20-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoCLab20_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/list-licensed-dealers.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Laboratories licensed to conduct activities with cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Health Canada<\/i>. Government of Canada. 24 June 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/list-licensed-dealers.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/list-licensed-dealers.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Laboratories+licensed+to+conduct+activities+with+cannabis&rft.atitle=Health+Canada&rft.date=24+June+2022&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fhealth-canada%2Fservices%2Flist-licensed-dealers.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CVDOurQuality-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CVDOurQuality_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cvdvt.org\/products\/quality-commitment\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Our Quality Commitment\"<\/a>. Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cvdvt.org\/products\/quality-commitment\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.cvdvt.org\/products\/quality-commitment\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 24 February 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Our+Quality+Commitment&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Champlain+Valley+Dispensary%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvdvt.org%2Fproducts%2Fquality-commitment%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SATCAnalysis-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SATCAnalysis_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sanctuaryatc.org\/laboratory-analysis-nh.php\" target=\"_blank\">\"New Hampshire Therapeutic Cannabis Laboratory Analysis \u2014 Therapeutic Uses\"<\/a>. Sanctuary ATC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sanctuaryatc.org\/laboratory-analysis-nh.php\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.sanctuaryatc.org\/laboratory-analysis-nh.php<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 24 February 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+Hampshire+Therapeutic+Cannabis+Laboratory+Analysis+%E2%80%94+Therapeutic+Uses&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Sanctuary+ATC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanctuaryatc.org%2Flaboratory-analysis-nh.php&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FloodState16-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FloodState16_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Flood, C. (15 November 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.capegazette.com\/article\/state-contracts-medical-marijuana-tester\/120159\" target=\"_blank\">\"State contracts medical marijuana tester\"<\/a>. <i>Cape Gazette<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.capegazette.com\/article\/state-contracts-medical-marijuana-tester\/120159\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.capegazette.com\/article\/state-contracts-medical-marijuana-tester\/120159<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 02 March 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=State+contracts+medical+marijuana+tester&rft.atitle=Cape+Gazette&rft.aulast=Flood%2C+C.&rft.au=Flood%2C+C.&rft.date=15+November+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capegazette.com%2Farticle%2Fstate-contracts-medical-marijuana-tester%2F120159&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CapeGazetteStatewide19-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CapeGazetteStatewide19_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cape Gazette (17 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.delbook.com\/statewide-testing-keeps-medical-marijuana-safe-for-users\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Statewide testing keeps medical marijuana safe for users\"<\/a>. <i>DelBook.com<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.delbook.com\/statewide-testing-keeps-medical-marijuana-safe-for-users\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.delbook.com\/statewide-testing-keeps-medical-marijuana-safe-for-users\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 07 May 2019<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Statewide+testing+keeps+medical+marijuana+safe+for+users&rft.atitle=DelBook.com&rft.aulast=Cape+Gazette&rft.au=Cape+Gazette&rft.date=17+April+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delbook.com%2Fstatewide-testing-keeps-medical-marijuana-safe-for-users%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DHSSReport21-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DHSSReport21_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Delaware Health and Social Services (October 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dhss\/dph\/hsp\/files\/mmpannrpt2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Delaware Medical Marijuana Program Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2021\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dhss\/dph\/hsp\/files\/mmpannrpt2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dhss\/dph\/hsp\/files\/mmpannrpt2021.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 27 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Delaware+Medical+Marijuana+Program+Annual+Report%2C+Fiscal+Year+2021&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Delaware+Health+and+Social+Services&rft.au=Delaware+Health+and+Social+Services&rft.date=October+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhss.delaware.gov%2Fdhss%2Fdph%2Fhsp%2Ffiles%2Fmmpannrpt2021.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LeDemDCCann21-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LeDemDCCann21_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Le Dem, G. (1 April 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/outlawreport.com\/dc-testing-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"D.C. Cannabis Growers Say It\u2019s High Time For A New Testing Lab\"<\/a>. <i>The Outlaw Report<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/outlawreport.com\/dc-testing-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/outlawreport.com\/dc-testing-labs\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 27 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=D.C.+Cannabis+Growers+Say+It%E2%80%99s+High+Time+For+A+New+Testing+Lab&rft.atitle=The+Outlaw+Report&rft.aulast=Le+Dem%2C+G.&rft.au=Le+Dem%2C+G.&rft.date=1+April+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foutlawreport.com%2Fdc-testing-labs%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GMCCApply-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GMCCApply_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gmcc.ga.gov\/licensing\" target=\"_blank\">\"Apply for a License\"<\/a>. Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gmcc.ga.gov\/licensing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.gmcc.ga.gov\/licensing<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 27 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Apply+for+a+License&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Georgia+Access+to+Medical+Cannabis+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmcc.ga.gov%2Flicensing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IDPHOffice-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IDPHOffice_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Office of Medical Cannabidiol, Iowa Department of Public Health. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/idph.iowa.gov\/Portals\/1\/userfiles\/234\/Files\/(HF2589%20Updates)%20v4_3%20Lab%20Acceptance%20Criteria%20Document.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Laboratory Testing Requirements & Acceptance Criteria\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/idph.iowa.gov\/Portals\/1\/userfiles\/234\/Files\/(HF2589%20Updates)%20v4_3%20Lab%20Acceptance%20Criteria%20Document.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/idph.iowa.gov\/Portals\/1\/userfiles\/234\/Files\/(HF2589%20Updates)%20v4_3%20Lab%20Acceptance%20Criteria%20Document.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Testing+Requirements+%26+Acceptance+Criteria&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Office+of+Medical+Cannabidiol%2C+Iowa+Department+of+Public+Health&rft.au=Office+of+Medical+Cannabidiol%2C+Iowa+Department+of+Public+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidph.iowa.gov%2FPortals%2F1%2Fuserfiles%2F234%2FFiles%2F%28HF2589%2520Updates%29%2520v4_3%2520Lab%2520Acceptance%2520Criteria%2520Document.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KarlinLouisianaMed18-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KarlinLouisianaMed18_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Karlin, S. (23 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Louisiana medical marijuana delayed after state forced to do product testing, company says\"<\/a>. <i>The Advocate<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 27 November 2018<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Louisiana+medical+marijuana+delayed+after+state+forced+to+do+product+testing%2C+company+says&rft.atitle=The+Advocate&rft.aulast=Karlin%2C+S.&rft.au=Karlin%2C+S.&rft.date=23+October+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Fbaton_rouge%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Farticle_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BooneLouis19-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BooneLouis19_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Boone, T. (17 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_14dcfe5c-6158-11e9-8480-5b6d2335b4c0.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Louisiana ag commissioner hopes to get medical marijuana products on approved pharmacy shelves in May\"<\/a>. <i>The Advocate<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_14dcfe5c-6158-11e9-8480-5b6d2335b4c0.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_14dcfe5c-6158-11e9-8480-5b6d2335b4c0.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 07 May 2019<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Louisiana+ag+commissioner+hopes+to+get+medical+marijuana+products+on+approved+pharmacy+shelves+in+May&rft.atitle=The+Advocate&rft.aulast=Boone%2C+T.&rft.au=Boone%2C+T.&rft.date=17+April+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Fbaton_rouge%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Farticle_14dcfe5c-6158-11e9-8480-5b6d2335b4c0.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HerringtonLouisiana22-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HerringtonLouisiana22_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Herrington, A.J. (12 July 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hightimes.com\/news\/louisiana-university-gains-approval-to-conduct-cannabis-research-and-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Louisiana University Gains Approval to Conduct Cannabis Research and Testing\"<\/a>. <i>High Times<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/hightimes.com\/news\/louisiana-university-gains-approval-to-conduct-cannabis-research-and-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/hightimes.com\/news\/louisiana-university-gains-approval-to-conduct-cannabis-research-and-testing\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 27 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Louisiana+University+Gains+Approval+to+Conduct+Cannabis+Research+and+Testing&rft.atitle=High+Times&rft.aulast=Herrington%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Herrington%2C+A.J.&rft.date=12+July+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhightimes.com%2Fnews%2Flouisiana-university-gains-approval-to-conduct-cannabis-research-and-testing%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KlarqvistMinnesota16-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KlarqvistMinnesota16_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Klarqvist, E. (August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.house.leg.state.mn.us\/hrd\/pubs\/MCTRA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Minnesota\u2019s Medical Cannabis Therapeutic Research Act\"<\/a> (PDF). Minnesota House of Representatives<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.house.leg.state.mn.us\/hrd\/pubs\/MCTRA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.house.leg.state.mn.us\/hrd\/pubs\/MCTRA.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 02 March 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Minnesota%E2%80%99s+Medical+Cannabis+Therapeutic+Research+Act&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Klarqvist%2C+E.&rft.au=Klarqvist%2C+E.&rft.date=August+2016&rft.pub=Minnesota+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.leg.state.mn.us%2Fhrd%2Fpubs%2FMCTRA.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MDHPublic16-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MDHPublic16_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leg.state.mn.us\/docs\/2016\/other\/160894.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Public Health Laboratory Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2015\"<\/a> (PDF). Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory. 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leg.state.mn.us\/docs\/2016\/other\/160894.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leg.state.mn.us\/docs\/2016\/other\/160894.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 14 March 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Public+Health+Laboratory+Annual+Report%3A+Fiscal+Year+2015&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Health+Public+Health+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.mn.us%2Fdocs%2F2016%2Fother%2F160894.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MSDHRegistered22-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MSDHRegistered22_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/30,0,425,1005.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Establishment Registry: Registered Mississippi Medical Cannabis Establishments\"<\/a>. Mississippi State Department of Health. 5 July 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/30,0,425,1005.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/30,0,425,1005.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Establishment+Registry%3A+Registered+Mississippi+Medical+Cannabis+Establishments&rft.atitle=&rft.date=5+July+2022&rft.pub=Mississippi+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdh.ms.gov%2Fmsdhsite%2F_static%2F30%2C0%2C425%2C1005.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MarsoMedical18-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MarsoMedical18_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Marso, A. (16 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kansascity.com\/living\/health-fitness\/article221302705.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical marijuana in Missouri: When\u2014and if\u2014you can get it\"<\/a>. <i>The Kansas City Star<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kansascity.com\/living\/health-fitness\/article221302705.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.kansascity.com\/living\/health-fitness\/article221302705.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 27 November 2018<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+marijuana+in+Missouri%3A+When%E2%80%94and+if%E2%80%94you+can+get+it&rft.atitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.aulast=Marso%2C+A.&rft.au=Marso%2C+A.&rft.date=16+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascity.com%2Fliving%2Fhealth-fitness%2Farticle221302705.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HolmanMedical19-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HolmanMedical19_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Holman, G.J. (19 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/local\/ozarks\/2019\/12\/19\/medical-marijuana-missouri-notifies-winners-10-testing-lab-licenses\/2698035001\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical marijuana: Missouri notifies winners of testing lab licenses\"<\/a>. <i>USA Today<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/local\/ozarks\/2019\/12\/19\/medical-marijuana-missouri-notifies-winners-10-testing-lab-licenses\/2698035001\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/local\/ozarks\/2019\/12\/19\/medical-marijuana-missouri-notifies-winners-10-testing-lab-licenses\/2698035001\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 15 February 2020<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+marijuana%3A+Missouri+notifies+winners+of+testing+lab+licenses&rft.atitle=USA+Today&rft.aulast=Holman%2C+G.J.&rft.au=Holman%2C+G.J.&rft.date=19+December+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fozarks%2F2019%2F12%2F19%2Fmedical-marijuana-missouri-notifies-winners-10-testing-lab-licenses%2F2698035001%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NJRecLic-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NJRecLic_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cannabis Regulatory Commission. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/cannabis\/businesses\/recreational\/license-awardees\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recreational License Awardees\"<\/a>. State of New Jersey<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/cannabis\/businesses\/recreational\/license-awardees\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/cannabis\/businesses\/recreational\/license-awardees\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recreational+License+Awardees&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cannabis+Regulatory+Commission&rft.au=Cannabis+Regulatory+Commission&rft.pub=State+of+New+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.gov%2Fcannabis%2Fbusinesses%2Frecreational%2Flicense-awardees%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYSFAQ-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYSFAQ_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/regulations\/medical_marijuana\/faq.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Frequently Asked Questions\"<\/a>. <i>New York State Medical Marijuana Program<\/i>. New York State Department of Health. March 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/regulations\/medical_marijuana\/faq.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/regulations\/medical_marijuana\/faq.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 24 February 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=New+York+State+Medical+Marijuana+Program&rft.date=March+2016&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.ny.gov%2Fregulations%2Fmedical_marijuana%2Ffaq.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYMRTAAdultLab-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYMRTAAdultLab_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Office of Cannabis Management. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/marihuana-regulation-and-taxation-act-mrta\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marihuana Regulation and Taxation Act (MRTA)\"<\/a>. State of New York<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/marihuana-regulation-and-taxation-act-mrta\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/marihuana-regulation-and-taxation-act-mrta<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marihuana+Regulation+and+Taxation+Act+%28MRTA%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Office+of+Cannabis+Management&rft.au=Office+of+Cannabis+Management&rft.pub=State+of+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabis.ny.gov%2Fmarihuana-regulation-and-taxation-act-mrta&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NDPetitionMMJ-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NDPetitionMMJ_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/vip.sos.nd.gov\/pdfs\/Measures%20Info\/2016%20General\/Measure%205.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Initiated Constitutional Amendment No. 5\"<\/a> (PDF). North Dakota Secretary of State. 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/vip.sos.nd.gov\/pdfs\/Measures%20Info\/2016%20General\/Measure%205.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/vip.sos.nd.gov\/pdfs\/Measures%20Info\/2016%20General\/Measure%205.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 02 March 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Initiated+Constitutional+Amendment+No.+5&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=North+Dakota+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvip.sos.nd.gov%2Fpdfs%2FMeasures%2520Info%2F2016%2520General%2FMeasure%25205.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APNorth18-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-APNorth18_22-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apnews.com\/397eab5555e84454af2833c2763ba481\" target=\"_blank\">\"North Dakota chooses medical marijuana laboratory company\"<\/a>. <i>The Associated Press<\/i>. 21 May 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apnews.com\/397eab5555e84454af2833c2763ba481\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.apnews.com\/397eab5555e84454af2833c2763ba481<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 27 November 2018<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=North+Dakota+chooses+medical+marijuana+laboratory+company&rft.atitle=The+Associated+Press&rft.date=21+May+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2F397eab5555e84454af2833c2763ba481&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchmidtFargo21-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchmidtFargo21_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schmidt, H. (10 October 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thedickinsonpress.com\/business\/fargo-lab-keeps-wild-west-of-hemp-and-marijuana-industry-in-line\" target=\"_blank\">\"Fargo lab keeps 'Wild West' of hemp and marijuana industry in line\"<\/a>. <i>The Dickinson Press<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thedickinsonpress.com\/business\/fargo-lab-keeps-wild-west-of-hemp-and-marijuana-industry-in-line\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thedickinsonpress.com\/business\/fargo-lab-keeps-wild-west-of-hemp-and-marijuana-industry-in-line<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 30 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fargo+lab+keeps+%27Wild+West%27+of+hemp+and+marijuana+industry+in+line&rft.atitle=The+Dickinson+Press&rft.aulast=Schmidt%2C+H.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+H.&rft.date=10+October+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedickinsonpress.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffargo-lab-keeps-wild-west-of-hemp-and-marijuana-industry-in-line&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SDCannLic-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SDCannLic_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"#Testing\">\"Certified Establishments\"<\/a>. South Dakota Department of Health<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"#Testing\">https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/Establishments\/CertifiedEstablishments.aspx#Testing<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Certified+Establishments&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=South+Dakota+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedcannabis.sd.gov%2FEstablishments%2FCertifiedEstablishments.aspx%23Testing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MillerTexas20-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MillerTexas20_25-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Miller, S.R. (13 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/texas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Texas Cannabis Market Restrictions Stunt Growth\"<\/a>. <i>New Cannabis Ventures<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/texas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/texas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Texas+Cannabis+Market+Restrictions+Stunt+Growth&rft.atitle=New+Cannabis+Ventures&rft.aulast=Miller%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Miller%2C+S.R.&rft.date=13+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcannabisventures.com%2Ftexas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TeakellAGuide-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TeakellAGuide_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Teakell, J.R.. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/teakelllaw.com\/texas-medical-marijuana-laws\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Guide To Texas Medical Marijuana Laws For Doctors And Patient Use\"<\/a>. Law Office of John R. Teakell<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/teakelllaw.com\/texas-medical-marijuana-laws\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/teakelllaw.com\/texas-medical-marijuana-laws\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Guide+To+Texas+Medical+Marijuana+Laws+For+Doctors+And+Patient+Use&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Teakell%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Teakell%2C+J.R.&rft.pub=Law+Office+of+John+R.+Teakell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteakelllaw.com%2Ftexas-medical-marijuana-laws%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TOTesting-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TOTesting_27-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/texasoriginal.com\/testing-results\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Testing Results\"<\/a>. Texas Original<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/texasoriginal.com\/testing-results\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/texasoriginal.com\/testing-results\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Testing+Results&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Texas+Original&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexasoriginal.com%2Ftesting-results%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-UtahMedicalLab19-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-UtahMedicalLab19_28-0\">28.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-UtahMedicalLab19_28-1\">28.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medicalcannabis.utah.gov\/production\/labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Laboratory & Testing\"<\/a>. State of Utah<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/medicalcannabis.utah.gov\/production\/labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/medicalcannabis.utah.gov\/production\/labs\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Laboratory+%26+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=State+of+Utah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicalcannabis.utah.gov%2Fproduction%2Flabs%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-UDAFLic-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-UDAFLic_29-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/webapp.ag.utah.gov\/LicenseLookup\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"License Lookup\"<\/a>. Utah Department of Agriculture and Food<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/webapp.ag.utah.gov\/LicenseLookup\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/webapp.ag.utah.gov\/LicenseLookup\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=License+Lookup&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Utah+Department+of+Agriculture+and+Food&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebapp.ag.utah.gov%2FLicenseLookup%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BPHTitle64_17-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BPHTitle64_17_30-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bureau for Public Health (14 December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Documents\/MedicalCannabis\/Proposed%20Rules\/Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories%20-%2064%20CSR%20111%20v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Title 64, Legislative Rule, Bureau for Public Health, Series 111, Medical Cannabis Program - Laboratories\"<\/a> (PDF). State of West Virginia<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Documents\/MedicalCannabis\/Proposed%20Rules\/Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories%20-%2064%20CSR%20111%20v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Documents\/MedicalCannabis\/Proposed%20Rules\/Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories%20-%2064%20CSR%20111%20v1.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 November 2018<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Title+64%2C+Legislative+Rule%2C+Bureau+for+Public+Health%2C+Series+111%2C+Medical+Cannabis+Program+-+Laboratories&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bureau+for+Public+Health&rft.au=Bureau+for+Public+Health&rft.date=14+December+2017&rft.pub=State+of+West+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhhr.wv.gov%2Fbph%2FDocuments%2FMedicalCannabis%2FProposed%2520Rules%2FMedical%2520Cannabis%2520Program%2520-%2520Laboratories%2520-%252064%2520CSR%2520111%2520v1.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BPHOfficeOfMed-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BPHOfficeOfMed_31-0\">31.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BPHOfficeOfMed_31-1\">31.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220201215737\/https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Office of Medical Cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Bureau for Public Health<\/i>. State of West Virginia. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 01 February 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220201215737\/https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220201215737\/https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Office+of+Medical+Cannabis&rft.atitle=Bureau+for+Public+Health&rft.pub=State+of+West+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220201215737%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fdhhr.wv.gov%2Fbph%2FPages%2FMedical-Cannabis-Program.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Title64-111-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Title64-111_32-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/omc.wv.gov\/rules\/Documents\/64-111%20Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Title 64, Legislative Rule, Bureau for Public Health, Series 111, Medical Cannabis Program - Laboratories\"<\/a> (PDF). State of West Virginia. 21 April 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/omc.wv.gov\/rules\/Documents\/64-111%20Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/omc.wv.gov\/rules\/Documents\/64-111%20Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Title+64%2C+Legislative+Rule%2C+Bureau+for+Public+Health%2C+Series+111%2C+Medical+Cannabis+Program+-+Laboratories&rft.atitle=&rft.date=21+April+2020&rft.pub=State+of+West+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomc.wv.gov%2Frules%2FDocuments%2F64-111%2520Medical%2520Cannabis%2520Program%2520-%2520Laboratories.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WVMedical21-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WVMedical21_33-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/News\/2021\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Testing-Laboratory-Announced.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Cannabis Testing Laboratory Announced\"<\/a>. West Virginia Department of Health & Human Resources. 19 March 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/News\/2021\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Testing-Laboratory-Announced.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/News\/2021\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Testing-Laboratory-Announced.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Cannabis+Testing+Laboratory+Announced&rft.atitle=&rft.date=19+March+2021&rft.pub=West+Virginia+Department+of+Health+%26+Human+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhhr.wv.gov%2FNews%2F2021%2FPages%2FMedical-Cannabis-Testing-Laboratory-Announced.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HasseThisFormer19-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HasseThisFormer19_34-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hasse, J. (12 February 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/javierhasse\/2019\/02\/12\/this-former-president-thinks-mexico-could-soon-be-exporting-cannabis-to-the-us-legally\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"This Former President Thinks Mexico Could Soon Be Exporting Cannabis To The U.S., Legally\"<\/a>. <i>Forbes<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/javierhasse\/2019\/02\/12\/this-former-president-thinks-mexico-could-soon-be-exporting-cannabis-to-the-us-legally\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/javierhasse\/2019\/02\/12\/this-former-president-thinks-mexico-could-soon-be-exporting-cannabis-to-the-us-legally\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=This+Former+President+Thinks+Mexico+Could+Soon+Be+Exporting+Cannabis+To+The+U.S.%2C+Legally&rft.atitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Hasse%2C+J.&rft.au=Hasse%2C+J.&rft.date=12+February+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjavierhasse%2F2019%2F02%2F12%2Fthis-former-president-thinks-mexico-could-soon-be-exporting-cannabis-to-the-us-legally%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JaegerMexican19-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JaegerMexican19_35-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Jaeger, K. (8 February 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/mexican-senate-report-lays-out-marijuana-legalization-considerations\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mexican Senate Report Lays Out Marijuana Legalization Considerations\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Moment<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/mexican-senate-report-lays-out-marijuana-legalization-considerations\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/mexican-senate-report-lays-out-marijuana-legalization-considerations\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mexican+Senate+Report+Lays+Out+Marijuana+Legalization+Considerations&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Moment&rft.aulast=Jaeger%2C+K.&rft.au=Jaeger%2C+K.&rft.date=8+February+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marijuanamoment.net%2Fmexican-senate-report-lays-out-marijuana-legalization-considerations%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WilliamsNews19-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WilliamsNews19_36-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Williams, S. (16 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2019\/11\/16\/news-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"News Flash: Recreational Marijuana in Mexico Is Going to Have to Wait\"<\/a>. <i>The Motley Fool<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2019\/11\/16\/news-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2019\/11\/16\/news-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=News+Flash%3A+Recreational+Marijuana+in+Mexico+Is+Going+to+Have+to+Wait&rft.atitle=The+Motley+Fool&rft.aulast=Williams%2C+S.&rft.au=Williams%2C+S.&rft.date=16+November+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2F2019%2F11%2F16%2Fnews-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JaegerMexico20-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JaegerMexico20_37-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Jaeger, K. (26 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/mexican-president-wants-focus-on-medical-marijuana-as-senators-consider-broader-legalization\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mexican President Wants Focus On Medical Marijuana As Senators Consider Broader Legalization\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Moment<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/mexican-president-wants-focus-on-medical-marijuana-as-senators-consider-broader-legalization\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/mexican-president-wants-focus-on-medical-marijuana-as-senators-consider-broader-legalization\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mexican+President+Wants+Focus+On+Medical+Marijuana+As+Senators+Consider+Broader+Legalization&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Moment&rft.aulast=Jaeger%2C+K.&rft.au=Jaeger%2C+K.&rft.date=26+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marijuanamoment.net%2Fmexican-president-wants-focus-on-medical-marijuana-as-senators-consider-broader-legalization%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AgrenMexico21-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AgrenMexico21_38-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Agren, D. (28 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/jun\/28\/mexicos-high-court-strikes-down-laws-that-ban-use-of-recreational-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mexico supreme court strikes down laws that ban use of recreational marijuana\"<\/a>. <i>The Guardian<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/jun\/28\/mexicos-high-court-strikes-down-laws-that-ban-use-of-recreational-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/jun\/28\/mexicos-high-court-strikes-down-laws-that-ban-use-of-recreational-marijuana<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mexico+supreme+court+strikes+down+laws+that+ban+use+of+recreational+marijuana&rft.atitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Agren%2C+D.&rft.au=Agren%2C+D.&rft.date=28+June+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjun%2F28%2Fmexicos-high-court-strikes-down-laws-that-ban-use-of-recreational-marijuana&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JanowitzMexico22-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JanowitzMexico22_39-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Janowitz, N. (15 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/akewjg\/mexico-rogue-cannabis-growers\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mexico's Cannabis Growers Are Going Rogue\"<\/a>. <i>Vice<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/akewjg\/mexico-rogue-cannabis-growers\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/akewjg\/mexico-rogue-cannabis-growers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mexico%27s+Cannabis+Growers+Are+Going+Rogue&rft.atitle=Vice&rft.aulast=Janowitz%2C+N.&rft.au=Janowitz%2C+N.&rft.date=15+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fakewjg%2Fmexico-rogue-cannabis-growers&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Citation_information_for_this_chapter\">Citation information for this chapter<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Chapter<\/b>: 6. Final thoughts and resources\n<\/p><p><b>Title<\/b>: <i>Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Edition<\/b>: Fourth edition\n<\/p><p><b>Author for citation<\/b>: Shawn E. Douglas\n<\/p><p><b>License for content<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International<\/a>\n<\/p><p><b>Publication date<\/b>: August 2022\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140930\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.406 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.926 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 26160\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 226519\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 72197\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 19\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 61990\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 267.601 1 -total\n100.00% 267.601 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\n 89.48% 239.456 1 Template:Reflist\n 79.80% 213.555 39 Template:Cite_web\n 75.55% 202.177 39 Template:Citation\/core\n 14.48% 38.742 27 Template:Date\n 5.90% 15.783 1 Template:Cannabis_testing_labs_in_the_United_States\n 4.65% 12.456 60 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 1.99% 5.321 1 Template:Cannabis_testing_labs_in_Mexico\n 1.91% 5.124 1 Template:Cannabis_testing_labs_in_Canada\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5258-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140928 and revision id 17986. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","b1b3d688b0a303a28955a2d498ef5f5c_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/Flag_of_Canada.png","https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/de\/Flag_of_the_United_States.png","https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/17\/Flag_of_Mexico.png"],"b1b3d688b0a303a28955a2d498ef5f5c_timestamp":1660140568,"2f5db46e47f373222c5cfc4d5e8ba5cc_type":"article","2f5db46e47f373222c5cfc4d5e8ba5cc_title":"6.8 Licensed cultivators - Canada and United States","2f5db46e47f373222c5cfc4d5e8ba5cc_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators","2f5db46e47f373222c5cfc4d5e8ba5cc_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Licensed cultivatorsFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchContents \n\n1 6.8 Licensed cultivators \n\n1.1 6.8.1 Canada \n1.2 6.8.2 United States \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n6.8 Licensed cultivators \nThis information is based largely on state-supplied resources and is up-to-date as of July 2022.\n\n6.8.1 Canada \nCanada's cultivators are licensed by the federal government. The country has 87 full cultivation licenses, which can be viewed on their licensed cultivators, processors, and sellers page. A variety of fees are applied to applicants, including application fees, security clearance fees, import\/export fees, and annual regulatory fees. Consult the country's Cannabis Fees Order Guide for details.\n\r\n\n\n6.8.2 United States \nAlabama:\nWith the approval of a medical cannabis program, the Alabama Medical Cannabis Commission notes that it will begin to accept applications for cultivator processors on September 1, 2022.[1]\n\r\n\nAlaska:\nThe state boasts 115 Limited and 132 Standard Marijuana Cultivation Facilities. The state differentiates a \"limited\" facility as one with 500 square feet or less of grow operation space, whereas \"standard\" facilities have no such limitation.[2] To review the entire list of 200+ cultivation facilities, go to https:\/\/www.commerce.alaska.gov\/web\/amco\/ and look for the link \"Licenses and Applications by Status.\"\nLicensing fees for new limited facilities are $1,000, and $5,000 for standard.[3]\n\r\n\nArizona:\nThe government ties cultivation to dispensaries. However, Arizona state law prohibits making public a list of dispensaries, so the state's cultivators\/dispensaries are not publicly known.[4]\n\r\n\nArkansas:\nThe eight cultivation facilities for Arkansas are[5]:\n\nBold Team, LLC (Cotton Plant)\nCarpenter Farms of Grady, LLC (Grady)\nDelta Medical Cannabis Co. (Newport)\nGood Day Farm Arkansas, LLC (Pine Bluff)\nNatural State Medicinals Cultivation, LLC (White Hall)\nNew Day Cultivation, LLC (Hot Springs)\nOsage Creek Cultivation, LLC (Berryville)\nRiver Valley Production, LLC (Fort Smith; DBA River Valley Relief Cultivation)\nThe eight facilities were licensed after paying a $100,000 license fee and a $500,000 performance bond.[6]\n\r\n\nCalifornia:\nThe state of California has nearly 3,000 unique cannabis adult-use and medicinal-use cultivators of provisional and annual status. As of January 1, 2019, the state no longer has the authority to issue temporary licenses, though normal adult-use and medicinal-use cultivation licenses can still be applied for.[7] To review the entire list of more than 850 unique cultivation businesses (note: some companies have more than one license), go to https:\/\/aca6.accela.com\/CALCANNABIS\/Cap\/CapHome.aspx?module=Licenses, select the license type, then select \"Active\" from the License Status. (Active licenses won't be older than January 1, 2018.)\nApplication and license fees vary depending on facility type. Consult the \"Application and license fees\" page for these fees.\n\r\n\nColorado:\nThe state has more than 380 unique medical-use and more than 700 unique adult-use cultivators. To review the two lists in their entirety, go to https:\/\/sbg.colorado.gov\/med\/licensed-facilities and select the \"Cultivations\" link.\nCultivation application and license fees vary based upon operation size. The base license fee for everyone is Tier 1 (1 \u2013 1,800 plants) - $1,830.00.[8]\nFor cultivators who wish to expand their operations, the following license fee is paid[8]:\n\nTier 2 (1,801 \u2013 3,600 plants) - $2,806.00\nTier 3 (3,601 \u2013 6,000 plants) - $3,660.00\nTier 4 (6,001 \u2013 10,200 plants) - $5,490.00\nTier 5 (10,201 \u2013 13,800 plants) - $7,930.00\nEach additional tier of 3,600 plants over Tier 5 - $976.00\n\r\n\nConnecticut:\nAccording to Connecticut's license lookup for medical marijuana producers, the four entities are licensed to cultivate in the state:\n\nAdvanced Grow Labs, LLC\nConnecticut Pharmaceutical Solutions, LLC\nCuraleaf, LLC\nTheraplant, LLC\nThe state is not currently accepting new applications. However, the application fees for licenses were $25,000 for the initial applications, a $75,000 registration fee, and a $75,000 renewal fee.[9]\n\r\n\nDelaware:\nThe state's cultivation facilities are vertically integrated with its dispensaries, i.e., dispensaries are also cultivators. The four unique entities operating cultivation centers in Delaware are[10][11][12]:\n\nColumbia Care, LLC (three locations)\nCompassionate Care Research Institute, Inc.\nEzyCure, LLC\nFirst State Compassion Center, Inc. (two locations)\nThese compassion centers pay a $40,000 license fee ever two years.[13]\nThe state is not currently accepting new applications, though it may do so in 2022 or 2023.[11]\n\r\n\nDistrict of Columbia:\nThe District of Columbia allows eight cultivators to operate[14]:\n\nAbatin Wellness Center Of The District Of Columbia, LLC\nApelles Investment Management, LLC dba Columbia Care\nDistrict Growers, LLC\nHolistic Remedies, LLC\nMontana Apothecary, LLC dba Alternative Solutions\nOrganic Wellness, LLC\nPhyto Management, LLC\nVentureForth, LLC dba Center City Cultivation\nThe state is not currently accepting new applications.\n\r\n\nFlorida:\nThe state's cultivation is vertically integrated with it its other cannabis functions, and medical marijuana treatment centers (MMTCs) \"are the only businesses authorized to cultivate, process and\ndispense low-THC cannabis and medical marijuana\" in Florida.[15] (Vertical integration may be removed as a requirement at some future point, though that progress has stalled.[16]) The state currently has 17 active medical marijuana treatment centers[15]:\n\nBill's Nursery, Inc. dba The Flowery\nCansortium Holdings LLC dba Fluent Cannabis Care\nColumbia Care, Inc. dba Cannabist\nCresco Labs, Inc. dba Sunnyside*\nCuraleaf Florida, LLC dba Curaleaf\nDFMMJ Investments, LLC dba Liberty Health Sciences\nGreen Dragon, LLC\nGreen Thumb Industries Investments, LLC dba RiSE Dispensaries\nGrowHealthy Farms Florida, LLC dba GrowHealthy\nJungle Boys Consolidated Companies Ltd. dba Jungle Boys Ocala\nMM Enterprises, USA, LLC dba MedMen\nNuTrae, LLC dba AltMed Florida (M\u00fcV)\nRed White & Bloom Florida, Inc. dba HT Medical Cannabis\nSanctuary Medicinals, LLC\nSurterra Holdings, Inc. dba Surterra Wellness\nTrulieve, Inc.\nVidacann, Ltd.\nThe state is currently in Phase Two Review of a new application process.[17]\n\r\n\nGeorgia:\nIn July 2021, Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission (GMCC) announced that it had approved six cultivation licenses for the manufacture of low-THC medical cannabis oil.[18] However, as of early July 2022, those licenses still do not appear as being issued on the GMCC website.[19] It's possible that filed legal protests against the application process, as well as other complaints, may be slowing down the finalization process.[20][21] The July 2021 announced license winners were[18]:\n\nTrulieve GA, Inc. (Class 1)\nBotanical Sciences LLC (Class 1)\nFFD GA Holdings, LLC dba Fine Fettle (Class 2)\nTheraTrue Georgia, LLC (Class 2)\nNatures GA, LLC (Class 2)\nTreevana Remedy, Inc. (Class 2)\n\r\n\nHawaii:\nThe state of Hawaii allows for eight entities to grow and distribute medical marijuana, with each entity able to have two production centers and two dispensaries. Each production center is limited to a maximum of 5,000 cannabis plants. Those eight entities are[22][23]:\n\nAloha Green Holdings, Inc. dba Aloha Green Apothecary\nGreen Aloha, Ltd.\nHawaiian Ethos, LLC\nLau Ola, LLC dba Big Island Grown (B.I.G.) Dispensaries\nM\u0101noa Botanicals, LLC dba Noa Botanicals\nMaui Wellness Group, LLC dba Maui Grown Therapies\nPono Life Sciences, LLC\nTCG Retro Market 1, LLC dba Cure Oahu\nThe state is not currently accepting new applications. It's application fee was $5,000, initial license fee $75,000, and license renewal fee $50,000.[24]\n\r\n\nIllinois:\nIllinois law allows up to 22 cultivation centers to be established in the state, with the intent being to create a center in each police district. The current cultivation centers are (some entities have centers in more than one district)[25]:\n\nAtaraxia, LLC\nBedford Grow, LLC\nCompass Ventures, Inc.\nCresco Labs, LLC\nCurative Health Cultivation, LLC dba Columbia Care Illinois\/Cannabist\nEffingham Medicinal Farms, LLC dba Justice Grown\nGTI Oglesby LLC and GTI Rock Island, LLC\nIESO, LLC\nIllinois Grown Medicine, LLC\nIn Grown Farms, LLC\nNature\u2019s Grace and Wellness, LLC\nPharmaCann, LLC\nProgressive Treatment Solutions, LLC\nRevolution Cannabis - Barry, LLC and Revolution Cannabis - Delavan, LLC\nShelbyville County Community Services, Inc.\nWellness Group Pharms, LLC\nThe state is not currently accepting new applications. Fees associated with a cultivation center include a $25,000 application fee, a $200,000 first-year license fee, and a $100,000 annual license fee afterwards.[26]\n\r\n\nIowa:\nAs of July 2022, the state still has only one active cannabis cultivator out of the two allowed by its medical cannabis program: MedPharm Iowa LLC (now known as Bud & Mary\u2019s Cannabis Co.).[27][28] Iowa Relief, LLC backed out of the program in June 2020, and a request for proposals was issued by the state later that year.[28] ICC MFG Holdings LLC, doing business as Iowa Cannabis Co., apparently won that RFP but has been plagued by delays, requiring a second extension to get their cultivation facility going by May 1, 2023 or otherwise face losing their provisionary license.[27]\n\r\n\nLouisiana:\nDifficulties meeting laboratory testing requirements and acquisitions involving a grow operation originally slowed down the progress of getting the state's growing operations started.[29][30][31] Two growing operations eventually came online[31][30][32]:\n\nGBSciences, Inc., hired by Louisiana State University, then sold to Wellcana Group, LLC\nIlera Healthcare, which bought Advanced Biomedics, originally hired by Southern University\n\r\n\nMaine:\nFor medical marijuana, cultivation and manufacturing is vertically integrated with dispensaries. The state currently has more than 20 dispensaries approved.[33] (Go to https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/medical-use and filter by Active.) Recreational marijuana does not appear to be integrated, with more than 60 cultivation facilities approved.[34] (Go to https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/adult-use and filter by Active.)\nPrice of application\/license fees is not clear.\n\r\n\nMaryland:\nThe state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Maryland currently has 18 licensed growers[35]:\n\nCulta, LLC\nCurio Cultivation, LLC dba Curio Wellness\nFreestate Wellness, LLC\nGR Companies, Inc. dba as Grassroots Cannabis\nGreen Leaf Medical, LLC\nGrow West MD, LLC\nGTI Maryland, LLC\nHMS Health, LLC dba TerrAscend Maryland\nHolistic Industries, Inc.\nKind Therapeutics USA, LLC\nMaryMed, LLC\nMCP OPCO, LLC dba District Cannabis\nPC Cultivator, LLC\nSeven Points Agro-Therapeutics, LLC dba Prime Extracts\nShore Natural Rx, LLC\nSunMed Growers LLC\nTemescal Wellness of Maryland, LLC dba Evermore Cannabis Co.\nTrulieve MD Cultivation, LLC dba Trulieve\nThe state requires a $2,000 application fee[36] and a $250,000 two-year license fee.[37]\n\r\n\nMassachusetts:\nThe state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Massachusetts currently has more than 80 approved cultivators.[38] (Go to https:\/\/masscannabiscontrol.com\/licensing-tracker\/ for the full list; sort by license type.)\nApplication and license fees vary based on how many plants are to be grown in the cultivation facility. Refer to the Cannabis Control Commission's guidance document \"Guidance on Licensure\" for details.\n\r\n\nMichigan:\nThe state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Michigan currently has more than 480 unique licensed cultivators.[39]. (Go to https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/Sections\/mmfl and find \"Active Facility Licenses in Michigan\" and click \"Launch Map.\" From there, in the filter, unselect all entities and select all the grower entries. Then select the arrow at the bottom middle of the page to view the table.)\n\r\n\nThe state charges $3,000 for a prequalification application fee.[40]\n\r\n\nMinnesota:\nThe state has chosen two companies to cultivate for its medical cannabis program[41]:\n\nLeafLine Labs, LLC\nVireo Health, Inc. dba Green Goods (formerly Minnesota Medical Solutions)\nFurther applications are not being accepted at this time. A $20,000 application fee was due for anyone who applied.[42]\n\r\n\nMississippi:\nAs of July 2022, the Mississippi medical cannabis program is young, and the following entities are licensed as cultivators[43]:\n\nMockingbird Cannabis, LLC\nRiver Wellness Holdings, LLC dba River Remedy\nSouthern Crop Farm, LLC\nThe state has a tiered system for cultivators, with fees commensurate with the tier level (whether a \"micro-cultivator\" or a \"cultivator\").[44]\n\r\n\nMissouri:\nThe state has nearly 50 unique businesses licensed and approved to cultivate cannabis in the state. To view the list of cultivation facilities, go the licensed facilities page for the state and download the related Excel sheet.\nLicensing application fees were $10,000.[45] Applications for cultivation, testing, manufacturing, and dispensary facilities are currently not being accepted.[46]\n\r\n\nMontana:\nThe state lists more than 300 licensed cultivators for its program. See the Cannabis Control Division page and look for \"Licensed Cultivation List.\"\nThe state claims it will open applications to new cultivators starting July 1, 2023. Fees are based on a cultivation \"canopy tier\" level.[47]\n\r\n\nNevada:\nThe current number and details of the state's licensed cultivators are unknown. Per an inquiry and a form letter emailed from the Marijuana Enforcement Division of Nevada, \"the state is only permitted to release information on open dispensaries,\" and does not release information on current licensed cultivators. However, a list of provisional certificates awarded in November 2014 can still be found on their site, though many of the names are redacted due to confidentiality laws in the state.\nLicensing fees for cultivation facilities differ based on product. Recreational marijuana cultivation has an initial $30,000 licensing fee, with renewal costs at $10,000. Medical marijuana cultivation has an initial $3,000 license, with renewal costs at $1,000.[48]\n\r\n\nNew Hampshire:\nThe state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into alternative treatment centers, with the state currently allowing for seven locations run by three entities[49]:\n\nPrime Alternative Treatment Centers of NH, Inc.\nSanctuary ATC\nTemescal Wellness, Inc.\nThe state doesn't appear to be accepting new applications, and it's not clear what fees applicants had to pay.\n\r\n\nNew Jersey:\nThe state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into alternative treatment centers, with the state currently allowing for 25 locations run by 12 entities[50]:\n\nAcreage Holdings, Inc. dba The Botanist\nAscend Wellness Holdings, LLC dba Ascend Cannabis\nBreakwater Alternative Treatment Center Corp.\nColumbia Care, Inc. dba Cannabist\nCuraLeaf NJ, Inc.\nGreen Thumb Industries, Inc. dba Rise\nGSD NJ, LLC dba Garden State Dispensary\nHarmony Foundation of NJ, Inc. dba Harmony Dispensary\niAnthus Capital Holdings, Inc. dba MPX NJ\nJustice Cannabis Co. dba Bloc Dispensary\nTerrAscend NJ, LLC dba The Apothecarium Dispensary\nVerano Holdings, LLC dba Zen Leaf\nAn application period occurred in July 2018 to grant six more licenses. In December 2018, six additional providers were invited to proceed with the application process, though in February 2019 five appeals were filed by rejected applicants and an existing alternative treatment center in regards to the selected six. Due to the litigation, only one those six providers\u2014Rise\u2014has become fully licensed and operational.[51][52][53] By early 2020, more lawsuits had delayed final approvals even further, with no clear conclusion in site.[53] Since then, numerous other lawsuits have raised questions about the fate of several present and future dispensaries in the state.[54][55][56][57][58]\n\r\n\nNew Mexico:\nThe state calls licensed cultivators \"producers\", of which there are more than 100.[59] (Go to https:\/\/nmrldlpi.force.com\/bcd\/s\/public-search-license?division=CCD&language=en_US and filter by license type of \"Cannabis Producer\" to see the full list.)\nThe state is not accepting additional applications at this time. Initial application fee was $10,000, with a license fee of \"thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) for the first 150 cannabis plants to be possessed by the non-profit producer, and ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for each additional quantity of 50 plants thereafter to be possessed, up to a maximum collective total of 450 cannabis plants.\"[60]\n\r\n\nNew York:\nFor medical cannabis, the state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into \"registered organizations.\" Each registered organization can have one cultivation facility and up to four dispensaries. Those organizations are[61]:\n\nCitivia Medical, LLC\nColumbia Care NY, LLC\nCuraleaf NY, LLC\nEtain, LLC\nFiorello Pharmaceuticals, Inc. dba FP Wellness\nMedMen, Inc.\nNYCANNA, LLC dba The Botanist or Acreage NY\nPharmaCann of New York, LLC\nValley Agriceuticals, LLC dba Remedy-NY\nVireo Health of New York, LLC\nApplications are not currently being accepted. Applications fee was $10,000, licensing fee $200,000.[62]\nAs of July 2022, the state is still working on licensing cultivators for adult-use cannabis.[63]\n\r\n\nNorth Dakota:\nThe state approved two cultivation sites in 2018 for its medical marijuana program[64]:\n\nGR Vending ND, LLC dba Grassroots Cannabis\nPure Dakota, LLC\nAdditional cultivation applications don't appear to be accepted. An initial $5,000 application fee was required, and a $110,000 certification fee for a two-year license.[65][66]\n\r\n\nOhio:\nThe state of Ohio has approved 29 certified and eight provisional cultivator licenses, 23 for Level I and 14 for Level II. They are[67]:\n\nAgri-Med Ohio, LLC dba Ethos Cannabis\nAncient Roots, LLC\nAppalachian Pharm Products, LLC (provisional)\nAscend Wellness Holdings, LLC\nAscension BioMedical, LLC\nAT-CPC of Ohio, LLC dba Klutch Cannabis\nBuckeye Relief, LLC\nCannaMed Therapeutics, LLC (provisional)\nCertified Cultivators, LLC\nCielo Jardin, LLC (provisional)\nColumbia Care OH, LLC\nCresco Labs Ohio, LLC\nFarmaceutical RX, LLC\nFarkas Farms, LLC\nFire Rock Ltd. dba Woodward Fine Cannabis\nFN Group Holdings, LLC dba Wellspring Fields\nFW Green Investments, LLC (provisional)\nGalenas, LLC\nGreen Investment Partners, LLC dba Cure Ohio\nGreenleaf Gardens, LLC\nGrow Ohio Pharmaceuticals, LLC\nGTI Ohio, LLC dba Green Thumb Industries\nHarvest Grows, LLC\nJushi Holdings, Inc. dba OhiGrow\nOhio Clean Leaf, LLC\nOPC Cultivation, LLC dba Firelands Scientific\nParagon Development Group, LLC (provisional)\nParma Wellness Center, LLC (provisional)\nPharmaCann Ohio, LLC\nPure OH, LLC dba Birdsong\nPure Ohio Wellness, LLC\nRiteGene Technologies, LLC (provisional)\nRiviera Creek Holdings, LLC\nWellness Company, LLC\nTerradiol Ohio, LLC (provisional)\nVerano Holdings, Inc. dba Zen Leaf (acquired Mother Grows Best, LLC and Ohio Grown Therapies, LLC)\nThe state is not currently accepting applications. Application fees were $20,000 for Level I and $2,000 for Level II cultivators, with initial license fees of $180,000 and $18,000 respectively, and annual renewal fees of $200,000 and $20,000 respectively. (Level I permitted to 25,000 square feet initially, Level II to 3,000 square feet initially.)[67]\n\r\n\nOklahoma:\nThe state has more than 7,100 cannabis cultivators for its medical marijuana program. Consult the \"List of Licensed Businesses\" to view the entire list. Application\/license fee ranges from $2,500 to $50,000, depending on the size and type of facility.[68]\n\r\n\nOregon\nOregon boasts almost 1,400 recreational cannabis cultivation licenses across its program. (Medical cannabis growers are designated by an Oregon Medical Marijuana Program.[69]) To view the list of cultivators, go here and choose the PDF or Excel document titled \"Approved Marijuana Licenses.\" \nAs of April 2022, no new cultivation license applications are being accepted until at least April 2024.[70] The application fee was $250, and the license fee varied depending on license type ($100\u2013$5,750).[71]\n\r\n\nPennsylvania:\nThe state initially introduced 12 grower-processor licenses with Phase I of its program.[72] In 2018, the state issued 13 additional permits to grower-processors[73], taking the total to the allowed-for 25. They are:\n\nAES Compassionate Care, LLC dba Grassroots Cannabis\nAgri-Kind, LLC\nAGRiMED Industries of PA, LLC dba AGRiMED Ward Site\nCalypso Enterprises, LLC\nCresco Yeltrah, LLC dba Jefferson County Grower\/Processor Facility\nDocHouse, LLC\nFarmaceuticalRx, LLC\nFranklin Labs, LLC\nGreen Leaf Medicals, LLC\nGTI Pennsylvania, LLC dba GTI Danville Grow\/Process\nHanging Gardens, LLC dba Iron Street\nHolistic Farms, LLC\nIlera Healthcare, LLC\nINSA, LLC\nMaitri Genetics, LLC\nParea BioSciences, LLC\nPennAlt Organics, Inc. dba Penn Health's Cultivation Facility\nJushi Holdings, Inc. (acquired Pennsylvania Medical Solutions, LLC)\nPharmaCann Penn Plant, LLC\nPier Cove, LLC dba Justice Grown Cultivation and Processing Center\nPrime Wellness of Pennsylvania, LLC\nPurePenn, LLC\nStandard Farms, LLC (Acquired by TILT Holdings, Inc. in January 2019[74])\nTerrapin Investment Fund 1, LLC dba Terrapin Care Station\nWhole Plants, LLC dba WP Health Foundry\nApplications are currently not being accepted. Prior applicants paid a $10,000 application fee and $200,000 permit fee.[73]\n\r\n\nRhode Island:\nThe state has given licenses to 66 cultivators, with one additional license pending final licensing inspection. Consult the state's approval page for the full list. The application process is currently closed. Prior applicants were required to pay a $5,000 application fee. Annual license fees vary based upon the class (grow operation size) license: Micro at $5,000, Class A at $20,000, Class B at $35,000, Class C at $50,000, and Class D at $80,000.[75]\n\r\n\nSouth Dakota:\nThe state boasts nearly 30 cultivators for its medical cannabis program; see the page of certified establishments for more.[76] As for application fees, a nonrefundable $5,000 application fee per establishment is required.[77]\n\r\n\nTexas:\nThe state's medical cannabis program, which is quite limited in scope, currently allows only three suppliers[78][79]:\n\nCansortium, Inc. dba Fluent\nSurterra Holdings, Inc. dba Parallel\nCompassionate Cultivation, LLC dba Texas Original Compassionate Cultivation\nAs of July 2022, the application period for new facilities remains closed.\n\r\n\nUtah:\nThe state handed out eight of its 10 cultivator licenses in 2019. See the state's cannabis program site for details. Those eight cultivators are:\n\nDragonfly Greenhouse, LLC\nHarvest of Utah, LLC\nRiverside Farms, LLC\nStandard Wellness Utah, LLC\nTrue North of Utah, LLC dba True North Organics\nTryke Companies Utah, LLC\nWholesome Ag., LLC\nZion Cultivars, LLC dba Zion Medicinal\nApplications are currently not being accepted by the state. The original application fee was $2,500, with an additional $51.50 for a background check. Approved licensees pay $100,000 for the first-year license.[80]\n\r\n\nVermont:\nVermont vertically integrates cultivation and distribution and refers to licensed entities as \"dispensaries.\" The state has issued five dispensary registration certificates[81]:\n\nHigh Fidelity, Inc. dba as CeresMED (formerly Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc.[82])\nHigh Fidelity, Inc. dba as CeresMED South (formerly Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc.[82])\nFWR, Inc. dba Grassroots Vermont\nPhytoscience Institute, LLC dba PhytoCare Vermont\nVermont Patients Alliance, Inc.\nThe state has said it plans on opening the application process to a sixth dispensary once patient count reaches 7,000.[81] Application fees were $2,500 and license fees set at $20,000. Annual renewal fee is $30,000.[83]\n\r\n\nVirginia:\nHouseholds can grow up to four plants; however, licenses for cultivation for the state's formal marketplace can't be applied for until July 2023.[84]\n\r\n\nWashington:\nThe state has more than 1,050 active production licenses issued. To view the entire list, go here, export the list, and sort out the production facilities. The state is not accepting new applications at this time. Application fees were $250, with an annual $1,480 annual license fee for producers.[85]\n\r\n\nWest Virginia:\n\nThe state is still working on developing its medical cannabis program due to unanticipated delays[86], particularly with finding banking solutions for the program.[87] The Bureau for Public Health indicates that it plans on issuing no more than 10 permits for cultivators. The initial application fee will be $5,000 and the permit fee $50,000.[88] The application period should open sometime in 2019.[87] The state ceased accepting application for cultivators on February 18, 2020.[86] In October 2020, the state announced its 10 cultivators[89]:\nArmory Pharmaceutical, Inc.\nBlue Ridge Botanicals, Ltd.\nBuckhannon Grow, LLC\nColumbia Care WV, LLC dba Cannabist\nHarvest Care Medical, LLC\nHolistic WV Farms I, LLC\nMountaineer Holding, LLC (acquired by Trulieve Cannabis Corp.)\nMountaineer Integrated Care, Inc.\nTariff Labs, LLC\nVerano WV, LLC\nThe state is no longer accepting applications.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Alabama Medical Cannabis Commission. \"Frequently Asked Questions\". State of Alabama. https:\/\/amcc.alabama.gov\/frequently-asked-questions\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Summers, D.J. (21 March 2016). \"Cultivation licenses dominate marijuana applications\". Alaska Journal of Commerce. https:\/\/www.alaskajournal.com\/2016-03-21\/cultivation-licenses-dominate-marijuana-applications . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Alcohol and Marijuana Control Office. \"Marijuana License Application\". Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. https:\/\/www.commerce.alaska.gov\/web\/amco\/MarijuanaLicenseApplication.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Arizona Department of Health Services. \"DI31: Can I get a list of the dispensaries?\". FAQs - Dispensary. Government of Arizona. https:\/\/www.azdhs.gov\/licensing\/medical-marijuana\/index.php#faqs-dispensary . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Saccente, T. (3 October 2021). \"Medical marijuana cultivation underway in River Valley\". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. https:\/\/www.arkansasonline.com\/news\/2021\/oct\/03\/medical-marijuana-cultivation-underway-in-river\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Grabenstein, H. (10 July 2018). \"Arkansas Issues 5 Medical Marijuana Cultivation Licenses\". U.S. News. https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/best-states\/arkansas\/articles\/2018-07-10\/ark-medical-marijuana-panel-issues-5-cultivation-licenses . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing (8 January 2019). \"Notice Regarding Temporary Cannabis Cultivation License Applications\". California Cannabis Portal. Government of California. https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2019\/01\/notice-regarding-temporary-cannabis-cultivation-license-applications\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 Department of Revenue, Marijuana Enforcement Division (10 December 2021). \"Colorado Marijuana Rules - 1 CCR 212-3\". Government of Colorado. https:\/\/www.coloradosos.gov\/CCR\/DisplayRule.do?action=ruleinfo&ruleId=3314 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Consumer Protection. \"Medical Marijuana Producer License\". Government of Connecticut. https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/DCP\/Medical-Marijuana-Program\/Medical-Marijuana-Producer-License . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Fishman, M. (2 August 2017). \"Second New Castle County medical marijuana dispensary set to open\". Delaware Online. https:\/\/www.delawareonline.com\/story\/news\/local\/2017\/08\/02\/second-new-castle-county-medical-marijuana-dispensary-set-open\/534020001\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 11.0 11.1 Flood, C. (14 January 2022). \"Delayed opening for third weed dispensary in Sussex\". Cape Gazette. https:\/\/www.capegazette.com\/article\/delayed-opening-third-weed-dispensary-sussex\/233340 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Medical Marijuana Compassion Centers\". Department of Public Health. Government of Delaware. https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dph\/hsp\/medmarcc.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Delaware Health and Social Services (January 2016). \"Delaware Medical Marijuana Program Annual Report 2015\" (PDF). Government of Delaware. https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dhss\/dph\/hsp\/files\/mmpannrpt2015.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Alcoholic Beverage Regulation Administration. \"Medical Cannabis Cultivation Centers\". Government of the District of Columbia. https:\/\/abra.dc.gov\/node\/1531326 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 15.0 15.1 Office of Medical Marijuana Use (8 July 2022). \"OMMU Update\" (PDF). Government of Florida. https:\/\/knowthefactsmmj.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ommu_updates\/2022\/070822-OMMU-Update.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gross, S.J. (10 February 2020). \"Florida Legislature not moving to address marijuana legislation this session\". Tampa Bay Times. https:\/\/www.tampabay.com\/florida-politics\/buzz\/2020\/02\/10\/florida-legislature-not-moving-to-address-marijuana-legislation-this-session\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Office of Medical Marijuana Use (2022). \"2022 Pigford\/Black Farmers Litigation MMTC Application Process\". Government of Florida. https:\/\/knowthefactsmmj.com\/mmtc\/2022-pigford-bfl-mmtc-application-process\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 18.0 18.1 MJBizDaily Staff (26 July 2021). \"Georgia awards six medical marijuana cultivation licenses\". MJBizDaily. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/georgia-awards-six-medical-marijuana-cultivation-licenses\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Licensing Application Verification Renewal\". Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission. https:\/\/www.gmcc.ga.gov\/licensing . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Niesse, M. (9 August 2021). \"Secrecy and protests surround Georgia medical marijuana companies\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. https:\/\/www.ajc.com\/politics\/secrecy-and-protests-surround-georgia-medical-marijuana-companies\/NUFYAVSDONHAZPG5T7KYTN2LDI\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Williams, D. (5 May 2022). \"State commission looking to speed delivery of cannabis oil to patients with expedited hearings\". Rome News-Tribune. https:\/\/www.northwestgeorgianews.com\/rome\/business\/state-commission-looking-to-speed-delivery-of-cannabis-oil-to-patients-with-expedited-hearings\/article_7f78a2cc-ccc4-11ec-a0d0-93b484cc2004.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hawai'i Department of Health (14 August 2018). \"Hawai\u2018i Department of Health approves production center for medical cannabis licensee Hawaiian Ethos, LLC\" (PDF). Government of Hawai'i. https:\/\/health.hawaii.gov\/news\/files\/2018\/08\/18-070-DOH-approves-production-center-for-Hawaiian-Ethos.pdf . Retrieved 26 April 2019 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hawai'i Department of Health. \"Dispensaries\". Government of Hawai'i. https:\/\/health.hawaii.gov\/medicalcannabisregistry\/dispensaries\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"HB No. 321 - A bill for an act relating to medical marijuana\". Government of Hawaii. 2015. https:\/\/www.capitol.hawaii.gov\/session2015\/bills\/HB321_CD1_.HTM . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Illinois Department of Agriculture. \"Medical Cannabis Pilot Program\". Government of Illinois. https:\/\/www2.illinois.gov\/sites\/agr\/Plants\/MCPP\/Pages\/default.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Illinois Department of Agriculture (18 February 2015). \"Medical Cannabis Pilot Program Frequently Asked Questions\" (PDF). Government of Illinois. https:\/\/www2.illinois.gov\/sites\/mcpp\/Documents\/mcppfaq-Updated-2-19-15.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 27.0 27.1 Gardyasz, J. (1 July 2022). \"Iowa\u2019s medical cannabis sales reach new high\". Business Record. Archived from the original on 03 July 2022. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220703202447\/https:\/\/businessrecord.com\/Content\/Health-Wellness\/Health-Wellness\/Article\/Iowa-s-medical-cannabis-sales-reach-new-high\/174\/836\/97898 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 28.0 28.1 MJBizDaily Staff (10 September 2020). \"Medical marijuana manufacturer license up for grabs in Iowa\". MJBizDaily. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/iowa-offers-medical-marijuana-manufacturer-license\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Karlin, S. (23 October 2018). \"Louisiana medical marijuana delayed after state forced to do product testing, company says\". The Acadiana Advocate. https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 30.0 30.1 The Associated Press (13 November 2018). \"1 of Louisiana\u2019s medical marijuana growers has new operator\". Houma Today. https:\/\/www.houmatoday.com\/story\/special\/2018\/11\/13\/1-of-louisianas-medical-marijuana-growers-has-new-operator\/8383285007\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 31.0 31.1 Karlin, S. (25 March 2019). \"'Limited release' of marijuana slated for May, with full supply in the fall, grower says\". The Acadiana Advocate. https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/acadiana\/news\/business\/article_54507c34-4f34-11e9-85af-6b2bbb7d622c.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Agriculture & Forestry. \"Medical Marijuana - Frequently Asked Questions\". State of Louisiana. https:\/\/www.ldaf.state.la.us\/medical-marijuana\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Administrative and Financial Services. \"Medical Use (Open Data)\". Maine Medical Use of Marijuana Program. Government of Maine. https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/medical-use . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Administrative and Financial Services. \"Adult Use (Open Data)\". Maine Adult Use of Marijuana Program. Government of Maine. https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/adult-use . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (February 2020). \"Cannabis Industry Information\". Government of Maryland. https:\/\/mmcc.maryland.gov\/Pages\/industry.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (25 March 2019). \"Medical Cannabis Grower License Application\" (PDF). Government of Maryland. https:\/\/mmcc.maryland.gov\/Documents\/03.25.2019%20MMCC%20Grower%20Application%20copy.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wheeler, T.B. (11 October 2014). \"Medical marijuana fees stir debate in Maryland\". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181116061940\/https:\/\/www.baltimoresun.com\/news\/maryland\/sun-investigates\/bs-md-medical-marijuana-fees-20141011-story.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cannabis Control Commission. \"Adult-Use Licensing Tracker\". Government of Massachusetts. https:\/\/masscannabiscontrol.com\/licensing-tracker\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs. \"Medical Marijuana Facilities Licensing\". Government of Michigan. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/Sections\/mmfl . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cannabis Regulatory Agency. \"Paper Applications, Forms and Resources: Step 1 Paper Applications\". Government of Michigan. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/sections\/mmfl\/paper-app-form-rec . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Minnesota Department of Health. \"Medical Cannabis Manufacturers\/Laboratories\". Government of Minnesota. https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/index.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Minnesota Department of Health. \"Medical Cannabis Manufacturer Selection Questions and Answers\". Government of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201019023917\/https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/selection\/mfrqa.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Establishment Registry: Registered Mississippi Medical Cannabis Establishments\". Mississippi State Department of Health. 5 July 2022. https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/30,0,425,1005.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Title 15: Mississippi State Department of Health, Part 22: Medical Cannabis Program, Subpart 5: Cannabis Cultivation Facilities\" (PDF). State of Mississippi. https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/resources\/19108.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Holman, G.J. (15 April 2019). \"So what's on that application for medical pot businesses? 144 questions \u2014 and uncertainty\". Springfield News-Leader. https:\/\/www.news-leader.com\/story\/news\/local\/ozarks\/2019\/04\/15\/medical-marijuana-pot-business-license-cannabis-weed-legal-missouri\/3437432002\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"How to Apply - Facility Information\". Missouri Department of Health & Senior Services. https:\/\/health.mo.gov\/safety\/medical-marijuana\/how-to-apply-fi.php . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cannabis Control Division Montana. \"Cultivator Licenses\". Montana Department of Revenue. https:\/\/mtrevenue.gov\/cannabis\/cannabis-licenses\/cultivator-licenses\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Taxation. \"Marijuana Establishments\". Government of Nevada. https:\/\/tax.nv.gov\/MME\/Marijuana_Establishments_-_Home\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Health and Human Services. \"Alternative Treatment Centers\". Government of New Hampshire. https:\/\/www.dhhs.nh.gov\/programs-services\/population-health\/therapeutic-cannabis\/alternative-treatment-centers . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Health. \"New Jersey Cannabis Dispensary Locations\". Government of New Jersey. https:\/\/data.nj.gov\/Reference-Data\/New-Jersey-Cannabis-Dispensary-Locations\/uyq5-2c2g . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Health (15 July 2019). \"Update on Expansion of Medicinal Marijuana Program\". Government of New Jersey. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190716054056\/https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/health\/medicalmarijuana\/alt-treatment-centers\/applications.shtml . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Livio, S.K.; Guion, P. (1 February 2019). \"These weed growers didn\u2019t get picked to grow medical marijuana in N.J. Now they are ready for a fight\". NJ.com. https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2019\/02\/these-weed-growers-didnt-get-picked-to-grow-medical-marijuana-in-nj-now-they-are-ready-for-a-fight.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 53.0 53.1 Hoover, A. (18 January 2020). \"New N.J. medical marijuana dispensaries on hold as another rejected applicant sues\". nj.com. https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2020\/01\/new-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensaries-on-hold-as-another-rejected-applicant-sues.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wall, K. (20 May 2021). \"Brick Zoners OK $25K Settlement In Marijuana Dispensary Fight\". Patch. https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/health\/medicalmarijuana\/alt-treatment-centers\/applications.shtml . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hoover, A. (18 October 2021). \"N.J. medical marijuana exec took $1M in company money to fund Israeli dispensary, lawsuit claims\". NJ.com. https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2021\/10\/nj-medical-marijuana-exec-took-1m-in-company-money-to-fund-israeli-dispensary-lawsuit-claims.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Livio, S.K. (9 March 2022). \"Investors claim \u2018looting\u2019 at N.J. medical marijuana dispensary, sue to have independent manager run it\". NJ.com. https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2022\/03\/investors-claim-looting-at-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary-sue-to-have-independent-manager-run-it.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Livio, S.K. (20 March 2022). \"Judge denies request for independent manager to run N.J. medical marijuana dispensary\". NJ.com. https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2022\/03\/judge-denies-request-for-independent-manager-to-run-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 West, T. (11 May 2022). \"Condo group sues landlord of potential cannabis dispensary; Jersey City mayor\u2019s wife named in suit\". NJ.com. https:\/\/www.nj.com\/hudson\/2022\/05\/hoboken-condo-group-sues-landlord-including-jersey-city-mayors-wife-of-potential-dispensary.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Health. \"Search for a License\". Government of New Mexico. https:\/\/nmrldlpi.force.com\/bcd\/s\/public-search-license?division=CCD&language=en_US . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"7.34.4 Health - Medical Use of Cannabis - Licensing Requirements for Producers, Couriers, Manufacturers, and Laboratories\". Government of New Mexico. https:\/\/www.srca.nm.gov\/parts\/title07\/07.034.0004.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Office of Cannabis Management. \"Dispensing Facilities\". Government of New York State. https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/dispensing-facilities . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 {{cite web |url=<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/medical-marijuana-program-applications\">https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/medical-marijuana-program-applications<\/a> |title=Medical Marijuana Program Applications |author=Office of Cannabis Management |publisher=Government of New York State |accessdate=08 July 2022} \n\n\u2191 {{cite web |url=<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/licensing\">https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/licensing<\/a> |title=Licensing |author=Office of Cannabis Management |publisher=Government of New York State |accessdate=08 July 2022} \n\n\u2191 Department of Health (16 May 2018). \"Medical Marijuana Application Review Panel Selects Two Manufacturing Facilities\" (PDF). Government of North Dakota. https:\/\/www.ndhealth.gov\/mm\/PDF\/Press_Releases\/2018-5-16_Medical_Marijuana_Review_Panel_Selects_Manufacturing_Facilities.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Health (28 Febrary 2018). \"Frequently Asked Questions \u2013 Manufacturing Facilities and Dispensaries\" (PDF). Government of North Dakota. http:\/\/www.ndhealth.gov\/mm\/pdf\/program_informational_guides\/faq%20for%20compassion%20centers%20-%20updated%203-1-2018.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"North Dakota Marijuana Business Licenses\". Dispensary Permits. https:\/\/dispensarypermits.com\/united-states-marijuana-dispensary-laws\/open-a-dispensary-in-north-dakota\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 67.0 67.1 Ohio Medical Marijuana Program. \"Cultivation\". Government of Ohio. https:\/\/www.medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov\/cultivation . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority. \"Commercial Licenses\". Government of Oklahoma. https:\/\/oklahoma.gov\/omma\/businesses\/commercial-licenses.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Oregon Health Authority. \"Frequently Asked Questions\". Government of Oregon. https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/PH\/DiseasesConditions\/ChronicDisease\/MedicalMarijuanaProgram\/Pages\/top20.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission (4 April 2022). \"Recreational Marijuana Licensing\". State of Oregon. https:\/\/apps.oregon.gov\/OLCC\/Marijuana\/elicense\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Oregon Liquor Control Commission. \"FAQs: Licensing-General\". Government of Oregon. Archived from the original on 08 May 2019. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190508031511\/https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/olcc\/marijuana\/Pages\/FAQs-Licensing-General.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Health, Office of Medical Marijuana (20 June 2017). \"Phase I Grower-Processor Permittee Facility Locations by Region\" (PDF). Government of Pennsylvania. https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/Documents\/Programs\/Medical%20Marijuana\/Phase%201\/Phase%201%20Grower-Processor%20Permittee%20Facility%20Locations%20By%20Region.pdf . Retrieved 28 April 2019 .   \n \n\n\u2191 73.0 73.1 Department of Health, Office of Medical Marijuana (31 July 2018). \"Phase II Grower-Processor Permittee Facility Locations by Region\" (PDF). Government of Pennsylvania. https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/Documents\/Programs\/Medical%20Marijuana\/PA%20DOH%20Phase%20II%20Grower-Processor%20Permittee%20Facility%20Locations%20by%20Region.pdf . Retrieved 28 April 2019 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"TILT Holdings Announces Official Closing of Standard Farms Deal\". Business Wire. Business Wire, Inc. 28 January 2019. https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20190128005179\/en\/TILT-Holdings-Announces-Official-Closing-Standard-Farms . Retrieved 28 April 2019 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Title 230 - Department of Business Regulation, Chapter 80 - Marijuana, Subchapter 5 - Medical Marijuana\" (PDF). Government of Rhode Island. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191029120632\/http:\/\/www.dbr.ri.gov\/documents\/rules\/medical_marijuana\/230-RICR-80-5-1_Medical_Marijuana.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Certified Establishments\". South Dakota Department of Health. https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/Establishments\/CertifiedEstablishments.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Medical Cannabis Establishment Application Checklist\" (PDF). South Dakota Department of Health. 27 October 2021. https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/docs\/MedicalCannabisEstalishementApplicationChecklist.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Miller, S.R. (13 February 2020). \"Texas Cannabis Market Restrictions Stunt Growth\". New Cannabis Ventures. https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/texas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Teakell, J.R.. \"A Guide To Texas Medical Marijuana Laws For Doctors And Patient Use\". Law Office of John R. Teakell. https:\/\/teakelllaw.com\/texas-medical-marijuana-laws\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Flores, C. (1 June 2019). \"State of Utah opens bidding for licenses to grow medical marijuana\". KUTV. https:\/\/kutv.com\/news\/local\/state-of-utah-opens-bidding-for-licenses-to-grow-medical-marijuana . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 81.0 81.1 Cannabis Control Board. \"Medical Dispensary Information\". Government of Vermont. https:\/\/ccb.vermont.gov\/med-dispensaries . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 82.0 82.1 \"Our Story\". High Fidelity, Inc. https:\/\/ceresmedvt.com\/about-us\/our-story\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Childs, M. (10 February 2017). \"Medical Marijuana Fees By State\" (PDF). Government of Vermont. https:\/\/legislature.vermont.gov\/Documents\/2018\/WorkGroups\/Senate%20Judiciary\/Bills\/S.16\/S.16~Michele%20Childs~Medical%20Marijuana%20Fees%20by%20State~2-10-2017.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Dujardin, P. (1 July 2021). \"The ins and outs of Virginia\u2019s confusing new marijuana legalization law\". The Virginian-Pilot. https:\/\/www.pilotonline.com\/government\/virginia\/dp-nw-marijuana-laws-explainer-20210701-ddbc5zjl5rchtmudtvl34o5u74-story.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Liquor and Cannabis Board. \"Producer License Descriptions and Fees\". Government of Washington. https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/mjlicense\/producer_license_discriptions_fees . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 86.0 86.1 \"Office of Medical Cannabis\". Bureau for Public Health. State of West Virginia. https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx . Retrieved 29 November 2018 .   \n \n\n\u2191 87.0 87.1 Fidura, F. (10 April 2019). \"West Virginia Medical Marijuana Banking Bill Signed Into Law\". DispensaryPermits.com. http:\/\/news.dispensarypermits.com\/west-virginia-medical-marijuana-banking-bill-signed-into-law . Retrieved 28 April 2019 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bureau for Public Health (20 April 2017). \"West Virginia Medical Cannabis Program - Frequently Asked Questions: Growers and Processors\" (PDF). Government of West Virginia. https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Documents\/WEST%20VIRGINIA%20MEDICAL%20CANNABIS%20PROGRAM%20-%20Grower%20and%20Processor%20Info%2004202017%20-%20rev.pdf . Retrieved 28 April 2019 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Office of Medical Cannabis (2 October 2020). \"Medical Cannabis Growers Announced\". West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/News\/2020\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Growers-Announced.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 17:57.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","2f5db46e47f373222c5cfc4d5e8ba5cc_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Licensed_cultivators rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Licensed_cultivators skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Licensed cultivators<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.8_Licensed_cultivators\">6.8 Licensed cultivators<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This information is based largely on state-supplied resources and is up-to-date as of July 2022.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.8.1_Canada\">6.8.1 Canada<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Canada's cultivators are licensed by the federal government. The country has 87 full cultivation licenses, which can be viewed on their <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/drugs-medication\/cannabis\/industry-licensees-applicants\/licensed-cultivators-processors-sellers.html\" target=\"_blank\">licensed cultivators, processors, and sellers page<\/a>. A variety of fees are applied to applicants, including application fees, security clearance fees, import\/export fees, and annual regulatory fees. Consult the country's <i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/drugs-health-products\/cannabis-fees-order.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Fees Order Guide<\/a><\/i> for details.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.8.2_United_States\">6.8.2 United States<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Alabama<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>With the approval of a medical cannabis program, the Alabama Medical Cannabis Commission notes that it will begin to accept applications for cultivator processors on September 1, 2022.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ALFAQ_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ALFAQ-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Alaska<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state boasts 115 Limited and 132 Standard Marijuana Cultivation Facilities. The state differentiates a \"limited\" facility as one with 500 square feet or less of grow operation space, whereas \"standard\" facilities have no such limitation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SummersCult16_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SummersCult16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> To review the entire list of 200+ cultivation facilities, go to <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commerce.alaska.gov\/web\/amco\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.commerce.alaska.gov\/web\/amco\/<\/a> and look for the link \"Licenses and Applications by Status.\"\n<\/p><p>Licensing fees for new limited facilities are $1,000, and $5,000 for standard.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AMCOMariLic_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AMCOMariLic-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Arizona<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The government ties cultivation to dispensaries. However, Arizona state law prohibits making public a list of dispensaries, so the state's cultivators\/dispensaries are not publicly known.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AZDHSFAQsDisp_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AZDHSFAQsDisp-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Arkansas<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The eight cultivation facilities for Arkansas are<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FieldBuild19_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FieldBuild19-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Bold Team, LLC (Cotton Plant)<\/li>\n<li>Carpenter Farms of Grady, LLC (Grady)<\/li>\n<li>Delta Medical Cannabis Co. (Newport)<\/li>\n<li>Good Day Farm Arkansas, LLC (Pine Bluff)<\/li>\n<li>Natural State Medicinals Cultivation, LLC (White Hall)<\/li>\n<li>New Day Cultivation, LLC (Hot Springs)<\/li>\n<li>Osage Creek Cultivation, LLC (Berryville)<\/li>\n<li>River Valley Production, LLC (Fort Smith; DBA River Valley Relief Cultivation)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The eight facilities were licensed after paying a $100,000 license fee and a $500,000 performance bond.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GrabensteinArk18_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GrabensteinArk18-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>California<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state of California has nearly 3,000 unique cannabis adult-use and medicinal-use cultivators of provisional and annual status. As of January 1, 2019, the state no longer has the authority to issue temporary licenses, though normal adult-use and medicinal-use cultivation licenses can still be applied for.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CalCanNotice19_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CalCanNotice19-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> To review the entire list of more than 850 unique cultivation businesses (note: some companies have more than one license), go to <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/aca6.accela.com\/CALCANNABIS\/Cap\/CapHome.aspx?module=Licenses\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/aca6.accela.com\/CALCANNABIS\/Cap\/CapHome.aspx?module=Licenses<\/a>, select the license type, then select \"Active\" from the License Status. (Active licenses won't be older than January 1, 2018.)\n<\/p><p>Application and license fees vary depending on facility type. Consult the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/applicants\/application-license-fees\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Application and license fees\"<\/a> page for these fees.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Colorado<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state has more than 380 unique medical-use and more than 700 unique adult-use cultivators. To review the two lists in their entirety, go to <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sbg.colorado.gov\/med\/licensed-facilities\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sbg.colorado.gov\/med\/licensed-facilities<\/a> and select the \"Cultivations\" link.\n<\/p><p>Cultivation application and license fees vary based upon operation size. The base license fee for everyone is Tier 1 (1 \u2013 1,800 plants) - $1,830.00.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ColRetail17_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ColRetail17-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>For cultivators who wish to expand their operations, the following license fee is paid<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ColRetail17_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ColRetail17-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Tier 2 (1,801 \u2013 3,600 plants) - $2,806.00<\/li>\n<li>Tier 3 (3,601 \u2013 6,000 plants) - $3,660.00<\/li>\n<li>Tier 4 (6,001 \u2013 10,200 plants) - $5,490.00<\/li>\n<li>Tier 5 (10,201 \u2013 13,800 plants) - $7,930.00<\/li>\n<li>Each additional tier of 3,600 plants over Tier 5 - $976.00<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Connecticut<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>According to Connecticut's <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.elicense.ct.gov\/Lookup\/LicenseLookup.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">license lookup<\/a> for medical marijuana producers, the four entities are licensed to cultivate in the state:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/advancedgrowlabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Grow Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ctpharma.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Connecticut Pharmaceutical Solutions, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ct.curaleaf.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Curaleaf, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theraplant.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Theraplant, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state is not currently accepting new applications. However, the application fees for licenses were $25,000 for the initial applications, a $75,000 registration fee, and a $75,000 renewal fee.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCPMedical_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCPMedical-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Delaware<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state's cultivation facilities are vertically integrated with its dispensaries, i.e., dispensaries are also cultivators. The four unique entities operating cultivation centers in Delaware are<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FishmanSecond17_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FishmanSecond17-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FloodDelayed22_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FloodDelayed22-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DelaOpenCompass_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DelaOpenCompass-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/columbia.care\/locations\" target=\"_blank\">Columbia Care, LLC<\/a> (three locations)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/freshdelaware.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Compassionate Care Research Institute, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thefarmde.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">EzyCure, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.firststatecompassion.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">First State Compassion Center, Inc.<\/a> (two locations)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>These compassion centers pay a $40,000 license fee ever two years.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DHSSDela16_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DHSSDela16-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The state is not currently accepting new applications, though it may do so in 2022 or 2023.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FloodDelayed22_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FloodDelayed22-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>District of Columbia<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The District of Columbia allows eight cultivators to operate<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCHMed19_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCHMed19-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abatindc.com\" target=\"_blank\">Abatin Wellness Center Of The District Of Columbia, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/columbia.care\" target=\"_blank\">Apelles Investment Management, LLC dba Columbia Care<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.districtgrowers.com\/our-mission\" target=\"_blank\">District Growers, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.holisticindustries.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Holistic Remedies, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.altsol.co\" target=\"_blank\">Montana Apothecary, LLC dba Alternative Solutions<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Organic Wellness, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/districtcannabis.us\" target=\"_blank\">Phyto Management, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>VentureForth, LLC dba Center City Cultivation<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state is not currently accepting new applications.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Florida<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state's cultivation is vertically integrated with it its other cannabis functions, and medical marijuana treatment centers (MMTCs) \"are the only businesses authorized to cultivate, process and\ndispense low-THC cannabis and medical marijuana\" in Florida.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OMMUUpdate19-4_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OMMUUpdate19-4-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> (Vertical integration may be removed as a requirement at some future point, though that progress has stalled.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GrossFlorida20_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GrossFlorida20-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>) The state currently has 17 active medical marijuana treatment centers<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OMMUUpdate19-4_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OMMUUpdate19-4-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/theflowery.co\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bill's Nursery, Inc. dba The Flowery<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/getfluent.com\" target=\"_blank\">Cansortium Holdings LLC dba Fluent Cannabis Care<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gocannabist.com\/florida\/\" target=\"_blank\">Columbia Care, Inc. dba Cannabist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sunnyside.shop\" target=\"_blank\">Cresco Labs, Inc. dba Sunnyside*<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/fl.curaleaf.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Curaleaf Florida, LLC dba Curaleaf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.libertyhealthsciences.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">DFMMJ Investments, LLC dba Liberty Health Sciences<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greendragonfl.com\" target=\"_blank\">Green Dragon, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/fl.risecannabis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Green Thumb Industries Investments, LLC dba RiSE Dispensaries<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.growhealthy.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">GrowHealthy Farms Florida, LLC dba GrowHealthy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jungleboys.com\" target=\"_blank\">Jungle Boys Consolidated Companies Ltd. dba Jungle Boys Ocala<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medmen.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">MM Enterprises, USA, LLC dba MedMen<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/altmedflorida.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">NuTrae, LLC dba AltMed Florida (M\u00fcV)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/htcannabis.com\" target=\"_blank\">Red White & Bloom Florida, Inc. dba HT Medical Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sanctuarymed.com\" target=\"_blank\">Sanctuary Medicinals, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.surterra.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Surterra Holdings, Inc. dba Surterra Wellness<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.trulieve.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Trulieve, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vidacann.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Vidacann, Ltd.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state is currently in Phase Two Review of a new application process.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OMMU22_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OMMU22-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Georgia<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>In July 2021, Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission (GMCC) announced that it had approved six cultivation licenses for the manufacture of low-THC medical cannabis oil.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MJBDGeorgia21_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MJBDGeorgia21-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> However, as of early July 2022, those licenses still do not appear as being issued on the GMCC website.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GMCCLicensing_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GMCCLicensing-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> It's possible that filed legal protests against the application process, as well as other complaints, may be slowing down the finalization process.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NiesseSecrecy21_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NiesseSecrecy21-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WilliamsState22_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WilliamsState22-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> The July 2021 announced license winners were<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MJBDGeorgia21_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MJBDGeorgia21-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/investors.trulieve.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/trulieve-announces-production-license-approval-georgia-expands\" target=\"_blank\">Trulieve GA, Inc.<\/a> (Class 1)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.botanicalsciences.com\" target=\"_blank\">Botanical Sciences LLC<\/a> (Class 1)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.finefettle.com\" target=\"_blank\">FFD GA Holdings, LLC dba Fine Fettle<\/a> (Class 2)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theratrue.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">TheraTrue Georgia, LLC<\/a> (Class 2)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturesmedicines.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Natures GA, LLC<\/a> (Class 2)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/treevanawellness.com\" target=\"_blank\">Treevana Remedy, Inc.<\/a> (Class 2)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Hawaii<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state of Hawaii allows for eight entities to grow and distribute medical marijuana, with each entity able to have two production centers and two dispensaries. Each production center is limited to a maximum of 5,000 cannabis plants. Those eight entities are<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DOHHaw18_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DOHHaw18-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HILocs_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HILocs-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agapoth.com\" target=\"_blank\">Aloha Green Holdings, Inc. dba Aloha Green Apothecary<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/greenaloha.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Green Aloha, Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hawaiianethos.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Hawaiian Ethos, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bigislandgrown.com\" target=\"_blank\">Lau Ola, LLC dba Big Island Grown (B.I.G.) Dispensaries<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.noacares.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">M\u0101noa Botanicals, LLC dba Noa Botanicals<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mauigrown.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Maui Wellness Group, LLC dba Maui Grown Therapies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/ponolifesciences.com\" target=\"_blank\">Pono Life Sciences, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cureoahu.com\" target=\"_blank\">TCG Retro Market 1, LLC dba Cure Oahu<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state is not currently accepting new applications. It's application fee was $5,000, initial license fee $75,000, and license renewal fee $50,000.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HB321_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HB321-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Illinois<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Illinois law allows up to 22 cultivation centers to be established in the state, with the intent being to create a center in each police district. The current cultivation centers are (some entities have centers in more than one district)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IDAMedical_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IDAMedical-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Ataraxia, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bedfordgrow.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bedford Grow, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Compass Ventures, Inc.<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.crescolabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cresco Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gocannabist.com\/location\/\" target=\"_blank\">Curative Health Cultivation, LLC dba Columbia Care Illinois\/Cannabist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/justicegrown.com\" target=\"_blank\">Effingham Medicinal Farms, LLC dba Justice Grown<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gtigrows.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">GTI Oglesby LLC and GTI Rock Island, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iesoillinois.com\/page\/homepage\" target=\"_blank\">IESO, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ilgrownmedicine.com\" target=\"_blank\">Illinois Grown Medicine, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ingrownfarms.com\" target=\"_blank\">In Grown Farms, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/naturesgraceandwellness.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Nature\u2019s Grace and Wellness, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmacann.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">PharmaCann, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsillinois.com\" target=\"_blank\">Progressive Treatment Solutions, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revcanna.com\" target=\"_blank\">Revolution Cannabis - Barry, LLC and Revolution Cannabis - Delavan, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sccsil.org\" target=\"_blank\">Shelbyville County Community Services, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/wgpharms.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Wellness Group Pharms, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state is not currently accepting new applications. Fees associated with a cultivation center include a $25,000 application fee, a $200,000 first-year license fee, and a $100,000 annual license fee afterwards.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IDAMedical15_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IDAMedical15-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Iowa<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>As of July 2022, the state still has only one active cannabis cultivator out of the two allowed by its medical cannabis program: MedPharm Iowa LLC (now known as Bud & Mary\u2019s Cannabis Co.).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GardyaszIowa22_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GardyaszIowa22-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MJBDStaffMedical20_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MJBDStaffMedical20-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> Iowa Relief, LLC backed out of the program in June 2020, and a request for proposals was issued by the state later that year.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MJBDStaffMedical20_28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MJBDStaffMedical20-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> ICC MFG Holdings LLC, doing business as Iowa Cannabis Co., apparently won that RFP but has been plagued by delays, requiring a second extension to get their cultivation facility going by May 1, 2023 or otherwise face losing their provisionary license.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GardyaszIowa22_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GardyaszIowa22-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Louisiana<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Difficulties meeting laboratory testing requirements and acquisitions involving a grow operation originally slowed down the progress of getting the state's growing operations started.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KarlinLouisiana18_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KarlinLouisiana18-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APOneOf18_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APOneOf18-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KarlinLimited19_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KarlinLimited19-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> Two growing operations eventually came online<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KarlinLimited19_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KarlinLimited19-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APOneOf18_30-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APOneOf18-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LAMedMari.22_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LAMedMari.22-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>GBSciences, Inc., hired by Louisiana State University, then sold to Wellcana Group, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ilerahealthcare.com\" target=\"_blank\">Ilera Healthcare<\/a>, which bought Advanced Biomedics, originally hired by Southern University<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Maine<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>For medical marijuana, cultivation and manufacturing is vertically integrated with dispensaries. The state currently has more than 20 dispensaries approved.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMMPList_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMMPList-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup> (Go to <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/medical-use\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/medical-use<\/a> and filter by Active.) Recreational marijuana does not appear to be integrated, with more than 60 cultivation facilities approved.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMMPListRec_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMMPListRec-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup> (Go to <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/adult-use\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/adult-use<\/a> and filter by Active.)\n<\/p><p>Price of application\/license fees is not clear.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Maryland<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Maryland currently has 18 licensed growers<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMCCCannaInd_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMCCCannaInd-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.culta.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">Culta, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/curiowellness.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Curio Cultivation, LLC dba Curio Wellness<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Freestate Wellness, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.grassrootscannabis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">GR Companies, Inc. dba as Grassroots Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gleaf.com\" target=\"_blank\">Green Leaf Medical, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.growwestmd.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Grow West MD, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gtigrows.com\" target=\"_blank\">GTI Maryland, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/md.terrascend.com\" target=\"_blank\">HMS Health, LLC dba TerrAscend Maryland<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.holisticindustries.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Holistic Industries, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/kindtherapeuticsusa.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Kind Therapeutics USA, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/vireohealth.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">MaryMed, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/districtcannabis.us\" target=\"_blank\">MCP OPCO, LLC dba District Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmacann.com\" target=\"_blank\">PC Cultivator, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Seven Points Agro-Therapeutics, LLC dba Prime Extracts<\/li>\n<li>Shore Natural Rx, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sunmedgrowers.com\/welcome\" target=\"_blank\">SunMed Growers LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ma.temescalwellness.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Temescal Wellness of Maryland, LLC dba Evermore Cannabis Co.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harvesthoc.com\" target=\"_blank\">Trulieve MD Cultivation, LLC dba Trulieve<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state requires a $2,000 application fee<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MMCCMedCannApp_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MMCCMedCannApp-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup> and a $250,000 two-year license fee.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WheelerMedical14_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WheelerMedical14-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Massachusetts<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Massachusetts currently has more than 80 approved cultivators.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CCCLicensing_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CCCLicensing-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> (Go to <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/masscannabiscontrol.com\/licensing-tracker\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/masscannabiscontrol.com\/licensing-tracker\/<\/a> for the full list; sort by license type.)\n<\/p><p>Application and license fees vary based on how many plants are to be grown in the cultivation facility. Refer to the Cannabis Control Commission's guidance document \"<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mass-cannabis-control.com\/public-documents\/guidance-documents\/\" target=\"_blank\">Guidance on Licensure<\/a>\" for details.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Michigan<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Michigan currently has more than 480 unique licensed cultivators.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DLRALicensing_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DLRALicensing-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup>. (Go to <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/Sections\/mmfl\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/Sections\/mmfl<\/a> and find \"Active Facility Licenses in Michigan\" and click \"Launch Map.\" From there, in the filter, unselect all entities and select all the grower entries. Then select the arrow at the bottom middle of the page to view the table.)\n<\/p><p><br \/>\nThe state charges $3,000 for a prequalification application fee.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DLRAWhatWill_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DLRAWhatWill-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Minnesota<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state has chosen two companies to cultivate for its medical cannabis program<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MDHMedicalCannManu_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MDHMedicalCannManu-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/leaflinelabs.com\" target=\"_blank\">LeafLine Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/visitgreengoods.com\/mn\/\" target=\"_blank\">Vireo Health, Inc. dba Green Goods<\/a> (formerly Minnesota Medical Solutions)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Further applications are not being accepted at this time. A $20,000 application fee was due for anyone who applied.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MDHMedicalCann_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MDHMedicalCann-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Mississippi<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>As of July 2022, the Mississippi medical cannabis program is young, and the following entities are licensed as cultivators<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MSDHRegistered22_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MSDHRegistered22-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Mockingbird Cannabis, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.riverremedyms.com\" target=\"_blank\">River Wellness Holdings, LLC dba River Remedy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/southern-crop.com\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Crop Farm, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state has a tiered system for cultivators, with fees commensurate with the tier level (whether a \"micro-cultivator\" or a \"cultivator\").<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Title15Part22Sub5_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Title15Part22Sub5-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Missouri<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state has nearly 50 unique businesses licensed and approved to cultivate cannabis in the state. To view the list of cultivation facilities, go the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/health.mo.gov\/safety\/medical-marijuana\/licensed-facilities.php\" target=\"_blank\">licensed facilities<\/a> page for the state and download the related Excel sheet.\n<\/p><p>Licensing application fees were $10,000.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HolmanSoWhat19_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HolmanSoWhat19-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup> Applications for cultivation, testing, manufacturing, and dispensary facilities are currently not being accepted.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MOApply_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MOApply-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Montana<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state lists more than 300 licensed cultivators for its program. See the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mtrevenue.gov\/cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Control Division<\/a> page and look for \"Licensed Cultivation List.\"\n<\/p><p>The state claims it will open applications to new cultivators starting July 1, 2023. Fees are based on a cultivation \"canopy tier\" level.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MTCannaLic.22_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MTCannaLic.22-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Nevada<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The current number and details of the state's licensed cultivators are unknown. Per an inquiry and a form letter emailed from the Marijuana Enforcement Division of Nevada, \"the state is only permitted to release information on open dispensaries,\" and does not release information on current licensed cultivators. However, a list of provisional certificates awarded in November 2014 can still be found <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tax.nv.gov\/uploadedFiles\/dpbhnvgov\/content\/Reg\/MedMarijuana\/cultivationscoresrankings12-21-15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">on their site<\/a>, though many of the names are redacted due to confidentiality laws in the state.\n<\/p><p>Licensing fees for cultivation facilities differ based on product. Recreational marijuana cultivation has an initial $30,000 licensing fee, with renewal costs at $10,000. Medical marijuana cultivation has an initial $3,000 license, with renewal costs at $1,000.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DoTMari_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DoTMari-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>New Hampshire<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into alternative treatment centers, with the state currently allowing for seven locations run by three entities<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DHHSAltern_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DHHSAltern-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.primeatc.com\" target=\"_blank\">Prime Alternative Treatment Centers of NH, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sanctuaryatc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sanctuary ATC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.temescalwellness.com\" target=\"_blank\">Temescal Wellness, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state doesn't appear to be accepting new applications, and it's not clear what fees applicants had to pay.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>New Jersey<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into alternative treatment centers, with the state currently allowing for 25 locations run by 12 entities<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DoHNJ_Altern_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DoHNJ_Altern-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shopbotanist.com\" target=\"_blank\">Acreage Holdings, Inc. dba The Botanist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/letsascend.com\" target=\"_blank\">Ascend Wellness Holdings, LLC dba Ascend Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.breakwateratc.com\" target=\"_blank\">Breakwater Alternative Treatment Center Corp.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gocannabist.com\" target=\"_blank\">Columbia Care, Inc. dba Cannabist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/curaleaf.com\" target=\"_blank\">CuraLeaf NJ, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/risecannabis.com\/dispensary-locations\/new-jersey\/\" target=\"_blank\">Green Thumb Industries, Inc. dba Rise<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gardenstatedispensary.com\" target=\"_blank\">GSD NJ, LLC dba Garden State Dispensary<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harmonydispensary.org\" target=\"_blank\">Harmony Foundation of NJ, Inc. dba Harmony Dispensary<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mpxnj.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">iAnthus Capital Holdings, Inc. dba MPX NJ<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.blocdispensary.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Justice Cannabis Co. dba Bloc Dispensary<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/apothecariumnj.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">TerrAscend NJ, LLC dba The Apothecarium Dispensary<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/zenleafdispensaries.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Verano Holdings, LLC dba Zen Leaf<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>An application period occurred in July 2018 to grant six more licenses. In December 2018, six additional providers were invited to proceed with the application process, though in February 2019 five appeals were filed by rejected applicants and an existing alternative treatment center in regards to the selected six. Due to the litigation, only one those six providers\u2014Rise\u2014has become fully licensed and operational.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DHHSUpdateOn_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DHHSUpdateOn-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LivioTheseWeed19_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LivioTheseWeed19-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HooverNew2020_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HooverNew2020-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup> By early 2020, more lawsuits had delayed final approvals even further, with no clear conclusion in site.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HooverNew2020_53-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HooverNew2020-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup> Since then, numerous other lawsuits have raised questions about the fate of several present and future dispensaries in the state.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallBrick21_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallBrick21-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HooverNJ21_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HooverNJ21-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LivioInvest22_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LivioInvest22-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LivioJudge22_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LivioJudge22-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WestCondo22_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WestCondo22-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>New Mexico<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state calls licensed cultivators \"producers\", of which there are more than 100.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NMDOHLicensed19_59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NMDOHLicensed19-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup> (Go to <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nmrldlpi.force.com\/bcd\/s\/public-search-license?division=CCD&language=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nmrldlpi.force.com\/bcd\/s\/public-search-license?division=CCD&language=en_US<\/a> and filter by license type of \"Cannabis Producer\" to see the full list.)\n<\/p><p>The state is not accepting additional applications at this time. Initial application fee was $10,000, with a license fee of \"thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) for the first 150 cannabis plants to be possessed by the non-profit producer, and ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for each additional quantity of 50 plants thereafter to be possessed, up to a maximum collective total of 450 cannabis plants.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NMAC7.34.4_60-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NMAC7.34.4-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>New York<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>For medical cannabis, the state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into \"registered organizations.\" Each registered organization can have one cultivation facility and up to four dispensaries. Those organizations are<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NYSDoHRegistered19_61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYSDoHRegistered19-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/citiva.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Citivia Medical, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/col-careny.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Columbia Care NY, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ny.curaleaf.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Curaleaf NY, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/etainhealth.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Etain, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/fpwellnessny.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Fiorello Pharmaceuticals, Inc. dba FP Wellness<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medmen.com\/ny\/\" target=\"_blank\">MedMen, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shopbotanist.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">NYCANNA, LLC dba The Botanist or Acreage NY<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pharmacannis.com\/ny\" target=\"_blank\">PharmaCann of New York, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/valleyagriceuticals.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Valley Agriceuticals, LLC dba Remedy-NY<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/vireohealthny.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Vireo Health of New York, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Applications are not currently being accepted. Applications fee was $10,000, licensing fee $200,000.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NYSDoHMedical18_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYSDoHMedical18-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>As of July 2022, the state is still working on licensing cultivators for adult-use cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NYSOCMLicensing_63-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NYSOCMLicensing-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>North Dakota<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state approved two cultivation sites in 2018 for its medical marijuana program<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NDDoHMedical18_64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NDDoHMedical18-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.grassrootscannabis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">GR Vending ND, LLC dba Grassroots Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.puredakotand.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Pure Dakota, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Additional cultivation applications don't appear to be accepted. An initial $5,000 application fee was required, and a $110,000 certification fee for a two-year license.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NDDoHFreq18_65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NDDoHFreq18-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DPNorth_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DPNorth-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Ohio<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state of Ohio has approved 29 certified and eight provisional cultivator licenses, 23 for Level I and 14 for Level II. They are<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OMMCPCultivation_67-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OMMCPCultivation-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ethoscannabis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Agri-Med Ohio, LLC dba Ethos Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ancientrootsohio.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient Roots, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/appalachianpharm.com\" target=\"_blank\">Appalachian Pharm Products, LLC<\/a> (provisional)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.awholdings.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ascend Wellness Holdings, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ascension BioMedical, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.klutchcannabis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">AT-CPC of Ohio, LLC dba Klutch Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buckeyerelief.com\" target=\"_blank\">Buckeye Relief, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>CannaMed Therapeutics, LLC (provisional)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.certifiedcultivators.com\/home\" target=\"_blank\">Certified Cultivators, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cielo Jardin, LLC (provisional)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/columbia.care\/\" target=\"_blank\">Columbia Care OH, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.crescolabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cresco Labs Ohio, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/farmaceuticalrx.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Farmaceutical RX, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Farkas Farms, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.woodwardfc.com\" target=\"_blank\">Fire Rock Ltd. dba Woodward Fine Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/wellspringfields.com\" target=\"_blank\">FN Group Holdings, LLC dba Wellspring Fields<\/a><\/li>\n<li>FW Green Investments, LLC (provisional)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/galenas.com\" target=\"_blank\">Galenas, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Green Investment Partners, LLC dba Cure Ohio<\/li>\n<li>Greenleaf Gardens, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/growohio.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Grow Ohio Pharmaceuticals, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gtigrows.com\" target=\"_blank\">GTI Ohio, LLC dba Green Thumb Industries<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Harvest Grows, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jushico.com\" target=\"_blank\">Jushi Holdings, Inc. dba OhiGrow<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ohio Clean Leaf, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.firelandsscientific.com\" target=\"_blank\">OPC Cultivation, LLC dba Firelands Scientific<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Paragon Development Group, LLC (provisional)<\/li>\n<li>Parma Wellness Center, LLC (provisional)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmacann.com\" target=\"_blank\">PharmaCann Ohio, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.birdsongcannabis.com\/ohio\" target=\"_blank\">Pure OH, LLC dba Birdsong<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pureohiowellness.com\" target=\"_blank\">Pure Ohio Wellness, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>RiteGene Technologies, LLC (provisional)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/rivieracreek.com\" target=\"_blank\">Riviera Creek Holdings, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.standardwellness.comStandard\" target=\"_blank\">Wellness Company, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Terradiol Ohio, LLC (provisional)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/oh.zenleafdispensaries.com\" target=\"_blank\">Verano Holdings, Inc. dba Zen Leaf<\/a> (acquired Mother Grows Best, LLC and Ohio Grown Therapies, LLC)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state is not currently accepting applications. Application fees were $20,000 for Level I and $2,000 for Level II cultivators, with initial license fees of $180,000 and $18,000 respectively, and annual renewal fees of $200,000 and $20,000 respectively. (Level I permitted to 25,000 square feet initially, Level II to 3,000 square feet initially.)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OMMCPCultivation_67-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OMMCPCultivation-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Oklahoma<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state has more than 7,100 cannabis cultivators for its medical marijuana program. Consult the \"<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/oklahoma.gov\/omma\/businesses\/lists-of-licensed-businesses.html\" target=\"_blank\">List of Licensed Businesses<\/a>\" to view the entire list. Application\/license fee ranges from $2,500 to $50,000, depending on the size and type of facility.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OMMABusiness_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OMMABusiness-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Oregon<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Oregon boasts almost 1,400 recreational cannabis cultivation licenses across its program. (Medical cannabis growers are designated by an Oregon Medical Marijuana Program.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OHAFAQ_69-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OHAFAQ-69\">[69]<\/a><\/sup>) To view the list of cultivators, go <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/olcc\/marijuana\/Pages\/Recreational-Marijuana-Licensing.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a> and choose the PDF or Excel document titled \"Approved Marijuana Licenses.\" \n<\/p><p>As of April 2022, no new cultivation license applications are being accepted until at least April 2024.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ORLicensing_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ORLicensing-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup> The application fee was $250, and the license fee varied depending on license type ($100\u2013$5,750).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OLCCFAQ_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OLCCFAQ-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Pennsylvania<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state initially introduced 12 grower-processor licenses with Phase I of its program.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PDoHPhaseI17_72-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PDoHPhaseI17-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup> In 2018, the state issued 13 additional permits to grower-processors<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PDoHPhaseII18_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PDoHPhaseII18-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>, taking the total to the allowed-for 25. They are:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.grassrootscannabis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">AES Compassionate Care, LLC dba Grassroots Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agri-kind.com\" target=\"_blank\">Agri-Kind, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/agrimedindustries.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">AGRiMED Industries of PA, LLC dba AGRiMED Ward Site<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.calypsoerie.com\" target=\"_blank\">Calypso Enterprises, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.crescoyeltrah.com\" target=\"_blank\">Cresco Yeltrah, LLC dba Jefferson County Grower\/Processor Facility<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dochousellc.com\" target=\"_blank\">DocHouse, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/farmaceuticalrx.com\" target=\"_blank\">FarmaceuticalRx, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.franklinlabspa.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Franklin Labs, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gleaf.com\" target=\"_blank\">Green Leaf Medicals, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gtigrows.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">GTI Pennsylvania, LLC dba GTI Danville Grow\/Process<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hanginggardensmmj.com\" target=\"_blank\">Hanging Gardens, LLC dba Iron Street<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.holisticindustries.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Holistic Farms, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ilerahealthcare.com\" target=\"_blank\">Ilera Healthcare, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/insa.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">INSA, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maitrimedicinals.com\/home\" target=\"_blank\">Maitri Genetics, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pareabiosciences.com\" target=\"_blank\">Parea BioSciences, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>PennAlt Organics, Inc. dba Penn Health's Cultivation Facility<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jushico.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Jushi Holdings, Inc.<\/a> (acquired Pennsylvania Medical Solutions, LLC)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmacann.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">PharmaCann Penn Plant, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/justicegrown.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Pier Cove, LLC dba Justice Grown Cultivation and Processing Center<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.primewellnesspa.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Prime Wellness of Pennsylvania, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.purepenn.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">PurePenn, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.standard-farms.com\" target=\"_blank\">Standard Farms, LLC<\/a> (Acquired by TILT Holdings, Inc. in January 2019<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BWTILT19_74-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BWTILT19-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.terrapincarestation.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Terrapin Investment Fund 1, LLC dba Terrapin Care Station<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Whole Plants, LLC dba WP Health Foundry<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Applications are currently <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/programs\/Medical%20Marijuana\/Pages\/Growers-Processors.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">not being accepted<\/a>. Prior applicants paid a $10,000 application fee and $200,000 permit fee.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PDoHPhaseII18_73-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PDoHPhaseII18-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Rhode Island<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state has given licenses to 66 cultivators, with one additional license pending final licensing inspection. Consult the state's <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dbr.ri.gov\/office-cannabis-regulation\/cultivators\/approved-applicants-licenses\" target=\"_blank\">approval page<\/a> for the full list. The application process is currently closed. Prior applicants were required to pay a $5,000 application fee. Annual license fees vary based upon the class (grow operation size) license: Micro at $5,000, Class A at $20,000, Class B at $35,000, Class C at $50,000, and Class D at $80,000.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-230-RICR-80-5-1_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-230-RICR-80-5-1-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>South Dakota<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state boasts nearly 30 cultivators for its medical cannabis program; see the page of <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/Establishments\/CertifiedEstablishments.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">certified establishments<\/a> for more.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SDCertified_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SDCertified-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup> As for application fees, a nonrefundable $5,000 application fee per establishment is required.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SDMed21_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SDMed21-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Texas<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state's medical cannabis program, which is quite limited in scope, currently allows only three suppliers<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MillerTexas20_78-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MillerTexas20-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TeakellAGuide_79-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TeakellAGuide-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/getfluent.com\" target=\"_blank\">Cansortium, Inc. dba Fluent<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.liveparallel.com\" target=\"_blank\">Surterra Holdings, Inc. dba Parallel<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/texasoriginal.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Compassionate Cultivation, LLC dba Texas Original Compassionate Cultivation<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>As of July 2022, the application period for new facilities remains closed.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Utah<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state handed out eight of its 10 cultivator licenses in 2019. See the state's <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medicalcannabis.utah.gov\/production\/cultivators\/\" target=\"_blank\">cannabis program site<\/a> for details. Those eight cultivators are:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Dragonfly Greenhouse, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harvesthoc.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Harvest of Utah, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Riverside Farms, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.standardwellness.com\" target=\"_blank\">Standard Wellness Utah, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linktr.ee\/truenorthorganics\" target=\"_blank\">True North of Utah, LLC dba True North Organics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/trykecompanies.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Tryke Companies Utah, LLC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Wholesome Ag., LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/zionmedicinal.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Zion Cultivars, LLC dba Zion Medicinal<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Applications are currently <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medicalcannabis.utah.gov\/production\/cultivators\/\" target=\"_blank\">not being accepted<\/a> by the state. The original application fee was $2,500, with an additional $51.50 for a background check. Approved licensees pay $100,000 for the first-year license.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FloresState19_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FloresState19-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Vermont<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Vermont vertically integrates cultivation and distribution and refers to licensed entities as \"dispensaries.\" The state has issued five dispensary registration certificates<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DPSMRRegDisp_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DPSMRRegDisp-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ceresmedvt.com\" target=\"_blank\">High Fidelity, Inc. dba as CeresMED<\/a> (formerly Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CeresMedStory_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CeresMedStory-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ceresmedvt.com\" target=\"_blank\">High Fidelity, Inc. dba as CeresMED South<\/a> (formerly Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CeresMedStory_82-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CeresMedStory-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.grassrootsvermont.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">FWR, Inc. dba Grassroots Vermont<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.phytocarevt.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Phytoscience Institute, LLC dba PhytoCare Vermont<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vtpai.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Vermont Patients Alliance, Inc.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state has said it plans on opening the application process to a sixth dispensary once patient count reaches 7,000.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DPSMRRegDisp_81-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DPSMRRegDisp-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup> Application fees were $2,500 and license fees set at $20,000. Annual renewal fee is $30,000.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ChildsMedical17_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ChildsMedical17-83\">[83]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Virginia<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>Households can grow up to four plants; however, licenses for cultivation for the state's formal marketplace can't be applied for until July 2023.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DujardinTheIns21_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DujardinTheIns21-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Washington<\/b>:\n<\/p><p>The state has more than 1,050 active production licenses issued. To view the entire list, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/data.lcb.wa.gov\/Licensing\/Licensed-Businesses\/u3zh-ri66\/data\" target=\"_blank\">go here<\/a>, export the list, and sort out the production facilities. The state is not accepting new applications at this time. Application fees were $250, with an annual $1,480 annual license fee for producers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LCBProducer_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LCBProducer-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>West Virginia<\/b>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>The state is still working on developing its medical cannabis program due to unanticipated delays<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BPHOffice_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BPHOffice-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup>, particularly with finding banking solutions for the program.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FiduraWestVirginia19_87-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FiduraWestVirginia19-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup> The Bureau for Public Health indicates that it plans on issuing no more than 10 permits for cultivators. The initial application fee will be $5,000 and the permit fee $50,000.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BPHWest17_88-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BPHWest17-88\">[88]<\/a><\/sup> The application period should open sometime in 2019.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FiduraWestVirginia19_87-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FiduraWestVirginia19-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup> The state ceased accepting application for cultivators on February 18, 2020.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BPHOffice_86-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BPHOffice-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup> In October 2020, the state announced its 10 cultivators<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WVDHHRMedGrow20_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WVDHHRMedGrow20-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup>:<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.armorypharmaceutical.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Armory Pharmaceutical, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Blue Ridge Botanicals, Ltd.<\/li>\n<li>Buckhannon Grow, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gocannabist.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Columbia Care WV, LLC dba Cannabist<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Harvest Care Medical, LLC<\/li>\n<li>Holistic WV Farms I, LLC<\/li>\n<li>Mountaineer Holding, LLC (acquired by <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.trulieve.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Trulieve Cannabis Corp.<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Mountaineer Integrated Care, Inc.<\/li>\n<li>Tariff Labs, LLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.verano.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Verano WV, LLC<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The state is <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/omc.wv.gov\/industry\/Pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">no longer accepting<\/a> applications.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-ALFAQ-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ALFAQ_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Alabama Medical Cannabis Commission. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/amcc.alabama.gov\/frequently-asked-questions\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Frequently Asked Questions\"<\/a>. State of Alabama<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/amcc.alabama.gov\/frequently-asked-questions\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/amcc.alabama.gov\/frequently-asked-questions\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Alabama+Medical+Cannabis+Commission&rft.au=Alabama+Medical+Cannabis+Commission&rft.pub=State+of+Alabama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famcc.alabama.gov%2Ffrequently-asked-questions%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SummersCult16-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SummersCult16_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Summers, D.J. (21 March 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alaskajournal.com\/2016-03-21\/cultivation-licenses-dominate-marijuana-applications\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cultivation licenses dominate marijuana applications\"<\/a>. <i>Alaska Journal of Commerce<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alaskajournal.com\/2016-03-21\/cultivation-licenses-dominate-marijuana-applications\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.alaskajournal.com\/2016-03-21\/cultivation-licenses-dominate-marijuana-applications<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cultivation+licenses+dominate+marijuana+applications&rft.atitle=Alaska+Journal+of+Commerce&rft.aulast=Summers%2C+D.J.&rft.au=Summers%2C+D.J.&rft.date=21+March+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaskajournal.com%2F2016-03-21%2Fcultivation-licenses-dominate-marijuana-applications&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AMCOMariLic-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AMCOMariLic_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Alcohol and Marijuana Control Office. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commerce.alaska.gov\/web\/amco\/MarijuanaLicenseApplication.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana License Application\"<\/a>. Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commerce.alaska.gov\/web\/amco\/MarijuanaLicenseApplication.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.commerce.alaska.gov\/web\/amco\/MarijuanaLicenseApplication.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+License+Application&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Alcohol+and+Marijuana+Control+Office&rft.au=Alcohol+and+Marijuana+Control+Office&rft.pub=Alaska+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Community%2C+and+Economic+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commerce.alaska.gov%2Fweb%2Famco%2FMarijuanaLicenseApplication.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AZDHSFAQsDisp-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AZDHSFAQsDisp_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Arizona Department of Health Services. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"#faqs-dispensary\">\"DI31: Can I get a list of the dispensaries?\"<\/a>. <i>FAQs - Dispensary<\/i>. Government of Arizona<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"#faqs-dispensary\">https:\/\/www.azdhs.gov\/licensing\/medical-marijuana\/index.php#faqs-dispensary<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DI31%3A+Can+I+get+a+list+of+the+dispensaries%3F&rft.atitle=FAQs+-+Dispensary&rft.aulast=Arizona+Department+of+Health+Services&rft.au=Arizona+Department+of+Health+Services&rft.pub=Government+of+Arizona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azdhs.gov%2Flicensing%2Fmedical-marijuana%2Findex.php%23faqs-dispensary&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FieldBuild19-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FieldBuild19_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Saccente, T. (3 October 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arkansasonline.com\/news\/2021\/oct\/03\/medical-marijuana-cultivation-underway-in-river\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical marijuana cultivation underway in River Valley\"<\/a>. <i>Arkansas Democrat Gazette<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arkansasonline.com\/news\/2021\/oct\/03\/medical-marijuana-cultivation-underway-in-river\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.arkansasonline.com\/news\/2021\/oct\/03\/medical-marijuana-cultivation-underway-in-river\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+marijuana+cultivation+underway+in+River+Valley&rft.atitle=Arkansas+Democrat+Gazette&rft.aulast=Saccente%2C+T.&rft.au=Saccente%2C+T.&rft.date=3+October+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansasonline.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2Foct%2F03%2Fmedical-marijuana-cultivation-underway-in-river%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GrabensteinArk18-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GrabensteinArk18_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Grabenstein, H. (10 July 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/best-states\/arkansas\/articles\/2018-07-10\/ark-medical-marijuana-panel-issues-5-cultivation-licenses\" target=\"_blank\">\"Arkansas Issues 5 Medical Marijuana Cultivation Licenses\"<\/a>. <i>U.S. News<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/best-states\/arkansas\/articles\/2018-07-10\/ark-medical-marijuana-panel-issues-5-cultivation-licenses\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/best-states\/arkansas\/articles\/2018-07-10\/ark-medical-marijuana-panel-issues-5-cultivation-licenses<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkansas+Issues+5+Medical+Marijuana+Cultivation+Licenses&rft.atitle=U.S.+News&rft.aulast=Grabenstein%2C+H.&rft.au=Grabenstein%2C+H.&rft.date=10+July+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Farkansas%2Farticles%2F2018-07-10%2Fark-medical-marijuana-panel-issues-5-cultivation-licenses&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CalCanNotice19-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CalCanNotice19_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing (8 January 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2019\/01\/notice-regarding-temporary-cannabis-cultivation-license-applications\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Notice Regarding Temporary Cannabis Cultivation License Applications\"<\/a>. <i>California Cannabis Portal<\/i>. Government of California<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2019\/01\/notice-regarding-temporary-cannabis-cultivation-license-applications\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2019\/01\/notice-regarding-temporary-cannabis-cultivation-license-applications\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Notice+Regarding+Temporary+Cannabis+Cultivation+License+Applications&rft.atitle=California+Cannabis+Portal&rft.aulast=CalCannabis+Cultivation+Licensing&rft.au=CalCannabis+Cultivation+Licensing&rft.date=8+January+2019&rft.pub=Government+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabis.ca.gov%2F2019%2F01%2Fnotice-regarding-temporary-cannabis-cultivation-license-applications%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ColRetail17-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ColRetail17_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ColRetail17_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Revenue, Marijuana Enforcement Division (10 December 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.coloradosos.gov\/CCR\/DisplayRule.do?action=ruleinfo&ruleId=3314\" target=\"_blank\">\"Colorado Marijuana Rules - 1 CCR 212-3\"<\/a>. Government of Colorado<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.coloradosos.gov\/CCR\/DisplayRule.do?action=ruleinfo&ruleId=3314\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.coloradosos.gov\/CCR\/DisplayRule.do?action=ruleinfo&ruleId=3314<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Colorado+Marijuana+Rules+-+1+CCR+212-3&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Revenue%2C+Marijuana+Enforcement+Division&rft.au=Department+of+Revenue%2C+Marijuana+Enforcement+Division&rft.date=10+December+2021&rft.pub=Government+of+Colorado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coloradosos.gov%2FCCR%2FDisplayRule.do%3Faction%3Druleinfo%26ruleId%3D3314&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DCPMedical-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCPMedical_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Consumer Protection. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/DCP\/Medical-Marijuana-Program\/Medical-Marijuana-Producer-License\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Marijuana Producer License\"<\/a>. Government of Connecticut<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/DCP\/Medical-Marijuana-Program\/Medical-Marijuana-Producer-License\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/DCP\/Medical-Marijuana-Program\/Medical-Marijuana-Producer-License<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Marijuana+Producer+License&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Consumer+Protection&rft.au=Department+of+Consumer+Protection&rft.pub=Government+of+Connecticut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.ct.gov%2FDCP%2FMedical-Marijuana-Program%2FMedical-Marijuana-Producer-License&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FishmanSecond17-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FishmanSecond17_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Fishman, M. (2 August 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.delawareonline.com\/story\/news\/local\/2017\/08\/02\/second-new-castle-county-medical-marijuana-dispensary-set-open\/534020001\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Second New Castle County medical marijuana dispensary set to open\"<\/a>. <i>Delaware Online<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.delawareonline.com\/story\/news\/local\/2017\/08\/02\/second-new-castle-county-medical-marijuana-dispensary-set-open\/534020001\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.delawareonline.com\/story\/news\/local\/2017\/08\/02\/second-new-castle-county-medical-marijuana-dispensary-set-open\/534020001\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Second+New+Castle+County+medical+marijuana+dispensary+set+to+open&rft.atitle=Delaware+Online&rft.aulast=Fishman%2C+M.&rft.au=Fishman%2C+M.&rft.date=2+August+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delawareonline.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2017%2F08%2F02%2Fsecond-new-castle-county-medical-marijuana-dispensary-set-open%2F534020001%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FloodDelayed22-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FloodDelayed22_11-0\">11.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FloodDelayed22_11-1\">11.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Flood, C. (14 January 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.capegazette.com\/article\/delayed-opening-third-weed-dispensary-sussex\/233340\" target=\"_blank\">\"Delayed opening for third weed dispensary in Sussex\"<\/a>. <i>Cape Gazette<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.capegazette.com\/article\/delayed-opening-third-weed-dispensary-sussex\/233340\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.capegazette.com\/article\/delayed-opening-third-weed-dispensary-sussex\/233340<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Delayed+opening+for+third+weed+dispensary+in+Sussex&rft.atitle=Cape+Gazette&rft.aulast=Flood%2C+C.&rft.au=Flood%2C+C.&rft.date=14+January+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capegazette.com%2Farticle%2Fdelayed-opening-third-weed-dispensary-sussex%2F233340&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DelaOpenCompass-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DelaOpenCompass_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dph\/hsp\/medmarcc.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Marijuana Compassion Centers\"<\/a>. <i>Department of Public Health<\/i>. Government of Delaware<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dph\/hsp\/medmarcc.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dph\/hsp\/medmarcc.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Marijuana+Compassion+Centers&rft.atitle=Department+of+Public+Health&rft.pub=Government+of+Delaware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhss.delaware.gov%2Fdph%2Fhsp%2Fmedmarcc.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DHSSDela16-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DHSSDela16_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Delaware Health and Social Services (January 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dhss\/dph\/hsp\/files\/mmpannrpt2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Delaware Medical Marijuana Program Annual Report 2015\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of Delaware<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dhss\/dph\/hsp\/files\/mmpannrpt2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dhss.delaware.gov\/dhss\/dph\/hsp\/files\/mmpannrpt2015.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Delaware+Medical+Marijuana+Program+Annual+Report+2015&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Delaware+Health+and+Social+Services&rft.au=Delaware+Health+and+Social+Services&rft.date=January+2016&rft.pub=Government+of+Delaware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhss.delaware.gov%2Fdhss%2Fdph%2Fhsp%2Ffiles%2Fmmpannrpt2015.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DCHMed19-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCHMed19_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Alcoholic Beverage Regulation Administration. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/abra.dc.gov\/node\/1531326\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Cannabis Cultivation Centers\"<\/a>. Government of the District of Columbia<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/abra.dc.gov\/node\/1531326\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/abra.dc.gov\/node\/1531326<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Cannabis+Cultivation+Centers&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Alcoholic+Beverage+Regulation+Administration&rft.au=Alcoholic+Beverage+Regulation+Administration&rft.pub=Government+of+the+District+of+Columbia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabra.dc.gov%2Fnode%2F1531326&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OMMUUpdate19-4-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OMMUUpdate19-4_15-0\">15.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OMMUUpdate19-4_15-1\">15.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Office of Medical Marijuana Use (8 July 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/knowthefactsmmj.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ommu_updates\/2022\/070822-OMMU-Update.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"OMMU Update\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of Florida<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/knowthefactsmmj.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ommu_updates\/2022\/070822-OMMU-Update.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/knowthefactsmmj.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ommu_updates\/2022\/070822-OMMU-Update.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=OMMU+Update&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Office+of+Medical+Marijuana+Use&rft.au=Office+of+Medical+Marijuana+Use&rft.date=8+July+2022&rft.pub=Government+of+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowthefactsmmj.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fommu_updates%2F2022%2F070822-OMMU-Update.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GrossFlorida20-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GrossFlorida20_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Gross, S.J. (10 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tampabay.com\/florida-politics\/buzz\/2020\/02\/10\/florida-legislature-not-moving-to-address-marijuana-legislation-this-session\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Florida Legislature not moving to address marijuana legislation this session\"<\/a>. <i>Tampa Bay Times<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tampabay.com\/florida-politics\/buzz\/2020\/02\/10\/florida-legislature-not-moving-to-address-marijuana-legislation-this-session\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tampabay.com\/florida-politics\/buzz\/2020\/02\/10\/florida-legislature-not-moving-to-address-marijuana-legislation-this-session\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Florida+Legislature+not+moving+to+address+marijuana+legislation+this+session&rft.atitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.aulast=Gross%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Gross%2C+S.J.&rft.date=10+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fflorida-politics%2Fbuzz%2F2020%2F02%2F10%2Fflorida-legislature-not-moving-to-address-marijuana-legislation-this-session%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OMMU22-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OMMU22_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Office of Medical Marijuana Use (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/knowthefactsmmj.com\/mmtc\/2022-pigford-bfl-mmtc-application-process\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"2022 Pigford\/Black Farmers Litigation MMTC Application Process\"<\/a>. Government of Florida<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/knowthefactsmmj.com\/mmtc\/2022-pigford-bfl-mmtc-application-process\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/knowthefactsmmj.com\/mmtc\/2022-pigford-bfl-mmtc-application-process\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=2022+Pigford%2FBlack+Farmers+Litigation+MMTC+Application+Process&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Office+of+Medical+Marijuana+Use&rft.au=Office+of+Medical+Marijuana+Use&rft.date=2022&rft.pub=Government+of+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowthefactsmmj.com%2Fmmtc%2F2022-pigford-bfl-mmtc-application-process%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MJBDGeorgia21-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MJBDGeorgia21_18-0\">18.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MJBDGeorgia21_18-1\">18.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">MJBizDaily Staff (26 July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/georgia-awards-six-medical-marijuana-cultivation-licenses\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Georgia awards six medical marijuana cultivation licenses\"<\/a>. <i>MJBizDaily<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/georgia-awards-six-medical-marijuana-cultivation-licenses\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/georgia-awards-six-medical-marijuana-cultivation-licenses\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Georgia+awards+six+medical+marijuana+cultivation+licenses&rft.atitle=MJBizDaily&rft.aulast=MJBizDaily+Staff&rft.au=MJBizDaily+Staff&rft.date=26+July+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fgeorgia-awards-six-medical-marijuana-cultivation-licenses%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GMCCLicensing-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GMCCLicensing_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gmcc.ga.gov\/licensing\" target=\"_blank\">\"Licensing Application Verification Renewal\"<\/a>. Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gmcc.ga.gov\/licensing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.gmcc.ga.gov\/licensing<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Licensing+Application+Verification+Renewal&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Georgia+Access+to+Medical+Cannabis+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmcc.ga.gov%2Flicensing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NiesseSecrecy21-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NiesseSecrecy21_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Niesse, M. (9 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ajc.com\/politics\/secrecy-and-protests-surround-georgia-medical-marijuana-companies\/NUFYAVSDONHAZPG5T7KYTN2LDI\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Secrecy and protests surround Georgia medical marijuana companies\"<\/a>. <i>The Atlanta Journal-Constitution<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ajc.com\/politics\/secrecy-and-protests-surround-georgia-medical-marijuana-companies\/NUFYAVSDONHAZPG5T7KYTN2LDI\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ajc.com\/politics\/secrecy-and-protests-surround-georgia-medical-marijuana-companies\/NUFYAVSDONHAZPG5T7KYTN2LDI\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Secrecy+and+protests+surround+Georgia+medical+marijuana+companies&rft.atitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.aulast=Niesse%2C+M.&rft.au=Niesse%2C+M.&rft.date=9+August+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsecrecy-and-protests-surround-georgia-medical-marijuana-companies%2FNUFYAVSDONHAZPG5T7KYTN2LDI%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WilliamsState22-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WilliamsState22_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Williams, D. (5 May 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.northwestgeorgianews.com\/rome\/business\/state-commission-looking-to-speed-delivery-of-cannabis-oil-to-patients-with-expedited-hearings\/article_7f78a2cc-ccc4-11ec-a0d0-93b484cc2004.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"State commission looking to speed delivery of cannabis oil to patients with expedited hearings\"<\/a>. <i>Rome News-Tribune<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.northwestgeorgianews.com\/rome\/business\/state-commission-looking-to-speed-delivery-of-cannabis-oil-to-patients-with-expedited-hearings\/article_7f78a2cc-ccc4-11ec-a0d0-93b484cc2004.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.northwestgeorgianews.com\/rome\/business\/state-commission-looking-to-speed-delivery-of-cannabis-oil-to-patients-with-expedited-hearings\/article_7f78a2cc-ccc4-11ec-a0d0-93b484cc2004.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=State+commission+looking+to+speed+delivery+of+cannabis+oil+to+patients+with+expedited+hearings&rft.atitle=Rome+News-Tribune&rft.aulast=Williams%2C+D.&rft.au=Williams%2C+D.&rft.date=5+May+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northwestgeorgianews.com%2Frome%2Fbusiness%2Fstate-commission-looking-to-speed-delivery-of-cannabis-oil-to-patients-with-expedited-hearings%2Farticle_7f78a2cc-ccc4-11ec-a0d0-93b484cc2004.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DOHHaw18-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DOHHaw18_22-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hawai'i Department of Health (14 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/health.hawaii.gov\/news\/files\/2018\/08\/18-070-DOH-approves-production-center-for-Hawaiian-Ethos.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Hawai\u2018i Department of Health approves production center for medical cannabis licensee Hawaiian Ethos, LLC\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of Hawai'i<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/health.hawaii.gov\/news\/files\/2018\/08\/18-070-DOH-approves-production-center-for-Hawaiian-Ethos.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/health.hawaii.gov\/news\/files\/2018\/08\/18-070-DOH-approves-production-center-for-Hawaiian-Ethos.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 26 April 2019<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hawai%E2%80%98i+Department+of+Health+approves+production+center+for+medical+cannabis+licensee+Hawaiian+Ethos%2C+LLC&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hawai%27i+Department+of+Health&rft.au=Hawai%27i+Department+of+Health&rft.date=14+August+2018&rft.pub=Government+of+Hawai%27i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.hawaii.gov%2Fnews%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F08%2F18-070-DOH-approves-production-center-for-Hawaiian-Ethos.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HILocs-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HILocs_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hawai'i Department of Health. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/health.hawaii.gov\/medicalcannabisregistry\/dispensaries\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Dispensaries\"<\/a>. Government of Hawai'i<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/health.hawaii.gov\/medicalcannabisregistry\/dispensaries\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/health.hawaii.gov\/medicalcannabisregistry\/dispensaries\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dispensaries&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hawai%27i+Department+of+Health&rft.au=Hawai%27i+Department+of+Health&rft.pub=Government+of+Hawai%27i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.hawaii.gov%2Fmedicalcannabisregistry%2Fdispensaries%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HB321-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HB321_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.capitol.hawaii.gov\/session2015\/bills\/HB321_CD1_.HTM\" target=\"_blank\">\"HB No. 321 - A bill for an act relating to medical marijuana\"<\/a>. Government of Hawaii. 2015<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.capitol.hawaii.gov\/session2015\/bills\/HB321_CD1_.HTM\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.capitol.hawaii.gov\/session2015\/bills\/HB321_CD1_.HTM<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=HB+No.+321+-+A+bill+for+an+act+relating+to+medical+marijuana&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=Government+of+Hawaii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitol.hawaii.gov%2Fsession2015%2Fbills%2FHB321_CD1_.HTM&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IDAMedical-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IDAMedical_25-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Illinois Department of Agriculture. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.illinois.gov\/sites\/agr\/Plants\/MCPP\/Pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Cannabis Pilot Program\"<\/a>. Government of Illinois<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.illinois.gov\/sites\/agr\/Plants\/MCPP\/Pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www2.illinois.gov\/sites\/agr\/Plants\/MCPP\/Pages\/default.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Cannabis+Pilot+Program&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Illinois+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.au=Illinois+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.pub=Government+of+Illinois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.illinois.gov%2Fsites%2Fagr%2FPlants%2FMCPP%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IDAMedical15-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IDAMedical15_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Illinois Department of Agriculture (18 February 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.illinois.gov\/sites\/mcpp\/Documents\/mcppfaq-Updated-2-19-15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Cannabis Pilot Program Frequently Asked Questions\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of Illinois<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.illinois.gov\/sites\/mcpp\/Documents\/mcppfaq-Updated-2-19-15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www2.illinois.gov\/sites\/mcpp\/Documents\/mcppfaq-Updated-2-19-15.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Cannabis+Pilot+Program+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Illinois+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.au=Illinois+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=18+February+2015&rft.pub=Government+of+Illinois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.illinois.gov%2Fsites%2Fmcpp%2FDocuments%2Fmcppfaq-Updated-2-19-15.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GardyaszIowa22-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GardyaszIowa22_27-0\">27.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GardyaszIowa22_27-1\">27.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Gardyasz, J. (1 July 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220703202447\/https:\/\/businessrecord.com\/Content\/Health-Wellness\/Health-Wellness\/Article\/Iowa-s-medical-cannabis-sales-reach-new-high\/174\/836\/97898\" target=\"_blank\">\"Iowa\u2019s medical cannabis sales reach new high\"<\/a>. <i>Business Record<\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/businessrecord.com\/Content\/Health-Wellness\/Health-Wellness\/Article\/Iowa-s-medical-cannabis-sales-reach-new-high\/174\/836\/97898\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 03 July 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220703202447\/https:\/\/businessrecord.com\/Content\/Health-Wellness\/Health-Wellness\/Article\/Iowa-s-medical-cannabis-sales-reach-new-high\/174\/836\/97898\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220703202447\/https:\/\/businessrecord.com\/Content\/Health-Wellness\/Health-Wellness\/Article\/Iowa-s-medical-cannabis-sales-reach-new-high\/174\/836\/97898<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Iowa%E2%80%99s+medical+cannabis+sales+reach+new+high&rft.atitle=Business+Record&rft.aulast=Gardyasz%2C+J.&rft.au=Gardyasz%2C+J.&rft.date=1+July+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220703202447%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbusinessrecord.com%2FContent%2FHealth-Wellness%2FHealth-Wellness%2FArticle%2FIowa-s-medical-cannabis-sales-reach-new-high%2F174%2F836%2F97898&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MJBDStaffMedical20-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MJBDStaffMedical20_28-0\">28.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MJBDStaffMedical20_28-1\">28.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">MJBizDaily Staff (10 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/iowa-offers-medical-marijuana-manufacturer-license\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical marijuana manufacturer license up for grabs in Iowa\"<\/a>. <i>MJBizDaily<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/iowa-offers-medical-marijuana-manufacturer-license\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/iowa-offers-medical-marijuana-manufacturer-license\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+marijuana+manufacturer+license+up+for+grabs+in+Iowa&rft.atitle=MJBizDaily&rft.aulast=MJBizDaily+Staff&rft.au=MJBizDaily+Staff&rft.date=10+September+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fiowa-offers-medical-marijuana-manufacturer-license%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KarlinLouisiana18-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KarlinLouisiana18_29-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Karlin, S. (23 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Louisiana medical marijuana delayed after state forced to do product testing, company says\"<\/a>. <i>The Acadiana Advocate<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/baton_rouge\/news\/business\/article_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Louisiana+medical+marijuana+delayed+after+state+forced+to+do+product+testing%2C+company+says&rft.atitle=The+Acadiana+Advocate&rft.aulast=Karlin%2C+S.&rft.au=Karlin%2C+S.&rft.date=23+October+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Fbaton_rouge%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Farticle_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APOneOf18-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APOneOf18_30-0\">30.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APOneOf18_30-1\">30.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">The Associated Press (13 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.houmatoday.com\/story\/special\/2018\/11\/13\/1-of-louisianas-medical-marijuana-growers-has-new-operator\/8383285007\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"1 of Louisiana\u2019s medical marijuana growers has new operator\"<\/a>. <i>Houma Today<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.houmatoday.com\/story\/special\/2018\/11\/13\/1-of-louisianas-medical-marijuana-growers-has-new-operator\/8383285007\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.houmatoday.com\/story\/special\/2018\/11\/13\/1-of-louisianas-medical-marijuana-growers-has-new-operator\/8383285007\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=1+of+Louisiana%E2%80%99s+medical+marijuana+growers+has+new+operator&rft.atitle=Houma+Today&rft.aulast=The+Associated+Press&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft.date=13+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houmatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fspecial%2F2018%2F11%2F13%2F1-of-louisianas-medical-marijuana-growers-has-new-operator%2F8383285007%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KarlinLimited19-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KarlinLimited19_31-0\">31.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KarlinLimited19_31-1\">31.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Karlin, S. (25 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/acadiana\/news\/business\/article_54507c34-4f34-11e9-85af-6b2bbb7d622c.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"'Limited release' of marijuana slated for May, with full supply in the fall, grower says\"<\/a>. <i>The Acadiana Advocate<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/acadiana\/news\/business\/article_54507c34-4f34-11e9-85af-6b2bbb7d622c.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.theadvocate.com\/acadiana\/news\/business\/article_54507c34-4f34-11e9-85af-6b2bbb7d622c.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27Limited+release%27+of+marijuana+slated+for+May%2C+with+full+supply+in+the+fall%2C+grower+says&rft.atitle=The+Acadiana+Advocate&rft.aulast=Karlin%2C+S.&rft.au=Karlin%2C+S.&rft.date=25+March+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Facadiana%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Farticle_54507c34-4f34-11e9-85af-6b2bbb7d622c.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LAMedMari.22-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LAMedMari.22_32-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Agriculture & Forestry. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ldaf.state.la.us\/medical-marijuana\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Marijuana - Frequently Asked Questions\"<\/a>. State of Louisiana<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ldaf.state.la.us\/medical-marijuana\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ldaf.state.la.us\/medical-marijuana\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Marijuana+-+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Agriculture+%26+Forestry&rft.au=Department+of+Agriculture+%26+Forestry&rft.pub=State+of+Louisiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldaf.state.la.us%2Fmedical-marijuana%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MMMPList-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMMPList_33-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Administrative and Financial Services. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/medical-use\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Use (Open Data)\"<\/a>. <i>Maine Medical Use of Marijuana Program<\/i>. Government of Maine<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/medical-use\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/medical-use<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Use+%28Open+Data%29&rft.atitle=Maine+Medical+Use+of+Marijuana+Program&rft.aulast=Department+of+Administrative+and+Financial+Services&rft.au=Department+of+Administrative+and+Financial+Services&rft.pub=Government+of+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fdafs%2Focp%2Fopen-data%2Fmedical-use&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MMMPListRec-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMMPListRec_34-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Administrative and Financial Services. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/adult-use\" target=\"_blank\">\"Adult Use (Open Data)\"<\/a>. <i>Maine Adult Use of Marijuana Program<\/i>. Government of Maine<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/adult-use\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dafs\/ocp\/open-data\/adult-use<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Adult+Use+%28Open+Data%29&rft.atitle=Maine+Adult+Use+of+Marijuana+Program&rft.aulast=Department+of+Administrative+and+Financial+Services&rft.au=Department+of+Administrative+and+Financial+Services&rft.pub=Government+of+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fdafs%2Focp%2Fopen-data%2Fadult-use&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MMCCCannaInd-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMCCCannaInd_35-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mmcc.maryland.gov\/Pages\/industry.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Industry Information\"<\/a>. Government of Maryland<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mmcc.maryland.gov\/Pages\/industry.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mmcc.maryland.gov\/Pages\/industry.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Industry+Information&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Maryland+Medical+Cannabis+Commission&rft.au=Maryland+Medical+Cannabis+Commission&rft.date=February+2020&rft.pub=Government+of+Maryland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmmcc.maryland.gov%2FPages%2Findustry.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MMCCMedCannApp-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MMCCMedCannApp_36-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (25 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mmcc.maryland.gov\/Documents\/03.25.2019%20MMCC%20Grower%20Application%20copy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Cannabis Grower License Application\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of Maryland<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mmcc.maryland.gov\/Documents\/03.25.2019%20MMCC%20Grower%20Application%20copy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mmcc.maryland.gov\/Documents\/03.25.2019%20MMCC%20Grower%20Application%20copy.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Cannabis+Grower+License+Application&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Maryland+Medical+Cannabis+Commission&rft.au=Maryland+Medical+Cannabis+Commission&rft.date=25+March+2019&rft.pub=Government+of+Maryland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmmcc.maryland.gov%2FDocuments%2F03.25.2019%2520MMCC%2520Grower%2520Application%2520copy.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WheelerMedical14-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WheelerMedical14_37-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wheeler, T.B. (11 October 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181116061940\/https:\/\/www.baltimoresun.com\/news\/maryland\/sun-investigates\/bs-md-medical-marijuana-fees-20141011-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical marijuana fees stir debate in Maryland\"<\/a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun<\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.baltimoresun.com\/news\/maryland\/sun-investigates\/bs-md-medical-marijuana-fees-20141011-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 16 November 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181116061940\/https:\/\/www.baltimoresun.com\/news\/maryland\/sun-investigates\/bs-md-medical-marijuana-fees-20141011-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181116061940\/https:\/\/www.baltimoresun.com\/news\/maryland\/sun-investigates\/bs-md-medical-marijuana-fees-20141011-story.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+marijuana+fees+stir+debate+in+Maryland&rft.atitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.aulast=Wheeler%2C+T.B.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+T.B.&rft.date=11+October+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181116061940%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fmaryland%2Fsun-investigates%2Fbs-md-medical-marijuana-fees-20141011-story.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CCCLicensing-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CCCLicensing_38-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cannabis Control Commission. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/masscannabiscontrol.com\/licensing-tracker\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Adult-Use Licensing Tracker\"<\/a>. Government of Massachusetts<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/masscannabiscontrol.com\/licensing-tracker\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/masscannabiscontrol.com\/licensing-tracker\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Adult-Use+Licensing+Tracker&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cannabis+Control+Commission&rft.au=Cannabis+Control+Commission&rft.pub=Government+of+Massachusetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmasscannabiscontrol.com%2Flicensing-tracker%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DLRALicensing-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DLRALicensing_39-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/Sections\/mmfl\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Marijuana Facilities Licensing\"<\/a>. Government of Michigan<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/Sections\/mmfl\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/Sections\/mmfl<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Marijuana+Facilities+Licensing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Licensing+and+Regulatory+Affairs&rft.au=Department+of+Licensing+and+Regulatory+Affairs&rft.pub=Government+of+Michigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fcra%2FSections%2Fmmfl&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DLRAWhatWill-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DLRAWhatWill_40-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cannabis Regulatory Agency. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/sections\/mmfl\/paper-app-form-rec\" target=\"_blank\">\"Paper Applications, Forms and Resources: Step 1 Paper Applications\"<\/a>. Government of Michigan<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/sections\/mmfl\/paper-app-form-rec\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/sections\/mmfl\/paper-app-form-rec<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Paper+Applications%2C+Forms+and+Resources%3A+Step+1+Paper+Applications&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cannabis+Regulatory+Agency&rft.au=Cannabis+Regulatory+Agency&rft.pub=Government+of+Michigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fcra%2Fsections%2Fmmfl%2Fpaper-app-form-rec&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MDHMedicalCannManu-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MDHMedicalCannManu_41-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Minnesota Department of Health. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Cannabis Manufacturers\/Laboratories\"<\/a>. Government of Minnesota<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/index.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Cannabis+Manufacturers%2FLaboratories&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Minnesota+Department+of+Health&rft.au=Minnesota+Department+of+Health&rft.pub=Government+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.state.mn.us%2Fpeople%2Fcannabis%2Fmanufacture%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MDHMedicalCann-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MDHMedicalCann_42-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Minnesota Department of Health. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201019023917\/https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/selection\/mfrqa.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Cannabis Manufacturer Selection Questions and Answers\"<\/a>. Government of Minnesota. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/selection\/mfrqa.html\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 19 October 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201019023917\/https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/selection\/mfrqa.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201019023917\/https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/people\/cannabis\/manufacture\/selection\/mfrqa.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Cannabis+Manufacturer+Selection+Questions+and+Answers&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Minnesota+Department+of+Health&rft.au=Minnesota+Department+of+Health&rft.pub=Government+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20201019023917%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.state.mn.us%2Fpeople%2Fcannabis%2Fmanufacture%2Fselection%2Fmfrqa.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MSDHRegistered22-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MSDHRegistered22_43-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/30,0,425,1005.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Establishment Registry: Registered Mississippi Medical Cannabis Establishments\"<\/a>. Mississippi State Department of Health. 5 July 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/30,0,425,1005.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/30,0,425,1005.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Establishment+Registry%3A+Registered+Mississippi+Medical+Cannabis+Establishments&rft.atitle=&rft.date=5+July+2022&rft.pub=Mississippi+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdh.ms.gov%2Fmsdhsite%2F_static%2F30%2C0%2C425%2C1005.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Title15Part22Sub5-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Title15Part22Sub5_44-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/resources\/19108.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Title 15: Mississippi State Department of Health, Part 22: Medical Cannabis Program, Subpart 5: Cannabis Cultivation Facilities\"<\/a> (PDF). State of Mississippi<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/resources\/19108.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/msdh.ms.gov\/msdhsite\/_static\/resources\/19108.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Title+15%3A+Mississippi+State+Department+of+Health%2C+Part+22%3A+Medical+Cannabis+Program%2C+Subpart+5%3A+Cannabis+Cultivation+Facilities&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=State+of+Mississippi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdh.ms.gov%2Fmsdhsite%2F_static%2Fresources%2F19108.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HolmanSoWhat19-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HolmanSoWhat19_45-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Holman, G.J. (15 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news-leader.com\/story\/news\/local\/ozarks\/2019\/04\/15\/medical-marijuana-pot-business-license-cannabis-weed-legal-missouri\/3437432002\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"So what's on that application for medical pot businesses? 144 questions \u2014 and uncertainty\"<\/a>. <i>Springfield News-Leader<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news-leader.com\/story\/news\/local\/ozarks\/2019\/04\/15\/medical-marijuana-pot-business-license-cannabis-weed-legal-missouri\/3437432002\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.news-leader.com\/story\/news\/local\/ozarks\/2019\/04\/15\/medical-marijuana-pot-business-license-cannabis-weed-legal-missouri\/3437432002\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=So+what%27s+on+that+application+for+medical+pot+businesses%3F+144+questions+%E2%80%94+and+uncertainty&rft.atitle=Springfield+News-Leader&rft.aulast=Holman%2C+G.J.&rft.au=Holman%2C+G.J.&rft.date=15+April+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-leader.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fozarks%2F2019%2F04%2F15%2Fmedical-marijuana-pot-business-license-cannabis-weed-legal-missouri%2F3437432002%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MOApply-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MOApply_46-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/health.mo.gov\/safety\/medical-marijuana\/how-to-apply-fi.php\" target=\"_blank\">\"How to Apply - Facility Information\"<\/a>. Missouri Department of Health & Senior Services<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/health.mo.gov\/safety\/medical-marijuana\/how-to-apply-fi.php\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/health.mo.gov\/safety\/medical-marijuana\/how-to-apply-fi.php<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+to+Apply+-+Facility+Information&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Missouri+Department+of+Health+%26+Senior+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.mo.gov%2Fsafety%2Fmedical-marijuana%2Fhow-to-apply-fi.php&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MTCannaLic.22-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MTCannaLic.22_47-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cannabis Control Division Montana. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mtrevenue.gov\/cannabis\/cannabis-licenses\/cultivator-licenses\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cultivator Licenses\"<\/a>. Montana Department of Revenue<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mtrevenue.gov\/cannabis\/cannabis-licenses\/cultivator-licenses\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mtrevenue.gov\/cannabis\/cannabis-licenses\/cultivator-licenses\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cultivator+Licenses&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cannabis+Control+Division+Montana&rft.au=Cannabis+Control+Division+Montana&rft.pub=Montana+Department+of+Revenue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmtrevenue.gov%2Fcannabis%2Fcannabis-licenses%2Fcultivator-licenses%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DoTMari-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DoTMari_48-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Taxation. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tax.nv.gov\/MME\/Marijuana_Establishments_-_Home\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Establishments\"<\/a>. Government of Nevada<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/tax.nv.gov\/MME\/Marijuana_Establishments_-_Home\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/tax.nv.gov\/MME\/Marijuana_Establishments_-_Home\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Establishments&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Taxation&rft.au=Department+of+Taxation&rft.pub=Government+of+Nevada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftax.nv.gov%2FMME%2FMarijuana_Establishments_-_Home%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DHHSAltern-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DHHSAltern_49-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Health and Human Services. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dhhs.nh.gov\/programs-services\/population-health\/therapeutic-cannabis\/alternative-treatment-centers\" target=\"_blank\">\"Alternative Treatment Centers\"<\/a>. Government of New Hampshire<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dhhs.nh.gov\/programs-services\/population-health\/therapeutic-cannabis\/alternative-treatment-centers\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.dhhs.nh.gov\/programs-services\/population-health\/therapeutic-cannabis\/alternative-treatment-centers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Alternative+Treatment+Centers&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.au=Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Hampshire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhhs.nh.gov%2Fprograms-services%2Fpopulation-health%2Ftherapeutic-cannabis%2Falternative-treatment-centers&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DoHNJ_Altern-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DoHNJ_Altern_50-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Health. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/data.nj.gov\/Reference-Data\/New-Jersey-Cannabis-Dispensary-Locations\/uyq5-2c2g\" target=\"_blank\">\"New Jersey Cannabis Dispensary Locations\"<\/a>. Government of New Jersey<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/data.nj.gov\/Reference-Data\/New-Jersey-Cannabis-Dispensary-Locations\/uyq5-2c2g\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/data.nj.gov\/Reference-Data\/New-Jersey-Cannabis-Dispensary-Locations\/uyq5-2c2g<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+Jersey+Cannabis+Dispensary+Locations&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Health&rft.au=Department+of+Health&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.nj.gov%2FReference-Data%2FNew-Jersey-Cannabis-Dispensary-Locations%2Fuyq5-2c2g&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DHHSUpdateOn-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DHHSUpdateOn_51-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Health (15 July 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190716054056\/https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/health\/medicalmarijuana\/alt-treatment-centers\/applications.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">\"Update on Expansion of Medicinal Marijuana Program\"<\/a>. Government of New Jersey. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/health\/medicalmarijuana\/alt-treatment-centers\/applications.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 16 July 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190716054056\/https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/health\/medicalmarijuana\/alt-treatment-centers\/applications.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190716054056\/https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/health\/medicalmarijuana\/alt-treatment-centers\/applications.shtml<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Update+on+Expansion+of+Medicinal+Marijuana+Program&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Health&rft.au=Department+of+Health&rft.date=15+July+2019&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190716054056%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.gov%2Fhealth%2Fmedicalmarijuana%2Falt-treatment-centers%2Fapplications.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LivioTheseWeed19-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LivioTheseWeed19_52-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Livio, S.K.; Guion, P. (1 February 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2019\/02\/these-weed-growers-didnt-get-picked-to-grow-medical-marijuana-in-nj-now-they-are-ready-for-a-fight.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"These weed growers didn\u2019t get picked to grow medical marijuana in N.J. Now they are ready for a fight\"<\/a>. <i>NJ.com<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2019\/02\/these-weed-growers-didnt-get-picked-to-grow-medical-marijuana-in-nj-now-they-are-ready-for-a-fight.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2019\/02\/these-weed-growers-didnt-get-picked-to-grow-medical-marijuana-in-nj-now-they-are-ready-for-a-fight.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=These+weed+growers+didn%E2%80%99t+get+picked+to+grow+medical+marijuana+in+N.J.+Now+they+are+ready+for+a+fight&rft.atitle=NJ.com&rft.aulast=Livio%2C+S.K.%3B+Guion%2C+P.&rft.au=Livio%2C+S.K.%3B+Guion%2C+P.&rft.date=1+February+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fmarijuana%2F2019%2F02%2Fthese-weed-growers-didnt-get-picked-to-grow-medical-marijuana-in-nj-now-they-are-ready-for-a-fight.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HooverNew2020-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HooverNew2020_53-0\">53.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HooverNew2020_53-1\">53.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hoover, A. (18 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2020\/01\/new-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensaries-on-hold-as-another-rejected-applicant-sues.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"New N.J. medical marijuana dispensaries on hold as another rejected applicant sues\"<\/a>. <i>nj.com<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2020\/01\/new-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensaries-on-hold-as-another-rejected-applicant-sues.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2020\/01\/new-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensaries-on-hold-as-another-rejected-applicant-sues.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+N.J.+medical+marijuana+dispensaries+on+hold+as+another+rejected+applicant+sues&rft.atitle=nj.com&rft.aulast=Hoover%2C+A.&rft.au=Hoover%2C+A.&rft.date=18+January+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fmarijuana%2F2020%2F01%2Fnew-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensaries-on-hold-as-another-rejected-applicant-sues.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WallBrick21-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallBrick21_54-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wall, K. (20 May 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/health\/medicalmarijuana\/alt-treatment-centers\/applications.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">\"Brick Zoners OK $25K Settlement In Marijuana Dispensary Fight\"<\/a>. <i>Patch<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/health\/medicalmarijuana\/alt-treatment-centers\/applications.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/health\/medicalmarijuana\/alt-treatment-centers\/applications.shtml<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Brick+Zoners+OK+%2425K+Settlement+In+Marijuana+Dispensary+Fight&rft.atitle=Patch&rft.aulast=Wall%2C+K.&rft.au=Wall%2C+K.&rft.date=20+May+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.gov%2Fhealth%2Fmedicalmarijuana%2Falt-treatment-centers%2Fapplications.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HooverNJ21-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HooverNJ21_55-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hoover, A. (18 October 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2021\/10\/nj-medical-marijuana-exec-took-1m-in-company-money-to-fund-israeli-dispensary-lawsuit-claims.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"N.J. medical marijuana exec took $1M in company money to fund Israeli dispensary, lawsuit claims\"<\/a>. <i>NJ.com<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2021\/10\/nj-medical-marijuana-exec-took-1m-in-company-money-to-fund-israeli-dispensary-lawsuit-claims.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2021\/10\/nj-medical-marijuana-exec-took-1m-in-company-money-to-fund-israeli-dispensary-lawsuit-claims.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=N.J.+medical+marijuana+exec+took+%241M+in+company+money+to+fund+Israeli+dispensary%2C+lawsuit+claims&rft.atitle=NJ.com&rft.aulast=Hoover%2C+A.&rft.au=Hoover%2C+A.&rft.date=18+October+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fmarijuana%2F2021%2F10%2Fnj-medical-marijuana-exec-took-1m-in-company-money-to-fund-israeli-dispensary-lawsuit-claims.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LivioInvest22-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LivioInvest22_56-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Livio, S.K. (9 March 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2022\/03\/investors-claim-looting-at-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary-sue-to-have-independent-manager-run-it.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Investors claim \u2018looting\u2019 at N.J. medical marijuana dispensary, sue to have independent manager run it\"<\/a>. <i>NJ.com<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2022\/03\/investors-claim-looting-at-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary-sue-to-have-independent-manager-run-it.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2022\/03\/investors-claim-looting-at-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary-sue-to-have-independent-manager-run-it.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Investors+claim+%E2%80%98looting%E2%80%99+at+N.J.+medical+marijuana+dispensary%2C+sue+to+have+independent+manager+run+it&rft.atitle=NJ.com&rft.aulast=Livio%2C+S.K.&rft.au=Livio%2C+S.K.&rft.date=9+March+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fmarijuana%2F2022%2F03%2Finvestors-claim-looting-at-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary-sue-to-have-independent-manager-run-it.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LivioJudge22-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LivioJudge22_57-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Livio, S.K. (20 March 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2022\/03\/judge-denies-request-for-independent-manager-to-run-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Judge denies request for independent manager to run N.J. medical marijuana dispensary\"<\/a>. <i>NJ.com<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2022\/03\/judge-denies-request-for-independent-manager-to-run-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2022\/03\/judge-denies-request-for-independent-manager-to-run-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Judge+denies+request+for+independent+manager+to+run+N.J.+medical+marijuana+dispensary&rft.atitle=NJ.com&rft.aulast=Livio%2C+S.K.&rft.au=Livio%2C+S.K.&rft.date=20+March+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fmarijuana%2F2022%2F03%2Fjudge-denies-request-for-independent-manager-to-run-nj-medical-marijuana-dispensary.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WestCondo22-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WestCondo22_58-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">West, T. (11 May 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/hudson\/2022\/05\/hoboken-condo-group-sues-landlord-including-jersey-city-mayors-wife-of-potential-dispensary.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Condo group sues landlord of potential cannabis dispensary; Jersey City mayor\u2019s wife named in suit\"<\/a>. <i>NJ.com<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/hudson\/2022\/05\/hoboken-condo-group-sues-landlord-including-jersey-city-mayors-wife-of-potential-dispensary.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nj.com\/hudson\/2022\/05\/hoboken-condo-group-sues-landlord-including-jersey-city-mayors-wife-of-potential-dispensary.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Condo+group+sues+landlord+of+potential+cannabis+dispensary%3B+Jersey+City+mayor%E2%80%99s+wife+named+in+suit&rft.atitle=NJ.com&rft.aulast=West%2C+T.&rft.au=West%2C+T.&rft.date=11+May+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fhudson%2F2022%2F05%2Fhoboken-condo-group-sues-landlord-including-jersey-city-mayors-wife-of-potential-dispensary.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NMDOHLicensed19-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NMDOHLicensed19_59-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Health. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nmrldlpi.force.com\/bcd\/s\/public-search-license?division=CCD&language=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">\"Search for a License\"<\/a>. Government of New Mexico<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nmrldlpi.force.com\/bcd\/s\/public-search-license?division=CCD&language=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nmrldlpi.force.com\/bcd\/s\/public-search-license?division=CCD&language=en_US<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Search+for+a+License&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Health&rft.au=Department+of+Health&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Mexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmrldlpi.force.com%2Fbcd%2Fs%2Fpublic-search-license%3Fdivision%3DCCD%26language%3Den_US&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NMAC7.34.4-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NMAC7.34.4_60-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srca.nm.gov\/parts\/title07\/07.034.0004.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"7.34.4 Health - Medical Use of Cannabis - Licensing Requirements for Producers, Couriers, Manufacturers, and Laboratories\"<\/a>. Government of New Mexico<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srca.nm.gov\/parts\/title07\/07.034.0004.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.srca.nm.gov\/parts\/title07\/07.034.0004.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=7.34.4+Health+-+Medical+Use+of+Cannabis+-+Licensing+Requirements+for+Producers%2C+Couriers%2C+Manufacturers%2C+and+Laboratories&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Mexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srca.nm.gov%2Fparts%2Ftitle07%2F07.034.0004.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYSDoHRegistered19-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYSDoHRegistered19_61-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Office of Cannabis Management. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/dispensing-facilities\" target=\"_blank\">\"Dispensing Facilities\"<\/a>. Government of New York State<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/dispensing-facilities\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/dispensing-facilities<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dispensing+Facilities&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Office+of+Cannabis+Management&rft.au=Office+of+Cannabis+Management&rft.pub=Government+of+New+York+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabis.ny.gov%2Fdispensing-facilities&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYSDoHMedical18-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYSDoHMedical18_62-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">{{cite web |url=<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/medical-marijuana-program-applications\">https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/medical-marijuana-program-applications<\/a> |title=Medical Marijuana Program Applications |author=Office of Cannabis Management |publisher=Government of New York State |accessdate=08 July 2022}<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NYSOCMLicensing-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NYSOCMLicensing_63-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">{{cite web |url=<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/licensing\">https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/licensing<\/a> |title=Licensing |author=Office of Cannabis Management |publisher=Government of New York State |accessdate=08 July 2022}<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NDDoHMedical18-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NDDoHMedical18_64-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Health (16 May 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndhealth.gov\/mm\/PDF\/Press_Releases\/2018-5-16_Medical_Marijuana_Review_Panel_Selects_Manufacturing_Facilities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Marijuana Application Review Panel Selects Two Manufacturing Facilities\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of North Dakota<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndhealth.gov\/mm\/PDF\/Press_Releases\/2018-5-16_Medical_Marijuana_Review_Panel_Selects_Manufacturing_Facilities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ndhealth.gov\/mm\/PDF\/Press_Releases\/2018-5-16_Medical_Marijuana_Review_Panel_Selects_Manufacturing_Facilities.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Marijuana+Application+Review+Panel+Selects+Two+Manufacturing+Facilities&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Health&rft.au=Department+of+Health&rft.date=16+May+2018&rft.pub=Government+of+North+Dakota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndhealth.gov%2Fmm%2FPDF%2FPress_Releases%2F2018-5-16_Medical_Marijuana_Review_Panel_Selects_Manufacturing_Facilities.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NDDoHFreq18-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NDDoHFreq18_65-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Health (28 Febrary 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ndhealth.gov\/mm\/pdf\/program_informational_guides\/faq%20for%20compassion%20centers%20-%20updated%203-1-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Frequently Asked Questions \u2013 Manufacturing Facilities and Dispensaries\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of North Dakota<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ndhealth.gov\/mm\/pdf\/program_informational_guides\/faq%20for%20compassion%20centers%20-%20updated%203-1-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.ndhealth.gov\/mm\/pdf\/program_informational_guides\/faq%20for%20compassion%20centers%20-%20updated%203-1-2018.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+%E2%80%93+Manufacturing+Facilities+and+Dispensaries&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Health&rft.au=Department+of+Health&rft.date=28+Febrary+2018&rft.pub=Government+of+North+Dakota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndhealth.gov%2Fmm%2Fpdf%2Fprogram_informational_guides%2Ffaq%2520for%2520compassion%2520centers%2520-%2520updated%25203-1-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DPNorth-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DPNorth_66-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dispensarypermits.com\/united-states-marijuana-dispensary-laws\/open-a-dispensary-in-north-dakota\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"North Dakota Marijuana Business Licenses\"<\/a>. Dispensary Permits<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dispensarypermits.com\/united-states-marijuana-dispensary-laws\/open-a-dispensary-in-north-dakota\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dispensarypermits.com\/united-states-marijuana-dispensary-laws\/open-a-dispensary-in-north-dakota\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=North+Dakota+Marijuana+Business+Licenses&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Dispensary+Permits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdispensarypermits.com%2Funited-states-marijuana-dispensary-laws%2Fopen-a-dispensary-in-north-dakota%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OMMCPCultivation-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OMMCPCultivation_67-0\">67.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OMMCPCultivation_67-1\">67.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ohio Medical Marijuana Program. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov\/cultivation\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cultivation\"<\/a>. Government of Ohio<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov\/cultivation\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov\/cultivation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cultivation&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ohio+Medical+Marijuana+Program&rft.au=Ohio+Medical+Marijuana+Program&rft.pub=Government+of+Ohio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov%2Fcultivation&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OMMABusiness-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OMMABusiness_68-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/oklahoma.gov\/omma\/businesses\/commercial-licenses.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Commercial Licenses\"<\/a>. Government of Oklahoma<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/oklahoma.gov\/omma\/businesses\/commercial-licenses.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/oklahoma.gov\/omma\/businesses\/commercial-licenses.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Commercial+Licenses&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Oklahoma+Medical+Marijuana+Authority&rft.au=Oklahoma+Medical+Marijuana+Authority&rft.pub=Government+of+Oklahoma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foklahoma.gov%2Fomma%2Fbusinesses%2Fcommercial-licenses.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OHAFAQ-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OHAFAQ_69-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Oregon Health Authority. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/PH\/DiseasesConditions\/ChronicDisease\/MedicalMarijuanaProgram\/Pages\/top20.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Frequently Asked Questions\"<\/a>. Government of Oregon<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/PH\/DiseasesConditions\/ChronicDisease\/MedicalMarijuanaProgram\/Pages\/top20.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/PH\/DiseasesConditions\/ChronicDisease\/MedicalMarijuanaProgram\/Pages\/top20.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Oregon+Health+Authority&rft.au=Oregon+Health+Authority&rft.pub=Government+of+Oregon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregon.gov%2Foha%2FPH%2FDiseasesConditions%2FChronicDisease%2FMedicalMarijuanaProgram%2FPages%2Ftop20.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ORLicensing-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ORLicensing_70-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission (4 April 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/apps.oregon.gov\/OLCC\/Marijuana\/elicense\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recreational Marijuana Licensing\"<\/a>. State of Oregon<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/apps.oregon.gov\/OLCC\/Marijuana\/elicense\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/apps.oregon.gov\/OLCC\/Marijuana\/elicense\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recreational+Marijuana+Licensing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Oregon+Liquor+and+Cannabis+Commission&rft.au=Oregon+Liquor+and+Cannabis+Commission&rft.date=4+April+2022&rft.pub=State+of+Oregon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.oregon.gov%2FOLCC%2FMarijuana%2Felicense%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OLCCFAQ-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OLCCFAQ_71-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Oregon Liquor Control Commission. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190508031511\/https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/olcc\/marijuana\/Pages\/FAQs-Licensing-General.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"FAQs: Licensing-General\"<\/a>. Government of Oregon. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/olcc\/marijuana\/Pages\/FAQs-Licensing-General.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 08 May 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190508031511\/https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/olcc\/marijuana\/Pages\/FAQs-Licensing-General.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190508031511\/https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/olcc\/marijuana\/Pages\/FAQs-Licensing-General.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FAQs%3A+Licensing-General&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Oregon+Liquor+Control+Commission&rft.au=Oregon+Liquor+Control+Commission&rft.pub=Government+of+Oregon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190508031511%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregon.gov%2Folcc%2Fmarijuana%2FPages%2FFAQs-Licensing-General.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PDoHPhaseI17-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PDoHPhaseI17_72-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Health, Office of Medical Marijuana (20 June 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/Documents\/Programs\/Medical%20Marijuana\/Phase%201\/Phase%201%20Grower-Processor%20Permittee%20Facility%20Locations%20By%20Region.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Phase I Grower-Processor Permittee Facility Locations by Region\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of Pennsylvania<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/Documents\/Programs\/Medical%20Marijuana\/Phase%201\/Phase%201%20Grower-Processor%20Permittee%20Facility%20Locations%20By%20Region.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/Documents\/Programs\/Medical%20Marijuana\/Phase%201\/Phase%201%20Grower-Processor%20Permittee%20Facility%20Locations%20By%20Region.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 April 2019<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Phase+I+Grower-Processor+Permittee+Facility+Locations+by+Region&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Health%2C+Office+of+Medical+Marijuana&rft.au=Department+of+Health%2C+Office+of+Medical+Marijuana&rft.date=20+June+2017&rft.pub=Government+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.pa.gov%2Ftopics%2FDocuments%2FPrograms%2FMedical%2520Marijuana%2FPhase%25201%2FPhase%25201%2520Grower-Processor%2520Permittee%2520Facility%2520Locations%2520By%2520Region.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PDoHPhaseII18-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PDoHPhaseII18_73-0\">73.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PDoHPhaseII18_73-1\">73.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Health, Office of Medical Marijuana (31 July 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/Documents\/Programs\/Medical%20Marijuana\/PA%20DOH%20Phase%20II%20Grower-Processor%20Permittee%20Facility%20Locations%20by%20Region.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Phase II Grower-Processor Permittee Facility Locations by Region\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of Pennsylvania<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/Documents\/Programs\/Medical%20Marijuana\/PA%20DOH%20Phase%20II%20Grower-Processor%20Permittee%20Facility%20Locations%20by%20Region.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/Documents\/Programs\/Medical%20Marijuana\/PA%20DOH%20Phase%20II%20Grower-Processor%20Permittee%20Facility%20Locations%20by%20Region.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 April 2019<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Phase+II+Grower-Processor+Permittee+Facility+Locations+by+Region&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Health%2C+Office+of+Medical+Marijuana&rft.au=Department+of+Health%2C+Office+of+Medical+Marijuana&rft.date=31+July+2018&rft.pub=Government+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.pa.gov%2Ftopics%2FDocuments%2FPrograms%2FMedical%2520Marijuana%2FPA%2520DOH%2520Phase%2520II%2520Grower-Processor%2520Permittee%2520Facility%2520Locations%2520by%2520Region.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BWTILT19-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BWTILT19_74-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20190128005179\/en\/TILT-Holdings-Announces-Official-Closing-Standard-Farms\" target=\"_blank\">\"TILT Holdings Announces Official Closing of Standard Farms Deal\"<\/a>. <i>Business Wire<\/i>. Business Wire, Inc. 28 January 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20190128005179\/en\/TILT-Holdings-Announces-Official-Closing-Standard-Farms\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20190128005179\/en\/TILT-Holdings-Announces-Official-Closing-Standard-Farms<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 April 2019<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=TILT+Holdings+Announces+Official+Closing+of+Standard+Farms+Deal&rft.atitle=Business+Wire&rft.date=28+January+2019&rft.pub=Business+Wire%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20190128005179%2Fen%2FTILT-Holdings-Announces-Official-Closing-Standard-Farms&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-230-RICR-80-5-1-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-230-RICR-80-5-1_75-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191029120632\/http:\/\/www.dbr.ri.gov\/documents\/rules\/medical_marijuana\/230-RICR-80-5-1_Medical_Marijuana.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Title 230 - Department of Business Regulation, Chapter 80 - Marijuana, Subchapter 5 - Medical Marijuana\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of Rhode Island. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dbr.ri.gov\/documents\/rules\/medical_marijuana\/230-RICR-80-5-1_Medical_Marijuana.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 29 October 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191029120632\/http:\/\/www.dbr.ri.gov\/documents\/rules\/medical_marijuana\/230-RICR-80-5-1_Medical_Marijuana.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191029120632\/http:\/\/www.dbr.ri.gov\/documents\/rules\/medical_marijuana\/230-RICR-80-5-1_Medical_Marijuana.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Title+230+-+Department+of+Business+Regulation%2C+Chapter+80+-+Marijuana%2C+Subchapter+5+-+Medical+Marijuana&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Government+of+Rhode+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20191029120632%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbr.ri.gov%2Fdocuments%2Frules%2Fmedical_marijuana%2F230-RICR-80-5-1_Medical_Marijuana.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SDCertified-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SDCertified_76-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/Establishments\/CertifiedEstablishments.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Certified Establishments\"<\/a>. South Dakota Department of Health<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/Establishments\/CertifiedEstablishments.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/Establishments\/CertifiedEstablishments.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Certified+Establishments&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=South+Dakota+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedcannabis.sd.gov%2FEstablishments%2FCertifiedEstablishments.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SDMed21-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SDMed21_77-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/docs\/MedicalCannabisEstalishementApplicationChecklist.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Cannabis Establishment Application Checklist\"<\/a> (PDF). South Dakota Department of Health. 27 October 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/docs\/MedicalCannabisEstalishementApplicationChecklist.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/medcannabis.sd.gov\/docs\/MedicalCannabisEstalishementApplicationChecklist.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Cannabis+Establishment+Application+Checklist&rft.atitle=&rft.date=27+October+2021&rft.pub=South+Dakota+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedcannabis.sd.gov%2Fdocs%2FMedicalCannabisEstalishementApplicationChecklist.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MillerTexas20-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MillerTexas20_78-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Miller, S.R. (13 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/texas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Texas Cannabis Market Restrictions Stunt Growth\"<\/a>. <i>New Cannabis Ventures<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/texas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/texas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Texas+Cannabis+Market+Restrictions+Stunt+Growth&rft.atitle=New+Cannabis+Ventures&rft.aulast=Miller%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Miller%2C+S.R.&rft.date=13+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcannabisventures.com%2Ftexas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TeakellAGuide-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TeakellAGuide_79-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Teakell, J.R.. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/teakelllaw.com\/texas-medical-marijuana-laws\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Guide To Texas Medical Marijuana Laws For Doctors And Patient Use\"<\/a>. Law Office of John R. Teakell<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/teakelllaw.com\/texas-medical-marijuana-laws\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/teakelllaw.com\/texas-medical-marijuana-laws\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Guide+To+Texas+Medical+Marijuana+Laws+For+Doctors+And+Patient+Use&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Teakell%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Teakell%2C+J.R.&rft.pub=Law+Office+of+John+R.+Teakell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteakelllaw.com%2Ftexas-medical-marijuana-laws%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FloresState19-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FloresState19_80-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Flores, C. (1 June 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/kutv.com\/news\/local\/state-of-utah-opens-bidding-for-licenses-to-grow-medical-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">\"State of Utah opens bidding for licenses to grow medical marijuana\"<\/a>. <i>KUTV<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/kutv.com\/news\/local\/state-of-utah-opens-bidding-for-licenses-to-grow-medical-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/kutv.com\/news\/local\/state-of-utah-opens-bidding-for-licenses-to-grow-medical-marijuana<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=State+of+Utah+opens+bidding+for+licenses+to+grow+medical+marijuana&rft.atitle=KUTV&rft.aulast=Flores%2C+C.&rft.au=Flores%2C+C.&rft.date=1+June+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkutv.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fstate-of-utah-opens-bidding-for-licenses-to-grow-medical-marijuana&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DPSMRRegDisp-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DPSMRRegDisp_81-0\">81.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DPSMRRegDisp_81-1\">81.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cannabis Control Board. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ccb.vermont.gov\/med-dispensaries\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Dispensary Information\"<\/a>. Government of Vermont<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ccb.vermont.gov\/med-dispensaries\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ccb.vermont.gov\/med-dispensaries<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Dispensary+Information&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cannabis+Control+Board&rft.au=Cannabis+Control+Board&rft.pub=Government+of+Vermont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccb.vermont.gov%2Fmed-dispensaries&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CeresMedStory-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CeresMedStory_82-0\">82.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CeresMedStory_82-1\">82.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ceresmedvt.com\/about-us\/our-story\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Our Story\"<\/a>. High Fidelity, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ceresmedvt.com\/about-us\/our-story\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ceresmedvt.com\/about-us\/our-story\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Our+Story&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=High+Fidelity%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceresmedvt.com%2Fabout-us%2Four-story%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ChildsMedical17-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ChildsMedical17_83-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Childs, M. (10 February 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/legislature.vermont.gov\/Documents\/2018\/WorkGroups\/Senate%20Judiciary\/Bills\/S.16\/S.16~Michele%20Childs~Medical%20Marijuana%20Fees%20by%20State~2-10-2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Marijuana Fees By State\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of Vermont<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/legislature.vermont.gov\/Documents\/2018\/WorkGroups\/Senate%20Judiciary\/Bills\/S.16\/S.16~Michele%20Childs~Medical%20Marijuana%20Fees%20by%20State~2-10-2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/legislature.vermont.gov\/Documents\/2018\/WorkGroups\/Senate%20Judiciary\/Bills\/S.16\/S.16~Michele%20Childs~Medical%20Marijuana%20Fees%20by%20State~2-10-2017.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Marijuana+Fees+By+State&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Childs%2C+M.&rft.au=Childs%2C+M.&rft.date=10+February+2017&rft.pub=Government+of+Vermont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislature.vermont.gov%2FDocuments%2F2018%2FWorkGroups%2FSenate%2520Judiciary%2FBills%2FS.16%2FS.16%7EMichele%2520Childs%7EMedical%2520Marijuana%2520Fees%2520by%2520State%7E2-10-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DujardinTheIns21-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DujardinTheIns21_84-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Dujardin, P. (1 July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pilotonline.com\/government\/virginia\/dp-nw-marijuana-laws-explainer-20210701-ddbc5zjl5rchtmudtvl34o5u74-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The ins and outs of Virginia\u2019s confusing new marijuana legalization law\"<\/a>. <i>The Virginian-Pilot<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pilotonline.com\/government\/virginia\/dp-nw-marijuana-laws-explainer-20210701-ddbc5zjl5rchtmudtvl34o5u74-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.pilotonline.com\/government\/virginia\/dp-nw-marijuana-laws-explainer-20210701-ddbc5zjl5rchtmudtvl34o5u74-story.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+ins+and+outs+of+Virginia%E2%80%99s+confusing+new+marijuana+legalization+law&rft.atitle=The+Virginian-Pilot&rft.aulast=Dujardin%2C+P.&rft.au=Dujardin%2C+P.&rft.date=1+July+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilotonline.com%2Fgovernment%2Fvirginia%2Fdp-nw-marijuana-laws-explainer-20210701-ddbc5zjl5rchtmudtvl34o5u74-story.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LCBProducer-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LCBProducer_85-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Liquor and Cannabis Board. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/mjlicense\/producer_license_discriptions_fees\" target=\"_blank\">\"Producer License Descriptions and Fees\"<\/a>. Government of Washington<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/mjlicense\/producer_license_discriptions_fees\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/mjlicense\/producer_license_discriptions_fees<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Producer+License+Descriptions+and+Fees&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Liquor+and+Cannabis+Board&rft.au=Liquor+and+Cannabis+Board&rft.pub=Government+of+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flcb.wa.gov%2Fmjlicense%2Fproducer_license_discriptions_fees&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BPHOffice-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BPHOffice_86-0\">86.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BPHOffice_86-1\">86.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Office of Medical Cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Bureau for Public Health<\/i>. State of West Virginia<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 29 November 2018<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Office+of+Medical+Cannabis&rft.atitle=Bureau+for+Public+Health&rft.pub=State+of+West+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhhr.wv.gov%2Fbph%2FPages%2FMedical-Cannabis-Program.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FiduraWestVirginia19-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FiduraWestVirginia19_87-0\">87.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FiduraWestVirginia19_87-1\">87.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Fidura, F. (10 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/news.dispensarypermits.com\/west-virginia-medical-marijuana-banking-bill-signed-into-law\" target=\"_blank\">\"West Virginia Medical Marijuana Banking Bill Signed Into Law\"<\/a>. <i>DispensaryPermits.com<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/news.dispensarypermits.com\/west-virginia-medical-marijuana-banking-bill-signed-into-law\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/news.dispensarypermits.com\/west-virginia-medical-marijuana-banking-bill-signed-into-law<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 April 2019<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=West+Virginia+Medical+Marijuana+Banking+Bill+Signed+Into+Law&rft.atitle=DispensaryPermits.com&rft.aulast=Fidura%2C+F.&rft.au=Fidura%2C+F.&rft.date=10+April+2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.dispensarypermits.com%2Fwest-virginia-medical-marijuana-banking-bill-signed-into-law&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BPHWest17-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BPHWest17_88-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bureau for Public Health (20 April 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Documents\/WEST%20VIRGINIA%20MEDICAL%20CANNABIS%20PROGRAM%20-%20Grower%20and%20Processor%20Info%2004202017%20-%20rev.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"West Virginia Medical Cannabis Program - Frequently Asked Questions: Growers and Processors\"<\/a> (PDF). Government of West Virginia<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Documents\/WEST%20VIRGINIA%20MEDICAL%20CANNABIS%20PROGRAM%20-%20Grower%20and%20Processor%20Info%2004202017%20-%20rev.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/bph\/Documents\/WEST%20VIRGINIA%20MEDICAL%20CANNABIS%20PROGRAM%20-%20Grower%20and%20Processor%20Info%2004202017%20-%20rev.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 28 April 2019<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=West+Virginia+Medical+Cannabis+Program+-+Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+Growers+and+Processors&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bureau+for+Public+Health&rft.au=Bureau+for+Public+Health&rft.date=20+April+2017&rft.pub=Government+of+West+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhhr.wv.gov%2Fbph%2FDocuments%2FWEST%2520VIRGINIA%2520MEDICAL%2520CANNABIS%2520PROGRAM%2520-%2520Grower%2520and%2520Processor%2520Info%252004202017%2520-%2520rev.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WVDHHRMedGrow20-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WVDHHRMedGrow20_89-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Office of Medical Cannabis (2 October 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/News\/2020\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Growers-Announced.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Cannabis Growers Announced\"<\/a>. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/News\/2020\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Growers-Announced.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/News\/2020\/Pages\/Medical-Cannabis-Growers-Announced.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Cannabis+Growers+Announced&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Office+of+Medical+Cannabis&rft.au=Office+of+Medical+Cannabis&rft.date=2+October+2020&rft.pub=West+Virginia+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhhr.wv.gov%2FNews%2F2020%2FPages%2FMedical-Cannabis-Growers-Announced.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810114405\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.553 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.567 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 57879\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 502989\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 178655\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 146797\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 513.278 1 -total\n 91.42% 469.243 1 Template:Reflist\n 80.50% 413.173 87 Template:Cite_web\n 76.69% 393.655 87 Template:Citation\/core\n 11.82% 60.647 49 Template:Date\n 8.57% 43.971 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\n 7.28% 37.386 1 Template:Licensed_cultivators_in_the_United_States\n 4.36% 22.381 127 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 0.33% 1.673 1 Template:Licensed_cultivators_in_Canada\n 0.28% 1.453 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5256-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810114405 and revision id 15857. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","2f5db46e47f373222c5cfc4d5e8ba5cc_images":[],"2f5db46e47f373222c5cfc4d5e8ba5cc_timestamp":1660140568,"ee0368e9f4d3ab63f7a83454026f9788_type":"article","ee0368e9f4d3ab63f7a83454026f9788_title":"6.7 Consultancy and support services","ee0368e9f4d3ab63f7a83454026f9788_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Consultancy_and_support_services","ee0368e9f4d3ab63f7a83454026f9788_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Consultancy and support servicesFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchThe following entities are known to provide consulting and support services of various types to cannabis testing labs (as well as cultivators, dispensaries, etc.):\n\n3C Consulting\nAllay Cannabis Consulting\nAmerican Cannabis Company\nAurum Labs\nBe Green Legal\nBelCosta Labs\nCanadian Cannabis Dispute Resolution Centre\nCanna Advisors\nCanna Consulting Group\nCannabis Consulting Group\nCannabis Legal Group\nElite Diagnostics\nFTI Consulting\nGreen Rush Consulting\nHigher Yields Cannabis Consulting\nHighroad Consulting Group\nHypur\nMedicine Man Technologies\nMichigan Cannabis Lawyers\nMindful Cannabis Consulting\nMJ Freeway\nNorCal Cannabis Consultants\nPhytoSciences Consultants\nQuantum 9\nRhine Laboratories\nRMMC Consulting\nRocky Mountain Cannabis Consulting\nRon Brooks Consulting\nSC Laboratories, Inc.\nSigma Analytical Services\nSIVA\nSteep Hill\nStraight Line Analytics\nThe Werc Shop\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Consultancy_and_support_services\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Consultancy_and_support_services<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 17:48.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","ee0368e9f4d3ab63f7a83454026f9788_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Consultancy_and_support_services rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Consultancy_and_support_services skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Consultancy and support services<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>The following entities are known to provide consulting and support services of various types to cannabis testing labs (as well as cultivators, dispensaries, etc.):\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.3ccannabis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">3C Consulting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/allayconsulting.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Allay Cannabis Consulting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/americancannabisconsulting.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Cannabis Company<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/aurum-labs.com\/cannabis-hemp-consulting\/\" target=\"_blank\">Aurum Labs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.begreenlegal.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Be Green Legal<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/belcostalabs.com\/services\/consulting\/\" target=\"_blank\">BelCosta Labs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisdispute.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\">Canadian Cannabis Dispute Resolution Centre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thinkcanna.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Canna Advisors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaconsultinggroup.com\" target=\"_blank\">Canna Consulting Group<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ccgiconsulting.com\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Consulting Group<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/michigan-marijuana-lawyer.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Legal Group<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/elitediagnostics.com\/verticals\/cannabis-consulting\/\" target=\"_blank\">Elite Diagnostics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fticonsulting.com\/insights\/service-sheets\/cannabis-services\" target=\"_blank\">FTI Consulting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenrushconsulting.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Green Rush Consulting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/higheryieldsconsulting.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Higher Yields Cannabis Consulting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.highroadcg.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Highroad Consulting Group<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hypur.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Hypur<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.medicinemantechnologies.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Medicine Man Technologies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.micannabislawyer.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Michigan Cannabis Lawyers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mindfulcannabis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Mindful Cannabis Consulting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjplatform.com\/cannabis-consulting\/\" target=\"_blank\">MJ Freeway<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.norcalcannabisconsultants.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">NorCal Cannabis Consultants<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.phytosciences.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">PhytoSciences Consultants<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/quantum9.net\/\" target=\"_blank\">Quantum 9<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/rhinelaboratories.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Rhine Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/rmmcconsulting.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">RMMC Consulting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rockymountaincannabisconsulting.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Rocky Mountain Cannabis Consulting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ronbrooksconsulting.com\" target=\"_blank\">Ron Brooks Consulting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sclabs.com\/consulting\/\" target=\"_blank\">SC Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sigmaanalytical.com\/our-services\/cannabis-and-hemp-consulting-and-rd-services\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sigma Analytical Services<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sivallc.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">SIVA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.steephill.com\/consulting\/\" target=\"_blank\">Steep Hill<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.straightlineanalytics.biz\/\" target=\"_blank\">Straight Line Analytics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thewercshop.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">The Werc Shop<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140928\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.005 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.007 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 5\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 4563\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 3\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 0\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 3.028 1 -total\n100.00% 3.028 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Consultancy_and_support_services\n 51.25% 1.552 1 Template:Consultancy_and_support_services\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5254-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140928 and revision id 15851. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Consultancy_and_support_services\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Consultancy_and_support_services<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","ee0368e9f4d3ab63f7a83454026f9788_images":[],"ee0368e9f4d3ab63f7a83454026f9788_timestamp":1660140568,"94263a4026b151000bec8b3aa249c140_type":"article","94263a4026b151000bec8b3aa249c140_title":"6.6 Associations, organizations, and interest groups","94263a4026b151000bec8b3aa249c140_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Associations,_organizations,_and_interest_groups","94263a4026b151000bec8b3aa249c140_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Associations, organizations, and interest groupsFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchGlobal and national\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1. Global and national entities\n\n\n\nEntity\n\nDescription from website\n\n\nAgricultural Genomics Foundation\n\n\"non-profit organization that aims to understand the biology of new and emerging crops with industrial and medical value such as Cannabis and educate the public about the scientific findings\"\n\n\nAmerican Cannabis Nurses Association\n\n\"national organization dedicated to expanding the knowledge base of endo-cannabinoid therapeutics among nurses\"\n\n\nAmerican Chemical Society, Cannabis Chemistry Subdivision\n\n\"to be recognized as the leading chemistry authority on the safe & beneficial processing, extraction, and purity analysis of cannabis products\"\n\n\nAmerican Herbal Products Association\n\n\"national trade association and voice of the herbal products industry\"\n\n\nAmerican Oil Chemists Society\n\n\"advances the science and technology of oils, fats, proteins, surfactants, and related materials, enriching the lives of people everywhere\"\n\n\nAmerican Trade Association for Cannabis & Hemp\n\n\"a 501(c)(6) trade organization ... founded to promote the expansion, protection, and preservation of businesses engaged in the legal trade of industrial, medical, and recreational cannabis and hemp based products\"\n\n\nAmericans for Safe Access\n\n\"national member-based organization of patients, medical professionals, scientists and concerned citizens promoting safe and legal access to cannabis for therapeutic use and research\"\n\n\nAssociation of Cannabinoid Specialists\n\n\"ensures the highest standards in the practice of cannabis medicine, safeguards patient care with clinical best practices, and interfaces with other stakeholders in the cannabis community\"\n\n\nCannabis Council of Canada\n\n\"national organization of Canada\u2019s licensed producers of Cannabis under Health Canada\u2019s federal Cannabis Act\"\n\n\nCannabis Horticultural Association\n\n\"an authoritative and first choice for people seeking to learn how to cultivate clean, high grade cannabis through the objective information and education on sustainable and regenerative management practices\"\n\n\nCannabis Marketing Association\n\n\"to bring a positive perception to, and authentic understanding of, cannabis and its consumers around the world\"\n\n\nCannabis Science Interest (CSI) Group\n\npart of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, \"aims to promote discussion and knowledge dissemination about cutting edge scientific findings as well as changes in policy and legal status of cannabis, in order to generate innovative ideas for NIDA's research portfolio and dissemination\/outreach strategies for all audiences\"\n\n\nCenter for the Study of Cannabis and Social Policy\n\n\"to promote public and private efforts to use cannabis legalization to end the war on drugs, or 'prohibition'\"\n\n\nDoctors for Cannabis Regulation\n\n\"a non-profit organization dedicated to advocacy for the legalization, taxation and\u2014above all\u2014the effective regulation of marijuana in the United States\"\n\n\nEuropean Cannabis Association\n\n\"offer support in the areas of consulting and development of standards for the production of medicinal cannabis\"\n\n\nEuropean Medicinal Cannabis Association\n\n\"to advance patient access to medicinal cannabis treatments, and improve the health outcomes of patients across Europe\"\n\n\nFoundation of Cannabis Unified Standards\n\n\"to protect public health, consumer safety, and safeguard the environment by promoting integrity in the cannabis industry\"\n\n\nHemp Industries Association\n\n\"a non-profit trade association representing more than one-thousand (1,000) supporters, farmers and business members serving the hemp industries since 1994\"\n\n\nInternational Association for Cannabinoid Medicines\n\n\"to advance knowledge on cannabis, cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and related topics especially with regard to their therapeutic potential\"\n\n\nInternational Cannabinoid Research Society\n\n\"to (1) foster cannabinoid research; (2) promote the exchange of scientific information and perspectives about Cannabis, the cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids through the organization of scientific meetings; (3) serve as a source of reliable information regarding the chemistry, pharmacology, therapeutic uses, toxicology and the behavioral, psychological, and social effects of cannabis and its constituents\"\n\n\nInternational Cannabis Bar Association\n\n\"to educate and connect with other cannabis industry lawyers for the purpose of providing excellent, ethical, and advanced legal assistance to this growing industry\"\n\n\nInternational Cannabis Farmers Association\n\n\"a broad group of cannabis farmers, scientists, and stakeholders working together to promote the unique quality and ecological benefits of traditionally farmed cannabis and cannabis-derived products while preserving the heritage of traditional farming communities\"\n\n\nInternational Institute for Cannabinoids\n\n\"a multi-national cooperation in the field of cannabinoid research ... [that] achieves its goals through the implementation of research, development, analysis, education, training, counseling, monitoring, publishing, informing, raising awareness, proposing expert opinions or standpoints, offering expert advice and similar\"\n\n\nMedical Cannabis Institute, The\n\n\"provides online medical education for healthcare professionals who want to learn about medical cannabis and its potential clinical application\"\n\n\nMedical Cannabis Society\n\n\"to foster a model medical cannabis industry in the United States through education and leadership\"\n\n\nMinority Cannabis Business Association\n\n\"501(c)(6) not-for-profit business league created to serve the specific needs of minority cannabis entrepreneurs, workers, and patients\/consumers\"\n\n\nMultidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies\n\n\"a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that develops medical, legal, and cultural contexts for people to benefit from the careful uses of psychedelics and marijuana\"\n\n\nNational Association of Cannabis Businesses\n\n\"a self-governing community, focused on differentiating themselves to regulators, the public and others brands or competitors as the most legitimate, professional and trustworthy businesses in the industry\"\n\n\nNational Cannabis Industry Association\n\n\"working together to defend the responsible cannabis industry and create more opportunities for small businesses in our sector\"\n\n\nNational Cannabis Risk Management Association\n\n\"to offer innovative risk management services that will enable our members to thrive from seed to consumer in the emerging cannabis industry\"\n\n\nNational Hemp Association\n\n\"to support the growth and development of all aspects of the industrial hemp industry\"\n\n\nNORML\n\n\"to move public opinion sufficiently to legalize the responsible use of marijuana by adults, and to serve as an advocate for consumers to assure they have access to high quality marijuana that is safe, convenient and affordable\"\n\n\nPatients Out of Time\n\n\"a non-profit 501c3 corporation of the Commonwealth of Virginia that provides education to all disciplines of health care professionals; their specialty and professional organizations; the legal profession; and the public at large, about medical cannabis (marijuana)\"\n\n\nProject CBD\n\n\"to create a world where cannabis empowers people to take an active role in their health\"\n\n\nSmart Approaches to Marijuana\n\n\"an alliance of organizations and individuals dedicated to a health-first approach to marijuana policy\"\n\n\nSociety of Cannabis Clinicians\n\n\"a 5013 non-profit organization dedicated to educating physicians about the medical use of cannabis\"\n\n\nTransnational Institute, The\n\n\"to strengthen international social movements with rigorous research, reliable information, sound analysis and constructive proposals that advance progressive, democratic policy change and common solutions to global problems\"\n\n\nU.S. Cannabis Council\n\n\"to build a future of legal access to cannabis delivered through an equitable and values-driven industry by advancing federal cannabis legalization and promoting restorative justice for communities harmed by cannabis prohibition\"\n\n\nVeterans Cannabis Project\n\n\"to improving US military veterans\u2019 quality of life through the opportunity of cannabis\"\n\n\nWomen Grow\n\n\"a for-profit entity that serves as a catalyst for women to influence and succeed in the cannabis industry as the end of marijuana prohibition occurs on a national scale\"\n\n\n\nRegional\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 2. Regional entities\n\n\n\nEntity\n\nRegion\/locality served\n\nDescription from website\n\n\nAlaska Marijuana Industry Association\n\nAlaska\n\nto \"promote and advocate for a vibrant and reasonably regulated Alaska-based marijuana industry\"\n\n\nArkansas Cannabis Industry Association\n\nArkansas\n\n\"a 501(c)(6) cannabis industry trade association advocating for laws, regulations and public policies that foster a healthy, professional and accountable medical cannabis industry in our state\"; the Arkansas Medical Marijuana Association merged with it in December 2018\n\n\nCalifornia Cannabis Industry Association\n\nCalifornia\n\n\"to promote the growth of a responsible and legitimate cannabis industry and work for a favorable social, economic, and legal environment for our industry in the state of California\"\n\n\nCannabis Business Association of Illinois\n\nIllinois\n\n\"a non-profit statewide association that represents member cannabis businesses licensed by the state of Illinois\"; formerly the Medical Cannabis Alliance of Illinois\n\n\nCannabis Trade Council\n\nColorado\n\n\"to help the cannabis industry to grow and flourish through self-regulation while keeping the needs of the patient foremost\"\n\n\nColorado Cannabis Chamber of Commerce\n\nColorado\n\n\"a nonprofit chamber of cannabis businesses that focuses on policies at the state and local levels of government\"\n\n\nColorado Leads\n\nColorado\n\n\"a pro-business alliance created to help educate the general public about the economic and community benefits of a safe, regulated medical and recreational cannabis industry\"\n\n\nDelaware Cannabis Advocacy Network\n\nDelaware\n\n\"to build and support a network of business owners, professionals and grassroots activists advocating to legalize cannabis in the First State\"\n\n\nFlorida for Care\n\nFlorida\n\n\"a non-profit 501C(4) founded in 2014 to advocate for the implementation of a strong, well-regulated, medical marijuana system under Amendment 2\"\n\n\nHawai\u02bbi Cannabis Industry Association\n\nHawaii\n\n\"nurtures the legal cannabis industry\u2019s long-term success by advancing the adoption of sound public policies and promoting awareness and understanding of the regulated cannabis industry\u2019s contributions to Hawai\u02bbi\u2019s wellbeing\"\n\n\nLas Vegas Medical Marijuana Association\n\nNevada\n\n\"a chamber of commerce for medical marijuana, organized to promote the medical marijuana industry in Nevada\"\n\n\nMarijuana Industry Group\n\nColorado\n\n\"to advance appropriate legislation, regulation and implementation of Colorado\u2019s licensing and regulatory program\"\n\n\nMarijuana Industry Trade Association\n\nArizona\n\n\"professionals, entrepreneurs, educators, and advocates united to build a strong and sustainable future for the cannabis industry in Arizona\"\n\n\nMaryland Cannabis Industry Association\n\nMaryland\n\n\"a professional trade association advocating for laws, regulations and public policies that foster a healthy, professional and accountable medical cannabis industry in our state\"\n\n\nMaryland Cannabis Policy Coalition\n\nMaryland\n\nto improve honest dialogue, remove criminal penalties for possession, and ensure proper regulation and taxation of cannabis sales in Maryland, among other goals\n\n\nMaryland Medical Dispensary Association\n\nMaryland\n\n\"a professional trade association advocating for laws, regulations and public policies that foster a healthy, professional and secure medical cannabis industry in our state\"\n\n\nMaryland Wholesale Medical Cannabis Trade Association\n\nMaryland\n\n\"promotes the responsible advancement of the medical cannabis industry in Maryland by fostering a favorable social, economic and legal climate\"\n\n\nMassachusetts Cannabis Business Association\n\nMassachusetts\n\n\"advocates on behalf of our members to remove barriers, fight stigma, and bring cannabis into the mainstream of the Massachusetts economy\"\n\n\nMassachusetts Medical Marijuana Dispensers' Association\n\nMassachusetts\n\n\"to provide guidelines, best practices, vendor support, government regulation compliance and up to date research and knowledge about our industry\"\n\n\nMedical Cannabis Coalition of Hawaii\n\nHawaii\n\n\"an independent community driven effort to support medical cannabis patients and caregivers in Hawai\u2018i\"\n\n\nMissouri Cannabis Industry Association\n\nMissouri\n\n\"to promote and shape the legalization of cannabis in Missouri to ensure that the benefits and opportunities created by legalization will do the most good for the most people\"\n\n\nMedical Marijuana Business Association of Florida\n\nFlorida\n\n\"to protect and promote a rational and compassionate approach to Florida\u2019s emerging medical marijuana regulatory framework, serve as a responsible business resource for policy makers, support and grow business opportunities for the emerging medical marijuana industry\"\n\n\nMedical Marijuana Caregivers of Maine\n\nMaine\n\n\"a Maine trade association dedicated to the support and promotion of safe access to medical marijuana\"\n\n\nMichigan Cannabis Industry Association\n\nMichigan\n\n\"advocates for a favorable policy environment in which cannabis can thrive\"\n\n\nMichigan Cannabis Manufacturers Association\n\nMichigan\n\n\"Dedicated to providing safe, tested cannabis products to Michigan consumers in a regulated market\"\n\n\nMichigan Medical Marijuana Association\n\nMichigan\n\nnot particularly clear on the website what their mission is\n\n\nMissouri Medical Cannabis Trade Association\n\nMissouri\n\n\"an association of business owners and professionals proactively working together to build a successful, safe, compliant medical cannabis industry\"\n\n\nMontana Cannabis Industry Association\n\nMontana\n\n\"a safe, functional, responsible and accountable program that meets the needs of patients, communities, and providers\"\n\n\nMS Cannabis Trade Association\n\nMississippi\n\n\"to serve the diverse interests of the cannabis market from plant-touching to ancillary businesses, including, cultivation, processing, quality testing, manufacturing, retail, delivery, insurance, packaging, and various supporting services\"\n\n\nNevada Cannabis Association\n\nNevada\n\n\"dedicated to developing and promoting best practices among Nevada cannabis businesses as well as supporting the efforts of cannabis establishments to provide high quality, safe cannabis to Nevada\u2019s consumers\"\n\n\nNew Jersey Cannabis Industry Association\n\nNew Jersey\n\n\"to promote sensible policy, responsible growth and development of New Jersey\u2019s cannabis industry\"\n\n\nNew York Medical Cannabis Industry Association\n\nNew York\n\n\"to protect and serve the patients in New York\u2019s medical cannabis program while working collaboratively to establish a responsible, inclusive and competitive adult-use cannabis program\"\n\n\nOhio Cannabis Association\n\nOhio\n\n\"promotes a responsible expansion of the industry in order to best serve every resident of Ohio\"\n\n\nOklahoma Cannabis Industry Association\n\nOklahoma\n\n\"the establishment of an innovative, industry-leading cannabis industry in Oklahoma built upon industry collaboration, community partnerships, enhanced market development and analysis, and a robust presence at our policy making institutions\"\n\n\nOregon Cannabis Association\n\nOregon\n\n\"a diverse group of cultivators, processors, retailers, entrepreneurs, and allied businesses ... [dedicated] to help one another thrive through networking events, educational workshops, and political representation\"\n\n\nOregon Retailers of Cannabis Association\n\nOregon\n\n\"a member supported non-profit trade association that lobbies and advocates on behalf of the cannabis industry and our members\"\n\n\nTexas Cannabis Industry Association\n\nTexas\n\n\"promotes and works to ensure the favorable social, economic and legal environment necessary for a legitimate and responsible cannabis industry in Texas\"\n\n\nUnited Cannabis Business Association\n\nCalifornia\n\n\"shape the regulated cannabis industry through our political efforts, while creating a network and community for the licensed industry\"\n\n\nWashington CannabBusiness Association\n\nWashington (state)\n\n\"to advocate on behalf of our member companies in the legislative, regulatory, legal and public policy arenas\"\n\n\nWashington Sun and Craft Association\n\nWashington (state)\n\n\"to advance and protect the interests of sun and craft cannabis growers through the development of rule and law that supports an economically and environmentally sustainable cannabis industry\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Associations,_organizations,_and_interest_groups\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Associations,_organizations,_and_interest_groups<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 17:46.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","94263a4026b151000bec8b3aa249c140_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Associations_organizations_and_interest_groups rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Associations_organizations_and_interest_groups skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Associations, organizations, and interest groups<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p><b>Global and national<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\" colspan=\"2\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Global and national entities\n<\/td><\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Entity\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Description from website\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agriculturalgenomics.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Agricultural Genomics Foundation<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"non-profit organization that aims to understand the biology of new and emerging crops with industrial and medical value such as Cannabis and educate the public about the scientific findings\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisnurses.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Cannabis Nurses Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"national organization dedicated to expanding the knowledge base of endo-cannabinoid therapeutics among nurses\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cann-acs.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Chemical Society, Cannabis Chemistry Subdivision<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to be recognized as the leading chemistry authority on the safe & beneficial processing, extraction, and purity analysis of cannabis products\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\" target=\"_blank\">American Herbal Products Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"national trade association and voice of the herbal products industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Oil Chemists Society<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"advances the science and technology of oils, fats, proteins, surfactants, and related materials, enriching the lives of people everywhere\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/atach.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Trade Association for Cannabis & Hemp<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a 501(c)(6) trade organization ... founded to promote the expansion, protection, and preservation of businesses engaged in the legal trade of industrial, medical, and recreational cannabis and hemp based products\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.safeaccessnow.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Americans for Safe Access<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"national member-based organization of patients, medical professionals, scientists and concerned citizens promoting safe and legal access to cannabis for therapeutic use and research\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannaspecialists.org\" target=\"_blank\">Association of Cannabinoid Specialists<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"ensures the highest standards in the practice of cannabis medicine, safeguards patient care with clinical best practices, and interfaces with other stakeholders in the cannabis community\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis-council.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Council of Canada<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"national organization of Canada\u2019s licensed producers of Cannabis under Health Canada\u2019s federal Cannabis Act\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cha.education\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Horticultural Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"an authoritative and first choice for people seeking to learn how to cultivate clean, high grade cannabis through the objective information and education on sustainable and regenerative management practices\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thecannabismarketingassociation.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Marketing Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to bring a positive perception to, and authentic understanding of, cannabis and its consumers around the world\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/about-nida\/organization\/cross-cutting-research-teams-workgroups-interest-groups-consortia\/cannabis-science-interest-csi-group\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Science Interest (CSI) Group<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, \"aims to promote discussion and knowledge dissemination about cutting edge scientific findings as well as changes in policy and legal status of cannabis, in order to generate innovative ideas for NIDA's research portfolio and dissemination\/outreach strategies for all audiences\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisandsocialpolicy.org\" target=\"_blank\">Center for the Study of Cannabis and Social Policy<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to promote public and private efforts to use cannabis legalization to end the war on drugs, or 'prohibition'\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dfcr.org\" target=\"_blank\">Doctors for Cannabis Regulation<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a non-profit organization dedicated to advocacy for the legalization, taxation and\u2014above all\u2014the effective regulation of marijuana in the United States\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.europeancannabisassociation.com\" target=\"_blank\">European Cannabis Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"offer support in the areas of consulting and development of standards for the production of medicinal cannabis\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eumca.org\" target=\"_blank\">European Medicinal Cannabis Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to advance patient access to medicinal cannabis treatments, and improve the health outcomes of patients across Europe\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.focusstandards.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Foundation of Cannabis Unified Standards<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to protect public health, consumer safety, and safeguard the environment by promoting integrity in the cannabis industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thehia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Hemp Industries Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a non-profit trade association representing more than one-thousand (1,000) supporters, farmers and business members serving the hemp industries since 1994\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabis-med.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to advance knowledge on cannabis, cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and related topics especially with regard to their therapeutic potential\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/icrs.co\/\" target=\"_blank\">International Cannabinoid Research Society<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to (1) foster cannabinoid research; (2) promote the exchange of scientific information and perspectives about Cannabis, the cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids through the organization of scientific meetings; (3) serve as a source of reliable information regarding the chemistry, pharmacology, therapeutic uses, toxicology and the behavioral, psychological, and social effects of cannabis and its constituents\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canbar.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">International Cannabis Bar Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to educate and connect with other cannabis industry lawyers for the purpose of providing excellent, ethical, and advanced legal assistance to this growing industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icfa.farm\/\" target=\"_blank\">International Cannabis Farmers Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a broad group of cannabis farmers, scientists, and stakeholders working together to promote the unique quality and ecological benefits of traditionally farmed cannabis and cannabis-derived products while preserving the heritage of traditional farming communities\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.institut-icanna.com\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\">International Institute for Cannabinoids<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a multi-national cooperation in the field of cannabinoid research ... [that] achieves its goals through the implementation of research, development, analysis, education, training, counseling, monitoring, publishing, informing, raising awareness, proposing expert opinions or standpoints, offering expert advice and similar\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/themedicalcannabisinstitute.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Cannabis Institute, The<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"provides online medical education for healthcare professionals who want to learn about medical cannabis and its potential clinical application\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medicalcannabissociety.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Cannabis Society<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to foster a model medical cannabis industry in the United States through education and leadership\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/minoritycannabis.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Minority Cannabis Business Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"501(c)(6) not-for-profit business league created to serve the specific needs of minority cannabis entrepreneurs, workers, and patients\/consumers\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/maps.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that develops medical, legal, and cultural contexts for people to benefit from the careful uses of psychedelics and marijuana\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nacb.com\" target=\"_blank\">National Association of Cannabis Businesses<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a self-governing community, focused on differentiating themselves to regulators, the public and others brands or competitors as the most legitimate, professional and trustworthy businesses in the industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ncrma.net\" target=\"_blank\">National Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"working together to defend the responsible cannabis industry and create more opportunities for small businesses in our sector\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thecannabisindustry.org\" target=\"_blank\">National Cannabis Risk Management Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to offer innovative risk management services that will enable our members to thrive from seed to consumer in the emerging cannabis industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalhempassociation.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Hemp Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to support the growth and development of all aspects of the industrial hemp industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">NORML<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to move public opinion sufficiently to legalize the responsible use of marijuana by adults, and to serve as an advocate for consumers to assure they have access to high quality marijuana that is safe, convenient and affordable\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/patientsoutoftime.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Patients Out of Time<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a non-profit 501c3 corporation of the Commonwealth of Virginia that provides education to all disciplines of health care professionals; their specialty and professional organizations; the legal profession; and the public at large, about medical cannabis (marijuana)\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projectcbd.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Project CBD<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to create a world where cannabis empowers people to take an active role in their health\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/learnaboutsam.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Smart Approaches to Marijuana<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"an alliance of organizations and individuals dedicated to a health-first approach to marijuana policy\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisclinicians.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Society of Cannabis Clinicians<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a 5013 non-profit organization dedicated to educating physicians about the medical use of cannabis\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tni.org\/en\/topic\/cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">Transnational Institute, The<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to strengthen international social movements with rigorous research, reliable information, sound analysis and constructive proposals that advance progressive, democratic policy change and common solutions to global problems\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uscc.org\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Cannabis Council<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to build a future of legal access to cannabis delivered through an equitable and values-driven industry by advancing federal cannabis legalization and promoting restorative justice for communities harmed by cannabis prohibition\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vetscp.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Veterans Cannabis Project<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to improving US military veterans\u2019 quality of life through the opportunity of cannabis\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/womengrow.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Women Grow<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a for-profit entity that serves as a catalyst for women to influence and succeed in the cannabis industry as the end of marijuana prohibition occurs on a national scale\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p><b>Regional<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Table 2.<\/b> Regional entities\n<\/td><\/tr>\n\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Entity\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Region\/locality served\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Description from website\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/alaskamia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Alaska Marijuana Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Alaska\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">to \"promote and advocate for a vibrant and reasonably regulated Alaska-based marijuana industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/arcannabis.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Arkansas Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Arkansas\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a 501(c)(6) cannabis industry trade association advocating for laws, regulations and public policies that foster a healthy, professional and accountable medical cannabis industry in our state\"; the Arkansas Medical Marijuana Association merged with it in December 2018\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cacannabisindustry.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">California Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">California\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to promote the growth of a responsible and legitimate cannabis industry and work for a favorable social, economic, and legal environment for our industry in the state of California\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbail.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Business Association of Illinois<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Illinois\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a non-profit statewide association that represents member cannabis businesses licensed by the state of Illinois\"; formerly the Medical Cannabis Alliance of Illinois\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cannabistradecouncil.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Trade Council<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Colorado\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to help the cannabis industry to grow and flourish through self-regulation while keeping the needs of the patient foremost\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cocannabischamber.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Colorado Cannabis Chamber of Commerce<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Colorado\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a nonprofit chamber of cannabis businesses that focuses on policies at the state and local levels of government\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/coleads.org\" target=\"_blank\">Colorado Leads<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Colorado\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a pro-business alliance created to help educate the general public about the economic and community benefits of a safe, regulated medical and recreational cannabis industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/delawarecannabis.org\" target=\"_blank\">Delaware Cannabis Advocacy Network<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Delaware\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to build and support a network of business owners, professionals and grassroots activists advocating to legalize cannabis in the First State\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.floridaforcare.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Florida for Care<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Florida\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a non-profit 501C(4) founded in 2014 to advocate for the implementation of a strong, well-regulated, medical marijuana system under Amendment 2\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.808hicia.org\" target=\"_blank\">Hawai\u02bbi Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Hawaii\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"nurtures the legal cannabis industry\u2019s long-term success by advancing the adoption of sound public policies and promoting awareness and understanding of the regulated cannabis industry\u2019s contributions to Hawai\u02bbi\u2019s wellbeing\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lvmma.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Las Vegas Medical Marijuana Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Nevada\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a chamber of commerce for medical marijuana, organized to promote the medical marijuana industry in Nevada\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanaindustrygroup.org\" target=\"_blank\">Marijuana Industry Group<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Colorado\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to advance appropriate legislation, regulation and implementation of Colorado\u2019s licensing and regulatory program\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mita-az.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Marijuana Industry Trade Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Arizona\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"professionals, entrepreneurs, educators, and advocates united to build a strong and sustainable future for the cannabis industry in Arizona\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/mdcia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Maryland Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Maryland\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a professional trade association advocating for laws, regulations and public policies that foster a healthy, professional and accountable medical cannabis industry in our state\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marylandcannabispolicy.org\/coalition-members\" target=\"_blank\">Maryland Cannabis Policy Coalition<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Maryland\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">to improve honest dialogue, remove criminal penalties for possession, and ensure proper regulation and taxation of cannabis sales in Maryland, among other goals\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdmda.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Maryland Medical Dispensary Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Maryland\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a professional trade association advocating for laws, regulations and public policies that foster a healthy, professional and secure medical cannabis industry in our state\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.canmd.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Maryland Wholesale Medical Cannabis Trade Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Maryland\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"promotes the responsible advancement of the medical cannabis industry in Maryland by fostering a favorable social, economic and legal climate\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.masscba.com\" target=\"_blank\">Massachusetts Cannabis Business Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Massachusetts\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"advocates on behalf of our members to remove barriers, fight stigma, and bring cannabis into the mainstream of the Massachusetts economy\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.baystatecannabisgrowers.com\" target=\"_blank\">Massachusetts Medical Marijuana Dispensers' Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Massachusetts\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to provide guidelines, best practices, vendor support, government regulation compliance and up to date research and knowledge about our industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mcchi.org\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Cannabis Coalition of Hawaii<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Hawaii\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"an independent community driven effort to support medical cannabis patients and caregivers in Hawai\u2018i\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mocia.org\/cpages\/home\" target=\"_blank\">Missouri Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Missouri\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to promote and shape the legalization of cannabis in Missouri to ensure that the benefits and opportunities created by legalization will do the most good for the most people\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/mmbafl.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Marijuana Business Association of Florida<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Florida\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to protect and promote a rational and compassionate approach to Florida\u2019s emerging medical marijuana regulatory framework, serve as a responsible business resource for policy makers, support and grow business opportunities for the emerging medical marijuana industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mmcm-online.org\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Marijuana Caregivers of Maine<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Maine\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a Maine trade association dedicated to the support and promotion of safe access to medical marijuana\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/micia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Michigan Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Michigan\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"advocates for a favorable policy environment in which cannabis can thrive\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.michigancma.com\" target=\"_blank\">Michigan Cannabis Manufacturers Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Michigan\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"Dedicated to providing safe, tested cannabis products to Michigan consumers in a regulated market\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.michiganmedicalmarijuana.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Michigan Medical Marijuana Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Michigan\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">not particularly clear on the website what their mission is\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mocanntrade.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Missouri Medical Cannabis Trade Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Missouri\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"an association of business owners and professionals proactively working together to build a successful, safe, compliant medical cannabis industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mtcia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Montana Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Montana\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a safe, functional, responsible and accountable program that meets the needs of patients, communities, and providers\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mscta.org\" target=\"_blank\">MS Cannabis Trade Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Mississippi\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to serve the diverse interests of the cannabis market from plant-touching to ancillary businesses, including, cultivation, processing, quality testing, manufacturing, retail, delivery, insurance, packaging, and various supporting services\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nvdispense.com\" target=\"_blank\">Nevada Cannabis Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Nevada\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"dedicated to developing and promoting best practices among Nevada cannabis businesses as well as supporting the efforts of cannabis establishments to provide high quality, safe cannabis to Nevada\u2019s consumers\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/newjerseycia.org\" target=\"_blank\">New Jersey Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">New Jersey\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to promote sensible policy, responsible growth and development of New Jersey\u2019s cannabis industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.protectnymedmar.com\" target=\"_blank\">New York Medical Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">New York\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to protect and serve the patients in New York\u2019s medical cannabis program while working collaboratively to establish a responsible, inclusive and competitive adult-use cannabis program\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ohiocannabisassociation.com\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Cannabis Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Ohio\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"promotes a responsible expansion of the industry in order to best serve every resident of Ohio\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.okcannabisassociation.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Oklahoma Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Oklahoma\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"the establishment of an innovative, industry-leading cannabis industry in Oklahoma built upon industry collaboration, community partnerships, enhanced market development and analysis, and a robust presence at our policy making institutions\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/orcannabisassociation.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Oregon Cannabis Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Oregon\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a diverse group of cultivators, processors, retailers, entrepreneurs, and allied businesses ... [dedicated] to help one another thrive through networking events, educational workshops, and political representation\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/oregoncannabisretailers.com\" target=\"_blank\">Oregon Retailers of Cannabis Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Oregon\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"a member supported non-profit trade association that lobbies and advocates on behalf of the cannabis industry and our members\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.texascannabisindustry.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Texas Cannabis Industry Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Texas\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"promotes and works to ensure the favorable social, economic and legal environment necessary for a legitimate and responsible cannabis industry in Texas\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ucba.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">United Cannabis Business Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">California\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"shape the regulated cannabis industry through our political efforts, while creating a network and community for the licensed industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wacannabusiness.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Washington CannabBusiness Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Washington (state)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to advocate on behalf of our member companies in the legislative, regulatory, legal and public policy arenas\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sunandcraft.org\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Sun and Craft Association<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Washington (state)\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">\"to advance and protect the interests of sun and craft cannabis growers through the development of rule and law that supports an economically and environmentally sustainable cannabis industry\"\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140928\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.018 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.019 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 5\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 70089\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 3\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 0\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 3.526 1 -total\n100.00% 3.526 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Associations,_organizations,_and_interest_groups\n 57.12% 2.014 1 Template:Associations,_organizations,_and_interest_groups\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5252-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140928 and revision id 15849. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Associations,_organizations,_and_interest_groups\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Associations,_organizations,_and_interest_groups<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","94263a4026b151000bec8b3aa249c140_images":[],"94263a4026b151000bec8b3aa249c140_timestamp":1660140568,"3e17f26898185a725672e0fa50f07ab8_type":"article","3e17f26898185a725672e0fa50f07ab8_title":"6.5 Scientific conferences and trade shows","3e17f26898185a725672e0fa50f07ab8_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows","3e17f26898185a725672e0fa50f07ab8_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Scientific conferences and trade showsFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchBelow are the major scientific conferences and trade shows for cannabis.\n\n\"The Analytical Cannabis Expo\". Technology Networks. https:\/\/www.acexpo.co .   \n\"Cannabis and Medicinal Research Conference\". Conference Series, LLC. https:\/\/cannabis-marijuana.neurologyconference.com\/ .   \n\"Cannabis Business Summit and Expo\". National Cannabis Industry Association. https:\/\/cannabisbusinesssummit.com\/ .   \n\"Cannabis Conference\". GIE Media, Inc. https:\/\/www.cannabisconference.com\/ .   \n\"Cannabis Quality Conference & Expo\". Cannabis Industry Journal. https:\/\/cqcexpo.com .   \n\"Cannabis Science Conference\". jCanna, Inc. https:\/\/www.cannabisscienceconference.com\/ .   \n\"CannaTech\". iCAN Israel Cannabis. https:\/\/www.canna-tech.co\/ .   \n\"CannX\". Paragon Israel. https:\/\/cannx.org\/ .   \n\"Emerald Conference\". Emerald Scientific, LLC. https:\/\/theemeraldconference.com\/ .   \n\"Institute of Cannabis Research Conference\". Colorado State University - Pueblo. https:\/\/www.csupueblo.edu\/institute-of-cannabis-research\/ .   \n\"International Cannabis Business Conference\". International Conferences Group, LLC. https:\/\/internationalcbc.com\/ .   \n\"Marijuana Business Conference & Expo\". Anne Holland Ventures, Inc. https:\/\/mjbizconference.com\/ .   \n\"National Clinical Conference on Cannabis Therapeutics\". Patients Out of Time. https:\/\/patientsoutoftime.com\/ .   \n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 17:23.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","3e17f26898185a725672e0fa50f07ab8_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Scientific conferences and trade shows<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>Below are the major scientific conferences and trade shows for cannabis.\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acexpo.co\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Analytical Cannabis Expo\"<\/a>. Technology Networks<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acexpo.co\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.acexpo.co<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Analytical+Cannabis+Expo&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Technology+Networks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acexpo.co&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis-marijuana.neurologyconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and Medicinal Research Conference\"<\/a>. Conference Series, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis-marijuana.neurologyconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabis-marijuana.neurologyconference.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+and+Medicinal+Research+Conference&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Conference+Series%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabis-marijuana.neurologyconference.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisbusinesssummit.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Business Summit and Expo\"<\/a>. National Cannabis Industry Association<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisbusinesssummit.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabisbusinesssummit.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Business+Summit+and+Expo&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=National+Cannabis+Industry+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabisbusinesssummit.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Conference\"<\/a>. GIE Media, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisconference.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Conference&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=GIE+Media%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisconference.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cqcexpo.com\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Quality Conference & Expo\"<\/a>. Cannabis Industry Journal<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cqcexpo.com\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cqcexpo.com<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Quality+Conference+%26+Expo&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Cannabis+Industry+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcqcexpo.com&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisscienceconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Science Conference\"<\/a>. jCanna, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisscienceconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisscienceconference.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Science+Conference&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=jCanna%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisscienceconference.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canna-tech.co\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"CannaTech\"<\/a>. iCAN Israel Cannabis<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canna-tech.co\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.canna-tech.co\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CannaTech&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=iCAN+Israel+Cannabis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canna-tech.co%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannx.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"CannX\"<\/a>. Paragon Israel<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannx.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannx.org\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CannX&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Paragon+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannx.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/theemeraldconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Emerald Conference\"<\/a>. Emerald Scientific, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/theemeraldconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/theemeraldconference.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Emerald+Conference&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Emerald+Scientific%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheemeraldconference.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.csupueblo.edu\/institute-of-cannabis-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Institute of Cannabis Research Conference\"<\/a>. Colorado State University - Pueblo<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.csupueblo.edu\/institute-of-cannabis-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.csupueblo.edu\/institute-of-cannabis-research\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Institute+of+Cannabis+Research+Conference&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Colorado+State+University+-+Pueblo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csupueblo.edu%2Finstitute-of-cannabis-research%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/internationalcbc.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"International Cannabis Business Conference\"<\/a>. International Conferences Group, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/internationalcbc.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/internationalcbc.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=International+Cannabis+Business+Conference&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=International+Conferences+Group%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternationalcbc.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Business Conference & Expo\"<\/a>. Anne Holland Ventures, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizconference.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Business+Conference+%26+Expo&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Anne+Holland+Ventures%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizconference.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/patientsoutoftime.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"National Clinical Conference on Cannabis Therapeutics\"<\/a>. Patients Out of Time<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/patientsoutoftime.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/patientsoutoftime.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=National+Clinical+Conference+on+Cannabis+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Patients+Out+of+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatientsoutoftime.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140928\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.056 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.059 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 7075\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 41888\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 8950\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 12\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 0\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 53.193 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\n100.00% 53.193 1 -total\n 95.25% 50.667 13 Template:Cite_web\n 86.62% 46.075 13 Template:Citation\/core\n 6.25% 3.327 13 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5250-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140928 and revision id 15842. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","3e17f26898185a725672e0fa50f07ab8_images":[],"3e17f26898185a725672e0fa50f07ab8_timestamp":1660140568,"8ad218889baaf0c7fb6b2baec4efe83e_type":"article","8ad218889baaf0c7fb6b2baec4efe83e_title":"6.4 Education and training","8ad218889baaf0c7fb6b2baec4efe83e_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Education_and_training","8ad218889baaf0c7fb6b2baec4efe83e_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Education and trainingFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search420 College\nAcademy of Cannabis Science\nAlaska Cannabis Institute\nCannabis Career Institute\nCannabis Industry Institute\nCannabis Training Institute\nCannabis Training University\nClark University (Certificate in Regulatory Affairs for Cannabis Control)\nCleveland School of Cannabis\nClover Leaf University\nMedical Cannabis Caregivers\nMedical Cannabis Institute\nOaksterdam University\nOregon Cannabis Institute\nSouthern Cannabis Institute\nTrichome Institute\nUniversity of Maryland School of Pharmacy (Master of Science in Medical Cannabis Science and Therapeutics)\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Education_and_training\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Education_and_training<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 17:22.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","8ad218889baaf0c7fb6b2baec4efe83e_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Education_and_training rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Education_and_training skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Education and training<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/420college.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">420 College<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.academyofcannabisscience.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Academy of Cannabis Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/akcannabisinstitute.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Alaska Cannabis Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabiscareerinstitute.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Career Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryinstitute.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Industry Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabistraininginstitute.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Training Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabistraininguniversity.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Training University<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/academics\/graduate\/programs\/certificate\/certificate-in-regulatory-affairs-for-cannabis-control-online\/\" target=\"_blank\">Clark University<\/a> (Certificate in Regulatory Affairs for Cannabis Control)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/csceducation.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland School of Cannabis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cloverleafuniversity.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Clover Leaf University<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mccdirectory.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Cannabis Caregivers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/themedicalcannabisinstitute.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Cannabis Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/oaksterdamuniversity.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Oaksterdam University<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/oregoncannabisinstitute.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Oregon Cannabis Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/southerncannabisinstitute.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Cannabis Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/trichomeinstitute.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Trichome Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmacy.umaryland.edu\/academics\/ms-medical-cannabis-science-and-therapeutics\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Maryland School of Pharmacy<\/a> (Master of Science in Medical Cannabis Science and Therapeutics)<\/li><\/ul>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140927\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.003 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.004 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 3\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 1375\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 2\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 0\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 1.679 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Education_and_training\n100.00% 1.679 1 -total\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5248-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140927 and revision id 15840. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Education_and_training\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Education_and_training<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","8ad218889baaf0c7fb6b2baec4efe83e_images":[],"8ad218889baaf0c7fb6b2baec4efe83e_timestamp":1660140567,"d2fc9c6de26901f68b92dbe9364b9f6e_type":"article","d2fc9c6de26901f68b92dbe9364b9f6e_title":"6.3 Publications and blogs","d2fc9c6de26901f68b92dbe9364b9f6e_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Publications_and_blogs","d2fc9c6de26901f68b92dbe9364b9f6e_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Publications and blogsFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchCannabis and Cannabinoid Research\nCannabis Business Executive\nCannabis Industry Journal\nCannabis Science and Technology\nCannabis Science Blog\nThe Cannabist\nJournal of Cannabis Research\nMarijuana Business Daily\nMarijuana Moment\nMedical Cannabis and Cannabinoids\nMedicalJane\nNature Outlook: Cannabis\nO\u2019Shaughnessy\u2019s\nTerpenes and Testing Magazine\nTracking Cannabis - Thomas Coburn LLP\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Publications_and_blogs\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Publications_and_blogs<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 17:19.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","d2fc9c6de26901f68b92dbe9364b9f6e_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Publications_and_blogs rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Publications_and_blogs skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Publications and blogs<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><ul><li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/home.liebertpub.com\/publications\/cannabis-and-cannabinoid-research\/633\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Business Executive<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Industry Journal<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Science and Technology<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisscienceblog.com\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Science Blog<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/\" target=\"_blank\">The Cannabist<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of Cannabis Research<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Marijuana Business Daily<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/\" target=\"_blank\">Marijuana Moment<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Journal\/Home\/275986\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.medicaljane.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">MedicalJane<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/collections\/ynbwsfsmjz\" target=\"_blank\">Nature Outlook: Cannabis<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/beyondthc.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">O\u2019Shaughnessy\u2019s<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/terpenesandtesting.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Terpenes and Testing Magazine<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">Tracking Cannabis<\/a><\/i> - Thomas Coburn LLP<\/li><\/ul>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140927\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.003 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.005 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 3\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 1103\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 2\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 0\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 2.992 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Publications_and_blogs\n100.00% 2.992 1 -total\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5246-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140927 and revision id 15838. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Publications_and_blogs\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Publications_and_blogs<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","d2fc9c6de26901f68b92dbe9364b9f6e_images":[],"d2fc9c6de26901f68b92dbe9364b9f6e_timestamp":1660140567,"f352af2b83dc6cc2960a5f06bb04294c_type":"article","f352af2b83dc6cc2960a5f06bb04294c_title":"6.2 Key reading and reference material","f352af2b83dc6cc2960a5f06bb04294c_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material","f352af2b83dc6cc2960a5f06bb04294c_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Key reading and reference materialFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search6.2.1 Key reading \nAndre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). \"Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules\". Frontiers in Plant Medicine 7: 19. doi:10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019. PMC PMC4740396. PMID 26870049. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396 .   \nAssociation of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). \"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\" (PDF). pp. 35. https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf .   \nAudino, S. (7 February 2018). \"Managing Cannabis Testing Lab Workflows Using LIMS\". Cannabis Industry Journal. https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims\/ .   \nCassiday, L. (October 2016). \"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 .   \nGoldman, S.; Bramante, J.; Vrdoljak, G. et al. \"The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing\". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 44 (9\u201310): 403\u201320. doi:10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390.   \nHudak, J.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). \"Worry about bad marijuana \u2014 not Big Marijuana\" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 18. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/big-marijuana-1.pdf .   \nPaszko, C. (27 November 2018). \"Selecting a LIMS for the Cannabis Industry\". LabCompare. https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry\/ .   \nPiomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. (2018). \"Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis\". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 3 (1): 108-16. doi:10.1089\/can.2018.29011.rtl. PMC PMC5931647. PMID 29789812. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647 .   \nStewart, I.A.; Petrilli, R.; Hearding, A. (9 August 2021). \"Reducing Cannabis Testing and Label Failures\". Wilson Elser Moskowitz Edelman & Dicker LLP. https:\/\/www.wilsonelser.com\/news_and_insights\/insights\/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures .   \nWallach, P.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). \"Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization\" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 22. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/bootleggers.pdf .   \n\r\n\n\n6.2.2 Reference material \nAmin, M.R.; Ali, D.W. (2019). \"Pharmacology of medical cannabis\". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1162: 151\u201365. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-21737-2_8. PMID 31332738.   \nChambers, R. (8 August 2013). \"Leafly Glossary of Cannabis Terms\". Leafly - Cannabis 101. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/glossary-of-cannabis-terms .   \nDouglas, S.E. (January 2021). \"LIMSpec for Cannabis Testing\". CannaQA Wiki. https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:LIMSpec_for_Cannabis_Testing .   \nElSohly, M.A.; Radwan, M.M.; Gul, W. et al. (2017). \"Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L.\". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 103: 1\u201336. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_1. PMID 28120229.   \nNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (12 January 2017). \"The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research\". The National Academies Press. pp. 440. doi:10.17226\/24625. https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/24625\/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state .   \nNational Cancer Institute (6 November 2020). \"Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ)\u2013Health Professional Version\". https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/cam\/hp\/cannabis-pdq .   \nNational Conference of State Legislatures (2018). \"Marijuana Deep Dive\". https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/bookstore\/state-legislatures-magazine\/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx .   \nNational Institute on Drug Abuse (July 2020). \"Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report\". https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/marijuana\/letter-director .   \nOffice of National Drug Control Policy. \"Marijuana Resource Center\". Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170117133745\/https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/ondcp\/marijuanainfo .   \nThomas, B.F.; ElSohly, M.A. (2016). Thomas, B.F. ed. The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis. Elsevier. pp. 132. ISBN 9780128046708. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ .   \nWorld Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renstr\u00f6m, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Health Organization. pp. 95. ISBN 978921510240. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240 .   \n\r\n\nLaw and regulation\n\n\"Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits\". ProCon.org. 3 December 2020. https:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc\/ .   \n\"Recreational Marijuana Laws in the United States\". Leafly's Guide to Marijuana Legalization. Leafly Holdings, Inc. November 2020. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/learn\/legalization\/recreational-states .   \n\"Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning\". FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. 18 October 2019. https:\/\/public.findlaw.com\/cannabis-law\/starting-a-cannabis-business\/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html .   \nHorn, J.; Bogot, W. (8 January 2021). \"National Survey on Marijuana Laws and Regulations\". Fox Rothschild LLP. https:\/\/www.foxrothschild.com\/publications\/national-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations\/ .   \nNational Conference of State Legislatures (11 January 2021). \"State Medical Marijuana Laws\". https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/health\/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx .   \nRough, Lisa; Leafly Staff (24 February 2020). \"Cannabis Testing Regulations: A State-by-state Guide\". Leafly - Industry. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations .   \nU.S. Food & Drug Administration (22 January 2021). \"FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)\". https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/public-health-focus\/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd .   \n\r\n\nStandards and guidance\n\nAmerican Council of Independent Laboratories (2022). \"Cannabis Working Group - ACIL\". https:\/\/www.acil.org\/page\/Cannabis_Working_Group .   \nAssociation of Official Agricultural Chemists (2022). \"Cannabis Analytical Science Program, Standard Method Performance Requirements\". https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/resources\/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&key= .   \nASTM International (2022). \"Committee D37 on Cannabis\". https:\/\/www.astm.org\/COMMITTEE\/D37.htm .   \nCannabis Control Commission (1 December 2017). \"Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries\" (Word). Commonwealth of Massachusetts. pp. 21. https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/doc\/protocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1\/download .   \nCannabis Committee, AHPA (2 February 2016). \"Recommendations for Regulators \u2013 Cannabis Operations\" (PDF). American Herbal Products Association. https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf .   \nGray, P.J.; Mindak, W.R.; Cheng, J. (February 2020). \"Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Other Elements in Food Using Microwave Assisted Digestion\" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/87509\/download .   \nUpton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). Cannabis Inflorescence: Cannabis spp.. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. ISBN 1929425333. https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/ .   \nU.S. Food & Drug Administration (19 September 2018). \"Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM)\". https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam .   \nU.S. Food & Drug Administration (20 February 2016). \"Residue Analytical Methods (RAM)\". https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/pesticides\/methods\/rammethods\/web\/html\/ram12b.html .   \n\r\n\nTesting\n\nAmerican Council of Independent Laboratories (2019). \"Cannabis Testing Recommendations\". https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.acil.org\/resource\/resmgr\/cannabis\/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf .   \nAssociation of Public Health Laboratories (2022). \"Cannabis Testing\". https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/programs\/environmental_health\/Pages\/Cannabis-Testing.aspx .   \nAssociation of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). \"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\" (PDF). pp. 35. https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf .   \nASTM Subcommittee D37.03 (1 December 2020). \"ASTM D8334\/D8334M-20 Standard Practice for Sampling of Cannabis\/Hemp Post-Harvest Batches for Laboratory Analyses\". ASTM International. https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d8334_d8334m-20.html .   \nColorado Department of Public Health and Environment (2022). \"Marijuana reference library\". https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/laboratory-services\/inspection-of-marijuana-testing-facilities\/marijuana-reference-library .   \nDaley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. (12 September 2013). \"Testing Cannabis for Contaminants\" (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp. https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC%20reports\/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf .   \nNational Institute of Standards and Technology (25 February 2022). \"NIST Cannabis Quality Assurance Program (CannaQAP)\". National Institute of Standards and Technology. https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs-projects\/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance .   \nUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (September 2009). \"Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products\" (PDF). https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf .   \nUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (June 2013). \"Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in seized materials\" (PDF). https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf .   \n\r\n\nNew York State Department of Health:\n\nDivision of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). \"Measurement of Mycotoxins in Medical Marijuana by LC-MS\/MS, NYS DOH MML-303, Revision 6.1\" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 40. https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-303-06.1%20final_0.pdf .   \nDivision of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). \"Measurement of Phytocannabinoids in Medical Marijuana using HPLC-PDA, NYS DOH MML-300, Revision 7.1\" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 36. https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-300-07.1_0.pdf .   \nDivision of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (3 November 2021). \"Medical Marijuana Sample Preparation Protocols for Potency Analysis, NYS DOH MML-301, Revision 8\" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 19. https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-301-08%20final%2011032021_0.pdf .   \nDivision of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (10 January 2022). \"Metals and Metalloids in Medical Marijuana Products by ICP-MS, NYS DOH LINC-250, Revision 3\" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 26. https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20LINC-250-03.pdf .   \n\r\n\n\nFor all other methods documents, see https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/regulatory\/elap\/medical-marijuana.\n\r\n\nAccreditation and certification\n\nAmerican Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) (2022). \"Accreditations > Cannabis Testing\". https:\/\/a2la.org\/accreditation\/cannabis-testing\/ .   \nAmericans for Safe Access Foundation (2022). \"Patient Focused Certification\". https:\/\/patientfocusedcertification.org\/ .   \nANSI National Accreditation Board (2020). \"ANAB Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program\". https:\/\/anab.ansi.org\/laboratory-accreditation\/cannabis-testing .   \nCertified Kind, LLC (2021). \"Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis\". https:\/\/www.certified-kind.com\/ .   \nClean Green Certified (2020). \"Clean Green Certified\". https:\/\/cleangreencertified.com\/ .   \nEmerald Scientific, LLC (2022). \"The Emerald Test\". https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/ .   \nInternational Accreditation Service. \"Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation\". https:\/\/www.iasonline.org\/services\/cannabis-testing-laboratory\/ .   \nNew York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center. \"Environmental Laboratory Approval Program\". https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/regulatory\/elap .   \nOregon State Public Health Laboratory. \"Oregon's Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program\". https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/PH\/LaboratoryServices\/EnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditation\/Pages\/index.aspx .   \nPerry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc (2022). \"Accreditation Programs: Cannabis Testing Lab Accreditation\". https:\/\/www.pjlabs.com\/accreditation-programs\/cannabis-testing .   \n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 17:17.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","f352af2b83dc6cc2960a5f06bb04294c_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Key_reading_and_reference_material rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Key_reading_and_reference_material skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Key reading and reference material<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.2.1_Key_reading\">6.2.1 Key reading<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation Journal\">Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396\" target=\"_blank\">\"<i>Cannabis sativa<\/i>: The plant of the thousand and one molecules\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Medicine<\/i> <b>7<\/b>: 19. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00019\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4740396<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26870049\" target=\"_blank\">26870049<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27Cannabis+sativa%27%27%3A+The+plant+of+the+thousand+and+one+molecules&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Medicine&rft.aulast=Andre%2C+C.M.%3B+Hausman%2C+J.-F.%3B+Guerriero%2C+G.&rft.au=Andre%2C+C.M.%3B+Hausman%2C+J.-F.%3B+Guerriero%2C+G.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=19&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00019&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4740396&rft_id=info:pmid\/26870049&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC4740396&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\"<\/a> (PDF). pp. 35<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+State+Medical+Cannabis+Testing+Programs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.au=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.date=May+2016&rft.pages=pp.+35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphl.org%2FaboutAPHL%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2FEH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Audino, S. (7 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Managing Cannabis Testing Lab Workflows Using LIMS\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Industry Journal<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Managing+Cannabis+Testing+Lab+Workflows+Using+LIMS&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Industry+Journal&rft.aulast=Audino%2C+S.&rft.au=Audino%2C+S.&rft.date=7+February+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabisindustryjournal.com%2Ffeature_article%2Fmanaging-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Cassiday, L. (October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\"<\/a>. <i>INFORM<\/i>. American Oil Chemists' Society<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Highs+and+Lows+of+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=INFORM&rft.aulast=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.au=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.date=October+2016&rft.pub=American+Oil+Chemists%27+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aocs.org%2Fstay-informed%2Finform-magazine%2Ffeatured-articles%2Fthe-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation Journal\">Goldman, S.; Bramante, J.; Vrdoljak, G. et al. \"The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing\". <i>Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies<\/i> <b>44<\/b> (9\u201310): 403\u201320. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F10826076.2021.1996390\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+analytical+landscape+of+cannabis+compliance+testing&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liquid+Chromatography+%26+Related+Technologies&rft.aulast=Goldman%2C+S.%3B+Bramante%2C+J.%3B+Vrdoljak%2C+G.+et+al&rft.au=Goldman%2C+S.%3B+Bramante%2C+J.%3B+Vrdoljak%2C+G.+et+al&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=403%E2%80%9320&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F10826076.2021.1996390&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/big-marijuana-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Worry about bad marijuana \u2014 not Big Marijuana\"<\/a> (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 18<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/big-marijuana-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/big-marijuana-1.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Worry+about+bad+marijuana+%E2%80%94+not+Big+Marijuana&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hudak%2C+J.%3B+Rauch%2C+J.&rft.au=Hudak%2C+J.%3B+Rauch%2C+J.&rft.date=June+2016&rft.pages=pp.+18&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2Fbig-marijuana-1.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Paszko, C. (27 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Selecting a LIMS for the Cannabis Industry\"<\/a>. <i>LabCompare<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Selecting+a+LIMS+for+the+Cannabis+Industry&rft.atitle=LabCompare&rft.aulast=Paszko%2C+C.&rft.au=Paszko%2C+C.&rft.date=27+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labcompare.com%2F10-Featured-Articles%2F354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation Journal\">Piomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research<\/i> <b>3<\/b> (1): 108-16. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1089%2Fcan.2018.29011.rtl\" target=\"_blank\">10.1089\/can.2018.29011.rtl<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5931647<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29789812\" target=\"_blank\">29789812<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+and+the+Opioid+Crisis&rft.jtitle=Cannabis+and+Cannabinoid+Research&rft.aulast=Piomelli%2C+D.%3B+Weiss%2C+S.%3B+Boyd%2C+G.+et+al.&rft.au=Piomelli%2C+D.%3B+Weiss%2C+S.%3B+Boyd%2C+G.+et+al.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-16&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1089%2Fcan.2018.29011.rtl&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5931647&rft_id=info:pmid\/29789812&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC5931647&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Stewart, I.A.; Petrilli, R.; Hearding, A. (9 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsonelser.com\/news_and_insights\/insights\/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures\" target=\"_blank\">\"Reducing Cannabis Testing and Label Failures\"<\/a>. Wilson Elser Moskowitz Edelman & Dicker LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsonelser.com\/news_and_insights\/insights\/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wilsonelser.com\/news_and_insights\/insights\/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Reducing+Cannabis+Testing+and+Label+Failures&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stewart%2C+I.A.%3B+Petrilli%2C+R.%3B+Hearding%2C+A.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+I.A.%3B+Petrilli%2C+R.%3B+Hearding%2C+A.&rft.date=9+August+2021&rft.pub=Wilson+Elser+Moskowitz+Edelman+%26+Dicker+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsonelser.com%2Fnews_and_insights%2Finsights%2F4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/bootleggers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization\"<\/a> (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 22<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/bootleggers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/bootleggers.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bootleggers%2C+Baptists%2C+bureaucrats%2C+and+bongs%3A+How+special+interests+will+shape+marijuana+legalization&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Wallach%2C+P.%3B+Rauch%2C+J.&rft.au=Wallach%2C+P.%3B+Rauch%2C+J.&rft.date=June+2016&rft.pages=pp.+22&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2Fbootleggers.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6.2.2_Reference_material\">6.2.2 Reference material<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation Journal\">Amin, M.R.; Ali, D.W. (2019). \"Pharmacology of medical cannabis\". <i>Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology<\/i> <b>1162<\/b>: 151\u201365. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-030-21737-2_8\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-030-21737-2_8<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31332738\" target=\"_blank\">31332738<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+medical+cannabis&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Experimental+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.aulast=Amin%2C+M.R.%3B+Ali%2C+D.W.&rft.au=Amin%2C+M.R.%3B+Ali%2C+D.W.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=1162&rft.pages=151%E2%80%9365&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-030-21737-2_8&rft_id=info:pmid\/31332738&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Chambers, R. (8 August 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/glossary-of-cannabis-terms\" target=\"_blank\">\"Leafly Glossary of Cannabis Terms\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly - Cannabis 101<\/i>. Leafly Holdings, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/glossary-of-cannabis-terms\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/glossary-of-cannabis-terms<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Leafly+Glossary+of+Cannabis+Terms&rft.atitle=Leafly+-+Cannabis+101&rft.aulast=Chambers%2C+R.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+R.&rft.date=8+August+2013&rft.pub=Leafly+Holdings%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Fcannabis-101%2Fglossary-of-cannabis-terms&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Douglas, S.E. (January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:LIMSpec_for_Cannabis_Testing\" target=\"_blank\">\"LIMSpec for Cannabis Testing\"<\/a>. <i>CannaQA Wiki<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:LIMSpec_for_Cannabis_Testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:LIMSpec_for_Cannabis_Testing<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=LIMSpec+for+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=CannaQA+Wiki&rft.aulast=Douglas%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+S.E.&rft.date=January+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannaqa.wiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBook%3ALIMSpec_for_Cannabis_Testing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation Journal\">ElSohly, M.A.; Radwan, M.M.; Gul, W. et al. (2017). \"Phytochemistry of <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L.\". <i>Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products<\/i> <b>103<\/b>: 1\u201336. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-45541-9_1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_1<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28120229\" target=\"_blank\">28120229<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phytochemistry+of+%27%27Cannabis+sativa%27%27+L.&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+the+Chemistry+of+Organic+Natural+Products&rft.aulast=ElSohly%2C+M.A.%3B+Radwan%2C+M.M.%3B+Gul%2C+W.+et+al.&rft.au=ElSohly%2C+M.A.%3B+Radwan%2C+M.M.%3B+Gul%2C+W.+et+al.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9336&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-45541-9_1&rft_id=info:pmid\/28120229&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (12 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/24625\/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state\" target=\"_blank\">\"The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research\"<\/a>. The National Academies Press. pp. 440. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17226%2F24625\" target=\"_blank\">10.17226\/24625<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/24625\/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/24625\/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+health+effects+of+cannabis+and+cannabinoids%3A+The+current+state+of+evidence+and+recommendations+for+research&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.date=12+January+2017&rft.pages=pp.+440&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft_id=info:doi\/10.17226%2F24625&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fcatalog%2F24625%2Fthe-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">National Cancer Institute (6 November 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/cam\/hp\/cannabis-pdq\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ)\u2013Health Professional Version\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/cam\/hp\/cannabis-pdq\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/cam\/hp\/cannabis-pdq<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+and+Cannabinoids+%28PDQ%29%E2%80%93Health+Professional+Version&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.au=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.date=6+November+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fabout-cancer%2Ftreatment%2Fcam%2Fhp%2Fcannabis-pdq&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">National Conference of State Legislatures (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/bookstore\/state-legislatures-magazine\/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Deep Dive\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/bookstore\/state-legislatures-magazine\/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/bookstore\/state-legislatures-magazine\/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Deep+Dive&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.au=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fbookstore%2Fstate-legislatures-magazine%2Fmarijuana-deep-dive.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">National Institute on Drug Abuse (July 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/marijuana\/letter-director\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/marijuana\/letter-director\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/marijuana\/letter-director<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+%28Marijuana%29+Research+Report&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.au=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.date=July+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnida.nih.gov%2Fpublications%2Fresearch-reports%2Fmarijuana%2Fletter-director&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Office of National Drug Control Policy. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170117133745\/https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/ondcp\/marijuanainfo\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Resource Center\"<\/a>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/ondcp\/marijuanainfo\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 17 January 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170117133745\/https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/ondcp\/marijuanainfo\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170117133745\/https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/ondcp\/marijuanainfo<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Office+of+National+Drug+Control+Policy&rft.au=Office+of+National+Drug+Control+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170117133745%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fondcp%2Fmarijuanainfo&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Thomas, B.F.; ElSohly, M.A. (2016). Thomas, B.F. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis<\/i><\/a>. Elsevier. pp. 132. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780128046708<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analytical+Chemistry+of+Cannabis&rft.aulast=Thomas%2C+B.F.%3B+ElSohly%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+B.F.%3B+ElSohly%2C+M.A.&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B132&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=9780128046708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3DHs5PCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">World Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renstr\u00f6m, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use<\/i><\/a>. World Health Organization. pp. 95. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978921510240<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+health+and+social+effects+of+nonmedical+cannabis+use&rft.aulast=World+Health+Organization&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B95&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.isbn=978921510240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fi%2Fitem%2F9789241510240&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p><p><b>Law and regulation<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits\"<\/a>. <i>ProCon.org<\/i>. 3 December 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Legal+Medical+Marijuana+States+and+DC%3A+Laws%2C+Fees%2C+and+Possession+Limits&rft.atitle=ProCon.org&rft.date=3+December+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicalmarijuana.procon.org%2Flegal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/learn\/legalization\/recreational-states\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recreational Marijuana Laws in the United States\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly's Guide to Marijuana Legalization<\/i>. Leafly Holdings, Inc. November 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/learn\/legalization\/recreational-states\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/learn\/legalization\/recreational-states<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recreational+Marijuana+Laws+in+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Leafly%27s+Guide+to+Marijuana+Legalization&rft.date=November+2020&rft.pub=Leafly+Holdings%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Flearn%2Flegalization%2Frecreational-states&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/public.findlaw.com\/cannabis-law\/starting-a-cannabis-business\/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning\"<\/a>. <i>FindLaw<\/i>. Thomson Reuters. 18 October 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/public.findlaw.com\/cannabis-law\/starting-a-cannabis-business\/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/public.findlaw.com\/cannabis-law\/starting-a-cannabis-business\/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Business%3A+Licenses%2C+Permits%2C+and+Planning&rft.atitle=FindLaw&rft.date=18+October+2019&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.findlaw.com%2Fcannabis-law%2Fstarting-a-cannabis-business%2Fmarijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Horn, J.; Bogot, W. (8 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.foxrothschild.com\/publications\/national-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"National Survey on Marijuana Laws and Regulations\"<\/a>. Fox Rothschild LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.foxrothschild.com\/publications\/national-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.foxrothschild.com\/publications\/national-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=National+Survey+on+Marijuana+Laws+and+Regulations&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Horn%2C+J.%3B+Bogot%2C+W.&rft.au=Horn%2C+J.%3B+Bogot%2C+W.&rft.date=8+January+2021&rft.pub=Fox+Rothschild+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxrothschild.com%2Fpublications%2Fnational-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">National Conference of State Legislatures (11 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/health\/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"State Medical Marijuana Laws\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/health\/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/health\/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=State+Medical+Marijuana+Laws&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.au=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.date=11+January+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fresearch%2Fhealth%2Fstate-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Rough, Lisa; Leafly Staff (24 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing Regulations: A State-by-state Guide\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly - Industry<\/i>. Leafly Holdings, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+Regulations%3A+A+State-by-state+Guide&rft.atitle=Leafly+-+Industry&rft.aulast=Rough%2C+Lisa%3B+Leafly+Staff&rft.au=Rough%2C+Lisa%3B+Leafly+Staff&rft.date=24+February+2020&rft.pub=Leafly+Holdings%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Findustry%2Fleaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">U.S. Food & Drug Administration (22 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/public-health-focus\/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd\" target=\"_blank\">\"FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/public-health-focus\/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/public-health-focus\/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA+Regulation+of+Cannabis+and+Cannabis-Derived+Products%2C+Including+Cannabidiol+%28CBD%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=U.S.+Food+%26+Drug+Administration&rft.au=U.S.+Food+%26+Drug+Administration&rft.date=22+January+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpublic-health-focus%2Ffda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p><p><b>Standards and guidance<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">American Council of Independent Laboratories (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acil.org\/page\/Cannabis_Working_Group\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Working Group - ACIL\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acil.org\/page\/Cannabis_Working_Group\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.acil.org\/page\/Cannabis_Working_Group<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Working+Group+-+ACIL&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=American+Council+of+Independent+Laboratories&rft.au=American+Council+of+Independent+Laboratories&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acil.org%2Fpage%2FCannabis_Working_Group&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/resources\/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&key=\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Analytical Science Program, Standard Method Performance Requirements\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/resources\/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&key=\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/resources\/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&key=<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Analytical+Science+Program%2C+Standard+Method+Performance+Requirements&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.au=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fresources%2F%3Ftopic%3DCannabis%26type%3DSMPRs%26key%3D&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">ASTM International (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/COMMITTEE\/D37.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Committee D37 on Cannabis\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/COMMITTEE\/D37.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/COMMITTEE\/D37.htm<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Committee+D37+on+Cannabis&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=ASTM+International&rft.au=ASTM+International&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2FCOMMITTEE%2FD37.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Cannabis Control Commission (1 December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/doc\/protocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1\/download\" target=\"_blank\">\"Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries\"<\/a> (Word). Commonwealth of Massachusetts. pp. 21<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/doc\/protocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1\/download\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/doc\/protocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1\/download<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Protocol+for+Sampling+and+Analysis+of+Finished+Medical+Marijuana+Products+and+Marijuana-Infused+Products+for+Massachusetts+Registered+Medical+Marijuana+Dispensaries&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cannabis+Control+Commission&rft.au=Cannabis+Control+Commission&rft.date=1+December+2017&rft.pages=pp.+21&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Massachusetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Fdoc%2Fprotocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Cannabis Committee, AHPA (2 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recommendations for Regulators \u2013 Cannabis Operations\"<\/a> (PDF). American Herbal Products Association<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+Regulators+%E2%80%93+Cannabis+Operations&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cannabis+Committee%2C+AHPA&rft.au=Cannabis+Committee%2C+AHPA&rft.date=2+February+2016&rft.pub=American+Herbal+Products+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahpa.org%2FPortals%2F0%2Fpdfs%2FAHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Gray, P.J.; Mindak, W.R.; Cheng, J. (February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/87509\/download\" target=\"_blank\">\"Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Other Elements in Food Using Microwave Assisted Digestion\"<\/a> (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/87509\/download\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/87509\/download<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Inductively+Coupled+Plasma-Mass+Spectrometric+Determination+of+Arsenic%2C+Cadmium%2C+Chromium%2C+Lead%2C+Mercury%2C+and+Other+Elements+in+Food+Using+Microwave+Assisted+Digestion&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Gray%2C+P.J.%3B+Mindak%2C+W.R.%3B+Cheng%2C+J.&rft.au=Gray%2C+P.J.%3B+Mindak%2C+W.R.%3B+Cheng%2C+J.&rft.date=February+2020&rft.pub=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fmedia%2F87509%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation book\">Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i><\/i>Cannabis Inflorescence<i>: <\/i>Cannabis<i> spp.<\/i><\/a>. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 1929425333<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Cannabis+Inflorescence%27%27%3A+%27%27Cannabis%27%27+spp.&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=American+Herbal+Pharmacopoeia&rft.isbn=1929425333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherbal-ahp.org%2Fonline-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">U.S. Food & Drug Administration (19 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM)\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pesticide+Analytical+Manual+%28PAM%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=U.S.+Food+%26+Drug+Administration&rft.au=U.S.+Food+%26+Drug+Administration&rft.date=19+September+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Flaboratory-methods-food%2Fpesticide-analytical-manual-pam&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">U.S. Food & Drug Administration (20 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/pesticides\/methods\/rammethods\/web\/html\/ram12b.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Residue Analytical Methods (RAM)\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/pesticides\/methods\/rammethods\/web\/html\/ram12b.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/pesticides\/methods\/rammethods\/web\/html\/ram12b.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Residue+Analytical+Methods+%28RAM%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=U.S.+Food+%26+Drug+Administration&rft.au=U.S.+Food+%26+Drug+Administration&rft.date=20+February+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.epa.gov%2Fpesticides%2Fmethods%2Frammethods%2Fweb%2Fhtml%2Fram12b.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p><p><b>Testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">American Council of Independent Laboratories (2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.acil.org\/resource\/resmgr\/cannabis\/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing Recommendations\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.acil.org\/resource\/resmgr\/cannabis\/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.acil.org\/resource\/resmgr\/cannabis\/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+Recommendations&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=American+Council+of+Independent+Laboratories&rft.au=American+Council+of+Independent+Laboratories&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.ymaws.com%2Fwww.acil.org%2Fresource%2Fresmgr%2Fcannabis%2Facil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Public Health Laboratories (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/programs\/environmental_health\/Pages\/Cannabis-Testing.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/programs\/environmental_health\/Pages\/Cannabis-Testing.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/programs\/environmental_health\/Pages\/Cannabis-Testing.aspx<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.au=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphl.org%2Fprograms%2Fenvironmental_health%2FPages%2FCannabis-Testing.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\"<\/a> (PDF). pp. 35<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+State+Medical+Cannabis+Testing+Programs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.au=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.date=May+2016&rft.pages=pp.+35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphl.org%2FaboutAPHL%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2FEH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">ASTM Subcommittee D37.03 (1 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d8334_d8334m-20.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"ASTM D8334\/D8334M-20 <i>Standard Practice for Sampling of Cannabis\/Hemp Post-Harvest Batches for Laboratory Analyses<\/i>\"<\/a>. ASTM International<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d8334_d8334m-20.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d8334_d8334m-20.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ASTM+D8334%2FD8334M-20+%27%27Standard+Practice+for+Sampling+of+Cannabis%2FHemp+Post-Harvest+Batches+for+Laboratory+Analyses%27%27&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=ASTM+Subcommittee+D37.03&rft.au=ASTM+Subcommittee+D37.03&rft.date=1+December+2020&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2Fd8334_d8334m-20.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/laboratory-services\/inspection-of-marijuana-testing-facilities\/marijuana-reference-library\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana reference library\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/laboratory-services\/inspection-of-marijuana-testing-facilities\/marijuana-reference-library\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/laboratory-services\/inspection-of-marijuana-testing-facilities\/marijuana-reference-library<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+reference+library&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Colorado+Department+of+Public+Health+and+Environment&rft.au=Colorado+Department+of+Public+Health+and+Environment&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdphe.colorado.gov%2Flaboratory-services%2Finspection-of-marijuana-testing-facilities%2Fmarijuana-reference-library&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Daley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. (12 September 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC%20reports\/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Testing <i>Cannabis<\/i> for Contaminants\"<\/a> (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC%20reports\/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC%20reports\/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Testing+%27%27Cannabis%27%27+for+Contaminants&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Daley%2C+P.%3B+Lampach%2C+D.%3B+Sguerra%2C+S.&rft.au=Daley%2C+P.%3B+Lampach%2C+D.%3B+Sguerra%2C+S.&rft.date=12+September+2013&rft.pub=BOTEC+Analysis+Corp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flcb.wa.gov%2Fpublications%2FMarijuana%2FBOTEC%2520reports%2F1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">National Institute of Standards and Technology (25 February 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs-projects\/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance\" target=\"_blank\">\"NIST Cannabis Quality Assurance Program (CannaQAP)\"<\/a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs-projects\/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs-projects\/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NIST+Cannabis+Quality+Assurance+Program+%28CannaQAP%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=25+February+2022&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fprograms-projects%2Fnist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (September 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recommended+methods+for+the+identification+and+analysis+of+cannabis+and+cannabis+products&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.au=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.date=September+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2Fscientific%2FST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (June 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in seized materials\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recommended+methods+for+the+identification+and+analysis+of+synthetic+cannabinoid+receptor+agonists+in+seized+materials&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.au=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.date=June+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2Fscientific%2FSTNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p><p><i>New York State Department of Health<\/i>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-303-06.1%20final_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Measurement of Mycotoxins in Medical Marijuana by LC-MS\/MS, NYS DOH MML-303, Revision 6.1\"<\/a> (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 40<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-303-06.1%20final_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-303-06.1%20final_0.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Measurement+of+Mycotoxins+in+Medical+Marijuana+by+LC-MS%2FMS%2C+NYS+DOH+MML-303%2C+Revision+6.1&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.au=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.date=27+May+2021&rft.pages=pp.+40&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadsworth.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FWebDoc%2FNYS%2520DOH%2520MML-303-06.1%2520final_0.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-300-07.1_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Measurement of Phytocannabinoids in Medical Marijuana using HPLC-PDA, NYS DOH MML-300, Revision 7.1\"<\/a> (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 36<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-300-07.1_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-300-07.1_0.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Measurement+of+Phytocannabinoids+in+Medical+Marijuana+using+HPLC-PDA%2C+NYS+DOH+MML-300%2C+Revision+7.1&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.au=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.date=27+May+2021&rft.pages=pp.+36&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadsworth.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FWebDoc%2FNYS%2520DOH%2520MML-300-07.1_0.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (3 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-301-08%20final%2011032021_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Marijuana Sample Preparation Protocols for Potency Analysis, NYS DOH MML-301, Revision 8\"<\/a> (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 19<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-301-08%20final%2011032021_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20MML-301-08%20final%2011032021_0.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Marijuana+Sample+Preparation+Protocols+for+Potency+Analysis%2C+NYS+DOH+MML-301%2C+Revision+8&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.au=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.date=3+November+2021&rft.pages=pp.+19&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadsworth.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FWebDoc%2FNYS%2520DOH%2520MML-301-08%2520final%252011032021_0.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (10 January 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20LINC-250-03.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Metals and Metalloids in Medical Marijuana Products by ICP-MS, NYS DOH LINC-250, Revision 3\"<\/a> (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 26<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20LINC-250-03.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/NYS%20DOH%20LINC-250-03.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Metals+and+Metalloids+in+Medical+Marijuana+Products+by+ICP-MS%2C+NYS+DOH+LINC-250%2C+Revision+3&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.au=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.date=10+January+2022&rft.pages=pp.+26&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadsworth.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FWebDoc%2FNYS%2520DOH%2520LINC-250-03.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>For all other methods documents, see <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/regulatory\/elap\/medical-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/regulatory\/elap\/medical-marijuana<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b>Accreditation and certification<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/a2la.org\/accreditation\/cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Accreditations > Cannabis Testing\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/a2la.org\/accreditation\/cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/a2la.org\/accreditation\/cannabis-testing\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Accreditations+%3E+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=American+Association+for+Laboratory+Accreditation+%28A2LA%29&rft.au=American+Association+for+Laboratory+Accreditation+%28A2LA%29&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fa2la.org%2Faccreditation%2Fcannabis-testing%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Americans for Safe Access Foundation (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/patientfocusedcertification.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Patient Focused Certification\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/patientfocusedcertification.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/patientfocusedcertification.org\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Patient+Focused+Certification&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Americans+for+Safe+Access+Foundation&rft.au=Americans+for+Safe+Access+Foundation&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatientfocusedcertification.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">ANSI National Accreditation Board (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/anab.ansi.org\/laboratory-accreditation\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">\"ANAB Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/anab.ansi.org\/laboratory-accreditation\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/anab.ansi.org\/laboratory-accreditation\/cannabis-testing<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ANAB+Cannabis+Testing+Laboratory+Accreditation+Program&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=ANSI+National+Accreditation+Board&rft.au=ANSI+National+Accreditation+Board&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanab.ansi.org%2Flaboratory-accreditation%2Fcannabis-testing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Certified Kind, LLC (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.certified-kind.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.certified-kind.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.certified-kind.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Certified+Kind%3A+Certification+for+Responsibly+Grown+Cannabis&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Certified+Kind%2C+LLC&rft.au=Certified+Kind%2C+LLC&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.certified-kind.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Clean Green Certified (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cleangreencertified.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Clean Green Certified\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cleangreencertified.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cleangreencertified.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Clean+Green+Certified&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Clean+Green+Certified&rft.au=Clean+Green+Certified&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleangreencertified.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Emerald Scientific, LLC (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Emerald Test\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Emerald+Test&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Emerald+Scientific%2C+LLC&rft.au=Emerald+Scientific%2C+LLC&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.emeraldscientific.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">International Accreditation Service. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iasonline.org\/services\/cannabis-testing-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iasonline.org\/services\/cannabis-testing-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iasonline.org\/services\/cannabis-testing-laboratory\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+Laboratory+Accreditation&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=International+Accreditation+Service&rft.au=International+Accreditation+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iasonline.org%2Fservices%2Fcannabis-testing-laboratory%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/regulatory\/elap\" target=\"_blank\">\"Environmental Laboratory Approval Program\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/regulatory\/elap\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/regulatory\/elap<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Environmental+Laboratory+Approval+Program&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=New+York+State+Department+of+Health%2C+Wadsworth+Center&rft.au=New+York+State+Department+of+Health%2C+Wadsworth+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadsworth.org%2Fregulatory%2Felap&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Oregon State Public Health Laboratory. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/PH\/LaboratoryServices\/EnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditation\/Pages\/index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Oregon's Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/PH\/LaboratoryServices\/EnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditation\/Pages\/index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/PH\/LaboratoryServices\/EnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditation\/Pages\/index.aspx<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Oregon%27s+Environmental+Laboratory+Accreditation+Program&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Oregon+State+Public+Health+Laboratory&rft.au=Oregon+State+Public+Health+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregon.gov%2Foha%2FPH%2FLaboratoryServices%2FEnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditation%2FPages%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><span class=\"citation web\">Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pjlabs.com\/accreditation-programs\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">\"Accreditation Programs: Cannabis Testing Lab Accreditation\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pjlabs.com\/accreditation-programs\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.pjlabs.com\/accreditation-programs\/cannabis-testing<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Accreditation+Programs%3A+Cannabis+Testing+Lab+Accreditation&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Perry+Johnson+Laboratory+Accreditation%2C+Inc&rft.au=Perry+Johnson+Laboratory+Accreditation%2C+Inc&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjlabs.com%2Faccreditation-programs%2Fcannabis-testing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140927\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.345 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.359 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 40747\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 357856\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 111809\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 19\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 208\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 332.556 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\n100.00% 332.556 1 -total\n 91.35% 303.785 60 Template:Citation\/core\n 79.12% 263.123 52 Template:Cite_web\n 16.59% 55.184 48 Template:Date\n 13.63% 45.327 5 Template:Cite_journal\n 5.39% 17.918 3 Template:Cite_book\n 4.91% 16.342 70 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 3.98% 13.240 15 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 1.74% 5.788 32 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5244-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140927 and revision id 15836. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","f352af2b83dc6cc2960a5f06bb04294c_images":[],"f352af2b83dc6cc2960a5f06bb04294c_timestamp":1660140567,"b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed_type":"article","b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed_title":"6.1 Final thoughts","b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Final_thoughts","b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Final thoughtsFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchThis last section of the guide provides closing thoughts to tie together what was previously discussed. It also provides a directory of cannabis testing, standards, etc. resources for readers wanting to learn more.\n\r\n\n\n-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n6. Final thoughts and resources \n This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of\u2014and speculation on\u2014a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis (at least in the U.S.), including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.\nDespite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers\u2014whether on their own or with the help of others internationally\u2014are learning more about the various cannabinoids and their interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.\nMany factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is \"as advertised.\" Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Final_thoughts\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Final_thoughts<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 17:30.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Final_thoughts rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Final_thoughts_and_resources_Final_thoughts skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Final thoughts<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>This last section of the guide provides closing thoughts to tie together what was previously discussed. It also provides a directory of cannabis testing, standards, etc. resources for readers wanting to learn more.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"6._Final_thoughts_and_resources\">6. Final thoughts and resources<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"4628d7739f4218cc5e3b68e17df0bd84\"><img alt=\"LAB COURSE IN CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div><p> This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed14e6a67b4b14ad2c190c28455725f6\">laboratory<\/a> testing of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">cannabis<\/a> in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of\u2014and speculation on\u2014a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_of_controlled_substances\" title=\"Controlled Substances Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4b8a6179508959a4f503c9a4dba4224a\">Schedule I<\/a> drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis (at least in the U.S.), including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_cultivation\" title=\"Cannabis cultivation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2a93fc4d018f9aaacd8e9024a56eaa13\">cultivation<\/a> and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.\n<\/p><p>Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers\u2014whether on their own or with the help of others internationally\u2014are learning more about the various <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinoid\" title=\"Cannabinoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c224c3041748677fcdce5b5209900b7b\">cannabinoids<\/a> and their interaction with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Terpene\" title=\"Terpene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6bcbb95d582c08073101e9c4cfc91931\">terpenes<\/a>, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_(drug)\" title=\"Cannabis (drug)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6500790ffdd84957d4b055c47e48efca\">marijuana<\/a> consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.\n<\/p><p>Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c23e30b6cf1df54f1dc338492c9f9da2\">hemp<\/a>-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is \"as advertised.\" Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140927\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.036 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.515 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 7\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 3730\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 2\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 0\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 1.608 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Final_thoughts\n100.00% 1.608 1 -total\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5242-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140926 and revision id 15846. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Final_thoughts\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Final_thoughts<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/LAB_COURSE_IN_CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg"],"b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed_timestamp":1660140566,"212e92fc0fab471a0e421e7459eda0d3_type":"article","212e92fc0fab471a0e421e7459eda0d3_title":"5.5 Non-U.S. policy","212e92fc0fab471a0e421e7459eda0d3_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy","212e92fc0fab471a0e421e7459eda0d3_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Non-U.S. policyFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search5.5 Non-U.S. policy \nAside from a few mentions of Canada and European regulation, this guide has focused solely on the state of cannabis and related lab testing in the United States. However, it would be remiss to not look at how policy elsewhere may potentially impact the U.S. cannabis market, if nothing else at least indirectly. Broadly speaking, other countries like the Netherlands and Portugal have put more emphasis on decriminalization and recreational legalization of marijuana than on researching and providing marijuana for medical purposes.[1] Israel has been one of the major exceptions to this generalization, arguably \"up to 10 years ahead of other countries in innovation in the cannabis industry.\"[2] The country has been involved with cannabis research since the 1960s, and today it has its hands in many medical research-based initiatives (though recreational marijuana is still illegal), including[2][3]:\nThe Green Book, a set of written protocols and policy detailing how doctors should work with medical marijuana as well as how it would be commercialized across the country; includes training and certification of 100 doctors for prescribing it[4][5][6]\nthe creation of the Medical Cannabis Unit, a government agency that regulates medical cannabis research and use\nthe development of significant investment and infrastructure for clinical trials involving medical cannabis\nthe development of a national institute for medical marijuana research\nthe discussion of potentially exporting cannabis and\/or cannabis-related extracts and derivatives\nseveral higher education facilities offering courses and research opportunities on cannabis\nseveral start-ups developing improved cultivation, pharmaceutical, and medical device technology\nAnother major country challenging traditional cannabis regulation is Uruguay, which in December 2013 adopted the first stages of regulatory legislation that would ultimately make the cultivation, sale, and use (recreational and medical) of cannabis in the country legal and government-controlled. In part due to concerns regarding gang-related violence and a tentative but not proven connection to black-market cannabis, the country has since carefully and methodically implemented the laws and regulations with the goal of keeping in mind evidence-based research and the potential social impact.[7][8] In fact, a late February 2017 press release from Canadian company Emblem Corp. stated it and Uruguayan ICC International Cannabis Corporation would, pending finalization of regulatory processes between the two countries, begin a partnership that would have Emblem import CBD (cannabidiol) from ICC \"to help fulfill the demand in the Canadian market.\"[9] The end result has been a growing body of evidence that the cannabis policies are working intended and that they can provide guidance to other countries seeking to legalize some aspects of cannabis, or even begin exporting it as a crop.[10][11][12]\nThe reality of all this\u2014combined with the legalization momentum in the U.S. and other neighboring countries like Canada (the first G-7 nation to end marijuana prohibition)[13][14] and Mexico[15]\u2014means that new pressures are being applied to organizers of international treaties and policy, and any future changes to those treaties and policy may inversely apply pressure back on the U.S. government to update its stance on cannabis. An October 2014 Brookings Institution interview revealed some of the issues \"straining the limits of an international drug control regime that most participants, including the United States, have long understood to be quite strict.\"[16] Drug treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), and United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988) represent hard policy that the U.S. government (as well as other federal governments) has followed steadfastly for years. However, a dichotomy begins to form when federal governments bend those treaties either through outright legalization or, as is the case in the U.S., by allowing the states power to determine their own laws.[16]\nAs a result of these stresses, policy experts around the world have been shining light on the need for not only federal governments but also international agencies such as the United Nations' World Health Organisation (WHO) to move forward with critical reviews of existing cannabis research in the social and medical domains and determine if revising cannabis' scheduling is appropriate. Additionally, policy experts have urged United Nations members to discuss and amend existing treaties, even if such amendments only provide greater flexibility in regards to marijuana.[16][17] That applied pressure has seemingly turned into action by the WHO and the European Union. In February 2019, the WHO recommended the rescheduling of cannabis under international drug treaties, removing cannabis and THC from Schedule IV (the most restrictive classification of drugs) of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and kept at Schedule I, with extracts and tinctures being removed entirely from scheduling. The WHO also recommended CBD to be removed from the list of schedules.[18] The European Union encouraged its members to vote in favor of the WHO recommendations, [19] and members of the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) ended up voting in favor of WHO Recommendation 5.1 to delete cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the 1961 Convention.[20] Optimistically, that action could be enough to \"encourage countries to reevaluate how cannabis is classified on their own lists of narcotic drugs, potentially paving the way for more research into medical marijuana and its use as a treatment for a variety of ailments and conditions,\"[20] further shaping how international cannabis businesses conduct business.\nWhether or not the decriminalization, rescheduling, and legalization efforts of Israel, the Netherlands, Uruguay, and other global entities such as the WHO has a noticeable impact on international and U.S. federal law remains to be seen. However, it would be foolish to entirely ignore foreign policy when considering the future of cannabis in the United States.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Johnson, R.M.; Fariman, B.; Gilreath, T. et al. (2015). \"Past 15-year trends in adolescent marijuana use: Differences by race\/ethnicity and sex\". Drug and Alcohol Dependence 155: 8\u201315. doi:10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.025. PMC PMC4582007. PMID 26361714. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4582007 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 Press, V.S. (13 February 2017). \"5 reasons Israel is dominating the cannabis industry\". ISREAL21c. https:\/\/www.israel21c.org\/5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kershner, I. (17 December 2016). \"Israel, a Medical Marijuana Pioneer, Is Eager to Capitalize\". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/17\/world\/middleeast\/israel-a-medical-marijuana-pioneer-is-eager-to-capitalize.html?_r=0 . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Efrati, I. (20 October 2016). \"Israeli Pharmacies Prepare to Sell Medical Cannabis\". Haaretz. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd. https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/2016-10-20\/ty-article\/.premium\/israeli-pharmacies-prepare-to-sell-medical-cannabis\/0000017f-e017-d3ff-a7ff-f1b772e90000 . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 iCAN Israel (1 September 2016). \"Israel: A Peek Inside the Israeli Knesset\u2019s Special Committee on Medical Cannabis\". Cannabis Law Journal. http:\/\/journal.cannabislaw.report\/israel-a-peek-inside-the-israeli-knessets-special-committee-on-medical-cannabis\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"The Green Book: The Official Guide to Clinical Care in Medical Cannabis\". Cannabis Magazine. 6 January 2018. https:\/\/www.xn--4dbcyzi5a.com\/medical-cannabis-official-israeli-clinical-guide\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ramsey, G. (November 2016). \"Getting Regulation Right: Assessing Uruguay's Historic Cannabis Initiative\" (PDF). WOLA. https:\/\/www.wola.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Getting-Regulation-Right-WOLA-Uruguay.pdf . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Reuters (19 July 2017). \"Uruguay pharmacies start selling cannabis straight to consumers\". The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2017\/jul\/19\/uruguay-marijuana-sale-pharmacies . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Emblem to Import CBD from Uruguay into Canada\". New Cannabis Ventures. NCV Media, LLC. 27 February 2017. https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/emblem-to-import-cbd-from-uruguay-into-canada\/ . Retrieved 09 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Laqueur, Hannah; Rivera-Aguirre, Ariadne; Shev, Aaron; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Rudolph, Kara E.; Ramirez, Jessica; Martins, Silvia S.; Cerd\u00e1, Magdalena (1 June 2020). \"The impact of cannabis legalization in Uruguay on adolescent cannabis use\" (in en). International Journal of Drug Policy 80: 102748. doi:10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102748. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095539592030089X .   \n \n\n\u2191 Iglesias, M.; Sald\u00edas, A.N.; Ross, G. (19 February 2021). \"Marijuana: Made in Uruguay\". Weekly Asado. https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/marijuana-made-uruguay . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Tzanis, Z. (20 August 2021). \"Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana in Uruguay\". The Borgen Project. https:\/\/borgenproject.org\/legalizing-marijuana-in-uruguay\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Porter, C. (11 November 2018). \"Canada\u2019s Message to Teenagers: Marijuana Is Legal Now. Please Don\u2019t Smoke It\". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rogers, K. (24 September 2018). \"Eyes of the global marijuana industry are on Canada as it legalizes recreational use\". CNBC. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2018\/09\/24\/eyes-of-the-global-marijuana-industry-are-on-canada-as-it-legalizes-recreational-use.html . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Timmons, P. (31 October 2018). \"Mexico's Supreme Court legalizes cannabis for recreational use\". UPI. United Press International, Inc. https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Top_News\/World-News\/2018\/10\/31\/Mexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use\/9621541024238\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 16.0 16.1 16.2 Rauch, J. (16 October 2014). \"Marijuana Legalization Poses a Dilemma for International Drug Treaties\". Brookings FIXGOV: Making Government Work. The Brookings Institution. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2014\/10\/16\/marijuana-legalization-poses-a-dilemma-for-international-drug-treaties\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hamilton, I.; Monaghan, M.; Rolles, S. et al. (23 November 2016). \"Why WHO needs a radical rethink of its draconian approach to cannabis\". The Conversation. The Conversation US, Inc. https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-who-needs-a-radical-rethink-of-its-draconian-approach-to-cannabis-68209 . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Sandy, E. (4 February 2019). \"World Health Organization Recommends Rescheduling Cannabis Under International Drug Treaties\". Cannabis Business Times. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/world-health-organization-recommends-rescheduling-cannabis-thc\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Schiller, M. (29 January 2020). \"European Union Urges Member Nations to Vote for World Health Organization\u2019s Cannabis Rescheduling Recommendations\". Cannabis Business Times. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/european-union-urges-member-nations-to-vote-for-world-health-organization-cannabis-rescheduling-recommendations\/ . Retrieved 27 February 2020 .   \n \n\n\u2191 20.0 20.1 Pascual, A. (17 December 2021). \"United Nations approves WHO recommendation to reschedule cannabis in historic vote\". MJBiz Daily. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/united-nations-approves-who-recommendation-to-reschedule-cannabis-in-historic-vote\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\r\n\n\n-----Go to the final chapter of this guide-----\n\r\n\n\nCitation information for this chapter \nChapter: 5. Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\nTitle: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\nEdition: Fourth edition\nAuthor for citation: Shawn E. Douglas\nLicense for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International\nPublication date: August 2022\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:26.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","212e92fc0fab471a0e421e7459eda0d3_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Non-U_S_policy rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Non-U_S_policy skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Non-U.S. policy<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.5_Non-U.S._policy\">5.5 Non-U.S. policy<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Treaty_decades.png\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"0d745349c6cf617ed379232a40cb5307\"><img alt=\"Treaty decades.png\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/12\/Treaty_decades.png\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>Aside from a few mentions of Canada and European regulation, this guide has focused solely on the state of cannabis and related lab testing in the United States. However, it would be remiss to not look at how policy elsewhere may potentially impact the U.S. cannabis market, if nothing else at least indirectly. Broadly speaking, other countries like the Netherlands and Portugal have put more emphasis on decriminalization and recreational legalization of marijuana than on researching and providing marijuana for medical purposes.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JohnsonPast15_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JohnsonPast15-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Israel has been one of the major exceptions to this generalization, arguably \"up to 10 years ahead of other countries in innovation in the cannabis industry.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PressFive17_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PressFive17-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> The country has been involved with cannabis research since the 1960s, and today it has its hands in many medical research-based initiatives (though recreational marijuana is still illegal), including<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PressFive17_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PressFive17-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KershnerIsrael16_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KershnerIsrael16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p><ul><li>The Green Book, a set of written protocols and policy detailing how doctors should work with medical marijuana as well as how it would be commercialized across the country; includes training and certification of 100 doctors for prescribing it<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EfratiIsraeli16_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EfratiIsraeli16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-iCANIsrael16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iCANIsrael16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CMTheGreen18_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CMTheGreen18-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>the creation of the Medical Cannabis Unit, a government agency that regulates medical cannabis research and use<\/li>\n<li>the development of significant investment and infrastructure for clinical trials involving medical cannabis<\/li>\n<li>the development of a national institute for medical marijuana research<\/li>\n<li>the discussion of potentially exporting cannabis and\/or cannabis-related extracts and derivatives<\/li>\n<li>several higher education facilities offering courses and research opportunities on cannabis<\/li>\n<li>several start-ups developing improved cultivation, pharmaceutical, and medical device technology<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Another major country challenging traditional cannabis regulation is Uruguay, which in December 2013 adopted the first stages of regulatory legislation that would ultimately make the cultivation, sale, and use (recreational and medical) of cannabis in the country legal and government-controlled. In part due to concerns regarding gang-related violence and a tentative but not proven connection to black-market cannabis, the country has since carefully and methodically implemented the laws and regulations with the goal of keeping in mind evidence-based research and the potential social impact.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RamseyGetting16_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RamseyGetting16-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ReutersUrug17_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ReutersUrug17-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> In fact, a late February 2017 press release from Canadian company Emblem Corp. stated it and Uruguayan ICC International Cannabis Corporation would, pending finalization of regulatory processes between the two countries, begin a partnership that would have Emblem import CBD (cannabidiol) from ICC \"to help fulfill the demand in the Canadian market.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NCVEmblem17_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NCVEmblem17-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> The end result has been a growing body of evidence that the cannabis policies are working intended and that they can provide guidance to other countries seeking to legalize some aspects of cannabis, or even begin exporting it as a crop.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LaqueurTheImp20_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LaqueurTheImp20-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IglesiasMari21_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IglesiasMari21-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TzanisBenif21_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TzanisBenif21-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The reality of all this\u2014combined with the legalization momentum in the U.S. and other neighboring countries like Canada (the first G-7 nation to end marijuana prohibition)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PorterCanada18_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PorterCanada18-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RogersEyes18_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RogersEyes18-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> and Mexico<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TimmonsMexico18_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TimmonsMexico18-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014means that new pressures are being applied to organizers of international treaties and policy, and any future changes to those treaties and policy may inversely apply pressure back on the U.S. government to update its stance on cannabis. An October 2014 Brookings Institution interview revealed some of the issues \"straining the limits of an international drug control regime that most participants, including the United States, have long understood to be quite strict.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RauchMari14_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RauchMari14-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> Drug treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), and United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988) represent hard policy that the U.S. government (as well as other federal governments) has followed steadfastly for years. However, a dichotomy begins to form when federal governments bend those treaties either through outright legalization or, as is the case in the U.S., by allowing the states power to determine their own laws.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RauchMari14_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RauchMari14-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>As a result of these stresses, policy experts around the world have been shining light on the need for not only federal governments but also international agencies such as the United Nations' World Health Organisation (WHO) to move forward with critical reviews of existing cannabis research in the social and medical domains and determine if revising cannabis' scheduling is appropriate. Additionally, policy experts have urged United Nations members to discuss and amend existing treaties, even if such amendments only provide greater flexibility in regards to marijuana.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RauchMari14_16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RauchMari14-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HamiltonWhyWHO16_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HamiltonWhyWHO16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> That applied pressure has seemingly turned into action by the WHO and the European Union. In February 2019, the WHO recommended the rescheduling of cannabis under international drug treaties, removing cannabis and THC from Schedule IV (the most restrictive classification of drugs) of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and kept at Schedule I, with extracts and tinctures being removed entirely from scheduling. The WHO also recommended CBD to be removed from the list of schedules.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SandyWorld19_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SandyWorld19-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> The European Union encouraged its members to vote in favor of the WHO recommendations, <sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchillerEuropean20_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchillerEuropean20-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> and members of the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) ended up voting in favor of WHO Recommendation 5.1 to delete cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the 1961 Convention.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PascualUnited20_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PascualUnited20-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> Optimistically, that action could be enough to \"encourage countries to reevaluate how cannabis is classified on their own lists of narcotic drugs, potentially paving the way for more research into medical marijuana and its use as a treatment for a variety of ailments and conditions,\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PascualUnited20_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PascualUnited20-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> further shaping how international cannabis businesses conduct business.\n<\/p><p>Whether or not the decriminalization, rescheduling, and legalization efforts of Israel, the Netherlands, Uruguay, and other global entities such as the WHO has a noticeable impact on international and U.S. federal law remains to be seen. However, it would be foolish to entirely ignore foreign policy when considering the future of cannabis in the United States.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-JohnsonPast15-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JohnsonPast15_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Johnson, R.M.; Fariman, B.; Gilreath, T. et al. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4582007\" target=\"_blank\">\"Past 15-year trends in adolescent marijuana use: Differences by race\/ethnicity and sex\"<\/a>. <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence<\/i> <b>155<\/b>: 8\u201315. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.drugalcdep.2015.08.025\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.025<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4582007\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4582007<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26361714\" target=\"_blank\">26361714<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4582007\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4582007<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Past+15-year+trends+in+adolescent+marijuana+use%3A+Differences+by+race%2Fethnicity+and+sex&rft.jtitle=Drug+and+Alcohol+Dependence&rft.aulast=Johnson%2C+R.M.%3B+Fariman%2C+B.%3B+Gilreath%2C+T.+et+al.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+R.M.%3B+Fariman%2C+B.%3B+Gilreath%2C+T.+et+al.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=155&rft.pages=8%E2%80%9315&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.drugalcdep.2015.08.025&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4582007&rft_id=info:pmid\/26361714&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC4582007&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PressFive17-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PressFive17_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PressFive17_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Press, V.S. (13 February 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.israel21c.org\/5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"5 reasons Israel is dominating the cannabis industry\"<\/a>. <i>ISREAL21c<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.israel21c.org\/5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.israel21c.org\/5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=5+reasons+Israel+is+dominating+the+cannabis+industry&rft.atitle=ISREAL21c&rft.aulast=Press%2C+V.S.&rft.au=Press%2C+V.S.&rft.date=13+February+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israel21c.org%2F5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KershnerIsrael16-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KershnerIsrael16_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kershner, I. (17 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/17\/world\/middleeast\/israel-a-medical-marijuana-pioneer-is-eager-to-capitalize.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">\"Israel, a Medical Marijuana Pioneer, Is Eager to Capitalize\"<\/a>. <i>The New York Times<\/i>. The New York Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/17\/world\/middleeast\/israel-a-medical-marijuana-pioneer-is-eager-to-capitalize.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/17\/world\/middleeast\/israel-a-medical-marijuana-pioneer-is-eager-to-capitalize.html?_r=0<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Israel%2C+a+Medical+Marijuana+Pioneer%2C+Is+Eager+to+Capitalize&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Kershner%2C+I.&rft.au=Kershner%2C+I.&rft.date=17+December+2016&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F17%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-a-medical-marijuana-pioneer-is-eager-to-capitalize.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EfratiIsraeli16-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EfratiIsraeli16_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Efrati, I. (20 October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/2016-10-20\/ty-article\/.premium\/israeli-pharmacies-prepare-to-sell-medical-cannabis\/0000017f-e017-d3ff-a7ff-f1b772e90000\" target=\"_blank\">\"Israeli Pharmacies Prepare to Sell Medical Cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Haaretz<\/i>. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/2016-10-20\/ty-article\/.premium\/israeli-pharmacies-prepare-to-sell-medical-cannabis\/0000017f-e017-d3ff-a7ff-f1b772e90000\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/2016-10-20\/ty-article\/.premium\/israeli-pharmacies-prepare-to-sell-medical-cannabis\/0000017f-e017-d3ff-a7ff-f1b772e90000<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Israeli+Pharmacies+Prepare+to+Sell+Medical+Cannabis&rft.atitle=Haaretz&rft.aulast=Efrati%2C+I.&rft.au=Efrati%2C+I.&rft.date=20+October+2016&rft.pub=Haaretz+Daily+Newspaper+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2016-10-20%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fisraeli-pharmacies-prepare-to-sell-medical-cannabis%2F0000017f-e017-d3ff-a7ff-f1b772e90000&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-iCANIsrael16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-iCANIsrael16_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">iCAN Israel (1 September 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/journal.cannabislaw.report\/israel-a-peek-inside-the-israeli-knessets-special-committee-on-medical-cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Israel: A Peek Inside the Israeli Knesset\u2019s Special Committee on Medical Cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Law Journal<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/journal.cannabislaw.report\/israel-a-peek-inside-the-israeli-knessets-special-committee-on-medical-cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/journal.cannabislaw.report\/israel-a-peek-inside-the-israeli-knessets-special-committee-on-medical-cannabis\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+A+Peek+Inside+the+Israeli+Knesset%E2%80%99s+Special+Committee+on+Medical+Cannabis&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Law+Journal&rft.aulast=iCAN+Israel&rft.au=iCAN+Israel&rft.date=1+September+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.cannabislaw.report%2Fisrael-a-peek-inside-the-israeli-knessets-special-committee-on-medical-cannabis%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CMTheGreen18-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CMTheGreen18_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.xn--4dbcyzi5a.com\/medical-cannabis-official-israeli-clinical-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Green Book: The Official Guide to Clinical Care in Medical Cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Magazine<\/i>. 6 January 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.xn--4dbcyzi5a.com\/medical-cannabis-official-israeli-clinical-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.xn--4dbcyzi5a.com\/medical-cannabis-official-israeli-clinical-guide\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Green+Book%3A+The+Official+Guide+to+Clinical+Care+in+Medical+Cannabis&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Magazine&rft.date=6+January+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xn--4dbcyzi5a.com%2Fmedical-cannabis-official-israeli-clinical-guide%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RamseyGetting16-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RamseyGetting16_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ramsey, G. (November 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wola.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Getting-Regulation-Right-WOLA-Uruguay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Getting Regulation Right: Assessing Uruguay's Historic Cannabis Initiative\"<\/a> (PDF). WOLA<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wola.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Getting-Regulation-Right-WOLA-Uruguay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wola.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Getting-Regulation-Right-WOLA-Uruguay.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Getting+Regulation+Right%3A+Assessing+Uruguay%27s+Historic+Cannabis+Initiative&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ramsey%2C+G.&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+G.&rft.date=November+2016&rft.pub=WOLA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wola.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F09%2FGetting-Regulation-Right-WOLA-Uruguay.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ReutersUrug17-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ReutersUrug17_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Reuters (19 July 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2017\/jul\/19\/uruguay-marijuana-sale-pharmacies\" target=\"_blank\">\"Uruguay pharmacies start selling cannabis straight to consumers\"<\/a>. <i>The Guardian<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2017\/jul\/19\/uruguay-marijuana-sale-pharmacies\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2017\/jul\/19\/uruguay-marijuana-sale-pharmacies<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Uruguay+pharmacies+start+selling+cannabis+straight+to+consumers&rft.atitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Reuters&rft.au=Reuters&rft.date=19+July+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjul%2F19%2Furuguay-marijuana-sale-pharmacies&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NCVEmblem17-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NCVEmblem17_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/emblem-to-import-cbd-from-uruguay-into-canada\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Emblem to Import CBD from Uruguay into Canada\"<\/a>. <i>New Cannabis Ventures<\/i>. NCV Media, LLC. 27 February 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/emblem-to-import-cbd-from-uruguay-into-canada\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/emblem-to-import-cbd-from-uruguay-into-canada\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Emblem+to+Import+CBD+from+Uruguay+into+Canada&rft.atitle=New+Cannabis+Ventures&rft.date=27+February+2017&rft.pub=NCV+Media%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcannabisventures.com%2Femblem-to-import-cbd-from-uruguay-into-canada%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LaqueurTheImp20-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LaqueurTheImp20_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Laqueur, Hannah; Rivera-Aguirre, Ariadne; Shev, Aaron; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Rudolph, Kara E.; Ramirez, Jessica; Martins, Silvia S.; Cerd\u00e1, Magdalena (1 June 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095539592030089X\" target=\"_blank\">\"The impact of cannabis legalization in Uruguay on adolescent cannabis use\"<\/a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Drug Policy<\/i> <b>80<\/b>: 102748. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2020.102748\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102748<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095539592030089X\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095539592030089X<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+cannabis+legalization+in+Uruguay+on+adolescent+cannabis+use&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Drug+Policy&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Laqueur%2C%26%2332%3BHannah&rft.au=Rivera-Aguirre%2C%26%2332%3BAriadne&rft.au=Shev%2C%26%2332%3BAaron&rft.au=Castillo-Carniglia%2C%26%2332%3BAlvaro&rft.au=Rudolph%2C%26%2332%3BKara+E.&rft.au=Ramirez%2C%26%2332%3BJessica&rft.au=Martins%2C%26%2332%3BSilvia+S.&rft.au=Cerd%C3%A1%2C%26%2332%3BMagdalena&rft.date=1+June+2020&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=102748&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2020.102748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS095539592030089X&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IglesiasMari21-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IglesiasMari21_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Iglesias, M.; Sald\u00edas, A.N.; Ross, G. (19 February 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/marijuana-made-uruguay\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana: Made in Uruguay\"<\/a>. <i>Weekly Asado<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/marijuana-made-uruguay\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/marijuana-made-uruguay<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana%3A+Made+in+Uruguay&rft.atitle=Weekly+Asado&rft.aulast=Iglesias%2C+M.%3B+Sald%C3%ADas%2C+A.N.%3B+Ross%2C+G.&rft.au=Iglesias%2C+M.%3B+Sald%C3%ADas%2C+A.N.%3B+Ross%2C+G.&rft.date=19+February+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fmarijuana-made-uruguay&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TzanisBenif21-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TzanisBenif21_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Tzanis, Z. (20 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/borgenproject.org\/legalizing-marijuana-in-uruguay\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana in Uruguay\"<\/a>. <i>The Borgen Project<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/borgenproject.org\/legalizing-marijuana-in-uruguay\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/borgenproject.org\/legalizing-marijuana-in-uruguay\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Benefits+of+Legalizing+Marijuana+in+Uruguay&rft.atitle=The+Borgen+Project&rft.aulast=Tzanis%2C+Z.&rft.au=Tzanis%2C+Z.&rft.date=20+August+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fborgenproject.org%2Flegalizing-marijuana-in-uruguay%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PorterCanada18-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PorterCanada18_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Porter, C. (11 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Canada\u2019s Message to Teenagers: Marijuana Is Legal Now. Please Don\u2019t Smoke It\"<\/a>. <i>The New York Times<\/i>. The New York Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Canada%E2%80%99s+Message+to+Teenagers%3A+Marijuana+Is+Legal+Now.+Please+Don%E2%80%99t+Smoke+It&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Porter%2C+C.&rft.au=Porter%2C+C.&rft.date=11+November+2018&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F11%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Fmarijuana-legalization-teenagers.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RogersEyes18-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RogersEyes18_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rogers, K. (24 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2018\/09\/24\/eyes-of-the-global-marijuana-industry-are-on-canada-as-it-legalizes-recreational-use.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Eyes of the global marijuana industry are on Canada as it legalizes recreational use\"<\/a>. <i>CNBC<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2018\/09\/24\/eyes-of-the-global-marijuana-industry-are-on-canada-as-it-legalizes-recreational-use.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2018\/09\/24\/eyes-of-the-global-marijuana-industry-are-on-canada-as-it-legalizes-recreational-use.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Eyes+of+the+global+marijuana+industry+are+on+Canada+as+it+legalizes+recreational+use&rft.atitle=CNBC&rft.aulast=Rogers%2C+K.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+K.&rft.date=24+September+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F09%2F24%2Feyes-of-the-global-marijuana-industry-are-on-canada-as-it-legalizes-recreational-use.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TimmonsMexico18-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TimmonsMexico18_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Timmons, P. (31 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Top_News\/World-News\/2018\/10\/31\/Mexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use\/9621541024238\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mexico's Supreme Court legalizes cannabis for recreational use\"<\/a>. <i>UPI<\/i>. United Press International, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Top_News\/World-News\/2018\/10\/31\/Mexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use\/9621541024238\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Top_News\/World-News\/2018\/10\/31\/Mexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use\/9621541024238\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mexico%27s+Supreme+Court+legalizes+cannabis+for+recreational+use&rft.atitle=UPI&rft.aulast=Timmons%2C+P.&rft.au=Timmons%2C+P.&rft.date=31+October+2018&rft.pub=United+Press+International%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2018%2F10%2F31%2FMexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use%2F9621541024238%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RauchMari14-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RauchMari14_16-0\">16.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RauchMari14_16-1\">16.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RauchMari14_16-2\">16.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rauch, J. (16 October 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2014\/10\/16\/marijuana-legalization-poses-a-dilemma-for-international-drug-treaties\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Legalization Poses a Dilemma for International Drug Treaties\"<\/a>. <i>Brookings FIXGOV: Making Government Work<\/i>. The Brookings Institution<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2014\/10\/16\/marijuana-legalization-poses-a-dilemma-for-international-drug-treaties\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2014\/10\/16\/marijuana-legalization-poses-a-dilemma-for-international-drug-treaties\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Legalization+Poses+a+Dilemma+for+International+Drug+Treaties&rft.atitle=Brookings+FIXGOV%3A+Making+Government+Work&rft.aulast=Rauch%2C+J.&rft.au=Rauch%2C+J.&rft.date=16+October+2014&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Ffixgov%2F2014%2F10%2F16%2Fmarijuana-legalization-poses-a-dilemma-for-international-drug-treaties%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HamiltonWhyWHO16-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HamiltonWhyWHO16_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hamilton, I.; Monaghan, M.; Rolles, S. et al. (23 November 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-who-needs-a-radical-rethink-of-its-draconian-approach-to-cannabis-68209\" target=\"_blank\">\"Why WHO needs a radical rethink of its draconian approach to cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>The Conversation<\/i>. The Conversation US, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-who-needs-a-radical-rethink-of-its-draconian-approach-to-cannabis-68209\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-who-needs-a-radical-rethink-of-its-draconian-approach-to-cannabis-68209<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Why+WHO+needs+a+radical+rethink+of+its+draconian+approach+to+cannabis&rft.atitle=The+Conversation&rft.aulast=Hamilton%2C+I.%3B+Monaghan%2C+M.%3B+Rolles%2C+S.+et+al.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+I.%3B+Monaghan%2C+M.%3B+Rolles%2C+S.+et+al.&rft.date=23+November+2016&rft.pub=The+Conversation+US%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-who-needs-a-radical-rethink-of-its-draconian-approach-to-cannabis-68209&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SandyWorld19-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SandyWorld19_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Sandy, E. (4 February 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/world-health-organization-recommends-rescheduling-cannabis-thc\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"World Health Organization Recommends Rescheduling Cannabis Under International Drug Treaties\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Times<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/world-health-organization-recommends-rescheduling-cannabis-thc\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/world-health-organization-recommends-rescheduling-cannabis-thc\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+Recommends+Rescheduling+Cannabis+Under+International+Drug+Treaties&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Times&rft.aulast=Sandy%2C+E.&rft.au=Sandy%2C+E.&rft.date=4+February+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinesstimes.com%2Farticle%2Fworld-health-organization-recommends-rescheduling-cannabis-thc%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchillerEuropean20-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchillerEuropean20_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schiller, M. (29 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/european-union-urges-member-nations-to-vote-for-world-health-organization-cannabis-rescheduling-recommendations\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"European Union Urges Member Nations to Vote for World Health Organization\u2019s Cannabis Rescheduling Recommendations\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Times<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/european-union-urges-member-nations-to-vote-for-world-health-organization-cannabis-rescheduling-recommendations\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/european-union-urges-member-nations-to-vote-for-world-health-organization-cannabis-rescheduling-recommendations\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 27 February 2020<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=European+Union+Urges+Member+Nations+to+Vote+for+World+Health+Organization%E2%80%99s+Cannabis+Rescheduling+Recommendations&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Times&rft.aulast=Schiller%2C+M.&rft.au=Schiller%2C+M.&rft.date=29+January+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinesstimes.com%2Farticle%2Feuropean-union-urges-member-nations-to-vote-for-world-health-organization-cannabis-rescheduling-recommendations%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PascualUnited20-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PascualUnited20_20-0\">20.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PascualUnited20_20-1\">20.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Pascual, A. (17 December 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/united-nations-approves-who-recommendation-to-reschedule-cannabis-in-historic-vote\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"United Nations approves WHO recommendation to reschedule cannabis in historic vote\"<\/a>. <i>MJBiz Daily<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/united-nations-approves-who-recommendation-to-reschedule-cannabis-in-historic-vote\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/united-nations-approves-who-recommendation-to-reschedule-cannabis-in-historic-vote\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=United+Nations+approves+WHO+recommendation+to+reschedule+cannabis+in+historic+vote&rft.atitle=MJBiz+Daily&rft.aulast=Pascual%2C+A.&rft.au=Pascual%2C+A.&rft.date=17+December+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Funited-nations-approves-who-recommendation-to-reschedule-cannabis-in-historic-vote%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Final_thoughts\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Final thoughts\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed\">the final chapter<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Citation_information_for_this_chapter\">Citation information for this chapter<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Chapter<\/b>: 5. Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\n<\/p><p><b>Title<\/b>: <i>Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Edition<\/b>: Fourth edition\n<\/p><p><b>Author for citation<\/b>: Shawn E. Douglas\n<\/p><p><b>License for content<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International<\/a>\n<\/p><p><b>Publication date<\/b>: August 2022\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140926\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.202 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.697 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 15051\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 131088\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 49550\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 38364\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 171.149 1 -total\n 93.39% 159.840 1 Template:Reflist\n 77.78% 133.114 20 Template:Citation\/core\n 66.44% 113.705 18 Template:Cite_web\n 18.38% 31.460 2 Template:Cite_journal\n 16.61% 28.433 19 Template:Date\n 6.56% 11.224 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\n 5.89% 10.074 37 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 4.26% 7.290 4 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 2.48% 4.251 9 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5240-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140925 and revision id 17985. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","212e92fc0fab471a0e421e7459eda0d3_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/12\/Treaty_decades.png"],"212e92fc0fab471a0e421e7459eda0d3_timestamp":1660140565,"7ace9bcbbed3bc6dc01a7099efe1cd88_type":"article","7ace9bcbbed3bc6dc01a7099efe1cd88_title":"5.4 Big Marijuana and patenting","7ace9bcbbed3bc6dc01a7099efe1cd88_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana","7ace9bcbbed3bc6dc01a7099efe1cd88_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Big MarijuanaFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search5.4 Big Marijuana \nBoth U.S. states and the federal government have a long, sometimes torturous history with regulating and controlling the production and sale of drug-containing products such as pharmaceuticals, tobacco, beer, wine, and spirits. As such, it seems intuitive to examine the successes and failures of those past efforts when considering what to do with cannabis. One aspect of that examination that raises concern among some is the likelihood of a narrow group of commercial interests taking over all aspects of cannabis production, testing, distribution, and sales. Taking from \"Big Pharma,\" \"Big Tobacco,\" and \"Big Alcohol,\" some fear a similar \"Big Marijuana\" industry will develop.[1][2] These fears can be found among small private growers at the hyper-local level[3], all the way up to the state government level.[4] \nIn fact, in a 2015 Pathways Report, the state of California\u2014including its Lt. Governor Gavin Newsom\u2014expressed this very concern in regards to how best to regulate marijuana in the state. When considering the marijuana industry structure, they found that controls should be put in place to better incentivize smaller industry players, stating \"[t]he goal should be to prevent the growth of a large, corporate marijuana industry dominated by a small number of players, as we see with Big Tobacco or the alcohol industry.\"[4] Despite that advice, major California-based industry players such as Steve DeAngelo\u2014who owns one of the largest medical marijuana dispensaries in the world and co-founded Steep Hill Labs\u2014remain concerned that mandates for distribution, which mirror alcohol regulations, will only undermine small cannabis businesses in the state.[3]\nAnti-marijuana alliances such as Smart Approaches to Marijuana (SAM) and corporation-friendly pro-cannabis Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) act as opposing special interest groups, one fighting against Big Marijuana, the other borrowing from a libertarian approach proposing regulation of marijuana in a way similar to alcohol.[3][5][6] These and other special interest groups inevitably bring about the perception that, as the Brookings Institution puts it, \"the marijuana industry is as self-serving as any other commercial lobby,\" further propelling worries of Big Marijuana.[5]\nIf worries of large corporations taking over significant portions of cannabis production, testing, distribution, and sales markets actually come to fruition, how will they potentially manifest? The previously mentioned concern of increased consolidation of testing labs is arguably one sign, as is DeAngelo's concern of forced distribution contracts taking away from smaller businesses. Brookings also points out concerns of large firms gaining hold over the evolving regulatory status as well as upward trends in antisocial marketing, though they also argue against undue alarmism of commercialization at the same time.[1] David Boaz of the Cato Institute also speaks of regulatory status, though from the standpoint of regulations being \"more burdensome on newer and smaller companies than on large, established companies,\" furthering the idea of Big Marijuana being able to weather the storm better than small, independent operations.[7]\n\n5.4.1 Patenting \nAnother manifestation of how Big Marijuana may be taking hold is through the patenting of cannabis strains and methods. PBS' Nova reported in October 2016 that a group of California growers were granted a patent for \"compositions and methods for the breeding, production, processing and use of specialty cannabis,\"[8] raising concerns about how Big Pharma could capitalize. Mowgli Holmes\u2014founder of Phylos Biosciences, a genetics testing laboratory for cannabis\u2014says as much: \"Everyone is terrified of some big corporation with deep pockets coming in and taking over ... and they should be.\" To fight against the misappropriation of patents for \"public domain\" cannabis strains, he and others have developed Phylos Galaxy to better track relations between existing cannabis strains and the creation of new strains. From a lab testing perspective, a small but increasing number of qualified labs could test not only for potency, terpenes, and pesticides but also genetically verify in a standardized format that a unique strain is actually what it is claimed to be, providing slight competitive advantage.[8] Similar efforts were being spearheaded by the Open Cannabis Project, which had been encouraging others to store genetic data for natural and previously available varieties in efforts to make them unpatentable.[9] However, the Open Cannabis Project dissolved in May 2019 due to controversy surrounding its association with Phylos Bioscience and Phylos' perceived abuse of the provided open data.[10]\nDespite the protests against patenting cannabis strains, overall cannabis patenting continues to trend upwards in the U.S. According to Reuters, approved patents containing the word \"cannabis\" numbered 14 in 2016, 29 in 2017, and 39 as of late November 2018.[11] Of course, many more applied, with 767 U.S. patent filings occurring between 2016 and 2018 (reportedly 1.5 times more than files from 2013 to 2015).[12] In 2019, this showed no signs of stopping.[13][14] In particular, approved patent filings for cannabis extraction technologies alone numbered 30 by early December, with \"many others related to distillation of cannabinoid components and techniques for obtaining active compounds from marijuana and hemp.\"[14] \nAlso notable is the first real patent infringement case related to cannabis, a case that could have particularly negative ramifications for the future of the cannabis industry.[15][16] United Cannabis Corporation v. Pure Hemp Collective, Inc. was filed in 2018 as a patent infringement case on United Cannabis' liquid cannabinoid formulations. A new wrinkle arose in early 2019, when Pure Hemp Collective filed a counterclaim for prior art, a claim that attorney Jihee Ahn finds interesting[16]:\n\nOf course, it remains to be seen exactly what Pure Hemp plans to offer in support of its prior art argument. Typically, defendants in patent litigation produce years, sometimes decades, of scientific articles and other writings to demonstrate a given industry\u2019s preexisting research and knowledge. It\u2019s clear this wealth of evidence likely doesn\u2019t exist for Pure Hemp given the general illegality of marijuana to date. This means the prior art could definitely be out there, but hard to definitively prove given that it was driven underground.\nYet some legal experts question the validity of United Cannabis' initial patent, with IP watchdog Steve Brachmann going so far as to say \"I don\u2019t understand how that could be considered patentable.\"[15] Brachmann also spoke about the issues of prior art, noting \"you don't really find prior art outside of High Times magazine[15],\" painting a similar veneer of doubt on Pure Hemp's counterclaim. With others such as Molson Coors Brewing and Coca-Cola stepping foot into or considering attempting to get into CBD formulations, this case deserves further watching as it may very well have a dampening affect on further cannabis-based patenting. As this and other intellectual property wars over strains, methods, and formulas get more heated, it remains to be seen how the laboratory testing, research and development, and production environments in the cannabis industry will further take shape.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). \"Worry about bad marijuana\u2014not Big Marijuana\" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 18. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/big-marijuana-1.pdf . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Sullivan, J. (8 November 2018). \"\u2018Big Marijuana\u2019 is actually a thing\". CommonWealth. Mass Inc. https:\/\/commonwealthmagazine.org\/back-story\/big-marijuana-is-actually-a-thing\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 3.2 Solovitch, S. (29 August 2016). \"How Big Alcohol Is About to Get Rich Off California Weed\". POLITICO. POLITICO, LLC. http:\/\/www.politico.com\/magazine\/story\/2016\/08\/marijuana-legalization-big-business-alcohol-214198 . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 Steering Committee of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Marijuana Policy (22 July 2015). \"Pathways Report: Policy Options for Regulating Marijuana in California\" (PDF). Blue Ribbon Commission on Marijuana Policy. https:\/\/www.aclunc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/20150721-brc_pathways_report.pdf . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 5.0 5.1 Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). \"Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization\" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 22. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/bootleggers.pdf . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"The Money in Marijuana: The political landscape\". OpenSecrets.org. Center for Responsive Politics. November 2015. https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/marijuana\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Boaz, D. (25 April 2018). \"Will Regulations Create Big Marijuana?\". Cato at Liberty. Cato Institute. https:\/\/www.cato.org\/blog\/will-regulations-create-big-marijuana . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 Arnold, C. (19 October 2016). \"The Rise of Marijuana\u2122 (Patent Pending)\". Nova Next. PBS. https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/article\/patenting-pot\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Canna Law Blog (23 February 2018). \"Open Cannabis Project: The Fight to Get Marijuana Patents Right\". Canna Law Blog. Harris Bricken. https:\/\/harrisbricken.com\/cannalawblog\/open-cannabis-project-and-the\/ . Retrieved 09 AUgust 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Shepherd, K. (6 May 2019). \"Open Cannabis Project Dissolves In Response to Controversy Over Ag-Science Company Phylos Bioscience\u2019s Breeding Program\". Willamette Week. https:\/\/www.wweek.com\/news\/business\/2019\/05\/06\/open-cannabis-project-dissolves-in-response-to-controversy-over-ag-science-company-phylos-biosciences-breeding-program\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Brachmann, S. (26 July 2019). \"U.S. Cannabis Inventions Grow\". Inventors Digest. https:\/\/www.inventorsdigest.com\/articles\/u-s-cannabis-inventions-grow\/ . Retrieved 09 AUgust 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Nayak, M. (1 August 2019). \"Cannabis Companies Gamble on Patents to Lure Possible Suitors\". Bloomberg Law. https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/ip-law\/cannabis-companies-gamble-on-patents-to-lure-possible-suitors . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kamps, M. (10 October 2019). \"The Number of Cannabis-Centric Patents Is Getting High\". Law360. https:\/\/www.law360.com\/articles\/1206064 . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 14.0 14.1 Capuano, V. (5 December 2019). \"2019 Cannabis Patent Review I: Extraction and Purification\". LinkedIn Pulse. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200226172321\/https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/2019-cannabis-patent-review-i-extraction-purification-vince-capuano\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 15.0 15.1 15.2 Maxfield, A. (2019). \"Intellectual Property Survey: Cannabis Plant Types, Methods of Extraction, IP Protection, and One Patent That Could Ruin It All\". Drug Enforcement and Policy Center 3: 1\u20138. doi:10.2139\/ssrn.3376060.   \n \n\n\u2191 16.0 16.1 Ahn, J. (4 March 2019). \"Cannabis Patent Litigation Update: Is Extraction and Preparation Prior Art?\". Canna Law Blow. https:\/\/www.cannalawblog.com\/cannabis-patent-litigation-update-is-extraction-and-preparation-prior-art\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 16:44.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","7ace9bcbbed3bc6dc01a7099efe1cd88_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Big_Marijuana rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Big_Marijuana skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Big Marijuana<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.4_Big_Marijuana\">5.4 Big Marijuana<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Both U.S. states and the federal government have a long, sometimes torturous history with regulating and controlling the production and sale of drug-containing products such as pharmaceuticals, tobacco, beer, wine, and spirits. As such, it seems intuitive to examine the successes and failures of those past efforts when considering what to do with cannabis. One aspect of that examination that raises concern among some is the likelihood of a narrow group of commercial interests taking over all aspects of cannabis production, testing, distribution, and sales. Taking from \"Big Pharma,\" \"Big Tobacco,\" and \"Big Alcohol,\" some fear a similar \"Big Marijuana\" industry will develop.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HudakWorry16_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HudakWorry16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SullivanBig18_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SullivanBig18-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> These fears can be found among small private growers at the hyper-local level<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SolovitchHow16_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SolovitchHow16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>, all the way up to the state government level.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SteeringPathways15_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SteeringPathways15-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>In fact, in a 2015 Pathways Report, the state of California\u2014including its Lt. Governor Gavin Newsom\u2014expressed this very concern in regards to how best to regulate marijuana in the state. When considering the marijuana industry structure, they found that controls should be put in place to better incentivize smaller industry players, stating \"[t]he goal should be to prevent the growth of a large, corporate marijuana industry dominated by a small number of players, as we see with Big Tobacco or the alcohol industry.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SteeringPathways15_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SteeringPathways15-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Despite that advice, major California-based industry players such as Steve DeAngelo\u2014who owns one of the largest medical marijuana dispensaries in the world and co-founded Steep Hill Labs\u2014remain concerned that mandates for distribution, which mirror alcohol regulations, will only undermine small cannabis businesses in the state.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SolovitchHow16_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SolovitchHow16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Anti-marijuana alliances such as Smart Approaches to Marijuana (SAM) and corporation-friendly pro-cannabis Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) act as opposing special interest groups, one fighting against Big Marijuana, the other borrowing from a libertarian approach proposing regulation of marijuana in a way similar to alcohol.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SolovitchHow16_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SolovitchHow16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallachBoot16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallachBoot16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CRPTheMoney15_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CRPTheMoney15-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> These and other special interest groups inevitably bring about the perception that, as the Brookings Institution puts it, \"the marijuana industry is as self-serving as any other commercial lobby,\" further propelling worries of Big Marijuana.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallachBoot16_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallachBoot16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>If worries of large corporations taking over significant portions of cannabis production, testing, distribution, and sales markets actually come to fruition, how will they potentially manifest? The previously mentioned concern of increased consolidation of testing labs is arguably one sign, as is DeAngelo's concern of forced distribution contracts taking away from smaller businesses. Brookings also points out concerns of large firms gaining hold over the evolving regulatory status as well as upward trends in antisocial marketing, though they also argue against undue alarmism of commercialization at the same time.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HudakWorry16_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HudakWorry16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> David Boaz of the Cato Institute also speaks of regulatory status, though from the standpoint of regulations being \"more burdensome on newer and smaller companies than on large, established companies,\" furthering the idea of Big Marijuana being able to weather the storm better than small, independent operations.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BoazWill18_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BoazWill18-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.4.1_Patenting\">5.4.1 Patenting<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Another manifestation of how Big Marijuana may be taking hold is through the patenting of cannabis strains and methods. PBS' <i>Nova<\/i> reported in October 2016 that a group of California growers were granted a patent for \"compositions and methods for the breeding, production, processing and use of specialty cannabis,\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ArnoldTheRise16_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ArnoldTheRise16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> raising concerns about how Big Pharma could capitalize. Mowgli Holmes\u2014founder of Phylos Biosciences, a genetics testing laboratory for cannabis\u2014says as much: \"Everyone is terrified of some big corporation with deep pockets coming in and taking over ... and they should be.\" To fight against the misappropriation of patents for \"public domain\" cannabis strains, he and others have developed Phylos Galaxy to better track relations between existing cannabis strains and the creation of new strains. From a lab testing perspective, a small but increasing number of qualified labs could test not only for potency, terpenes, and pesticides but also genetically verify in a standardized format that a unique strain is actually what it is claimed to be, providing slight competitive advantage.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ArnoldTheRise16_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ArnoldTheRise16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Similar efforts were being spearheaded by the Open Cannabis Project, which had been encouraging others to store genetic data for natural and previously available varieties in efforts to make them unpatentable.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CLBOpen18_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CLBOpen18-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> However, the Open Cannabis Project dissolved in May 2019 due to controversy surrounding its association with Phylos Bioscience and Phylos' perceived abuse of the provided open data.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShepherdOpenCanna19_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShepherdOpenCanna19-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Despite the protests against patenting cannabis strains, overall cannabis patenting continues to trend upwards in the U.S. According to Reuters, approved patents containing the word \"cannabis\" numbered 14 in 2016, 29 in 2017, and 39 as of late November 2018.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BrachmannUSCanna19_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BrachmannUSCanna19-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> Of course, many more applied, with 767 U.S. patent filings occurring between 2016 and 2018 (reportedly 1.5 times more than files from 2013 to 2015).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NayakCanna19_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NayakCanna19-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> In 2019, this showed no signs of stopping.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KampsTheNumb19_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KampsTheNumb19-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Capuano2019_19_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Capuano2019_19-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> In particular, approved patent filings for cannabis extraction technologies alone numbered 30 by early December, with \"many others related to distillation of cannabinoid components and techniques for obtaining active compounds from marijuana and hemp.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Capuano2019_19_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Capuano2019_19-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Also notable is the first real patent infringement case related to cannabis, a case that could have particularly negative ramifications for the future of the cannabis industry.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MaxfieldIntell19_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MaxfieldIntell19-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AhnCanna19_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AhnCanna19-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> United Cannabis Corporation v. Pure Hemp Collective, Inc. was filed in 2018 as a patent infringement case on United Cannabis' liquid cannabinoid formulations. A new wrinkle arose in early 2019, when Pure Hemp Collective filed a counterclaim for prior art, a claim that attorney Jihee Ahn finds interesting<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AhnCanna19_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AhnCanna19-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Of course, it remains to be seen exactly what Pure Hemp plans to offer in support of its prior art argument. Typically, defendants in patent litigation produce years, sometimes decades, of scientific articles and other writings to demonstrate a given industry\u2019s preexisting research and knowledge. It\u2019s clear this wealth of evidence likely doesn\u2019t exist for Pure Hemp given the general illegality of marijuana to date. This means the prior art could definitely be out there, but hard to definitively prove given that it was driven underground.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Yet some legal experts question the validity of United Cannabis' initial patent, with IP watchdog Steve Brachmann going so far as to say \"I don\u2019t understand how that could be considered patentable.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MaxfieldIntell19_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MaxfieldIntell19-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> Brachmann also spoke about the issues of prior art, noting \"you don't really find prior art outside of High Times magazine<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MaxfieldIntell19_15-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MaxfieldIntell19-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>,\" painting a similar veneer of doubt on Pure Hemp's counterclaim. With others such as Molson Coors Brewing and Coca-Cola stepping foot into or considering attempting to get into CBD formulations, this case deserves further watching as it may very well have a dampening affect on further cannabis-based patenting. As this and other intellectual property wars over strains, methods, and formulas get more heated, it remains to be seen how the laboratory testing, research and development, and production environments in the cannabis industry will further take shape.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-HudakWorry16-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HudakWorry16_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HudakWorry16_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/big-marijuana-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Worry about bad marijuana\u2014not Big Marijuana\"<\/a> (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 18<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/big-marijuana-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/big-marijuana-1.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Worry+about+bad+marijuana%E2%80%94not+Big+Marijuana&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hudak%2C+J.%3B+Rauch%2C+J.&rft.au=Hudak%2C+J.%3B+Rauch%2C+J.&rft.date=June+2016&rft.pages=pp.+18&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2Fbig-marijuana-1.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SullivanBig18-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SullivanBig18_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Sullivan, J. (8 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/commonwealthmagazine.org\/back-story\/big-marijuana-is-actually-a-thing\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"\u2018Big Marijuana\u2019 is actually a thing\"<\/a>. <i>CommonWealth<\/i>. Mass Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/commonwealthmagazine.org\/back-story\/big-marijuana-is-actually-a-thing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/commonwealthmagazine.org\/back-story\/big-marijuana-is-actually-a-thing\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E2%80%98Big+Marijuana%E2%80%99+is+actually+a+thing&rft.atitle=CommonWealth&rft.aulast=Sullivan%2C+J.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+J.&rft.date=8+November+2018&rft.pub=Mass+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonwealthmagazine.org%2Fback-story%2Fbig-marijuana-is-actually-a-thing%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SolovitchHow16-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SolovitchHow16_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SolovitchHow16_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SolovitchHow16_3-2\">3.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Solovitch, S. (29 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.politico.com\/magazine\/story\/2016\/08\/marijuana-legalization-big-business-alcohol-214198\" target=\"_blank\">\"How Big Alcohol Is About to Get Rich Off California Weed\"<\/a>. <i>POLITICO<\/i>. POLITICO, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.politico.com\/magazine\/story\/2016\/08\/marijuana-legalization-big-business-alcohol-214198\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.politico.com\/magazine\/story\/2016\/08\/marijuana-legalization-big-business-alcohol-214198<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+Big+Alcohol+Is+About+to+Get+Rich+Off+California+Weed&rft.atitle=POLITICO&rft.aulast=Solovitch%2C+S.&rft.au=Solovitch%2C+S.&rft.date=29+August+2016&rft.pub=POLITICO%2C+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2016%2F08%2Fmarijuana-legalization-big-business-alcohol-214198&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SteeringPathways15-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SteeringPathways15_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SteeringPathways15_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Steering Committee of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Marijuana Policy (22 July 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aclunc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/20150721-brc_pathways_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pathways Report: Policy Options for Regulating Marijuana in California\"<\/a> (PDF). Blue Ribbon Commission on Marijuana Policy<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aclunc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/20150721-brc_pathways_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aclunc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/20150721-brc_pathways_report.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pathways+Report%3A+Policy+Options+for+Regulating+Marijuana+in+California&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Steering+Committee+of+the+Blue+Ribbon+Commission+on+Marijuana+Policy&rft.au=Steering+Committee+of+the+Blue+Ribbon+Commission+on+Marijuana+Policy&rft.date=22+July+2015&rft.pub=Blue+Ribbon+Commission+on+Marijuana+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclunc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F20150721-brc_pathways_report.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WallachBoot16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallachBoot16_5-0\">5.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallachBoot16_5-1\">5.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/bootleggers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization\"<\/a> (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 22<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/bootleggers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/bootleggers.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bootleggers%2C+Baptists%2C+bureaucrats%2C+and+bongs%3A+How+special+interests+will+shape+marijuana+legalization&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Wallach%2C+P.%3B+Rauch%2C+J.&rft.au=Wallach%2C+P.%3B+Rauch%2C+J.&rft.date=June+2016&rft.pages=pp.+22&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2Fbootleggers.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CRPTheMoney15-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CRPTheMoney15_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/marijuana\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Money in Marijuana: The political landscape\"<\/a>. <i>OpenSecrets.org<\/i>. Center for Responsive Politics. November 2015<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/marijuana\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/marijuana\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Money+in+Marijuana%3A+The+political+landscape&rft.atitle=OpenSecrets.org&rft.date=November+2015&rft.pub=Center+for+Responsive+Politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensecrets.org%2Fnews%2Fissues%2Fmarijuana%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BoazWill18-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BoazWill18_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Boaz, D. (25 April 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cato.org\/blog\/will-regulations-create-big-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">\"Will Regulations Create Big Marijuana?\"<\/a>. <i>Cato at Liberty<\/i>. Cato Institute<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cato.org\/blog\/will-regulations-create-big-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cato.org\/blog\/will-regulations-create-big-marijuana<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Will+Regulations+Create+Big+Marijuana%3F&rft.atitle=Cato+at+Liberty&rft.aulast=Boaz%2C+D.&rft.au=Boaz%2C+D.&rft.date=25+April+2018&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fblog%2Fwill-regulations-create-big-marijuana&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ArnoldTheRise16-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ArnoldTheRise16_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ArnoldTheRise16_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Arnold, C. (19 October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/article\/patenting-pot\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Rise of Marijuana\u2122 (Patent Pending)\"<\/a>. <i>Nova Next<\/i>. PBS<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/article\/patenting-pot\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/article\/patenting-pot\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Marijuana%E2%84%A2+%28Patent+Pending%29&rft.atitle=Nova+Next&rft.aulast=Arnold%2C+C.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+C.&rft.date=19+October+2016&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Farticle%2Fpatenting-pot%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CLBOpen18-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CLBOpen18_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Canna Law Blog (23 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/harrisbricken.com\/cannalawblog\/open-cannabis-project-and-the\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Open Cannabis Project: The Fight to Get Marijuana Patents Right\"<\/a>. <i>Canna Law Blog<\/i>. Harris Bricken<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/harrisbricken.com\/cannalawblog\/open-cannabis-project-and-the\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/harrisbricken.com\/cannalawblog\/open-cannabis-project-and-the\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 AUgust 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Open+Cannabis+Project%3A+The+Fight+to+Get+Marijuana+Patents+Right&rft.atitle=Canna+Law+Blog&rft.aulast=Canna+Law+Blog&rft.au=Canna+Law+Blog&rft.date=23+February+2018&rft.pub=Harris+Bricken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharrisbricken.com%2Fcannalawblog%2Fopen-cannabis-project-and-the%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ShepherdOpenCanna19-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShepherdOpenCanna19_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Shepherd, K. (6 May 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wweek.com\/news\/business\/2019\/05\/06\/open-cannabis-project-dissolves-in-response-to-controversy-over-ag-science-company-phylos-biosciences-breeding-program\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Open Cannabis Project Dissolves In Response to Controversy Over Ag-Science Company Phylos Bioscience\u2019s Breeding Program\"<\/a>. <i>Willamette Week<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wweek.com\/news\/business\/2019\/05\/06\/open-cannabis-project-dissolves-in-response-to-controversy-over-ag-science-company-phylos-biosciences-breeding-program\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wweek.com\/news\/business\/2019\/05\/06\/open-cannabis-project-dissolves-in-response-to-controversy-over-ag-science-company-phylos-biosciences-breeding-program\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Open+Cannabis+Project+Dissolves+In+Response+to+Controversy+Over+Ag-Science+Company+Phylos+Bioscience%E2%80%99s+Breeding+Program&rft.atitle=Willamette+Week&rft.aulast=Shepherd%2C+K.&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+K.&rft.date=6+May+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wweek.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F2019%2F05%2F06%2Fopen-cannabis-project-dissolves-in-response-to-controversy-over-ag-science-company-phylos-biosciences-breeding-program%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BrachmannUSCanna19-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BrachmannUSCanna19_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Brachmann, S. (26 July 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inventorsdigest.com\/articles\/u-s-cannabis-inventions-grow\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"U.S. Cannabis Inventions Grow\"<\/a>. <i>Inventors Digest<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inventorsdigest.com\/articles\/u-s-cannabis-inventions-grow\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.inventorsdigest.com\/articles\/u-s-cannabis-inventions-grow\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 AUgust 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=U.S.+Cannabis+Inventions+Grow&rft.atitle=Inventors+Digest&rft.aulast=Brachmann%2C+S.&rft.au=Brachmann%2C+S.&rft.date=26+July+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inventorsdigest.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-cannabis-inventions-grow%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NayakCanna19-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NayakCanna19_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Nayak, M. (1 August 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/ip-law\/cannabis-companies-gamble-on-patents-to-lure-possible-suitors\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Companies Gamble on Patents to Lure Possible Suitors\"<\/a>. <i>Bloomberg Law<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/ip-law\/cannabis-companies-gamble-on-patents-to-lure-possible-suitors\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/ip-law\/cannabis-companies-gamble-on-patents-to-lure-possible-suitors<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Companies+Gamble+on+Patents+to+Lure+Possible+Suitors&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+Law&rft.aulast=Nayak%2C+M.&rft.au=Nayak%2C+M.&rft.date=1+August+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bloomberglaw.com%2Fip-law%2Fcannabis-companies-gamble-on-patents-to-lure-possible-suitors&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KampsTheNumb19-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KampsTheNumb19_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kamps, M. (10 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law360.com\/articles\/1206064\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Number of Cannabis-Centric Patents Is Getting High\"<\/a>. <i>Law360<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law360.com\/articles\/1206064\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.law360.com\/articles\/1206064<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Number+of+Cannabis-Centric+Patents+Is+Getting+High&rft.atitle=Law360&rft.aulast=Kamps%2C+M.&rft.au=Kamps%2C+M.&rft.date=10+October+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F1206064&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Capuano2019_19-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-Capuano2019_19_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-Capuano2019_19_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Capuano, V. (5 December 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200226172321\/https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/2019-cannabis-patent-review-i-extraction-purification-vince-capuano\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"2019 Cannabis Patent Review I: Extraction and Purification\"<\/a>. <i>LinkedIn Pulse<\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/2019-cannabis-patent-review-i-extraction-purification-vince-capuano\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 26 February 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200226172321\/https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/2019-cannabis-patent-review-i-extraction-purification-vince-capuano\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200226172321\/https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/2019-cannabis-patent-review-i-extraction-purification-vince-capuano\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=2019+Cannabis+Patent+Review+I%3A+Extraction+and+Purification&rft.atitle=LinkedIn+Pulse&rft.aulast=Capuano%2C+V.&rft.au=Capuano%2C+V.&rft.date=5+December+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200226172321%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fpulse%2F2019-cannabis-patent-review-i-extraction-purification-vince-capuano%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MaxfieldIntell19-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MaxfieldIntell19_15-0\">15.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MaxfieldIntell19_15-1\">15.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MaxfieldIntell19_15-2\">15.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Maxfield, A. (2019). \"Intellectual Property Survey: Cannabis Plant Types, Methods of Extraction, IP Protection, and One Patent That Could Ruin It All\". <i>Drug Enforcement and Policy Center<\/i> <b>3<\/b>: 1\u20138. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139%2Fssrn.3376060\" target=\"_blank\">10.2139\/ssrn.3376060<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intellectual+Property+Survey%3A+Cannabis+Plant+Types%2C+Methods+of+Extraction%2C+IP+Protection%2C+and+One+Patent+That+Could+Ruin+It+All&rft.jtitle=Drug+Enforcement+and+Policy+Center&rft.aulast=Maxfield%2C+A.&rft.au=Maxfield%2C+A.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=1%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2139%2Fssrn.3376060&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AhnCanna19-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AhnCanna19_16-0\">16.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AhnCanna19_16-1\">16.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ahn, J. (4 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannalawblog.com\/cannabis-patent-litigation-update-is-extraction-and-preparation-prior-art\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Patent Litigation Update: Is Extraction and Preparation Prior Art?\"<\/a>. <i>Canna Law Blow<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannalawblog.com\/cannabis-patent-litigation-update-is-extraction-and-preparation-prior-art\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannalawblog.com\/cannabis-patent-litigation-update-is-extraction-and-preparation-prior-art\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Patent+Litigation+Update%3A+Is+Extraction+and+Preparation+Prior+Art%3F&rft.atitle=Canna+Law+Blow&rft.aulast=Ahn%2C+J.&rft.au=Ahn%2C+J.&rft.date=4+March+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannalawblog.com%2Fcannabis-patent-litigation-update-is-extraction-and-preparation-prior-art%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140925\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.140 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.151 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 11716\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 93897\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 34143\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 29061\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 140.211 1 -total\n 86.57% 121.380 1 Template:Reflist\n 69.51% 97.457 16 Template:Citation\/core\n 66.12% 92.711 15 Template:Cite_web\n 15.45% 21.662 15 Template:Date\n 13.35% 18.715 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\n 9.67% 13.554 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 4.62% 6.472 29 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 4.07% 5.710 1 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 1.21% 1.702 2 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5238-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140925 and revision id 15822. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","7ace9bcbbed3bc6dc01a7099efe1cd88_images":[],"7ace9bcbbed3bc6dc01a7099efe1cd88_timestamp":1660140565,"eb1b7514c5abdbf2237d540c5fb0fb7d_type":"article","eb1b7514c5abdbf2237d540c5fb0fb7d_title":"5.3 Production and safety","eb1b7514c5abdbf2237d540c5fb0fb7d_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production","eb1b7514c5abdbf2237d540c5fb0fb7d_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/ProductionFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search5.3 Production \nOutside the lab, on the production side, resides a glimpse of technology that ties several of the previously mentioned ideas together: growing cannabis as an environmentally modified organism (EMO). A June 2016 article published in Motherboard referenced the Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility (CESRF) in Canada and its effort to apply innovations in growing plants in closed environments (such as on spaceships) to cannabis production.[1] Specifically, the researchers see promise in being able to precisely control grow conditions to produce a plant with a particular ratio of active chemicals. As such, the previously mentioned synergistic relationship of cannabis' chemicals can be more carefully studied, and the end product, once studied and methodically tested, could potentially \"achieve the status of a conventional pharmaceutical commodity that a doctor can rely on and prescribe.\"[1] CESRF isn't alone in developing grow technology that can tailor the necessary conditions for a particular strain. Over the years, Israeli-linked start-ups (see the last section \"Non-U.S. policy\" for more) like Corsica Innovations (LEAF), Flux Farm (Eddy), and Eroll Grow Tech (Seedo) have developed similar grow technology that may transform future research.[2][3][4][5] And Front Range Biosciences continues with its Clean Stock program, which \"uses tissue culture to help clean up, store, mass-produce and certify plants, ensuring they are disease-free and true to type.\"[6][7]\nWith better research, more definitive fact-based decisions can be made in the regulatory sphere, better guiding medical and recreational marijuana policy. That said, keep an eye on developments in controllable production methods; advances in this area stand to improve many of the other facets of research and testing discussed.\n\n5.3.1 Safety \nAs production facilities (as well as testing laboratories) become more prominent throughout the U.S., another concern is beginning to emerge in the cannabis market: workplace safety. An August 2018 report by Chemistry World brought up several chemical accidents at cultivation facilities in Arizona that raised eyebrows in chemical safety groups. A commercial greenhouse cleaner at one cannabis facility ended with 16 employees being treated, and another involving \"improperly stored hazardous materials\" caused significant property damage.[8] Safety groups[8] and researchers[9][10] remain concerned that as the cannabis industry rapidly expands, safety concerns may not get taken seriously by operators. As for workers themselves, a Colorado State University study says they may be taking safety more seriously, but nearly 50 percent of them complain of not receiving adequate training on \"biological, chemical and physical hazards\" inherent to their work.[11] In addition to training, grow-ops, laboratories, and governments need to be more proactive in establishing guidelines and protocols in safety, including the specific equipment to use with various handling activities. Safety and manufacturing companies like 3M have increasingly become aware of this need, recommending procedures and personal protective equipment for cannabis handling tasks.[12][13] And Colorado's Department of Public Health & Environment have created their own guidance called Guide to Worker Safety and Health in the Marijuana Industry.[14] However, whether or not handling of cannabis requires special occupational safety rules has been debated before by various states, with California in 2017 stating existing rules cover the industry adequately.[15] It remains to be seen if states will eventually create their own occupational rules as the industry expands further.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 Owens, B. (21 June 2016). \"How Space Technology Will Produce the Best Weed Ever\". Motherboard. Motherboard-IPTV LLC. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/8q85qk\/how-space-technology-will-produce-the-best-weed-marijuana-cannabis-pot . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gustafson, K. (7 December 2016). \"Startup Launches Automated System It Claims Makes It Easy To Grow Marijuana At Home\". Forbes. Forbes.com LLC. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/katherinegustafson\/2016\/12\/07\/it-just-became-incredibly-easy-to-grow-marijuana-at-home-meet-leaf\/print\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Solomon, S. (9 November 2016). \"Israeli startup creates idiot\u2019s guide to home-grown food\". The Times of Israel. http:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/israeli-startup-creates-idiots-guide-to-home-grown-food\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Press, V.S. (13 February 2017). \"5 reasons Israel is dominating the cannabis industry\". ISREAL21c. https:\/\/www.israel21c.org\/5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wenkert, A.; Hirschauge, O. (13 February 2018). \"Leaf, Long-Awaited Home Cannabis Farming Box, to Start Shipping\". CTech. Yedioth Ahronoth Group. https:\/\/www.calcalistech.com\/ctech\/articles\/0,7340,L-3731790,00.html . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Schiller, M. (4 June 2018). \"Front Range Biosciences Offers Clean Stock Program for Cannabis to Reduce Loss and Increase Efficiency\". Cannabis Business Times. GIE Media, Inc. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/front-range-biosciences-offers-clean-stock-program-cannabis\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Front Range Biosciences' Clean Stock\u00ae Program Fights Hop Latent Viroid in Cannabis\". Front Range Biosciences. 20 May 2021. https:\/\/www.frontrangebio.com\/posts\/front-range-biosciences-clean-stock-r-program-fights-hop-latent-viroid-in-cannabis . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 Trager, R. (22 August 2018). \"Accidents at cannabis cultivation facilities worry industry chemists\". Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry. https:\/\/www.chemistryworld.com\/news\/accidents-at-cannabis-cultivation-facilities-worry-industry-chemists\/3009412.article . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Davidson, M.; Reed, S.; Oosthuzien, J. et al. (2018). \"Occupational health and safety in cannabis production: an Australian perspective\". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 24 (3\u20134): 75\u201385. doi:10.1080\/10773525.2018.1517234. PMC PMC6237171. PMID 30281413. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6237171 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Victory, K.R.; Couch, J.; Lowe, B. et al. (2018). \"Notes from the Field: Occupational Hazards Associated with Harvesting and Processing Cannabis \u2014 Washington, 2015\u20132016\". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67: 259\u201360. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm6708a7.   \n \n\n\u2191 Valentic, S. (27 March 2018). \"Study: Cannabis Workers Value Safety but Lack Formal Training\". EHS Today. https:\/\/www.ehstoday.com\/safety\/article\/21919561\/study-cannabis-workers-value-safety-but-lack-formal-training . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Growing Worker Safety Concerns in the Medical Marijuana Industry\". Worker Health and Safety. 3M. 17 April 2018. https:\/\/workersafety.3m.com\/growing-worker-safety-concerns-medical-marijuana-industry\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Technical Data Bulletin #249 - Legal Cannabis Growing Operations\" (PDF). 3M Personal Safety Division. September 2016. http:\/\/multimedia.3m.com\/mws\/media\/1283636O\/tdb-249-legal-cannabis-growing-operations-pdf.pdf . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bottino, B. (24 November 2019). \"Cannabis work safety\". Safety+Health. https:\/\/www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com\/articles\/19117-cannabis-worker-safety . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bland, K.D. (6 July 2017). \"Cal\/OSHA Declines to Create Marijuana-Specific Safety Regulations\". State and Local Updates. Society for Human Resource Management. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200812044233\/https:\/\/www.shrm.org\/resourcesandtools\/legal-and-compliance\/state-and-local-updates\/pages\/cal-osha-declines-to-create-marijuana-specific-safety-regulations.aspx . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 16:42.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","eb1b7514c5abdbf2237d540c5fb0fb7d_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Production rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Production skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Production<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.3_Production\">5.3 Production<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:My_420_Tours_guide.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"832afecd891801c0542f0d20080aad97\"><img alt=\"My 420 Tours guide.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/My_420_Tours_guide.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"340\" height=\"255\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>Outside the lab, on the production side, resides a glimpse of technology that ties several of the previously mentioned ideas together: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_cultivation\" title=\"Cannabis cultivation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2a93fc4d018f9aaacd8e9024a56eaa13\">growing cannabis<\/a> as an environmentally modified organism (EMO). A June 2016 article published in <em>Motherboard<\/em> referenced the Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility (CESRF) in Canada and its effort to apply innovations in growing plants in closed environments (such as on spaceships) to cannabis production.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OwensHow16_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OwensHow16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Specifically, the researchers see promise in being able to precisely control grow conditions to produce a plant with a particular ratio of active chemicals. As such, the previously mentioned synergistic relationship of cannabis' chemicals can be more carefully studied, and the end product, once studied and methodically tested, could potentially \"achieve the status of a conventional pharmaceutical commodity that a doctor can rely on and prescribe.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OwensHow16_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OwensHow16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> CESRF isn't alone in developing grow technology that can tailor the necessary conditions for a particular strain. Over the years, Israeli-linked start-ups (see the last section \"Non-U.S. policy\" for more) like Corsica Innovations (LEAF), Flux Farm (Eddy), and Eroll Grow Tech (Seedo) have developed similar grow technology that may transform future research.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GustafsonStartup16_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GustafsonStartup16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SolomonIsreali16_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SolomonIsreali16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PressFive17_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PressFive17-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WenkertLeaf18_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WenkertLeaf18-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> And Front Range Biosciences continues with its Clean Stock program, which \"uses tissue culture to help clean up, store, mass-produce and certify plants, ensuring they are disease-free and true to type.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchillerFront18_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchillerFront18-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FRBFront21_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FRBFront21-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>With better research, more definitive fact-based decisions can be made in the regulatory sphere, better guiding medical and recreational marijuana policy. That said, keep an eye on developments in controllable production methods; advances in this area stand to improve many of the other facets of research and testing discussed.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.3.1_Safety\">5.3.1 Safety<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>As production facilities (as well as testing laboratories) become more prominent throughout the U.S., another concern is beginning to emerge in the cannabis market: workplace safety. An August 2018 report by <i>Chemistry World<\/i> brought up several chemical accidents at cultivation facilities in Arizona that raised eyebrows in chemical safety groups. A commercial greenhouse cleaner at one cannabis facility ended with 16 employees being treated, and another involving \"improperly stored hazardous materials\" caused significant property damage.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TragerAccidents18_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TragerAccidents18-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Safety groups<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TragerAccidents18_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TragerAccidents18-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> and researchers<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DavidsonOccu18_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DavidsonOccu18-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VictoryNotes18_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VictoryNotes18-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> remain concerned that as the cannabis industry rapidly expands, safety concerns may not get taken seriously by operators. As for workers themselves, a Colorado State University study says they may be taking safety more seriously, but nearly 50 percent of them complain of not receiving adequate training on \"biological, chemical and physical hazards\" inherent to their work.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ValenticStudy18_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ValenticStudy18-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> In addition to training, grow-ops, laboratories, and governments need to be more proactive in establishing guidelines and protocols in safety, including the specific equipment to use with various handling activities. Safety and manufacturing companies like 3M have increasingly become aware of this need, recommending procedures and personal protective equipment for cannabis handling tasks.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-3MGrowing18_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3MGrowing18-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-3M249Legal16_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3M249Legal16-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> And Colorado's Department of Public Health & Environment have created their own guidance called <i>Guide to Worker Safety and Health in the Marijuana Industry<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BottinoCanna19_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BottinoCanna19-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> However, whether or not handling of cannabis requires special occupational safety rules has been debated before by various states, with California in 2017 stating existing rules cover the industry adequately.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BlandCalOSHA17_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BlandCalOSHA17-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> It remains to be seen if states will eventually create their own occupational rules as the industry expands further.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-OwensHow16-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OwensHow16_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OwensHow16_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Owens, B. (21 June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/8q85qk\/how-space-technology-will-produce-the-best-weed-marijuana-cannabis-pot\" target=\"_blank\">\"How Space Technology Will Produce the Best Weed Ever\"<\/a>. <i>Motherboard<\/i>. Motherboard-IPTV LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/8q85qk\/how-space-technology-will-produce-the-best-weed-marijuana-cannabis-pot\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/8q85qk\/how-space-technology-will-produce-the-best-weed-marijuana-cannabis-pot<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+Space+Technology+Will+Produce+the+Best+Weed+Ever&rft.atitle=Motherboard&rft.aulast=Owens%2C+B.&rft.au=Owens%2C+B.&rft.date=21+June+2016&rft.pub=Motherboard-IPTV+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F8q85qk%2Fhow-space-technology-will-produce-the-best-weed-marijuana-cannabis-pot&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GustafsonStartup16-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GustafsonStartup16_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Gustafson, K. (7 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/katherinegustafson\/2016\/12\/07\/it-just-became-incredibly-easy-to-grow-marijuana-at-home-meet-leaf\/print\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Startup Launches Automated System It Claims Makes It Easy To Grow Marijuana At Home\"<\/a>. <i>Forbes<\/i>. Forbes.com LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/katherinegustafson\/2016\/12\/07\/it-just-became-incredibly-easy-to-grow-marijuana-at-home-meet-leaf\/print\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/katherinegustafson\/2016\/12\/07\/it-just-became-incredibly-easy-to-grow-marijuana-at-home-meet-leaf\/print\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Startup+Launches+Automated+System+It+Claims+Makes+It+Easy+To+Grow+Marijuana+At+Home&rft.atitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Gustafson%2C+K.&rft.au=Gustafson%2C+K.&rft.date=7+December+2016&rft.pub=Forbes.com+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fkatherinegustafson%2F2016%2F12%2F07%2Fit-just-became-incredibly-easy-to-grow-marijuana-at-home-meet-leaf%2Fprint%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SolomonIsreali16-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SolomonIsreali16_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Solomon, S. (9 November 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/israeli-startup-creates-idiots-guide-to-home-grown-food\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Israeli startup creates idiot\u2019s guide to home-grown food\"<\/a>. <i>The Times of Israel<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/israeli-startup-creates-idiots-guide-to-home-grown-food\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/israeli-startup-creates-idiots-guide-to-home-grown-food\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Israeli+startup+creates+idiot%E2%80%99s+guide+to+home-grown+food&rft.atitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.aulast=Solomon%2C+S.&rft.au=Solomon%2C+S.&rft.date=9+November+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fisraeli-startup-creates-idiots-guide-to-home-grown-food%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PressFive17-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PressFive17_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Press, V.S. (13 February 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.israel21c.org\/5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"5 reasons Israel is dominating the cannabis industry\"<\/a>. <i>ISREAL21c<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.israel21c.org\/5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.israel21c.org\/5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=5+reasons+Israel+is+dominating+the+cannabis+industry&rft.atitle=ISREAL21c&rft.aulast=Press%2C+V.S.&rft.au=Press%2C+V.S.&rft.date=13+February+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israel21c.org%2F5-reasons-israel-is-dominating-the-cannabis-industry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WenkertLeaf18-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WenkertLeaf18_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wenkert, A.; Hirschauge, O. (13 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.calcalistech.com\/ctech\/articles\/0,7340,L-3731790,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Leaf, Long-Awaited Home Cannabis Farming Box, to Start Shipping\"<\/a>. <i>CTech<\/i>. Yedioth Ahronoth Group<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.calcalistech.com\/ctech\/articles\/0,7340,L-3731790,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.calcalistech.com\/ctech\/articles\/0,7340,L-3731790,00.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Leaf%2C+Long-Awaited+Home+Cannabis+Farming+Box%2C+to+Start+Shipping&rft.atitle=CTech&rft.aulast=Wenkert%2C+A.%3B+Hirschauge%2C+O.&rft.au=Wenkert%2C+A.%3B+Hirschauge%2C+O.&rft.date=13+February+2018&rft.pub=Yedioth+Ahronoth+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calcalistech.com%2Fctech%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3731790%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchillerFront18-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchillerFront18_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schiller, M. (4 June 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/front-range-biosciences-offers-clean-stock-program-cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Front Range Biosciences Offers Clean Stock Program for Cannabis to Reduce Loss and Increase Efficiency\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Times<\/i>. GIE Media, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/front-range-biosciences-offers-clean-stock-program-cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/front-range-biosciences-offers-clean-stock-program-cannabis\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Front+Range+Biosciences+Offers+Clean+Stock+Program+for+Cannabis+to+Reduce+Loss+and+Increase+Efficiency&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Times&rft.aulast=Schiller%2C+M.&rft.au=Schiller%2C+M.&rft.date=4+June+2018&rft.pub=GIE+Media%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinesstimes.com%2Farticle%2Ffront-range-biosciences-offers-clean-stock-program-cannabis%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FRBFront21-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FRBFront21_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontrangebio.com\/posts\/front-range-biosciences-clean-stock-r-program-fights-hop-latent-viroid-in-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"Front Range Biosciences' Clean Stock\u00ae Program Fights Hop Latent Viroid in Cannabis\"<\/a>. Front Range Biosciences. 20 May 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontrangebio.com\/posts\/front-range-biosciences-clean-stock-r-program-fights-hop-latent-viroid-in-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.frontrangebio.com\/posts\/front-range-biosciences-clean-stock-r-program-fights-hop-latent-viroid-in-cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Front+Range+Biosciences%27+Clean+Stock%C2%AE+Program+Fights+Hop+Latent+Viroid+in+Cannabis&rft.atitle=&rft.date=20+May+2021&rft.pub=Front+Range+Biosciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontrangebio.com%2Fposts%2Ffront-range-biosciences-clean-stock-r-program-fights-hop-latent-viroid-in-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TragerAccidents18-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-TragerAccidents18_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-TragerAccidents18_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Trager, R. (22 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemistryworld.com\/news\/accidents-at-cannabis-cultivation-facilities-worry-industry-chemists\/3009412.article\" target=\"_blank\">\"Accidents at cannabis cultivation facilities worry industry chemists\"<\/a>. <i>Chemistry World<\/i>. Royal Society of Chemistry<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemistryworld.com\/news\/accidents-at-cannabis-cultivation-facilities-worry-industry-chemists\/3009412.article\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.chemistryworld.com\/news\/accidents-at-cannabis-cultivation-facilities-worry-industry-chemists\/3009412.article<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Accidents+at+cannabis+cultivation+facilities+worry+industry+chemists&rft.atitle=Chemistry+World&rft.aulast=Trager%2C+R.&rft.au=Trager%2C+R.&rft.date=22+August+2018&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryworld.com%2Fnews%2Faccidents-at-cannabis-cultivation-facilities-worry-industry-chemists%2F3009412.article&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DavidsonOccu18-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DavidsonOccu18_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Davidson, M.; Reed, S.; Oosthuzien, J. et al. (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6237171\" target=\"_blank\">\"Occupational health and safety in cannabis production: an Australian perspective\"<\/a>. <i>International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health<\/i> <b>24<\/b> (3\u20134): 75\u201385. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F10773525.2018.1517234\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/10773525.2018.1517234<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6237171\" target=\"_blank\">PMC6237171<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30281413\" target=\"_blank\">30281413<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6237171\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6237171<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Occupational+health+and+safety+in+cannabis+production%3A+an+Australian+perspective&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Occupational+and+Environmental+Health&rft.aulast=Davidson%2C+M.%3B+Reed%2C+S.%3B+Oosthuzien%2C+J.+et+al.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+M.%3B+Reed%2C+S.%3B+Oosthuzien%2C+J.+et+al.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=75%E2%80%9385&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F10773525.2018.1517234&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC6237171&rft_id=info:pmid\/30281413&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC6237171&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VictoryNotes18-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-VictoryNotes18_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Victory, K.R.; Couch, J.; Lowe, B. et al. (2018). \"Notes from the Field: Occupational Hazards Associated with Harvesting and Processing Cannabis \u2014 Washington, 2015\u20132016\". <i>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report<\/i> <b>67<\/b>: 259\u201360. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6708a7\" target=\"_blank\">10.15585\/mmwr.mm6708a7<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Notes+from+the+Field%3A+Occupational+Hazards+Associated+with+Harvesting+and+Processing+Cannabis+%E2%80%94+Washington%2C+2015%E2%80%932016&rft.jtitle=Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.aulast=Victory%2C+K.R.%3B+Couch%2C+J.%3B+Lowe%2C+B.+et+al.&rft.au=Victory%2C+K.R.%3B+Couch%2C+J.%3B+Lowe%2C+B.+et+al.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=259%E2%80%9360&rft_id=info:doi\/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6708a7&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ValenticStudy18-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ValenticStudy18_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Valentic, S. (27 March 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ehstoday.com\/safety\/article\/21919561\/study-cannabis-workers-value-safety-but-lack-formal-training\" target=\"_blank\">\"Study: Cannabis Workers Value Safety but Lack Formal Training\"<\/a>. <i>EHS Today<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ehstoday.com\/safety\/article\/21919561\/study-cannabis-workers-value-safety-but-lack-formal-training\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ehstoday.com\/safety\/article\/21919561\/study-cannabis-workers-value-safety-but-lack-formal-training<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Study%3A+Cannabis+Workers+Value+Safety+but+Lack+Formal+Training&rft.atitle=EHS+Today&rft.aulast=Valentic%2C+S.&rft.au=Valentic%2C+S.&rft.date=27+March+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehstoday.com%2Fsafety%2Farticle%2F21919561%2Fstudy-cannabis-workers-value-safety-but-lack-formal-training&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3MGrowing18-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3MGrowing18_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/workersafety.3m.com\/growing-worker-safety-concerns-medical-marijuana-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Growing Worker Safety Concerns in the Medical Marijuana Industry\"<\/a>. <i>Worker Health and Safety<\/i>. 3M. 17 April 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/workersafety.3m.com\/growing-worker-safety-concerns-medical-marijuana-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/workersafety.3m.com\/growing-worker-safety-concerns-medical-marijuana-industry\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Growing+Worker+Safety+Concerns+in+the+Medical+Marijuana+Industry&rft.atitle=Worker+Health+and+Safety&rft.date=17+April+2018&rft.pub=3M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworkersafety.3m.com%2Fgrowing-worker-safety-concerns-medical-marijuana-industry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3M249Legal16-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3M249Legal16_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/multimedia.3m.com\/mws\/media\/1283636O\/tdb-249-legal-cannabis-growing-operations-pdf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Technical Data Bulletin #249 - Legal Cannabis Growing Operations\"<\/a> (PDF). 3M Personal Safety Division. September 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/multimedia.3m.com\/mws\/media\/1283636O\/tdb-249-legal-cannabis-growing-operations-pdf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/multimedia.3m.com\/mws\/media\/1283636O\/tdb-249-legal-cannabis-growing-operations-pdf.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Technical+Data+Bulletin+%23249+-+Legal+Cannabis+Growing+Operations&rft.atitle=&rft.date=September+2016&rft.pub=3M+Personal+Safety+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultimedia.3m.com%2Fmws%2Fmedia%2F1283636O%2Ftdb-249-legal-cannabis-growing-operations-pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BottinoCanna19-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BottinoCanna19_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bottino, B. (24 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com\/articles\/19117-cannabis-worker-safety\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis work safety\"<\/a>. <i>Safety+Health<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com\/articles\/19117-cannabis-worker-safety\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com\/articles\/19117-cannabis-worker-safety<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+work+safety&rft.atitle=Safety%2BHealth&rft.aulast=Bottino%2C+B.&rft.au=Bottino%2C+B.&rft.date=24+November+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safetyandhealthmagazine.com%2Farticles%2F19117-cannabis-worker-safety&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BlandCalOSHA17-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BlandCalOSHA17_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bland, K.D. (6 July 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200812044233\/https:\/\/www.shrm.org\/resourcesandtools\/legal-and-compliance\/state-and-local-updates\/pages\/cal-osha-declines-to-create-marijuana-specific-safety-regulations.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cal\/OSHA Declines to Create Marijuana-Specific Safety Regulations\"<\/a>. <i>State and Local Updates<\/i>. Society for Human Resource Management. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shrm.org\/resourcesandtools\/legal-and-compliance\/state-and-local-updates\/pages\/cal-osha-declines-to-create-marijuana-specific-safety-regulations.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 12 August 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200812044233\/https:\/\/www.shrm.org\/resourcesandtools\/legal-and-compliance\/state-and-local-updates\/pages\/cal-osha-declines-to-create-marijuana-specific-safety-regulations.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200812044233\/https:\/\/www.shrm.org\/resourcesandtools\/legal-and-compliance\/state-and-local-updates\/pages\/cal-osha-declines-to-create-marijuana-specific-safety-regulations.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cal%2FOSHA+Declines+to+Create+Marijuana-Specific+Safety+Regulations&rft.atitle=State+and+Local+Updates&rft.aulast=Bland%2C+K.D.&rft.au=Bland%2C+K.D.&rft.date=6+July+2017&rft.pub=Society+for+Human+Resource+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200812044233%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrm.org%2Fresourcesandtools%2Flegal-and-compliance%2Fstate-and-local-updates%2Fpages%2Fcal-osha-declines-to-create-marijuana-specific-safety-regulations.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140924\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.139 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.509 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 10992\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 95340\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 38217\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 28464\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 114.968 1 -total\n 92.93% 106.842 1 Template:Reflist\n 75.92% 87.283 15 Template:Citation\/core\n 66.51% 76.468 13 Template:Cite_web\n 16.43% 18.888 2 Template:Cite_journal\n 15.43% 17.736 13 Template:Date\n 7.00% 8.050 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\n 6.37% 7.325 27 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 5.19% 5.970 4 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 2.81% 3.226 9 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5236-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140924 and revision id 15820. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","eb1b7514c5abdbf2237d540c5fb0fb7d_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/My_420_Tours_guide.jpg"],"eb1b7514c5abdbf2237d540c5fb0fb7d_timestamp":1660140564,"01727302717c8a5a6807f1508c3d9349_type":"article","01727302717c8a5a6807f1508c3d9349_title":"5.2 Lab testing and consolidation","01727302717c8a5a6807f1508c3d9349_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing","01727302717c8a5a6807f1508c3d9349_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Lab testingFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search5.2 Lab testing \nA January 2021 report by Global Market Insights (GMI) found the U.S. cannabis testing market to be valued at about $2 billion in 2020, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.4 percent through 2027.[1] At a global level, GMI's October 2021 report found the total market value to be somewhere around $3 billion in 2020, with a CAGR of 21.1 percent through 2027, affected positively by medical application growth, growth in research institution investment, and cultivator and laboratory growth, negatively by a lack of uniform regulations and testing standards.[2] A more conservative number was offered by Coherent Market Insights in July 2022, indicating a global market valued at $1.66 billion in 2022, potentially growing to $4.5 billion by 2030.[3]\nAs for advances in cannabis lab testing, Kuzdzal et al. of Shimadzu envision a future where improvements in standardization, quality control, and research will shift what is tested and how it's tested[4]:\n\nThe cannabis industry and cannabis testing are in their infancies. As the need for better quality control continues and standardization is introduced, it is likely that lower limits for the various cannabis contaminants will be established and regulations will be introduced. Mass spectrometry will likely play a greater role in quantitation as detection levels are lowered and confirmatory tests are required. The health benefits of terpenes present in cannabis will also provide a fertile area of scientific research. CBD, CBG and other compounds appear to have a synergistic relationship with each other as well as with various THC forms and terpenes. This field needs much more investigation to determine mechanisms of action, bioavailability and health benefits.\nLab testing of cannabis should continue to provide more exact and useful results as methods and standards continue to evolve. Disparity of results between two labs for the same sample are continuing to narrow as states increasingly add testing requirements to their cannabis legislature.[5] Those testing requirements are increasingly based off a growing body of recommendations, guidance, and standards developed by the likes of the Americans for Safe Access Foundation (ASAF), American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP), American Herbal Products Association (AHPA), Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC), American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), and the Association of Public Health Laboratories.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Already, the groundwork for standard methods is being created by the AOAC and ASTM International, which continue to work on standardizing the determination and quantitation of cannabinoid concentrations, residual solvents, and pesticide amounts.[13][14] Proficiency tests such as the Emerald Test[15], which allows multiple labs to test an anonymous sample and compare results, should also continue to drive improved performance from cannabis testing labs.[5]\nFinally, the role automation can play in cannabis testing labs is increasingly being discussed.[16][17][18][19] This includes the implementation of environmental data loggers, direct-capture balances, sample preparation automation, and inventory tracking tools. Of course, software tools like the laboratory information management system (LIMS) also play a role in smoothing out workflows and reducing errors. However, automation solutions may move from something that is casually worth investing in to something that is critical to maintaining competitive strength[20], particularly if the U.S. government makes cannabis legal at the federal level. As more competitors enter the market, having automation to ensure quality and performance could be vital to labs who may have been around early on without automation.[19][20][21]\n\n5.2.1 Consolidation \nAnother potential trend to keep an eye on with these testing laboratories: consolidation. Currently there's not a lot of data on the extent consolidation has affected the number of cannabis testing labs or how they operate; the industry is arguably still in its infancy. Regardless, mentions in press and practical examples demonstrate that consolidation is a real concern for the industry, if not now in the future. Suggestion of such came from Steep Hill Halent's CEO David Lampach in late 2013, anticipating \"huge consolidation in general and fewer companies as a result.\"[22] GreenWave Advisors, CannaSafe Analytics, and Kramer Holcomb Sheik have also lent their voices to this idea.[23][24][25] \nIn the fall of 2019, some discussion of California's laboratory testing market suggested consolidation could still occur. However, at the time a majority of the state's labs were not anywhere close to full capacity, a potential indicator of California's market not reaching fully saturated potential. Additionally, the likelihood of new labs opening up will be low due to the lack of saturation.[26] This doesn't necessarily preclude lab consolidation, but it may be possible that labs with buying power could still consider purchasing other labs in order to gain a bigger piece of the pie. In some cases\u2014where it's actually legal\u2014licensed producers are acquiring laboratories. In Canada, for example, several producers have acquired licensed cannabis testing and research laboratories to bring them in-house, citing greater flexibility and more security for proprietary testing and research.[27] Even in the U.S., consolidation among not just labs but also growers and distributors is not uncommon[28] and may continue as the industry further continues to evolve.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"U.S. Cannabis Testing Market\". Global Market Insights, Inc. January 2021. https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/us-cannabis-testing-market . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis Testing Market\". Global Market Insights, Inc. October 2021. https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/cannabis-testing-market . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis Testing Services Market Analysis\". Coherent Market Insights. July 2022. https:\/\/www.coherentmarketinsights.com\/market-insight\/cannabis-testing-services-market-2976 . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. (December 2017). \"A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing\" (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from the original on 07 December 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 5.0 5.1 Nelson, S. (3 August 2016). \"Has Lab Testing Turned A Corner?\". Cannabis Business Times. GIE Media, Inc. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/has-lab-testing-turned-a-corner\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"New Certification Program Brings Quality Assurance to the Medical Marijuana Industry\". Information Forecast, Inc. 2016. https:\/\/infocastinc.com\/market-insights\/new-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cannabis Committee, AHPA (2 February 2016). \"Recommendations for Regulators \u2013 Cannabis Operations\" (PDF). American Herbal Products Association. https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf . Retrieved 09 August .   \n \n\n\u2191 Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). Cannabis Inflorescence: Cannabis spp.. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. ISBN 1929425333. https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Project CBD; Marcu, J. (16 March 2016). \"Cannabis Lab Testing & Safety Protocols\". Project CBD. Project CBD. https:\/\/www.projectcbd.org\/industry\/cannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Erickson, B.E. (13 November 2017). \"Cleaning up cannabis\". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. https:\/\/cen.acs.org\/articles\/95\/i45\/Cleaning-cannabis.html . Retrieved 09 August .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cassiday, L. (October 2016). \"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). \"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\" (PDF). pp. 35. https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (12 November 2019). \"New guidelines require laboratories to meet AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements for Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Hemp\". AOAC News. https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Committee D37 on Cannabis\". ASTM International. https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"The Emerald Test\". Emerald Scientific, LLC. https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Scholl, C. (2020). \"Automating a Cannabis Testing Laboratory\" (PDF). Cannalysis. https:\/\/biosero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/SLAS-Biosero-Tutorial-2020_Chris-Scholl.pdf . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Goldman, S. (27 January 2021). \"Automation in the Cannabis & Hemp Testing Laboratories of Tomorrow\". Analytical Cannabis. https:\/\/go.analyticalcannabis.com\/cannabis-automation . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Astill, T. (4 April 2022). \"Automating Testing Accelerated Results: How Best Practices in Cannabis Analysis Innovation are Enhancing Safety and Quality\". Terpenes and Testing Magazine. https:\/\/terpenesandtesting.com\/automating-testing-accelerated-results-how-best-practices-in-cannabis-analysis-innovation-are-enhancing-safety-and-quality\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 19.0 19.1 Ross, K. (4 May 2022). \"How Cannabis Labs Can Benefit From Data and Process Automation\". Analytical Cannabis. https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/how-cannabis-labs-can-benefit-from-data-and-process-automation-313857 . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 20.0 20.1 Ross, K. (13 June 2022). \"The Promising Future of Cannabis Testing Laboratories\". Analytical Cannabis. https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/the-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955 . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bilyj, B. (23 November 2021). \"The Costs and Benefits of Automation in Cannabis Cultivation\". Cannabis Business Times. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/the-costs-and-benefits-of-automation-cannabis-cultivation\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Lampach, D. (20 November 2013). \"Q&A With CEO of Steep Hill Halent: US Cannabis Testing Market Could Hit $40M by 2016\". Marijuana Business Daily. Anne Holland Ventures, Inc. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/qa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 CannabisFN (16 July 2015). \"DigiPath (DIGP) Well Positioned To Take Advantage of $850M Cannabis Testing Market\". The Marijuana Index. MJIC, Inc. Archived from the original on 06 August 2020. http:\/\/marijuanaindex.com\/digipath-digp-well-positioned-to-take-advantage-of-850m-cannabis-testing-market\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Schroyer, J. (January 2016). \"Industry Snapshot: Testing Labs\". Marijuana Business Magazine. Anne Holland Ventures, Inc. https:\/\/mjbizmagazine.com\/industry-snapshot-testing-labs\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"5 Key Things to Know About the Cannabis Testing Laboratory Business in California\". Insights. Kramer Holcomb Sheik LLP. July 2018. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200215103305\/https:\/\/www.khslaw.com\/insights\/cannabis-testing-lab-laws-in-california\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Schroyer, J. (7 October 2019). \"Life has stabilized for California marijuana testing labs since 2018, but hurdles remain\". Marijuana Business Daily. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/life-has-stabilized-for-california-testing-labs-since-2018-but-hurdles-remain\/ . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bennett, N. (30 April 2019). \"Consolidation trend shows cannabis growers are buying labs\". BIV. https:\/\/biv.com\/article\/2019\/04\/consolidation-trend-shows-cannabis-growers-are-buying-labs . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Pletz, J. (3 May 2019). \"Merger madness reshapes marijuana business\". Chicago Business. https:\/\/www.chicagobusiness.com\/news\/merger-madness-reshapes-marijuana-business . Retrieved 09 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 16:41.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","01727302717c8a5a6807f1508c3d9349_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Lab_testing rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Lab_testing skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Lab testing<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.2_Lab_testing\">5.2 Lab testing<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A January 2021 report by Global Market Insights (GMI) found the U.S. cannabis testing market to be valued at about $2 billion in 2020, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.4 percent through 2027.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GMIUS21_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GMIUS21-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> At a global level, GMI's October 2021 report found the total market value to be somewhere around $3 billion in 2020, with a CAGR of 21.1 percent through 2027, affected positively by medical application growth, growth in research institution investment, and cultivator and laboratory growth, negatively by a lack of uniform regulations and testing standards.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GMICann21_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GMICann21-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> A more conservative number was offered by Coherent Market Insights in July 2022, indicating a global market valued at $1.66 billion in 2022, potentially growing to $4.5 billion by 2030.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CMICannabis22_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CMICannabis22-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>As for advances in cannabis lab testing, Kuzdzal <i>et al.<\/i> of Shimadzu envision a future where improvements in standardization, quality control, and research will shift what is tested and how it's tested<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The cannabis industry and cannabis testing are in their infancies. As the need for better <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory_quality_control\" title=\"Laboratory quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6543ec3fb55c67d60f41473697c0781d\">quality control<\/a> continues and standardization is introduced, it is likely that lower limits for the various cannabis contaminants will be established and regulations will be introduced. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"18314b70982e52d5a81db4a757d6461f\">Mass spectrometry<\/a> will likely play a greater role in quantitation as detection levels are lowered and confirmatory tests are required. The health benefits of terpenes present in cannabis will also provide a fertile area of scientific research. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CBD\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"CBD\" data-key=\"917d1a675721e61924699f8817efc648\">CBD<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CBG\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"CBG\" data-key=\"9c8038fc065fdd2dc19d8a7912322ca9\">CBG<\/a> and other compounds appear to have a synergistic relationship with each other as well as with various THC forms and terpenes. This field needs much more investigation to determine mechanisms of action, bioavailability and health benefits.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Lab testing of cannabis should continue to provide more exact and useful results as methods and standards continue to evolve. Disparity of results between two labs for the same sample are continuing to narrow as states increasingly add testing requirements to their cannabis legislature.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NelsonHas16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NelsonHas16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Those testing requirements are increasingly based off a growing body of recommendations, guidance, and standards developed by the likes of the Americans for Safe Access Foundation (ASAF), American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP), American Herbal Products Association (AHPA), Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC), American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), and the Association of Public Health Laboratories.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-InfocastNew16_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-InfocastNew16-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AHPARecomm16_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AHPARecomm16-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AHPCanna14_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AHPCanna14-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MarcuJahan16_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MarcuJahan16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EricksonCleaning17_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EricksonCleaning17-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Already, the groundwork for standard methods is being created by the AOAC and ASTM International, which continue to work on standardizing the determination and quantitation of cannabinoid concentrations, residual solvents, and pesticide amounts.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AOACNew19_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AOACNew19-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASTMD37_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASTMD37-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> Proficiency tests such as the Emerald Test<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EmeraldTest_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EmeraldTest-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>, which allows multiple labs to test an anonymous sample and compare results, should also continue to drive improved performance from cannabis testing labs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NelsonHas16_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NelsonHas16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Finally, the role automation can play in cannabis testing labs is increasingly being discussed.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CannAuto20_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CannAuto20-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanAuto21_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanAuto21-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AstillAuto22_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AstillAuto22-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossHow22_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossHow22-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> This includes the implementation of environmental data loggers, direct-capture balances, sample preparation automation, and inventory tracking tools. Of course, software tools like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory_information_management_system\" title=\"Laboratory information management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"300b107ea507dc9077934f573fc2f6d6\">laboratory information management system<\/a> (LIMS) also play a role in smoothing out workflows and reducing errors. However, automation solutions may move from something that is casually worth investing in to something that is critical to maintaining competitive strength<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossTheProm22_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossTheProm22-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>, particularly if the U.S. government makes cannabis legal at the federal level. As more competitors enter the market, having automation to ensure quality and performance could be vital to labs who may have been around early on without automation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossHow22_19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossHow22-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossTheProm22_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossTheProm22-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BilyjTheCosts21_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BilyjTheCosts21-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.2.1_Consolidation\">5.2.1 Consolidation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Another potential trend to keep an eye on with these testing laboratories: consolidation. Currently there's not a lot of data on the extent consolidation has affected the number of cannabis testing labs or how they operate; the industry is arguably still in its infancy. Regardless, mentions in press and practical examples demonstrate that consolidation is a real concern for the industry, if not now in the future. Suggestion of such came from Steep Hill Halent's CEO David Lampach in late 2013, anticipating \"huge consolidation in general and fewer companies as a result.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LampachQA13_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LampachQA13-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> GreenWave Advisors, CannaSafe Analytics, and Kramer Holcomb Sheik have also lent their voices to this idea.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TMIDigiPath15_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TMIDigiPath15-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchroyerIndustry16_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchroyerIndustry16-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KHSFiveKey18_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KHSFiveKey18-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>In the fall of 2019, some discussion of California's laboratory testing market suggested consolidation could still occur. However, at the time a majority of the state's labs were not anywhere close to full capacity, a potential indicator of California's market not reaching fully saturated potential. Additionally, the likelihood of new labs opening up will be low due to the lack of saturation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchroyerLife19_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchroyerLife19-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> This doesn't necessarily preclude lab consolidation, but it may be possible that labs with buying power could still consider purchasing other labs in order to gain a bigger piece of the pie. In some cases\u2014where it's actually legal\u2014licensed producers are acquiring laboratories. In Canada, for example, several producers have acquired licensed cannabis testing and research laboratories to bring them in-house, citing greater flexibility and more security for proprietary testing and research.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BennetConsol19.22_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BennetConsol19.22-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup> Even in the U.S., consolidation among not just labs but also growers and distributors is not uncommon<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PletzMerger19_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PletzMerger19-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> and may continue as the industry further continues to evolve.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-GMIUS21-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GMIUS21_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/us-cannabis-testing-market\" target=\"_blank\">\"U.S. Cannabis Testing Market\"<\/a>. Global Market Insights, Inc. January 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/us-cannabis-testing-market\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/us-cannabis-testing-market<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=U.S.+Cannabis+Testing+Market&rft.atitle=&rft.date=January+2021&rft.pub=Global+Market+Insights%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gminsights.com%2Findustry-analysis%2Fus-cannabis-testing-market&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GMICann21-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GMICann21_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/cannabis-testing-market\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing Market\"<\/a>. Global Market Insights, Inc. October 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/cannabis-testing-market\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/cannabis-testing-market<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+Market&rft.atitle=&rft.date=October+2021&rft.pub=Global+Market+Insights%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gminsights.com%2Findustry-analysis%2Fcannabis-testing-market&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CMICannabis22-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CMICannabis22_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.coherentmarketinsights.com\/market-insight\/cannabis-testing-services-market-2976\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing Services Market Analysis\"<\/a>. Coherent Market Insights. July 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.coherentmarketinsights.com\/market-insight\/cannabis-testing-services-market-2976\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.coherentmarketinsights.com\/market-insight\/cannabis-testing-services-market-2976<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+Services+Market+Analysis&rft.atitle=&rft.date=July+2022&rft.pub=Coherent+Market+Insights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coherentmarketinsights.com%2Fmarket-insight%2Fcannabis-testing-services-market-2976&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. (December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing\"<\/a> (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 07 December 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Closer+Look+at+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Clifford%2C+R.%3B+Winkler%2C+P.%3B+Bankert%2C+W.&rft.au=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Clifford%2C+R.%3B+Winkler%2C+P.%3B+Bankert%2C+W.&rft.date=December+2017&rft.pub=Shimadzu+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181207195155%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssi.shimadzu.com%2Fsites%2Fssi.shimadzu.com%2Ffiles%2FIndustry%2FLiterature%2FShimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NelsonHas16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NelsonHas16_5-0\">5.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NelsonHas16_5-1\">5.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Nelson, S. (3 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/has-lab-testing-turned-a-corner\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Has Lab Testing Turned A Corner?\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Times<\/i>. GIE Media, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/has-lab-testing-turned-a-corner\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/has-lab-testing-turned-a-corner\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Has+Lab+Testing+Turned+A+Corner%3F&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Times&rft.aulast=Nelson%2C+S.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+S.&rft.date=3+August+2016&rft.pub=GIE+Media%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinesstimes.com%2Farticle%2Fhas-lab-testing-turned-a-corner%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-InfocastNew16-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-InfocastNew16_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/infocastinc.com\/market-insights\/new-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"New Certification Program Brings Quality Assurance to the Medical Marijuana Industry\"<\/a>. Information Forecast, Inc. 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/infocastinc.com\/market-insights\/new-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/infocastinc.com\/market-insights\/new-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+Certification+Program+Brings+Quality+Assurance+to+the+Medical+Marijuana+Industry&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=Information+Forecast%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfocastinc.com%2Fmarket-insights%2Fnew-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AHPARecomm16-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AHPARecomm16_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cannabis Committee, AHPA (2 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recommendations for Regulators \u2013 Cannabis Operations\"<\/a> (PDF). American Herbal Products Association<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+Regulators+%E2%80%93+Cannabis+Operations&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cannabis+Committee%2C+AHPA&rft.au=Cannabis+Committee%2C+AHPA&rft.date=2+February+2016&rft.pub=American+Herbal+Products+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahpa.org%2FPortals%2F0%2Fpdfs%2FAHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AHPCanna14-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AHPCanna14_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i><\/i>Cannabis Inflorescence<i>: <\/i>Cannabis<i> spp.<\/i><\/a>. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 1929425333<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Cannabis+Inflorescence%27%27%3A+%27%27Cannabis%27%27+spp.&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=American+Herbal+Pharmacopoeia&rft.isbn=1929425333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherbal-ahp.org%2Fonline-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MarcuJahan16-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MarcuJahan16_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Project CBD; Marcu, J. (16 March 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projectcbd.org\/industry\/cannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Lab Testing & Safety Protocols\"<\/a>. <i>Project CBD<\/i>. Project CBD<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projectcbd.org\/industry\/cannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.projectcbd.org\/industry\/cannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Lab+Testing+%26+Safety+Protocols&rft.atitle=Project+CBD&rft.aulast=Project+CBD%3B+Marcu%2C+J.&rft.au=Project+CBD%3B+Marcu%2C+J.&rft.date=16+March+2016&rft.pub=Project+CBD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectcbd.org%2Findustry%2Fcannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EricksonCleaning17-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EricksonCleaning17_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Erickson, B.E. (13 November 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cen.acs.org\/articles\/95\/i45\/Cleaning-cannabis.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cleaning up cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Chemical & Engineering News<\/i>. American Chemical Society<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cen.acs.org\/articles\/95\/i45\/Cleaning-cannabis.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cen.acs.org\/articles\/95\/i45\/Cleaning-cannabis.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cleaning+up+cannabis&rft.atitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.aulast=Erickson%2C+B.E.&rft.au=Erickson%2C+B.E.&rft.date=13+November+2017&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F95%2Fi45%2FCleaning-cannabis.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cassiday, L. (October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\"<\/a>. <i>INFORM<\/i>. American Oil Chemists' Society<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Highs+and+Lows+of+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=INFORM&rft.aulast=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.au=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.date=October+2016&rft.pub=American+Oil+Chemists%27+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aocs.org%2Fstay-informed%2Finform-magazine%2Ffeatured-articles%2Fthe-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APHLGuide16-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\"<\/a> (PDF). pp. 35<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+State+Medical+Cannabis+Testing+Programs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.au=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.date=May+2016&rft.pages=pp.+35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphl.org%2FaboutAPHL%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2FEH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AOACNew19-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AOACNew19_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (12 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"New guidelines require laboratories to meet AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements for Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Hemp\"<\/a>. <i>AOAC News<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+guidelines+require+laboratories+to+meet+AOAC+Standard+Method+Performance+Requirements+for+Quantitation+of+Cannabinoids+in+Hemp&rft.atitle=AOAC+News&rft.aulast=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.au=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.date=12+November+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fnews%2Faoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASTMD37-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASTMD37_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\" target=\"_blank\">\"Committee D37 on Cannabis\"<\/a>. ASTM International<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Committee+D37+on+Cannabis&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2Fget-involved%2Ftechnical-committees%2Fcommittee-d37&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EmeraldTest-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EmeraldTest_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Emerald Test\"<\/a>. Emerald Scientific, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Emerald+Test&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Emerald+Scientific%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.emeraldscientific.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CannAuto20-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CannAuto20_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Scholl, C. (2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biosero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/SLAS-Biosero-Tutorial-2020_Chris-Scholl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Automating a Cannabis Testing Laboratory\"<\/a> (PDF). Cannalysis<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/biosero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/SLAS-Biosero-Tutorial-2020_Chris-Scholl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/biosero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/SLAS-Biosero-Tutorial-2020_Chris-Scholl.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Automating+a+Cannabis+Testing+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Scholl%2C+C.&rft.au=Scholl%2C+C.&rft.date=2020&rft.pub=Cannalysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiosero.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2FSLAS-Biosero-Tutorial-2020_Chris-Scholl.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GoldmanAuto21-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanAuto21_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Goldman, S. (27 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/go.analyticalcannabis.com\/cannabis-automation\" target=\"_blank\">\"Automation in the Cannabis & Hemp Testing Laboratories of Tomorrow\"<\/a>. <i>Analytical Cannabis<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/go.analyticalcannabis.com\/cannabis-automation\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/go.analyticalcannabis.com\/cannabis-automation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Automation+in+the+Cannabis+%26+Hemp+Testing+Laboratories+of+Tomorrow&rft.atitle=Analytical+Cannabis&rft.aulast=Goldman%2C+S.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+S.&rft.date=27+January+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.analyticalcannabis.com%2Fcannabis-automation&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AstillAuto22-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AstillAuto22_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Astill, T. (4 April 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/terpenesandtesting.com\/automating-testing-accelerated-results-how-best-practices-in-cannabis-analysis-innovation-are-enhancing-safety-and-quality\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Automating Testing Accelerated Results: How Best Practices in Cannabis Analysis Innovation are Enhancing Safety and Quality\"<\/a>. <i>Terpenes and Testing Magazine<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/terpenesandtesting.com\/automating-testing-accelerated-results-how-best-practices-in-cannabis-analysis-innovation-are-enhancing-safety-and-quality\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/terpenesandtesting.com\/automating-testing-accelerated-results-how-best-practices-in-cannabis-analysis-innovation-are-enhancing-safety-and-quality\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Automating+Testing+Accelerated+Results%3A+How+Best+Practices+in+Cannabis+Analysis+Innovation+are+Enhancing+Safety+and+Quality&rft.atitle=Terpenes+and+Testing+Magazine&rft.aulast=Astill%2C+T.&rft.au=Astill%2C+T.&rft.date=4+April+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterpenesandtesting.com%2Fautomating-testing-accelerated-results-how-best-practices-in-cannabis-analysis-innovation-are-enhancing-safety-and-quality%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RossHow22-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossHow22_19-0\">19.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossHow22_19-1\">19.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ross, K. (4 May 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/how-cannabis-labs-can-benefit-from-data-and-process-automation-313857\" target=\"_blank\">\"How Cannabis Labs Can Benefit From Data and Process Automation\"<\/a>. <i>Analytical Cannabis<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/how-cannabis-labs-can-benefit-from-data-and-process-automation-313857\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/how-cannabis-labs-can-benefit-from-data-and-process-automation-313857<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+Cannabis+Labs+Can+Benefit+From+Data+and+Process+Automation&rft.atitle=Analytical+Cannabis&rft.aulast=Ross%2C+K.&rft.au=Ross%2C+K.&rft.date=4+May+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analyticalcannabis.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-cannabis-labs-can-benefit-from-data-and-process-automation-313857&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RossTheProm22-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossTheProm22_20-0\">20.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossTheProm22_20-1\">20.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ross, K. (13 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/the-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Promising Future of Cannabis Testing Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Analytical Cannabis<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/the-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/the-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Promising+Future+of+Cannabis+Testing+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Analytical+Cannabis&rft.aulast=Ross%2C+K.&rft.au=Ross%2C+K.&rft.date=13+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analyticalcannabis.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BilyjTheCosts21-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BilyjTheCosts21_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bilyj, B. (23 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/the-costs-and-benefits-of-automation-cannabis-cultivation\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Costs and Benefits of Automation in Cannabis Cultivation\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Times<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/the-costs-and-benefits-of-automation-cannabis-cultivation\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/the-costs-and-benefits-of-automation-cannabis-cultivation\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Costs+and+Benefits+of+Automation+in+Cannabis+Cultivation&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Times&rft.aulast=Bilyj%2C+B.&rft.au=Bilyj%2C+B.&rft.date=23+November+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinesstimes.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-costs-and-benefits-of-automation-cannabis-cultivation%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LampachQA13-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LampachQA13_22-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Lampach, D. (20 November 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/qa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Q&A With CEO of Steep Hill Halent: US Cannabis Testing Market Could Hit $40M by 2016\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Business Daily<\/i>. Anne Holland Ventures, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/qa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/qa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Q%26A+With+CEO+of+Steep+Hill+Halent%3A+US+Cannabis+Testing+Market+Could+Hit+%2440M+by+2016&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Business+Daily&rft.aulast=Lampach%2C+D.&rft.au=Lampach%2C+D.&rft.date=20+November+2013&rft.pub=Anne+Holland+Ventures%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fqa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TMIDigiPath15-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TMIDigiPath15_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">CannabisFN (16 July 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/marijuanaindex.com\/digipath-digp-well-positioned-to-take-advantage-of-850m-cannabis-testing-market\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"DigiPath (DIGP) Well Positioned To Take Advantage of $850M Cannabis Testing Market\"<\/a>. <i>The Marijuana Index<\/i>. MJIC, Inc. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/marijuanaindex.com\/digipath-digp-well-positioned-to-take-advantage-of-850m-cannabis-testing-market\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 06 August 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/marijuanaindex.com\/digipath-digp-well-positioned-to-take-advantage-of-850m-cannabis-testing-market\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/marijuanaindex.com\/digipath-digp-well-positioned-to-take-advantage-of-850m-cannabis-testing-market\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DigiPath+%28DIGP%29+Well+Positioned+To+Take+Advantage+of+%24850M+Cannabis+Testing+Market&rft.atitle=The+Marijuana+Index&rft.aulast=CannabisFN&rft.au=CannabisFN&rft.date=16+July+2015&rft.pub=MJIC%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarijuanaindex.com%2Fdigipath-digp-well-positioned-to-take-advantage-of-850m-cannabis-testing-market%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchroyerIndustry16-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchroyerIndustry16_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schroyer, J. (January 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizmagazine.com\/industry-snapshot-testing-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Industry Snapshot: Testing Labs\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Business Magazine<\/i>. Anne Holland Ventures, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizmagazine.com\/industry-snapshot-testing-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizmagazine.com\/industry-snapshot-testing-labs\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Industry+Snapshot%3A+Testing+Labs&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Business+Magazine&rft.aulast=Schroyer%2C+J.&rft.au=Schroyer%2C+J.&rft.date=January+2016&rft.pub=Anne+Holland+Ventures%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizmagazine.com%2Findustry-snapshot-testing-labs%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KHSFiveKey18-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KHSFiveKey18_25-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200215103305\/https:\/\/www.khslaw.com\/insights\/cannabis-testing-lab-laws-in-california\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"5 Key Things to Know About the Cannabis Testing Laboratory Business in California\"<\/a>. <i>Insights<\/i>. Kramer Holcomb Sheik LLP. July 2018. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khslaw.com\/insights\/cannabis-testing-lab-laws-in-california\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 15 February 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200215103305\/https:\/\/www.khslaw.com\/insights\/cannabis-testing-lab-laws-in-california\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200215103305\/https:\/\/www.khslaw.com\/insights\/cannabis-testing-lab-laws-in-california\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=5+Key+Things+to+Know+About+the+Cannabis+Testing+Laboratory+Business+in+California&rft.atitle=Insights&rft.date=July+2018&rft.pub=Kramer+Holcomb+Sheik+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200215103305%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.khslaw.com%2Finsights%2Fcannabis-testing-lab-laws-in-california%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchroyerLife19-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchroyerLife19_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schroyer, J. (7 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/life-has-stabilized-for-california-testing-labs-since-2018-but-hurdles-remain\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Life has stabilized for California marijuana testing labs since 2018, but hurdles remain\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Business Daily<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/life-has-stabilized-for-california-testing-labs-since-2018-but-hurdles-remain\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/life-has-stabilized-for-california-testing-labs-since-2018-but-hurdles-remain\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Life+has+stabilized+for+California+marijuana+testing+labs+since+2018%2C+but+hurdles+remain&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Business+Daily&rft.aulast=Schroyer%2C+J.&rft.au=Schroyer%2C+J.&rft.date=7+October+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Flife-has-stabilized-for-california-testing-labs-since-2018-but-hurdles-remain%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BennetConsol19.22-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BennetConsol19.22_27-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bennett, N. (30 April 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biv.com\/article\/2019\/04\/consolidation-trend-shows-cannabis-growers-are-buying-labs\" target=\"_blank\">\"Consolidation trend shows cannabis growers are buying labs\"<\/a>. <i>BIV<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/biv.com\/article\/2019\/04\/consolidation-trend-shows-cannabis-growers-are-buying-labs\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/biv.com\/article\/2019\/04\/consolidation-trend-shows-cannabis-growers-are-buying-labs<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Consolidation+trend+shows+cannabis+growers+are+buying+labs&rft.atitle=BIV&rft.aulast=Bennett%2C+N.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+N.&rft.date=30+April+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiv.com%2Farticle%2F2019%2F04%2Fconsolidation-trend-shows-cannabis-growers-are-buying-labs&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PletzMerger19-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PletzMerger19_28-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Pletz, J. (3 May 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chicagobusiness.com\/news\/merger-madness-reshapes-marijuana-business\" target=\"_blank\">\"Merger madness reshapes marijuana business\"<\/a>. <i>Chicago Business<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chicagobusiness.com\/news\/merger-madness-reshapes-marijuana-business\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.chicagobusiness.com\/news\/merger-madness-reshapes-marijuana-business<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 09 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Merger+madness+reshapes+marijuana+business&rft.atitle=Chicago+Business&rft.aulast=Pletz%2C+J.&rft.au=Pletz%2C+J.&rft.date=3+May+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagobusiness.com%2Fnews%2Fmerger-madness-reshapes-marijuana-business&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140924\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.190 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.203 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 19866\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 154612\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 61735\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 48014\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 188.696 1 -total\n 92.29% 174.151 1 Template:Reflist\n 76.73% 144.782 28 Template:Citation\/core\n 75.99% 143.391 27 Template:Cite_web\n 16.85% 31.798 25 Template:Date\n 7.66% 14.461 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\n 6.54% 12.339 1 Template:Cite_book\n 4.71% 8.889 48 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.66% 5.028 1 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 0.70% 1.318 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5234-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140924 and revision id 15818. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","01727302717c8a5a6807f1508c3d9349_images":[],"01727302717c8a5a6807f1508c3d9349_timestamp":1660140563,"eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be_type":"article","eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be_title":"5.1 Regulation, market, and research","eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research","eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Regulation, market, and researchFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchWhat good would be a guide to the rapidly changing cannabis testing and regulation climate without some analysis of what the future may hold? This fourth chapter looks at the future of cannabis regulation and the associated market, as well as the future of lab testing and production. It also touches on fears of \"Big Marijuana\" and examines non-U.S. policy and how it may affect U.S. regulation in the future.\n\n-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n\r\n\n\n 5. Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends \n 5.1 Regulation, market, and research \nUntil effective and demonstrable policy change takes place in the U.S. federal government concerning marijuana, the country's researchers, doctors, patients, laboratory personnel, and entrepreneurs will have to keep fighting uncertainty and a convoluted patchwork of state and federal regulations. More certain is mounting evidence that a growing majority of U.S. voters believe the federal government should not be enforcing its laws in states where cannabis is legal: 64 percent agreed on this in 2012[1], rising to 71 percent in 2017.[2] As for legal marijuana in general, a record high 68 percent of Americans believed it should be legal at the national level in November 2021.[3] Despite such support, it remains up to interest groups and the states to twist the arm of the federal government. Legal representatives at Thompson Coburn expressed this idea well in a blog post in November 2016[4]:\nThe cannabis industry may have to consider forcing the federal hand by providing credible data on the safety of cannabis as it was invited to do in the DEA decision, in addition to the continuing to support the groundswell of approval at the state level. At some point, in the near future, the state regulatory position and the federal position will have to be reconciled. The industry can and should prompt that reconciliation by a clear united message to federal lawmakers. Without that, it remains unlikely that agencies, such as the FDA, will change its position on cannabis. A lack of change will inhibit market growth and prevent the cannabis industry from reaching its potential.\nThe obvious issue of expanding research and testing on cannabis and addressing its safety is acquiring the product within a legal framework and a reasonable time frame. As mentioned previously, the DEA has recognized the need for more federally approved growers than the NIDA center at the University of Mississippi (which came under fire in March 2017 for not testing its provided samples for mold and other contaminants in any standardized fashion[5]), and in 2016 they began accepting applications for additional entities looking to grow marijuana for researchers.[6] \nIn January 2020, the topic of needing more legitimate cannabis sources for cannabis research was brought up yet again, this time in the context of an official hearing exclusively on cannabis by the House Health Subcommittee of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, titled \"Cannabis Policies for the New Decade.\" The hearing provided an opportunity for legislators to discuss the \"catch-22\" of regulation and medical research: \"Research is restricted because cannabis is currently considered a Schedule 1 drug under the Controlled Substance Act, yet more research would better determine if marijuana should be rescheduled or descheduled.\"[7] Lawmakers and witnesses both agreed that another limiter was having the University of Mississippi as the sole DEA-approved supplier of research-quality cannabis. \nEver slow to act, the U.S. government's Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) finally, on December 18, 2020, finalized its amended \"21 Code of Federal Regulations 1318 to facilitate the cultivation of marihuana for research purpose and other licit purposes to ensure compliance with the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and treaty obligations.\"[8] This added an additional five grow-ops to support researchers.[8][9] \nOptimistically, this will mean researchers will have more options for acquiring research-quality cannabis in the future. This should in turn allow researchers a shot at more focused studies that provide efficacy and safety data related to the medical use of cannabis.[4] In fact, this has been a goal of Dr. Susan Weiss, Division Director of Extramural Research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) for some time. In July 2016 testimony to the U.S. Judiciary Committee[10] and in an April 2017 research paper published in The International Journal of Drug Policy[11], Weiss cautiously recognized and promoted the need for further evidence-based cannabis research, emphasizing both the healthy and detrimental effects evident so far in the plant and its constituents[10]:\n\nMultiple agencies (NIH, ONDCP, DEA, and FDA) are working together to find ways to streamline the process to facilitate research while meeting international and legislative obligations under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the Controlled Substances Act. In addition to actions taken by the Department of Health and Humans Services to eliminate the Public Health Services (PHS) committee review for non-federally funded marijuana research, the DEA recently streamlined the administrative process for CBD research to allow researchers to obtain a waiver of the requirement for review of changes to an approved protocol in their DEA research registrations, and is attempting to address the marijuana diversity and product development concern by licensing additional manufacturers.\nOther entities have put subtle pressure on the federal government to better recognize and accommodate the need for further research. In January 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine published a massive cannabis literature review. This 440-page report detailed the National Academies' findings after reviewing more than 10,700 abstracts related to cannabis. Among its final recommendations, the authors called for[12]:\n\npublic and private entities to fund and support a national cannabis research initiative that looks to fill key knowledge gaps;\ngovernment agencies to develop research methods and standards that may act as a guide towards higher-quality cannabis research;\ngovernment agencies, non-profit associations, and state and local health departments to fund and support efforts to improve federal, state, and local public health surveillance systems and efforts; and\ngovernment, non-government, and industry entities to work together towards developing a report on existing regulatory barriers to research and how to overcome them.\nAs of August 2022, it's unclear what effects this report has had. Regarding the first recommendation of a national cannabis research initiative, no such entity has fully taken up the charge. The National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) has arguably filled these shoes the most, having since produced numerous reports[13][14] and re-emphasized its role as both an intermediary supplier of cannabis for researchers and a major funder of research on the misuse and negative effects of cannabis.[15][16] However, as Daniel Mallinson, a cannabis policy researcher at Pennsylvania State University, notes in August 2020, the funding and reporting of NIDA, as a government entity, is a reflection of the government's budget, and thus \"is a political statement about what we value as a society,\" adding that \"the fact that most of the cannabis money is going to drug abuse and probably to cannabis use disorder versus medical purposes ... says something.\"[16] A national cannabis research initiative that focuses more on therapeutic qualities than strictly the detrimental would be more welcome.\nRegarding the rest of the recommendations, some progress has been made. As discussed in the second chapter, progress continues to be made on formal testing and accreditation standards for cannabis testing labs. However, this progress has been made almost exclusively by those outside the federal government. If government agencies were to rubber-stamp such standard methods and accreditation processes, it would arguably lend more weight to those methods and processes. Some states like Colorado continue to fund public health research and surveillance data collection[16][17], and in October 2020, the American Public Health Association (APHA) published a policy statement calling for \"an evidence-based public health approach to regulating and controlling the legal commerce of cannabis products.\"[18] However, a more concerted effort by other states' health departments would potentially have a greater impact. Finally, the call for a multi-pronged \"report on existing regulatory barriers to research\" and how to overcome those barriers has yet to be heeded. Numerous articles have been published in journals in recent years[19][20][21][22], but it will likely take a larger think-tank of groups to make a more impactful proposal to legalization holdouts.\nWhile the growing discussion on enabling research is encouraging, some researchers such as Mayo Clinic psychiatrist and researcher Michael Bostwick have historically been less convinced that the barriers will fall\u2014claiming federal entities shift too much focus on the detrimental effects and not enough on the potential benefits\u2014and aren't optimistic about the direction the government will take.[23] Despite this pessimism, predictions\u2014and reports\u2014of substantial revenues in states where recreational marijuana is legalized or could be legalized persist.[24][25][26] A 2017 estimate by market research and analytics company New Frontier Data put the U.S. marijuana industry at $24 billion by 2025[27], and a 2022 study by Grand View Research put it at $40 billion by 2030.[28] Yet entities such as the Denver-based Marijuana Policy Group and cannabis law firm Vicente Sederberg LLC have in the past preached caution when dealing with tax revenue estimates and economic projections in the U.S. cannabis market[27], pointing to CIBC World Markets' grossly inflated tax revenue estimate of $142 CAD ($106 USD) per resident in January 2016, an overshot of about 300 percent.[29] \"This is a fast-paced, changing market with varying different dynamics that have more to do based on governmental and regulatory dynamics than they do on consumer dynamics,\" said Vicente Sederberg's director of economics and research Andrew Livingston.[27] \nIndeed, current and future regulatory dynamics seem to be the biggest wildcards in making market-based predictions, with predicted tax and associated revenue estimates capable of both being significantly too high (by inadequately taking into account local and regional cultural and economic statuses) or too low (by not anticipating new states legalization efforts, research breakthroughs, or ties to other mainstream but related industries).[27][29] Additionally, too much regulation can put a stranglehold on a state's cannabis program development\u2014as it has done in Minnesota[30]\u2014causing related grow-ops and laboratories to take significant losses or even go out of business.\nFinally, on a social level, the push by many to legalize marijuana and, by extension, push for beneficial changes in federal marijuana policy, has been driven even further by dramatic increase in use of and health consequences surrounding opioids in the United States.[31] [32][33][34][35] What's not clear is how effective a replacement cannabis would be. Dr. Weiss again provides context, this time in the February 2018 workshop Cannabis and the opioid crisis: A multidisciplinary review[31]:\n\nI think we need to be very circumspect in what we are expecting from cannabis with respect to the opioid epidemic. There is no doubt that there are many patients suffering from pain, and we do not have a lot of options to treat it, especially chronic pain. Moreover, the cannabinoid system has a lot of promise regarding analgesic potential and alternative medication approaches. Whether it is the plant, components of the plant, or other strategies to modify endocannabinoid function\u2014these are all possibilities that we need to explore to both help abate the opioid crisis and treat patients with pain who continue to suffer.\nFrom that same workshop, several additional insights were revealed[31]:\n\nThe National Academies' 2017 research recognizes \"the classification of cannabis as a Schedule I substance [as something] that impedes the advancement of cannabis and cannabinoid research.\" Getting past that will require the federal government living up to its 2016 promise to expand approved grow-ops.\nGetting marijuana rescheduled is further challenged by the fact that an entire plant and its constituents are scheduled. Difficulties arise because when we talk about rescheduling marijuana, the question has to be asked: \"Are you talking about a plant that is mostly THC, that is mostly CBD (cannabidiol), that has unspecified different components in it?\"\nA major question remains concerning \"whether cannabinoids and opioids interact at a pharmacological level.\" To further study this, not only do well organized studies need to be designed, but also, as previously mentioned, access to quality samples and a willingness to see the benefit in such research is still required.\nAs of August 2022, the Marijuana Data Collection Act is still making its way through the legal quagmire, stuck in the Senate's Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.[36] Citing many of the previously mentioned issues and more, the proposed bill asks for the National Academy of Sciences \"to conduct and update biennially a study on the effects of State legalized marijuana programs,\" among other tasks. Specifically the research would look at revenue impacts, medicinal use and safety, correlation with opioid abuse, criminal justice impacts, and employment impacts.>[36][37] Whether or not this bill passes, one may argue that its intent is inline with the sentiment of representatives at Thompson Coburn: \"forcing the federal hand by providing credible data on the safety of cannabis.\"[4]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Newport, F. (10 December 2012). \"Americans Want Federal Gov't Out of State Marijuana Laws\". Gallup, Inc. https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/159152\/americans-federal-gov-state-marijuana-laws.aspx . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Republicans Out Of Step With U.S. Voters On Key Issues, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Most Voters Support Legalized Marijuana\". Quinnipiac University. 23 February 2017. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200728040818\/https:\/\/poll.qu.edu\/national\/release-detail?ReleaseID=2432 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Support for Legal Marijuana Holds at Record High of 68%\". Gallup. 4 November 2021. https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/356939\/support-legal-marijuana-holds-record-high.aspx . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 4.2 Romza-Kutz, D.; Roth V., F. (15 August 2016). \"The silver lining in the DEA\u2019s refusal to reclassify cannabis\". Tracking Cannabis. Thompson Coburn LLP. https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hellerman, C. (8 March 2017). \"Scientists say the government\u2019s only pot farm has moldy samples \u2014 and no federal testing standards\". PBS NewsHour. NewsHour Productions, LLC. https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/nation\/scientists-say-governments-pot-farm-moldy-samples-no-guidelines . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Applications To Become Registered Under the Controlled Substances Act To Manufacture Marijuana To Supply Researchers in the United States\". Federal Register 81 (156): 53846\u20138. 12 August 2016. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-17955\/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Smith, J. (15 January 2020). \"US House panel calls for stepped-up marijuana research, which could prove critical to federal reform\". Marijuana Business Daily. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/us-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 Diversion Control Division (18 December 2020). \"Marihuana Growers Information\". U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 13 April 2022. \"Can DEA-backed cannabis growers strike gold via drug development?\". https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 10.0 10.1 Weiss, S.R.B. (13 July 2016). \"Testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D. on The State of the Science on the Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana and Cannabinoids before Judiciary Committee\". ASL Testimony. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on 04 May 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Weiss, S.R.B.; Howlett, K.D.; Baler, R.D. (2017). \"Building smart cannabis policy from the science up\". International Journal of Drug Policy 42: 39\u201349. doi:10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.01.007. PMC PMC5404989. PMID 28189459. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5404989 .   \n \n\n\u2191 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (12 January 2017). \"The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research\". The National Academies Press. pp. 440. doi:10.17226\/24625. https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/24625\/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state . Retrieved 03 March 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 National Institute on Drug Abuse (6 February 2018). \"Recommendations for NIDA's Cannabis Policy Research Agenda\" (PDF). National Institutes of Health. https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/nacda_cannabis_policy_research_workgroup_report_feb_2018.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 National Institute on Drug Abuse (July 2020). \"Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report\". National Institutes of Health. https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/marijuana\/letter-director . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 National Institute on Drug Abuse (27 March 2020). \"NIDA's Role in Providing Cannabis for Research\". National Institutes of Health. https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/marijuana\/nidas-role-in-providing-cannabis-research . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 16.0 16.1 16.2 O\u2019Grady, Cathleen (27 August 2020). \"Cannabis research database shows how U.S. funding focuses on harms of the drug\". Science. doi:10.1126\/science.abe5328. ISSN 0036-8075. https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/08\/cannabis-research-database-shows-how-us-funding-focuses-harms-drug .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Marijuana research\". Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment. https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/prevention-and-wellness\/marijuana\/marijuana-research . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 American Public Health Association (24 October 2020). \"A Public Health Approach to Regulating Commercially Legalized Cannabis\". https:\/\/www.apha.org\/Policies-and-Advocacy\/Public-Health-Policy-Statements\/Policy-Database\/2021\/01\/13\/A-Public-Health-Approach-to-Regulating-Commercially-Legalized-Cannabis . Retrieved 05 August 2020 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Stith, Sarah See; Vigil, Jacob Miguel (3 June 2016). \"Federal barriers to Cannabis research\" (in en). Science 352 (6290): 1182\u20131182. doi:10.1126\/science.aaf7450. ISSN 0036-8075. https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aaf7450 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Haney, Margaret (1 October 2020). \"Perspectives on Cannabis Research\u2014Barriers and Recommendations\" (in en). JAMA Psychiatry 77 (10): 994. doi:10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1032. ISSN 2168-622X. https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2767410 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cooper, Ziva D; Abrams, Donald I; Gust, Steven; Salicrup, Alejandro; Throckmorton, Douglas C (28 November 2021). \"Challenges for Clinical Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research in the United States\" (in en). JNCI Monographs 2021 (58): 114\u2013122. doi:10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgab009. ISSN 1052-6773. PMC PMC8783595. PMID 34850896. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jncimono\/article\/2021\/58\/114\/6446199 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ruheel, Mohammad Ali; Gomes, Zoya; Usman, Sana; Homayouni, Pargol; Ng, Jeremy Y. (1 December 2021). \"Facilitators and barriers to the regulation of medical cannabis: a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature\" (in en). Harm Reduction Journal 18 (1): 106. doi:10.1186\/s12954-021-00547-8. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC PMC8515704. PMID 34649577. https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00547-8 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Grant, B. (23 January 2017). \"Marijuana Research Still Stymied by Federal Laws\". The Scientist. LabX Media Group. https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/marijuana-research-still-stymied-by-federal-laws-32161 . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Morris, C. (21 October 2016). \"The next big billion-dollar cannabis markets investors are rushing to\". CNBC. http:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2016\/10\/21\/the-next-big-billion-dollar-cannabis-markets-investors-are-rushing-to.html . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Thomas, J.R. (7 February 2017). \"Big pot of money waiting if CT legalizes marijuana, analysts say\". The CT Mirror. The Connecticut News Project. https:\/\/ctmirror.org\/2017\/02\/07\/big-pot-of-money-waiting-if-ct-legalizes-marijuana-analysts-say\/ . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Houghton, S. (14 February 2017). \"Town Manager: Marijuana Shops Could Boost Tax Revenue\". The Mashpee Enterprise. Enterprise Newspapers. http:\/\/www.capenews.net\/mashpee\/news\/town-manager-marijuana-shops-could-boost-tax-revenue\/article_c27b9b71-fb63-52de-bc24-fda320f38a32.html . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Wallace, A. (22 February 2017). \"Report: America\u2019s marijuana industry headed for $24 billion by 2025\". The Cannabist. The Denver Post. http:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2017\/02\/22\/report-united-states-marijuana-sales-projections-2025\/74059\/ . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Grand View Research, Inc (15 June 2022). \"U.S. Cannabis Market to be Worth $40.0 Billion by 2030: Grand View Research, Inc.\". PR Newswire. https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/us-cannabis-market-to-be-worth-40-0-billion-by-2030-grand-view-research-inc-301568650.html . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 29.0 29.1 Wallace, A. (22 December 2016). \"What legal states need to know about sketchy pot tax predictions\". The Cannabist. The Denver Post. http:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2016\/12\/22\/marijuana-sales-pot-taxes-colorado-estimates-projections\/69831\/ . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Potter, K. (12 August 2016). \"Big losses for Minn. medical marijuana providers\". MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio. https:\/\/www.mprnews.org\/story\/2016\/08\/12\/big-losses-for-minn-medical-marijuana-providers . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 31.0 31.1 31.2 Piomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. (2018). \"Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis\". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 3 (1): 108-16. doi:10.1089\/can.2018.29011.rtl. PMC PMC5931647. PMID 29789812. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bradford, A.S.; Abraham, A.; Adams, G.B. (2018). \"Opioid Death Rate Acceleration in Jurisdictions Legalizing Marijuana Use\u2014Reply\". JAMA Internal Medicine 178 (9): 1281\u20132. doi:10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.3891.   \n \n\n\u2191 Goldman, H. (13 July 2018). \"New York Health Officials See Marijuana as an Alternative to Opioids\". Bloomberg. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2018-07-13\/n-y-health-officials-see-marijuana-as-an-alternative-to-opioids . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Sukel, K. (1 May 2018). \"Could Cannabis Legalization Help Ease the Opioid Crisis?\". Pain Research Forum. International Association for the Study of Pain. https:\/\/www.painresearchforum.org\/news\/95694-could-cannabis-legalization-help-ease-opioid-crisis . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Unproven, Unsafe\". Spotlight PA. 21 February 2022. https:\/\/www.spotlightpa.org\/news\/2022\/02\/pennsylvania-medical-marijuana-addiction-misleading-dangerous-websites\/ . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 36.0 36.1 \"S.1456 - Marijuana Data Collection Act\". Congress.gov. U.S. Government. 29 April 2021. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/senate-bill\/1456 . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Angell, T. (24 July 2018). \"Federal Report On Marijuana Legalization Required Under New Bill\". Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tomangell\/2018\/07\/24\/federal-report-on-marijuana-legalization-required-under-new-bill\/#41b953e73532 . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research<\/a>\nCategory: Pages using duplicate arguments in template callsNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 16:36.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Regulation_market_and_research rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Future_of_cannabis_regulation_testing_and_market_trends_Regulation_market_and_research skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Regulation, market, and research<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>What good would be a guide to the rapidly changing cannabis testing and regulation climate without some analysis of what the future may hold? This fourth chapter looks at the future of cannabis regulation and the associated market, as well as the future of lab testing and production. It also touches on fears of \"Big Marijuana\" and examines non-U.S. policy and how it may affect U.S. regulation in the future.\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"rdp-ebb-5._Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5._Future_of_cannabis_regulation.2C_testing.2C_and_market_trends\">5. Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-5.1_Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"5.1_Regulation.2C_market.2C_and_research\">5.1 Regulation, market, and research<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Medical_cannabis_demo_2.JPG\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"4107c588d5dd888e282ac127f0d3b405\"><img alt=\"Medical cannabis demo 2.JPG\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7b\/Medical_cannabis_demo_2.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"370\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>Until effective and demonstrable policy change takes place in the U.S. federal government concerning marijuana, the country's researchers, doctors, patients, laboratory personnel, and entrepreneurs will have to keep fighting uncertainty and a convoluted patchwork of state and federal regulations. More certain is mounting evidence that a growing majority of U.S. voters believe the federal government should not be enforcing its laws in states where cannabis is legal: 64 percent agreed on this in 2012<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NewportAmericans12_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NewportAmericans12-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>, rising to 71 percent in 2017.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-QuinnipiacRepublicans17_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-QuinnipiacRepublicans17-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> As for legal marijuana in general, a record high 68 percent of Americans believed it should be legal at the national level in November 2021.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GallupSupport21_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GallupSupport21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Despite such support, it remains up to interest groups and the states to twist the arm of the federal government. Legal representatives at Thompson Coburn expressed this idea well in a blog post in November 2016<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Romza-KutzTheSilver16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p><blockquote><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">cannabis<\/a> industry may have to consider forcing the federal hand by providing credible data on the safety of cannabis as it was invited to do in the DEA decision, in addition to the continuing to support the groundswell of approval at the state level. At some point, in the near future, the state regulatory position and the federal position will have to be reconciled. The industry can and should prompt that reconciliation by a clear united message to federal lawmakers. Without that, it remains unlikely that agencies, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration\" title=\"Food and Drug Administration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6798fbab408d97f2c6483e108e7c42a6\">FDA<\/a>, will change its position on cannabis. A lack of change will inhibit market growth and prevent the cannabis industry from reaching its potential.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The obvious issue of expanding research and testing on cannabis and addressing its safety is acquiring the product within a legal framework and a reasonable time frame. As mentioned previously, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Drug_Enforcement_Administration\" title=\"Drug Enforcement Administration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b6906da3e41e073dec4902ffbb542825\">DEA<\/a> has recognized the need for more federally approved growers than the NIDA center at the University of Mississippi (which came under fire in March 2017 for not testing its provided samples for mold and other contaminants in any standardized fashion<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HellermanScientists17_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HellermanScientists17-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>), and in 2016 they began accepting applications for additional entities looking to grow marijuana for researchers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-81FR53846_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81FR53846-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>In January 2020, the topic of needing more legitimate cannabis sources for cannabis research was brought up yet again, this time in the context of an official hearing exclusively on cannabis by the House Health Subcommittee of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, titled \"Cannabis Policies for the New Decade.\" The hearing provided an opportunity for legislators to discuss the \"catch-22\" of regulation and medical research: \"Research is restricted because cannabis is currently considered a Schedule 1 drug under the Controlled Substance Act, yet more research would better determine if marijuana should be rescheduled or descheduled.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SmithUSHouse20_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SmithUSHouse20-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Lawmakers and witnesses both agreed that another limiter was having the University of Mississippi as the sole DEA-approved supplier of research-quality cannabis. \n<\/p><p>Ever slow to act, the U.S. government's Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) finally, on December 18, 2020, finalized its amended \"21 Code of Federal Regulations 1318 to facilitate the cultivation of marihuana for research purpose and other licit purposes to ensure compliance with the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and treaty obligations.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCDMari20_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCDMari20-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> This added an additional five grow-ops to support researchers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCDMari20_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCDMari20-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SacirbeyCanDEA22_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SacirbeyCanDEA22-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Optimistically, this will mean researchers will have more options for acquiring research-quality cannabis in the future. This should in turn allow researchers a shot at more focused studies that provide efficacy and safety data related to the medical use of cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Romza-KutzTheSilver16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> In fact, this has been a goal of Dr. Susan Weiss, Division Director of Extramural Research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) for some time. In July 2016 testimony to the U.S. Judiciary Committee<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WeissTestimony16-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> and in an April 2017 research paper published in <i>The International Journal of Drug Policy<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WeissBuilding17_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WeissBuilding17-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>, Weiss cautiously recognized and promoted the need for further evidence-based cannabis research, emphasizing both the healthy and detrimental effects evident so far in the plant and its constituents<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WeissTestimony16-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Multiple agencies (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health\" title=\"National Institutes of Health\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e7499993b21fda1732823725687a5ba7\">NIH<\/a>, ONDCP, DEA, and FDA) are working together to find ways to streamline the process to facilitate research while meeting international and legislative obligations under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Controlled_Substances_Act\" title=\"Controlled Substances Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"26d5a484acca5b4c5f416480c72c38e5\">Controlled Substances Act<\/a>. In addition to actions taken by the Department of Health and Humans Services to eliminate the Public Health Services (PHS) committee review for non-federally funded marijuana research, the DEA recently streamlined the administrative process for CBD research to allow researchers to obtain a waiver of the requirement for review of changes to an approved protocol in their DEA research registrations, and is attempting to address the marijuana diversity and product development concern by licensing additional manufacturers.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Other entities have put subtle pressure on the federal government to better recognize and accommodate the need for further research. In January 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine published a massive cannabis literature review. This 440-page report detailed the National Academies' findings after reviewing more than 10,700 abstracts related to cannabis. Among its final recommendations, the authors called for<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NASEMTheHealth17_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASEMTheHealth17-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>public and private entities to fund and support a national cannabis research initiative that looks to fill key knowledge gaps;<\/li>\n<li>government agencies to develop research methods and standards that may act as a guide towards higher-quality cannabis research;<\/li>\n<li>government agencies, non-profit associations, and state and local health departments to fund and support efforts to improve federal, state, and local public health surveillance systems and efforts; and<\/li>\n<li>government, non-government, and industry entities to work together towards developing a report on existing regulatory barriers to research and how to overcome them.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>As of August 2022, it's unclear what effects this report has had. Regarding the first recommendation of a national cannabis research initiative, no such entity has fully taken up the charge. The National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) has arguably filled these shoes the most, having since produced numerous reports<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NIDARecc18_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NIDARecc18-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NIDACann20_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NIDACann20-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> and re-emphasized its role as both an intermediary supplier of cannabis for researchers and a major funder of research on the misuse and negative effects of cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NIDARole20_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NIDARole20-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OGradyCann20_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OGradyCann20-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> However, as Daniel Mallinson, a cannabis policy researcher at Pennsylvania State University, notes in August 2020, the funding and reporting of NIDA, as a government entity, is a reflection of the government's budget, and thus \"is a political statement about what we value as a society,\" adding that \"the fact that most of the cannabis money is going to drug abuse and probably to cannabis use disorder versus medical purposes ... says something.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OGradyCann20_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OGradyCann20-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> A national cannabis research initiative that focuses more on therapeutic qualities than strictly the detrimental would be more welcome.\n<\/p><p>Regarding the rest of the recommendations, some progress has been made. As discussed in the second chapter, progress continues to be made on formal testing and accreditation standards for cannabis testing labs. However, this progress has been made almost exclusively by those outside the federal government. If government agencies were to rubber-stamp such standard methods and accreditation processes, it would arguably lend more weight to those methods and processes. Some states like Colorado continue to fund public health research and surveillance data collection<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OGradyCann20_16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OGradyCann20-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-COLMarRes_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-COLMarRes-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>, and in October 2020, the American Public Health Association (APHA) published a policy statement calling for \"an evidence-based public health approach to regulating and controlling the legal commerce of cannabis products.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHAAPub20_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHAAPub20-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> However, a more concerted effort by other states' health departments would potentially have a greater impact. Finally, the call for a multi-pronged \"report on existing regulatory barriers to research\" and how to overcome those barriers has yet to be heeded. Numerous articles have been published in journals in recent years<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>, but it will likely take a larger think-tank of groups to make a more impactful proposal to legalization holdouts.\n<\/p><p>While the growing discussion on enabling research is encouraging, some researchers such as Mayo Clinic psychiatrist and researcher Michael Bostwick have historically been less convinced that the barriers will fall\u2014claiming federal entities shift too much focus on the detrimental effects and not enough on the potential benefits\u2014and aren't optimistic about the direction the government will take.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GrantMari17_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GrantMari17-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> Despite this pessimism, predictions\u2014and reports\u2014of substantial revenues in states where recreational marijuana is legalized or could be legalized persist.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MorrisTheNext16_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MorrisTheNext16-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ThomasBigPot17_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ThomasBigPot17-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HoughtonTown17_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HoughtonTown17-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> A 2017 estimate by market research and analytics company New Frontier Data put the U.S. marijuana industry at $24 billion by 2025<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallaceReport17_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallaceReport17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>, and a 2022 study by Grand View Research put it at $40 billion by 2030.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GVRUSCann22_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GVRUSCann22-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> Yet entities such as the Denver-based Marijuana Policy Group and cannabis law firm Vicente Sederberg LLC have in the past preached caution when dealing with tax revenue estimates and economic projections in the U.S. cannabis market<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallaceReport17_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallaceReport17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>, pointing to CIBC World Markets' grossly inflated tax revenue estimate of $142 CAD ($106 USD) per resident in January 2016, an overshot of about 300 percent.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallaceWhat16_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallaceWhat16-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> \"This is a fast-paced, changing market with varying different dynamics that have more to do based on governmental and regulatory dynamics than they do on consumer dynamics,\" said Vicente Sederberg's director of economics and research Andrew Livingston.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallaceReport17_27-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallaceReport17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Indeed, current and future regulatory dynamics seem to be the biggest wildcards in making market-based predictions, with predicted tax and associated revenue estimates capable of both being significantly too high (by inadequately taking into account local and regional cultural and economic statuses) or too low (by not anticipating new states legalization efforts, research breakthroughs, or ties to other mainstream but related industries).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallaceReport17_27-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallaceReport17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallaceWhat16_29-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallaceWhat16-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, too much regulation can put a stranglehold on a state's cannabis program development\u2014as it has done in Minnesota<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PotterBig16_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PotterBig16-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014causing related grow-ops and laboratories to take significant losses or even go out of business.\n<\/p><p>Finally, on a social level, the push by many to legalize marijuana and, by extension, push for beneficial changes in federal marijuana policy, has been driven even further by dramatic increase in use of and health consequences surrounding opioids in the United States.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PiomelliCannabis18_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PiomelliCannabis18-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BradfordOpioid18_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BradfordOpioid18-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanNewYork18_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanNewYork18-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SukelCould18_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SukelCould18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MahonUnproven22_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MahonUnproven22-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> What's not clear is how effective a replacement cannabis would be. Dr. Weiss again provides context, this time in the February 2018 workshop <i>Cannabis and the opioid crisis: A multidisciplinary review<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PiomelliCannabis18_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PiomelliCannabis18-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>I think we need to be very circumspect in what we are expecting from cannabis with respect to the opioid epidemic. There is no doubt that there are many patients suffering from pain, and we do not have a lot of options to treat it, especially chronic pain. Moreover, the cannabinoid system has a lot of promise regarding analgesic potential and alternative medication approaches. Whether it is the plant, components of the plant, or other strategies to modify endocannabinoid function\u2014these are all possibilities that we need to explore to both help abate the opioid crisis and treat patients with pain who continue to suffer.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>From that same workshop, several additional insights were revealed<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PiomelliCannabis18_31-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PiomelliCannabis18-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>The National Academies' 2017 research recognizes \"the classification of cannabis as a Schedule I substance [as something] that impedes the advancement of cannabis and cannabinoid research.\" Getting past that will require the federal government living up to its 2016 promise to expand approved grow-ops.<\/li>\n<li>Getting marijuana rescheduled is further challenged by the fact that an entire plant and its constituents are scheduled. Difficulties arise because when we talk about rescheduling marijuana, the question has to be asked: \"Are you talking about a plant that is mostly THC, that is mostly CBD (cannabidiol), that has unspecified different components in it?\"<\/li>\n<li>A major question remains concerning \"whether <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinoid\" title=\"Cannabinoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c224c3041748677fcdce5b5209900b7b\">cannabinoids<\/a> and opioids interact at a pharmacological level.\" To further study this, not only do well organized studies need to be designed, but also, as previously mentioned, access to quality samples and a willingness to see the benefit in such research is still required.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>As of August 2022, the Marijuana Data Collection Act is still making its way through the legal quagmire, stuck in the Senate's Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CongressHR1587_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CongressHR1587-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup> Citing many of the previously mentioned issues and more, the proposed bill asks for the National Academy of Sciences \"to conduct and update biennially a study on the effects of State legalized marijuana programs,\" among other tasks. Specifically the research would look at revenue impacts, medicinal use and safety, correlation with opioid abuse, criminal justice impacts, and employment impacts.><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CongressHR1587_36-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CongressHR1587-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AngellFederal18_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AngellFederal18-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> Whether or not this bill passes, one may argue that its intent is inline with the sentiment of representatives at Thompson Coburn: \"forcing the federal hand by providing credible data on the safety of cannabis.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Romza-KutzTheSilver16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-NewportAmericans12-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NewportAmericans12_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Newport, F. (10 December 2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/159152\/americans-federal-gov-state-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Americans Want Federal Gov't Out of State Marijuana Laws\"<\/a>. Gallup, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/159152\/americans-federal-gov-state-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/159152\/americans-federal-gov-state-marijuana-laws.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Americans+Want+Federal+Gov%27t+Out+of+State+Marijuana+Laws&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Newport%2C+F.&rft.au=Newport%2C+F.&rft.date=10+December+2012&rft.pub=Gallup%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F159152%2Famericans-federal-gov-state-marijuana-laws.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-QuinnipiacRepublicans17-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-QuinnipiacRepublicans17_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200728040818\/https:\/\/poll.qu.edu\/national\/release-detail?ReleaseID=2432\" target=\"_blank\">\"Republicans Out Of Step With U.S. Voters On Key Issues, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Most Voters Support Legalized Marijuana\"<\/a>. Quinnipiac University. 23 February 2017. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/poll.qu.edu\/national\/release-detail?ReleaseID=2432\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 28 July 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200728040818\/https:\/\/poll.qu.edu\/national\/release-detail?ReleaseID=2432\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200728040818\/https:\/\/poll.qu.edu\/national\/release-detail?ReleaseID=2432<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Republicans+Out+Of+Step+With+U.S.+Voters+On+Key+Issues%2C+Quinnipiac+University+National+Poll+Finds%3B+Most+Voters+Support+Legalized+Marijuana&rft.atitle=&rft.date=23+February+2017&rft.pub=Quinnipiac+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200728040818%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fpoll.qu.edu%2Fnational%2Frelease-detail%3FReleaseID%3D2432&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GallupSupport21-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GallupSupport21_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/356939\/support-legal-marijuana-holds-record-high.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Support for Legal Marijuana Holds at Record High of 68%\"<\/a>. <i>Gallup<\/i>. 4 November 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/356939\/support-legal-marijuana-holds-record-high.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/356939\/support-legal-marijuana-holds-record-high.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Support+for+Legal+Marijuana+Holds+at+Record+High+of+68%25&rft.atitle=Gallup&rft.date=4+November+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F356939%2Fsupport-legal-marijuana-holds-record-high.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Romza-KutzTheSilver16-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_4-2\">4.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Romza-Kutz, D.; Roth V., F. (15 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"The silver lining in the DEA\u2019s refusal to reclassify cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Tracking Cannabis<\/i>. Thompson Coburn LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+silver+lining+in+the+DEA%E2%80%99s+refusal+to+reclassify+cannabis&rft.atitle=Tracking+Cannabis&rft.aulast=Romza-Kutz%2C+D.%3B+Roth+V.%2C+F.&rft.au=Romza-Kutz%2C+D.%3B+Roth+V.%2C+F.&rft.date=15+August+2016&rft.pub=Thompson+Coburn+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thompsoncoburn.com%2Finsights%2Fblogs%2Ftracking-cannabis%2Fpost%2F2016-08-15%2Fthe-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HellermanScientists17-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HellermanScientists17_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hellerman, C. (8 March 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/nation\/scientists-say-governments-pot-farm-moldy-samples-no-guidelines\" target=\"_blank\">\"Scientists say the government\u2019s only pot farm has moldy samples \u2014 and no federal testing standards\"<\/a>. <i>PBS NewsHour<\/i>. NewsHour Productions, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/nation\/scientists-say-governments-pot-farm-moldy-samples-no-guidelines\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/nation\/scientists-say-governments-pot-farm-moldy-samples-no-guidelines<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Scientists+say+the+government%E2%80%99s+only+pot+farm+has+moldy+samples+%E2%80%94+and+no+federal+testing+standards&rft.atitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.aulast=Hellerman%2C+C.&rft.au=Hellerman%2C+C.&rft.date=8+March+2017&rft.pub=NewsHour+Productions%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fnation%2Fscientists-say-governments-pot-farm-moldy-samples-no-guidelines&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-81FR53846-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-81FR53846_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-17955\/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to\" target=\"_blank\">\"Applications To Become Registered Under the Controlled Substances Act To Manufacture Marijuana To Supply Researchers in the United States\"<\/a>. <i>Federal Register<\/i> <b>81<\/b> (156): 53846\u20138. 12 August 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-17955\/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-17955\/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Applications+To+Become+Registered+Under+the+Controlled+Substances+Act+To+Manufacture+Marijuana+To+Supply+Researchers+in+the+United+States&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.date=12+August+2016&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=156&rft.pages=53846%E2%80%938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2016%2F08%2F12%2F2016-17955%2Fapplications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SmithUSHouse20-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SmithUSHouse20_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Smith, J. (15 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/us-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"US House panel calls for stepped-up marijuana research, which could prove critical to federal reform\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Business Daily<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/us-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/us-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=US+House+panel+calls+for+stepped-up+marijuana+research%2C+which+could+prove+critical+to+federal+reform&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Business+Daily&rft.aulast=Smith%2C+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.&rft.date=15+January+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fus-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DCDMari20-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCDMari20_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCDMari20_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Diversion Control Division (18 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marihuana Growers Information\"<\/a>. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marihuana+Growers+Information&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Diversion+Control+Division&rft.au=Diversion+Control+Division&rft.date=18+December+2020&rft.pub=U.S.+Drug+Enforcement+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadiversion.usdoj.gov%2Fdrugreg%2Fmarihuana.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SacirbeyCanDEA22-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SacirbeyCanDEA22_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">13 April 2022. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Can DEA-backed cannabis growers strike gold via drug development?\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Can+DEA-backed+cannabis+growers+strike+gold+via+drug+development%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=13+April+2022&rft.au=13+April+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fdea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WeissTestimony16-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Weiss, S.R.B. (13 July 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D. on The State of the Science on the Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana and Cannabinoids before Judiciary Committee\"<\/a>. <i>ASL Testimony<\/i>. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 04 May 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Testimony+from+Susan+R.B.+Weiss%2C+Ph.D.+on+The+State+of+the+Science+on+the+Therapeutic+Potential+of+Marijuana+and+Cannabinoids+before+Judiciary+Committee&rft.atitle=ASL+Testimony&rft.aulast=Weiss%2C+S.R.B.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+S.R.B.&rft.date=13+July+2016&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+%26+Human+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170504180135%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhs.gov%2Fabout%2Fagencies%2Fasl%2Ftestimony%2F2016-09%2Fthe-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WeissBuilding17-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WeissBuilding17_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Weiss, S.R.B.; Howlett, K.D.; Baler, R.D. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5404989\" target=\"_blank\">\"Building smart cannabis policy from the science up\"<\/a>. <i>International Journal of Drug Policy<\/i> <b>42<\/b>: 39\u201349. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2017.01.007\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.01.007<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5404989\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5404989<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28189459\" target=\"_blank\">28189459<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5404989\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5404989<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Building+smart+cannabis+policy+from+the+science+up&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Drug+Policy&rft.aulast=Weiss%2C+S.R.B.%3B+Howlett%2C+K.D.%3B+Baler%2C+R.D.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+S.R.B.%3B+Howlett%2C+K.D.%3B+Baler%2C+R.D.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=39%E2%80%9349&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2017.01.007&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5404989&rft_id=info:pmid\/28189459&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC5404989&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASEMTheHealth17-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASEMTheHealth17_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (12 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/24625\/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state\" target=\"_blank\">\"The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research\"<\/a>. The National Academies Press. pp. 440. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17226%2F24625\" target=\"_blank\">10.17226\/24625<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/24625\/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/24625\/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 03 March 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+health+effects+of+cannabis+and+cannabinoids%3A+The+current+state+of+evidence+and+recommendations+for+research&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.date=12+January+2017&rft.pages=pp.+440&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft_id=info:doi\/10.17226%2F24625&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fcatalog%2F24625%2Fthe-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NIDARecc18-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NIDARecc18_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">National Institute on Drug Abuse (6 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/nacda_cannabis_policy_research_workgroup_report_feb_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recommendations for NIDA's Cannabis Policy Research Agenda\"<\/a> (PDF). National Institutes of Health<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/nacda_cannabis_policy_research_workgroup_report_feb_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/nacda_cannabis_policy_research_workgroup_report_feb_2018.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+NIDA%27s+Cannabis+Policy+Research+Agenda&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.au=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.date=6+February+2018&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnida.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fnacda_cannabis_policy_research_workgroup_report_feb_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NIDACann20-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NIDACann20_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">National Institute on Drug Abuse (July 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/marijuana\/letter-director\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report\"<\/a>. National Institutes of Health<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/marijuana\/letter-director\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/marijuana\/letter-director<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+%28Marijuana%29+Research+Report&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.au=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.date=July+2020&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnida.nih.gov%2Fpublications%2Fresearch-reports%2Fmarijuana%2Fletter-director&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NIDARole20-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NIDARole20_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">National Institute on Drug Abuse (27 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/marijuana\/nidas-role-in-providing-cannabis-research\" target=\"_blank\">\"NIDA's Role in Providing Cannabis for Research\"<\/a>. National Institutes of Health<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/marijuana\/nidas-role-in-providing-cannabis-research\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/marijuana\/nidas-role-in-providing-cannabis-research<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NIDA%27s+Role+in+Providing+Cannabis+for+Research&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.au=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.date=27+March+2020&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnida.nih.gov%2Fresearch-topics%2Fmarijuana%2Fnidas-role-in-providing-cannabis-research&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OGradyCann20-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OGradyCann20_16-0\">16.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OGradyCann20_16-1\">16.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-OGradyCann20_16-2\">16.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">O\u2019Grady, Cathleen (27 August 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/08\/cannabis-research-database-shows-how-us-funding-focuses-harms-drug\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis research database shows how U.S. funding focuses on harms of the drug\"<\/a>. <i>Science<\/i>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.abe5328\" target=\"_blank\">10.1126\/science.abe5328<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0036-8075\" target=\"_blank\">0036-8075<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/08\/cannabis-research-database-shows-how-us-funding-focuses-harms-drug\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/08\/cannabis-research-database-shows-how-us-funding-focuses-harms-drug<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+research+database+shows+how+U.S.+funding+focuses+on+harms+of+the+drug&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Grady&rft.aufirst=Cathleen&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Grady%2C%26%2332%3BCathleen&rft.date=27+August+2020&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1126%2Fscience.abe5328&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F08%2Fcannabis-research-database-shows-how-us-funding-focuses-harms-drug&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-COLMarRes-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-COLMarRes_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/prevention-and-wellness\/marijuana\/marijuana-research\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana research\"<\/a>. Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/prevention-and-wellness\/marijuana\/marijuana-research\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/prevention-and-wellness\/marijuana\/marijuana-research<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+research&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Colorado+Department+of+Public+Health+%26+Environment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdphe.colorado.gov%2Fprevention-and-wellness%2Fmarijuana%2Fmarijuana-research&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APHAAPub20-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHAAPub20_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">American Public Health Association (24 October 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apha.org\/Policies-and-Advocacy\/Public-Health-Policy-Statements\/Policy-Database\/2021\/01\/13\/A-Public-Health-Approach-to-Regulating-Commercially-Legalized-Cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Public Health Approach to Regulating Commercially Legalized Cannabis\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apha.org\/Policies-and-Advocacy\/Public-Health-Policy-Statements\/Policy-Database\/2021\/01\/13\/A-Public-Health-Approach-to-Regulating-Commercially-Legalized-Cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.apha.org\/Policies-and-Advocacy\/Public-Health-Policy-Statements\/Policy-Database\/2021\/01\/13\/A-Public-Health-Approach-to-Regulating-Commercially-Legalized-Cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2020<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Public+Health+Approach+to+Regulating+Commercially+Legalized+Cannabis&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=American+Public+Health+Association&rft.au=American+Public+Health+Association&rft.date=24+October+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apha.org%2FPolicies-and-Advocacy%2FPublic-Health-Policy-Statements%2FPolicy-Database%2F2021%2F01%2F13%2FA-Public-Health-Approach-to-Regulating-Commercially-Legalized-Cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Stith, Sarah See; Vigil, Jacob Miguel (3 June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aaf7450\" target=\"_blank\">\"Federal barriers to Cannabis research\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Science<\/i> <b>352<\/b> (6290): 1182\u20131182. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf7450\" target=\"_blank\">10.1126\/science.aaf7450<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0036-8075\" target=\"_blank\">0036-8075<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aaf7450\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aaf7450<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Federal+barriers+to+Cannabis+research&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Stith&rft.aufirst=Sarah+See&rft.au=Stith%2C%26%2332%3BSarah+See&rft.au=Vigil%2C%26%2332%3BJacob+Miguel&rft.date=3+June+2016&rft.volume=352&rft.issue=6290&rft.pages=1182%E2%80%931182&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf7450&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaf7450&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Haney, Margaret (1 October 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2767410\" target=\"_blank\">\"Perspectives on Cannabis Research\u2014Barriers and Recommendations\"<\/a> (in en). <i>JAMA Psychiatry<\/i> <b>77<\/b> (10): 994. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2020.1032\" target=\"_blank\">10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1032<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/2168-622X\" target=\"_blank\">2168-622X<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2767410\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2767410<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+Cannabis+Research%E2%80%94Barriers+and+Recommendations&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Haney&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Haney%2C%26%2332%3BMargaret&rft.date=1+October+2020&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=994&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2020.1032&rft.issn=2168-622X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2Fjournals%2Fjamapsychiatry%2Ffullarticle%2F2767410&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cooper, Ziva D; Abrams, Donald I; Gust, Steven; Salicrup, Alejandro; Throckmorton, Douglas C (28 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jncimono\/article\/2021\/58\/114\/6446199\" target=\"_blank\">\"Challenges for Clinical Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research in the United States\"<\/a> (in en). <i>JNCI Monographs<\/i> <b>2021<\/b> (58): 114\u2013122. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjncimonographs%2Flgab009\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgab009<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1052-6773\" target=\"_blank\">1052-6773<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC8783595\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8783595<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34850896\" target=\"_blank\">34850896<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jncimono\/article\/2021\/58\/114\/6446199\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jncimono\/article\/2021\/58\/114\/6446199<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Challenges+for+Clinical+Cannabis+and+Cannabinoid+Research+in+the+United+States&rft.jtitle=JNCI+Monographs&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Ziva+D&rft.au=Cooper%2C%26%2332%3BZiva+D&rft.au=Abrams%2C%26%2332%3BDonald+I&rft.au=Gust%2C%26%2332%3BSteven&rft.au=Salicrup%2C%26%2332%3BAlejandro&rft.au=Throckmorton%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+C&rft.date=28+November+2021&rft.volume=2021&rft.issue=58&rft.pages=114%E2%80%93122&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fjncimonographs%2Flgab009&rft.issn=1052-6773&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8783595&rft_id=info:pmid\/34850896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjncimono%2Farticle%2F2021%2F58%2F114%2F6446199&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Ruheel, Mohammad Ali; Gomes, Zoya; Usman, Sana; Homayouni, Pargol; Ng, Jeremy Y. (1 December 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00547-8\" target=\"_blank\">\"Facilitators and barriers to the regulation of medical cannabis: a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Harm Reduction Journal<\/i> <b>18<\/b> (1): 106. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs12954-021-00547-8\" target=\"_blank\">10.1186\/s12954-021-00547-8<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1477-7517\" target=\"_blank\">1477-7517<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC8515704\" target=\"_blank\">PMC8515704<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/34649577\" target=\"_blank\">34649577<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00547-8\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00547-8<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facilitators+and+barriers+to+the+regulation+of+medical+cannabis%3A+a+scoping+review+of+the+peer-reviewed+literature&rft.jtitle=Harm+Reduction+Journal&rft.aulast=Ruheel&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft.au=Ruheel%2C%26%2332%3BMohammad+Ali&rft.au=Gomes%2C%26%2332%3BZoya&rft.au=Usman%2C%26%2332%3BSana&rft.au=Homayouni%2C%26%2332%3BPargol&rft.au=Ng%2C%26%2332%3BJeremy+Y.&rft.date=1+December+2021&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1186%2Fs12954-021-00547-8&rft.issn=1477-7517&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC8515704&rft_id=info:pmid\/34649577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs12954-021-00547-8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GrantMari17-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GrantMari17_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Grant, B. (23 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/marijuana-research-still-stymied-by-federal-laws-32161\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Research Still Stymied by Federal Laws\"<\/a>. <i>The Scientist<\/i>. LabX Media Group<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/marijuana-research-still-stymied-by-federal-laws-32161\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/marijuana-research-still-stymied-by-federal-laws-32161<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Research+Still+Stymied+by+Federal+Laws&rft.atitle=The+Scientist&rft.aulast=Grant%2C+B.&rft.au=Grant%2C+B.&rft.date=23+January+2017&rft.pub=LabX+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-scientist.com%2Fnews-opinion%2Fmarijuana-research-still-stymied-by-federal-laws-32161&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MorrisTheNext16-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MorrisTheNext16_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Morris, C. (21 October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2016\/10\/21\/the-next-big-billion-dollar-cannabis-markets-investors-are-rushing-to.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The next big billion-dollar cannabis markets investors are rushing to\"<\/a>. <i>CNBC<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2016\/10\/21\/the-next-big-billion-dollar-cannabis-markets-investors-are-rushing-to.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2016\/10\/21\/the-next-big-billion-dollar-cannabis-markets-investors-are-rushing-to.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+next+big+billion-dollar+cannabis+markets+investors+are+rushing+to&rft.atitle=CNBC&rft.aulast=Morris%2C+C.&rft.au=Morris%2C+C.&rft.date=21+October+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2016%2F10%2F21%2Fthe-next-big-billion-dollar-cannabis-markets-investors-are-rushing-to.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ThomasBigPot17-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ThomasBigPot17_25-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Thomas, J.R. (7 February 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ctmirror.org\/2017\/02\/07\/big-pot-of-money-waiting-if-ct-legalizes-marijuana-analysts-say\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Big pot of money waiting if CT legalizes marijuana, analysts say\"<\/a>. <i>The CT Mirror<\/i>. The Connecticut News Project<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/ctmirror.org\/2017\/02\/07\/big-pot-of-money-waiting-if-ct-legalizes-marijuana-analysts-say\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ctmirror.org\/2017\/02\/07\/big-pot-of-money-waiting-if-ct-legalizes-marijuana-analysts-say\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Big+pot+of+money+waiting+if+CT+legalizes+marijuana%2C+analysts+say&rft.atitle=The+CT+Mirror&rft.aulast=Thomas%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+J.R.&rft.date=7+February+2017&rft.pub=The+Connecticut+News+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctmirror.org%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Fbig-pot-of-money-waiting-if-ct-legalizes-marijuana-analysts-say%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HoughtonTown17-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HoughtonTown17_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Houghton, S. (14 February 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.capenews.net\/mashpee\/news\/town-manager-marijuana-shops-could-boost-tax-revenue\/article_c27b9b71-fb63-52de-bc24-fda320f38a32.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Town Manager: Marijuana Shops Could Boost Tax Revenue\"<\/a>. <i>The Mashpee Enterprise<\/i>. Enterprise Newspapers<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.capenews.net\/mashpee\/news\/town-manager-marijuana-shops-could-boost-tax-revenue\/article_c27b9b71-fb63-52de-bc24-fda320f38a32.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.capenews.net\/mashpee\/news\/town-manager-marijuana-shops-could-boost-tax-revenue\/article_c27b9b71-fb63-52de-bc24-fda320f38a32.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Town+Manager%3A+Marijuana+Shops+Could+Boost+Tax+Revenue&rft.atitle=The+Mashpee+Enterprise&rft.aulast=Houghton%2C+S.&rft.au=Houghton%2C+S.&rft.date=14+February+2017&rft.pub=Enterprise+Newspapers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capenews.net%2Fmashpee%2Fnews%2Ftown-manager-marijuana-shops-could-boost-tax-revenue%2Farticle_c27b9b71-fb63-52de-bc24-fda320f38a32.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WallaceReport17-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallaceReport17_27-0\">27.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallaceReport17_27-1\">27.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallaceReport17_27-2\">27.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallaceReport17_27-3\">27.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wallace, A. (22 February 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2017\/02\/22\/report-united-states-marijuana-sales-projections-2025\/74059\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Report: America\u2019s marijuana industry headed for $24 billion by 2025\"<\/a>. <i>The Cannabist<\/i>. The Denver Post<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2017\/02\/22\/report-united-states-marijuana-sales-projections-2025\/74059\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2017\/02\/22\/report-united-states-marijuana-sales-projections-2025\/74059\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Report%3A+America%E2%80%99s+marijuana+industry+headed+for+%2424+billion+by+2025&rft.atitle=The+Cannabist&rft.aulast=Wallace%2C+A.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+A.&rft.date=22+February+2017&rft.pub=The+Denver+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecannabist.co%2F2017%2F02%2F22%2Freport-united-states-marijuana-sales-projections-2025%2F74059%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GVRUSCann22-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GVRUSCann22_28-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Grand View Research, Inc (15 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/us-cannabis-market-to-be-worth-40-0-billion-by-2030-grand-view-research-inc-301568650.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"U.S. Cannabis Market to be Worth $40.0 Billion by 2030: Grand View Research, Inc.\"<\/a>. <i>PR Newswire<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/us-cannabis-market-to-be-worth-40-0-billion-by-2030-grand-view-research-inc-301568650.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/us-cannabis-market-to-be-worth-40-0-billion-by-2030-grand-view-research-inc-301568650.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=U.S.+Cannabis+Market+to+be+Worth+%2440.0+Billion+by+2030%3A+Grand+View+Research%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=PR+Newswire&rft.aulast=Grand+View+Research%2C+Inc&rft.au=Grand+View+Research%2C+Inc&rft.date=15+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fus-cannabis-market-to-be-worth-40-0-billion-by-2030-grand-view-research-inc-301568650.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WallaceWhat16-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallaceWhat16_29-0\">29.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallaceWhat16_29-1\">29.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wallace, A. (22 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2016\/12\/22\/marijuana-sales-pot-taxes-colorado-estimates-projections\/69831\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"What legal states need to know about sketchy pot tax predictions\"<\/a>. <i>The Cannabist<\/i>. The Denver Post<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2016\/12\/22\/marijuana-sales-pot-taxes-colorado-estimates-projections\/69831\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2016\/12\/22\/marijuana-sales-pot-taxes-colorado-estimates-projections\/69831\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+legal+states+need+to+know+about+sketchy+pot+tax+predictions&rft.atitle=The+Cannabist&rft.aulast=Wallace%2C+A.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+A.&rft.date=22+December+2016&rft.pub=The+Denver+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecannabist.co%2F2016%2F12%2F22%2Fmarijuana-sales-pot-taxes-colorado-estimates-projections%2F69831%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PotterBig16-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PotterBig16_30-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Potter, K. (12 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mprnews.org\/story\/2016\/08\/12\/big-losses-for-minn-medical-marijuana-providers\" target=\"_blank\">\"Big losses for Minn. medical marijuana providers\"<\/a>. <i>MPR News<\/i>. Minnesota Public Radio<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mprnews.org\/story\/2016\/08\/12\/big-losses-for-minn-medical-marijuana-providers\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mprnews.org\/story\/2016\/08\/12\/big-losses-for-minn-medical-marijuana-providers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Big+losses+for+Minn.+medical+marijuana+providers&rft.atitle=MPR+News&rft.aulast=Potter%2C+K.&rft.au=Potter%2C+K.&rft.date=12+August+2016&rft.pub=Minnesota+Public+Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2016%2F08%2F12%2Fbig-losses-for-minn-medical-marijuana-providers&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PiomelliCannabis18-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PiomelliCannabis18_31-0\">31.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PiomelliCannabis18_31-1\">31.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PiomelliCannabis18_31-2\">31.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Piomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research<\/i> <b>3<\/b> (1): 108-16. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1089%2Fcan.2018.29011.rtl\" target=\"_blank\">10.1089\/can.2018.29011.rtl<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647\" target=\"_blank\">PMC5931647<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29789812\" target=\"_blank\">29789812<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+and+the+Opioid+Crisis&rft.jtitle=Cannabis+and+Cannabinoid+Research&rft.aulast=Piomelli%2C+D.%3B+Weiss%2C+S.%3B+Boyd%2C+G.+et+al.&rft.au=Piomelli%2C+D.%3B+Weiss%2C+S.%3B+Boyd%2C+G.+et+al.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-16&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1089%2Fcan.2018.29011.rtl&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC5931647&rft_id=info:pmid\/29789812&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC5931647&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BradfordOpioid18-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BradfordOpioid18_32-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Bradford, A.S.; Abraham, A.; Adams, G.B. (2018). \"Opioid Death Rate Acceleration in Jurisdictions Legalizing Marijuana Use\u2014Reply\". <i>JAMA Internal Medicine<\/i> <b>178<\/b> (9): 1281\u20132. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2018.3891\" target=\"_blank\">10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.3891<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Opioid+Death+Rate+Acceleration+in+Jurisdictions+Legalizing+Marijuana+Use%E2%80%94Reply&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Internal+Medicine&rft.aulast=Bradford%2C+A.S.%3B+Abraham%2C+A.%3B+Adams%2C+G.B.&rft.au=Bradford%2C+A.S.%3B+Abraham%2C+A.%3B+Adams%2C+G.B.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=178&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1281%E2%80%932&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2018.3891&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GoldmanNewYork18-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanNewYork18_33-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Goldman, H. (13 July 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2018-07-13\/n-y-health-officials-see-marijuana-as-an-alternative-to-opioids\" target=\"_blank\">\"New York Health Officials See Marijuana as an Alternative to Opioids\"<\/a>. <i>Bloomberg<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2018-07-13\/n-y-health-officials-see-marijuana-as-an-alternative-to-opioids\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2018-07-13\/n-y-health-officials-see-marijuana-as-an-alternative-to-opioids<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+York+Health+Officials+See+Marijuana+as+an+Alternative+to+Opioids&rft.atitle=Bloomberg&rft.aulast=Goldman%2C+H.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+H.&rft.date=13+July+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-07-13%2Fn-y-health-officials-see-marijuana-as-an-alternative-to-opioids&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SukelCould18-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SukelCould18_34-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Sukel, K. (1 May 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.painresearchforum.org\/news\/95694-could-cannabis-legalization-help-ease-opioid-crisis\" target=\"_blank\">\"Could Cannabis Legalization Help Ease the Opioid Crisis?\"<\/a>. <i>Pain Research Forum<\/i>. International Association for the Study of Pain<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.painresearchforum.org\/news\/95694-could-cannabis-legalization-help-ease-opioid-crisis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.painresearchforum.org\/news\/95694-could-cannabis-legalization-help-ease-opioid-crisis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Could+Cannabis+Legalization+Help+Ease+the+Opioid+Crisis%3F&rft.atitle=Pain+Research+Forum&rft.aulast=Sukel%2C+K.&rft.au=Sukel%2C+K.&rft.date=1+May+2018&rft.pub=International+Association+for+the+Study+of+Pain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.painresearchforum.org%2Fnews%2F95694-could-cannabis-legalization-help-ease-opioid-crisis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MahonUnproven22-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MahonUnproven22_35-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spotlightpa.org\/news\/2022\/02\/pennsylvania-medical-marijuana-addiction-misleading-dangerous-websites\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Unproven, Unsafe\"<\/a>. <i>Spotlight PA<\/i>. 21 February 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spotlightpa.org\/news\/2022\/02\/pennsylvania-medical-marijuana-addiction-misleading-dangerous-websites\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.spotlightpa.org\/news\/2022\/02\/pennsylvania-medical-marijuana-addiction-misleading-dangerous-websites\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Unproven%2C+Unsafe&rft.atitle=Spotlight+PA&rft.date=21+February+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spotlightpa.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F02%2Fpennsylvania-medical-marijuana-addiction-misleading-dangerous-websites%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CongressHR1587-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CongressHR1587_36-0\">36.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CongressHR1587_36-1\">36.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/senate-bill\/1456\" target=\"_blank\">\"S.1456 - Marijuana Data Collection Act\"<\/a>. <i>Congress.gov<\/i>. U.S. Government. 29 April 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/senate-bill\/1456\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/senate-bill\/1456<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=S.1456+-+Marijuana+Data+Collection+Act&rft.atitle=Congress.gov&rft.date=29+April+2021&rft.pub=U.S.+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F117th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F1456&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AngellFederal18-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AngellFederal18_37-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Angell, T. (24 July 2018). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"#41b953e73532\">\"Federal Report On Marijuana Legalization Required Under New Bill\"<\/a>. <i>Forbes<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"#41b953e73532\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tomangell\/2018\/07\/24\/federal-report-on-marijuana-legalization-required-under-new-bill\/#41b953e73532<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Federal+Report+On+Marijuana+Legalization+Required+Under+New+Bill&rft.atitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Angell%2C+T.&rft.au=Angell%2C+T.&rft.date=24+July+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftomangell%2F2018%2F07%2F24%2Ffederal-report-on-marijuana-legalization-required-under-new-bill%2F%2341b953e73532&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140923\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.302 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.987 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 28070\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 256430\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 92489\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 76752\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 305.428 1 -total\n 79.32% 242.280 1 Template:Reflist\n 65.78% 200.917 37 Template:Citation\/core\n 48.70% 148.740 28 Template:Cite_web\n 21.47% 65.585 9 Template:Cite_journal\n 20.65% 63.065 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\n 13.01% 39.733 32 Template:Date\n 4.48% 13.688 22 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.14% 12.647 57 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 1.88% 5.729 46 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5232-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140922 and revision id 15816. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7b\/Medical_cannabis_demo_2.JPG"],"eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be_timestamp":1660140562,"589930486e726b6c7c3ad58b22f6ea2e_type":"article","589930486e726b6c7c3ad58b22f6ea2e_title":"4.3 Vendors: Q through Z","589930486e726b6c7c3ad58b22f6ea2e_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z","589930486e726b6c7c3ad58b22f6ea2e_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\/Vendors: Q through ZFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchContents \n\n1 4.3 Vendors: Q through Z \n\n1.1 4.3.1 Quantum Analytics, LLC \n1.2 4.3.2 Restek Corporation \n1.3 4.3.3 Sage Analytics \n\n1.3.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n1.4 4.3.4 Scientific Equipment Source, Inc. \n1.5 4.3.5 Scientific Repair, Inc. \n\n1.5.1 Instruments and methods \n1.5.2 Software \n\n\n1.6 4.3.6 Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc. \n\n1.6.1 Instruments and methods \n1.6.2 Software \n\n\n1.7 4.3.7 Sigma-Aldritch, Inc. \/ MilliporeSigma, Inc. \n1.8 4.3.8 SPEX CertiPrep, Inc. \n1.9 4.3.9 ST2 Service Technologies, Inc. \n1.10 4.3.10 Thermo Fisher Scientific \n\n1.10.1 Instruments and methods \n1.10.2 Software \n\n\n1.11 4.3.11 VICAM \n1.12 4.3.12 Waters Corporation \n\n1.12.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n1.13 4.3.13 Willow Industries, LLC \n\n\n2 References \n3 Citation information for this chapter \n\n\n\n4.3 Vendors: Q through Z \n 4.3.1 Quantum Analytics, LLC \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.lqa.com\/industry\/food-agriculture\/\nQuantum Analytics is a distributor of laboratory analytical instruments. The company markets several of its third-party instruments to cannabis laboratories for applications such as[1]:\n\npotency and efficacy testing\nheavy metals testing\nmycotoxins analysis\npesticide testing\nresidual solvents testing\nterpene testing\nConsult their website or cannabis capabilities flyer for more information.\n\r\n\n\n4.3.2 Restek Corporation \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.restek.com\/en\/industries-and-applications\/botanicals\/cannabis\/\nRestek Corporation develops and manufactures chromatography columns and accessories for a wide variety of industries. The company offers a wide variety of supplies for the cannabis testing industry, including[2]:\n\nchromatography columns\ncertified reference standards\nsample preparation and management supplies\nconsumables and accessories for chromatography instruments\nConsult their website or catalog to review all their cannabis testing supplies.\n\r\n\n\n4.3.3 Sage Analytics \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/sageanalytics.com\/\nSage Analytics develops and manufactures potency testing solutions for the cannabis testing industry. \n\nInstruments and methods \nProfiler II Humboldt Special Edition: a portable near-infrared spectroscopy device for testing cannabis potency\nToxDetective: uses \"nano-manipulation technology to orient or encapsulate biomolecules such as proteins\/enzymes at the nano scale,\" which are then applied to a lateral flow assay[3]\nBeacon: a portable near-infrared spectroscopy device for testing cannabis potency, with an onboard touchscreen; also comes without a touchscreen, marketed as the Luminary Profiler\n\r\n\n\n 4.3.4 Scientific Equipment Source, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/se-source.com\/industries\/cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/\nScientific Equipment Source, Inc. describes itself as a \"one-stop-shop for your laboratory instrumentation requirements be it new or used laboratory equipment or process equipment.\" The Canadian company has a cannabis processing and testing section detailing all of its new, used, and refurbished options, from biomass handling and batch extraction to cannabis distillation and testing. See the website for more details.\n\r\n\n\n 4.3.5 Scientific Repair, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.srigc.com\nCommonly known as SRI Instruments, Scientific Repair, Inc. manufactures and distributes chromatography instruments and accessories. The company's solutions focus on:\n\npotency and efficacy testing\nresidual solvents testing\nterpene testing\nInstruments and methods \nThe company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur.\nPotency and efficacy testing\n\nModel 310C-MM: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with additional columns for extended analyses\nModel 420 GC: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument\nModel 8610C: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with optional columns for additional analyses\nResidual solvents testing\n\nModel 310C-MM: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with additional columns for extended analyses\nModel 8610C: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with optional columns for additional analyses\nTerpene testing\n\nModel 310C-MM: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with additional columns for extended analyses\nModel 8610C: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with optional columns for additional analyses\nSoftware \nPeakSimple: chromatography software for SRI's chromatography instruments\n\r\n\n\n 4.3.6 Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/industries\/cannabis-testing-solutions\/index.html\nShimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc. is a multi-divisional corporation that focuses on creating and distributing medical diagnostic, aerospace, and analytical instrument solutions for a variety of industries. Among their solutions are chromatography, spectrometry, and other cannabis testing solutions for laboratories for purposes of[4]:\n\npotency and efficacy testing\nheavy metals testing\nmoisture content analysis\nmycotoxins analysis\npesticide testing\nresidual solvents testing\nterpene testing\nInstruments and methods \nThe company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur, via their cannabis testing brochure. Additionally, they offer two advanced tools for research:\n\nNexera UC: a supercritical fluid extraction and supercriticial fluid chromatography liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument\nMALDI iD-Plus: a microbial identification system\nPotency and efficacy testing\n\nCannabis Analyzer for Potency: a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument with three methods: high-throughput, high-sensitivity, and high-resolution\nLC-2050C 3D: an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography instrument with a photodiode array detector\nNexera UC: supercritical fluid chromatography system\nHeavy metals testing\n\nICPMS-2030: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy instrument\nMoisture content analysis\n\nMOC63u Moisture Balance: a moisture balance with five preset measurement programs\nMOC-120H Moisture Balance: a moisture balance with nine preset measurement programs\nMycotoxins analysis\n\nLCMS-8050 or LCMS-8060: a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument\nPesticide testing\n\nGCMS-TQ8050 NX: a triple quadrupole gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument that can be paired with the AOC-6000 Plus or AOC-20i headspace autosamplers\nLCMS-8050 or LCMS-8060: a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument\nResidual solvents testing\n\nGCMS-TQ8050 NX: a triple quadrupole gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument that can be paired with the AOC-6000 Plus or AOC-20i headspace autosamplers\nNexis GC-2030: a gas chromatography instrument paired with the HS-20 NX headspace sampler\nTerpene testing\n\nGCMS-TQ8050 NX: a triple quadrupole gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument that can be paired with the HS-20 NX headspace sampler and NIST Mass Spectral Library\nGCMS-QP2020 NX: a single-quad gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer that can be paired with the HS-20 NX headspace sampler or the AOC-6000 Plus] autosampler\nSoftware \nLabSolutions: a suite of software tools that allows users to control instruments and view instrument data, and it can create and export files (spreadsheets) of instrument data that can be mapped to a database in an interfaced laboratory information management system (LIMS)\n\r\n\n\n 4.3.7 Sigma-Aldritch, Inc. \/ MilliporeSigma, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/US\/en\/applications\/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene\/cannabis-testing\nNote: Sigma-Aldritch, Inc. was acquired by Millipore and became MilliporeSigma, Inc. The Sigma-Aldritch website is still active and demonstrates its cannabis testing materials; however, the website will likely change in the future.\nSigma-Aldritch, Inc., which has become MilliporeSigma, Inc., distributes lab materials and technologies for various industries. This includes the cannabis testing industry, with supplies like[5]:\n\nchromatography columns\ncertified reference materials\nsolvents and reagents\nsample preparations kits\nlaboratory equipment\nSee their cannabis testing catalog for more details.\n\r\n\n\n 4.3.8 SPEX CertiPrep, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.spex.com\/Product\/OrganicCertifiedReferenceMaterials\nSPEX CertiPrep, Inc. is a distributor of certified reference materials and sample preparation equipment for analytical spectroscopy. The company markets standards for many types of cannabis testing, as well a few sample preparation instruments such as mills and grinders. Consult their website for available supplies, as well as their online standards catalog.\n\r\n\n\n 4.3.9 ST2 Service Technologies, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/mjtestequipment.com\nST2 Service Technologies, Inc.\u2014doing business as Analytical Instrument Management or AIM\u2014\"provides tools, instrumentation, education and support to several full-panel [cannabis] testing labs operating around the US, along with extractors, manufacturers, and cultivators.\"[6] The company provides new, used, and refurbished analytical instruments for cannabis and other testing laboratories. Consult their online catalog for available options.\n\r\n\n\n4.3.10 Thermo Fisher Scientific \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/products-and-services\/promotions\/industrial\/cannabis-testing-canada.html\nThermo Fisher Scientific is a multi-divisional corporation that develops, manufactures, and distributes a wide variety of technologies for research and analytical laboratories. The company markets cannabis testing solutions to the Canadian market. Among its offerings are solutions for[7]:\n\npotency and efficacy testing\nheavy metals testing\nmold and bacteria analysis\nmycotoxins analysis\npesticide testing\nresidual solvents testing\nAside from instruments, Thermo Fisher also lists a variety of chromatography columns and sample preparation kits for each type of testing. Consult the website for more on these items.\n\nInstruments and methods \nThe company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur.[7]\nPotency and efficacy testing\n\nVanquish UHPLC Systems: numerous ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography instruments\nUltiMate 3000 HPLC Systems: high- and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography systems, with four different variations of preparation\nTSQ Altis and TSQ Quantis: liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple-stage quadrupole instruments, with the Quantis having greater mass range\nQ Exactive Hybrid: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry that has \"quadruple precursor ion selection with high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) Orbitrap detection\"\nTRACE 1600: a gas chromatography \/ gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument\nISQ 7610: gas chromatography mass spectrometry with single quadrupole\nOrbitrap Exploris GC: gas chromatography mass spectrometry with Orbitrap technology\nOrbitrap Exploris GC 240: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with Orbitrap technology\nHeavy metals testing\n\niCAP Pro Series ICP-OES: a series of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry instruments\niCAP RQ ICP-MS: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrument with single quadrupole\niCAP TQ ICP-MS: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrument with triple quadrupole\nMold and bacteria analysis\n\nQuantStudio 5 Food Safety Real-Time PCR System: a polymerase chain reaction instrument\nApplied Biosystems PCR devices: other polymerase chain reaction instruments that vary based on need\nMycotoxins analysis\n\nVanquish UHPLC Systems: numerous ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography instruments\nUltiMate 3000 HPLC Systems: high- and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography systems, with four different variations of preparation\nTSQ Altis and TSQ Quantis: liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple-stage quadrupole instruments, with the Quantis having greater mass range\nQ Exactive Hybrid: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry that has \"quadruple precursor ion selection with high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) Orbitrap detection\"\nPesticide testing\n\nVanquish UHPLC Systems: numerous ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography instruments\nUltiMate 3000 HPLC Systems: high- and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography systems, with four different variations of preparation\nTSQ Altis and TSQ Quantis: liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple-stage quadrupole instruments, with the Quantis having greater mass range\nQ Exactive Hybrid: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry that has \"quadruple precursor ion selection with high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) Orbitrap detection\"\nTSQ 9610: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole\nOrbitrap Exploris 120: mass spectrometry with Orbitrap technology\nOrbitrap Exploris GC 240: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with Orbitrap technology\nResidual solvents testing\n\nTRACE 1600: a gas chromatography \/ gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument\nTriPlus 500: a headspace autosampler for gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry instruments\nTriPlus RSH: an autosampler for headspace and\/or liquid injection with gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry instruments\nISQ 7610: gas chromatography mass spectrometry with single quadrupole\nTSQ 9610: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole\nSoftware \nChromeleon: a chromatography data system\nTraceFinder: workflow management, quantitation, and data analysis software\nCompound Discoverer: software for small molecule data analysis\nQtegra Intelligent Scientific Data Solution: control and data processing software for a range of elemental and isotopic analysis tech\n\r\n\n\n4.3.11 VICAM \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.vicam.com\/markets\/botanicals\nVICAM, a subsidiary of Waters Corporation, develops and distribute mycotoxin testing supplies. While the company makes no mention of cannabis testing on its website, it does offer mycotoxin testing solutions for botanical products, primarily testing for[8]:\n\nAflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2\nBisphenol A\nCitrinin\nDeoxynivalenol\nFumonisins B1, B2, and B3\nOchratoxin A\nT-2\/HT-2\nZearalenone\n\r\n\n\n4.3.12 Waters Corporation \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Cannabis-and-Hemp-Testing-Solutions\/nav.htm?cid=135005280\nWaters Corporation specialty measurement instruments for laboratories from a wide array of industries. The company details that its instruments can handle cannabis testing activities such as[9][10][11][12][13][14]:\n\npotency and efficacy testing\nmycotoxins\npesticide testing\nInstruments and methods \nWaters instrument options are based on what equipment was used for specific testing as indicated in its white papers, as well as what's suggested on their cannabis landing page. Additionally, Waters offers an extraction system for botanical matrices:\n\nSFE Bio-Botanical Extraction System\nPotency and efficacy testing\n\nACQUITY QDa Mass Detector: a mass detector that can bused in conjunction with UPLC, UPC2, and Alliance HPLC systems (see below) for mass confirmation of cannabinoids\nACQUITY UPLC Systems: an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography suite of systems, including the H-, I, and M-Class systems\nACQUITY UPC2 System: an ultra-high-performance convergence chromatography system that uses CO2 as a primary mobile phase component\nAlliance HPLC System: a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument, with integrated solvent and sample management\nMycotoxins\n\nVicam aflatoxin testing solutions: simple and rapid aflatoxin test kits\nVicam Series-4EX Fluorometer: a platform for measuring total mycotoxin levels without HPLC or UPLC\nXevo TQ-S micro: tandem mass spectrometry instrument with triple quadrupole, presumably with an LC system\nPesticide testing\n\nXevo TQ-S micro with an ACQUITY UPLC system : an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument with triple quadrupole\nXevo TQ-GC: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument with triple quadrupole\n\r\n\n\n 4.3.13 Willow Industries, LLC \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/willowindustries.com\/\nWillow Industries, LLC is a Colorado-based cannabis decontamination technology business and consultancy. The company produces the WillowPure, a device that allows users to reduce the microbial contamination levels of cannabis. The device comes in versions that support up to 10 to 40 pounds throughput.[15] Consult the website for more details.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Food & agriculture\". Quantum Analytics, LLC. https:\/\/www.lqa.com\/industry\/food-agriculture\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis Application Area\". Restek Corporation. https:\/\/www.restek.com\/en\/industries-and-applications\/botanicals\/cannabis\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Introducing the ToxDetective\" (PDF). Sage Analytics. March 2020. https:\/\/toxdetective.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ToxD_bro_lo_32520.pdf . Retrieved 10 January 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis and Hemp Testing Solutions\". Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc. https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/industries\/cannabis-testing-solutions\/index.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis Testing: Quality You Can Trust\" (PDF). Sigma-Aldritch, Inc. March 2017. https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/content\/dam\/sigma-aldrich\/docs\/Sigma-Aldrich\/General_Information\/1\/cannabis-testing.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"About Analytical Instrument Management\". ST2 Service Technologies, Inc. https:\/\/mjtestequipment.com\/about.htm . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 7.0 7.1 \"Cannabis Testing in Canada\". Thermo Fisher Scientific. https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/products-and-services\/promotions\/industrial\/cannabis-testing-canada.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Botanicals\". VICAM. https:\/\/www.vicam.com\/markets\/botanicals . Retrieved 10 January 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis and Hemp Testing Solutions\". Waters Corporation. https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Cannabis-and-Hemp-Testing-Solutions\/nav.htm?cid=135005280 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Building Laboratory Capacity to Ensure Cannabis Safety, Quality, and Efficacy\" (PDF). Waters Corporation. August 2018. https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006394en.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Tran, K.; Twohig, M; Young, M. et al. (September 2018). \"Determination of the Oregon Pesticide List in Cannabis Using a Simple Extraction Procedure with dSPE Cleanup and UPLC-MS\/MS\" (PDF). Waters Corporation. https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006373en.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Aubin, A.J.; Layton, C.; Helmueller, S. (November 2018). \"Separation of 16 Cannabinoids in Cannabis Flower and Extracts Using a Reversed-Phase Isocratic HPLC Method\" (PDF). Waters Corporation. https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006426en.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Mass Confirmation of Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa by Using HPTLC-QDa\" (PDF). Waters Corporation. July 2017. https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006047en.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gottardi, M.; Ferron, F.; Lee, R. et al. (September 2018). \"Using UPLC-MS\/MS for the Determination of Carboxy-THC (cTHC) in Hair for Forensic Toxicology\" (PDF). Waters Corporation. https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006363en.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"The Organic Cannabis Kill Step\". Willow Industries, LLC. https:\/\/willowindustries.com\/willowpure-systems\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\r\n\n\n-----Go to the next chapter of this guide-----\n\r\n\n\nCitation information for this chapter \nChapter: 4. Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\nTitle: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\nEdition: Fourth edition\nAuthor for citation: Shawn E. Douglas\nLicense for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International\nPublication date: August 2022\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:26.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","589930486e726b6c7c3ad58b22f6ea2e_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Cannabis_testing_instruments_software_and_equipment_Vendors_Q_through_Z rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Cannabis_testing_instruments_software_and_equipment_Vendors_Q_through_Z skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\/Vendors: Q through Z<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3_Vendors:_Q_through_Z\">4.3 Vendors: Q through Z<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.3.1_Quantum_Analytics,_LLC\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.1_Quantum_Analytics.2C_LLC\">4.3.1 Quantum Analytics, LLC<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lqa.com\/industry\/food-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.lqa.com\/industry\/food-agriculture\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Quantum Analytics is a distributor of laboratory analytical instruments. The company markets several of its third-party instruments to cannabis laboratories for applications such as<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-QACanna_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-QACanna-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>potency and efficacy testing<\/li>\n<li>heavy metals testing<\/li>\n<li>mycotoxins analysis<\/li>\n<li>pesticide testing<\/li>\n<li>residual solvents testing<\/li>\n<li>terpene testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Consult their website or <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/go.pardot.com\/l\/379542\/2017-08-03\/4454i\/379542\/5875\/LQA_Cannabis_Capabilities_Flyer_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">cannabis capabilities<\/a> flyer for more information.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.2_Restek_Corporation\">4.3.2 Restek Corporation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/en\/industries-and-applications\/botanicals\/cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.restek.com\/en\/industries-and-applications\/botanicals\/cannabis\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Restek Corporation develops and manufactures chromatography columns and accessories for a wide variety of industries. The company offers a wide variety of supplies for the cannabis testing industry, including<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RestekCanna_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RestekCanna-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>chromatography columns<\/li>\n<li>certified reference standards<\/li>\n<li>sample preparation and management supplies<\/li>\n<li>consumables and accessories for chromatography instruments<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Consult their website or <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/globalassets\/pdfs\/literature\/ffss2073f-unv.pdf?term=cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">catalog<\/a> to review all their cannabis testing supplies.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.3_Sage_Analytics\">4.3.3 Sage Analytics<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sageanalytics.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sageanalytics.com\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Sage Analytics develops and manufactures potency testing solutions for the cannabis testing industry. \n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sageanalytics.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\">Profiler II Humboldt Special Edition<\/a>: a portable near-infrared spectroscopy device for testing cannabis potency<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sageanalytics.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\">ToxDetective<\/a>: uses \"nano-manipulation technology to orient or encapsulate biomolecules such as proteins\/enzymes at the nano scale,\" which are then applied to a lateral flow assay<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ToxDetPDF_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ToxDetPDF-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sageanalytics.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\">Beacon<\/a>: a portable near-infrared spectroscopy device for testing cannabis potency, with an onboard touchscreen; also comes without a touchscreen, marketed as the Luminary Profiler<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.3.4_Scientific_Equipment_Source,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.4_Scientific_Equipment_Source.2C_Inc.\">4.3.4 Scientific Equipment Source, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/se-source.com\/industries\/cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/se-source.com\/industries\/cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Scientific Equipment Source, Inc. describes itself as a \"one-stop-shop for your laboratory instrumentation requirements be it new or used laboratory equipment or process equipment.\" The Canadian company has a cannabis processing and testing section detailing all of its new, used, and refurbished options, from biomass handling and batch extraction to cannabis distillation and testing. See the website for more details.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.3.5_Scientific_Repair,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.5_Scientific_Repair.2C_Inc.\">4.3.5 Scientific Repair, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srigc.com\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.srigc.com<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Commonly known as SRI Instruments, Scientific Repair, Inc. manufactures and distributes chromatography instruments and accessories. The company's solutions focus on:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>potency and efficacy testing<\/li>\n<li>residual solvents testing<\/li>\n<li>terpene testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_2\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur.\n<\/p><p><b>Potency and efficacy testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srigc.com\/home\/product_detail\/model-310-cannabis-and-hemp-gc-system\" target=\"_blank\">Model 310C-MM<\/a>: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with additional columns for extended analyses<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srigc.com\/home\/product_detail\/model-420-gc\" target=\"_blank\">Model 420 GC<\/a>: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srigc.com\/home\/product_detail\/model-8610c-gas-chromatograph\" target=\"_blank\">Model 8610C<\/a>: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with optional columns for additional analyses<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Residual solvents testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srigc.com\/home\/product_detail\/model-310-cannabis-and-hemp-gc-system\" target=\"_blank\">Model 310C-MM<\/a>: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with additional columns for extended analyses<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srigc.com\/home\/product_detail\/model-8610c-gas-chromatograph\" target=\"_blank\">Model 8610C<\/a>: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with optional columns for additional analyses<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Terpene testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srigc.com\/home\/product_detail\/model-310-cannabis-and-hemp-gc-system\" target=\"_blank\">Model 310C-MM<\/a>: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with additional columns for extended analyses<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srigc.com\/home\/product_detail\/model-8610c-gas-chromatograph\" target=\"_blank\">Model 8610C<\/a>: a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection instrument, with optional columns for additional analyses<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Software\">Software<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srigc.com\/pages\/software_downloads\/\" target=\"_blank\">PeakSimple<\/a>: chromatography software for SRI's chromatography instruments<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.3.6_Shimadzu_Scientific_Instruments,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.6_Shimadzu_Scientific_Instruments.2C_Inc.\">4.3.6 Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/industries\/cannabis-testing-solutions\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/industries\/cannabis-testing-solutions\/index.html<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc. is a multi-divisional corporation that focuses on creating and distributing medical diagnostic, aerospace, and analytical instrument solutions for a variety of industries. Among their solutions are chromatography, spectrometry, and other cannabis testing solutions for laboratories for purposes of<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShimadzuCanna_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShimadzuCanna-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>potency and efficacy testing<\/li>\n<li>heavy metals testing<\/li>\n<li>moisture content analysis<\/li>\n<li>mycotoxins analysis<\/li>\n<li>pesticide testing<\/li>\n<li>residual solvents testing<\/li>\n<li>terpene testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_3\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur, via their <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/pim\/pim_document_file\/ssi\/others\/14722\/Cannabis-Brochure.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">cannabis testing brochure<\/a>. Additionally, they offer two advanced tools for research:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/liquid-chromatography\/sfc\/nexera-uc\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Nexera UC<\/a>: a supercritical fluid extraction and supercriticial fluid chromatography liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/industries\/environment\/maldi-id-plus\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">MALDI iD-Plus<\/a>: a microbial identification system<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Potency and efficacy testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/liquid-chromatography\/hplc-system\/cannabis-analyzer-for-potency\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cannabis Analyzer for Potency<\/a>: a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument with three methods: high-throughput, high-sensitivity, and high-resolution<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shimadzu.com\/an\/products\/liquid-chromatography\/hplcuhplc\/i-series\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">LC-2050C 3D<\/a>: an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography instrument with a photodiode array detector<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/liquid-chromatography\/sfc\/nexera-uc\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Nexera UC<\/a>: supercritical fluid chromatography system<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Heavy metals testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/elemental-analysis\/icp-ms\/icpms-2030\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">ICPMS-2030<\/a>: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy instrument<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Moisture content analysis<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/balances\/moisture-analyzer\/moc63u\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">MOC63u Moisture Balance<\/a>: a moisture balance with five preset measurement programs<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/balances\/moisture-analyzer\/moc-120h\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">MOC-120H Moisture Balance<\/a>: a moisture balance with nine preset measurement programs<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Mycotoxins analysis<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/liquid-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/triple-quadrupole-lc-msms\/lcms-8050\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">LCMS-8050<\/a> or <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/liquid-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/triple-quadrupole-lc-msms\/lcms-8060\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">LCMS-8060<\/a>: a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Pesticide testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/triple-quadrupole-gc-msms\/gcms-tq8050-nx\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">GCMS-TQ8050 NX<\/a>: a triple quadrupole gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument that can be paired with the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/gc-ms-components-accessories\/aoc-6000-plus\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">AOC-6000 Plus<\/a> or <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/gc-ms-components-accessories\/aoc-20iaoc-20s\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">AOC-20i<\/a> headspace autosamplers<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/liquid-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/triple-quadrupole-lc-msms\/lcms-8050\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">LCMS-8050<\/a> or <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/liquid-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/triple-quadrupole-lc-msms\/lcms-8060\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">LCMS-8060<\/a>: a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Residual solvents testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/triple-quadrupole-gc-msms\/gcms-tq8050-nx\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">GCMS-TQ8050 NX<\/a>: a triple quadrupole gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument that can be paired with the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/gc-ms-components-accessories\/aoc-6000-plus\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">AOC-6000 Plus<\/a> or <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/gc-ms-components-accessories\/aoc-20iaoc-20s\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">AOC-20i<\/a> headspace autosamplers<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatography\/gas-chromatograph\/nexis-gc-2030\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Nexis GC-2030<\/a>: a gas chromatography instrument paired with the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatography\/gc-accessories-components\/hs-20-nx-series\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">HS-20 NX<\/a> headspace sampler<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Terpene testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/triple-quadrupole-gc-msms\/gcms-tq8050-nx\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">GCMS-TQ8050 NX<\/a>: a triple quadrupole gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument that can be paired with the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatography\/gc-accessories-components\/hs-20-nx-series\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">HS-20 NX<\/a> headspace sampler and NIST Mass Spectral Library<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/single-quadrupole-gc-ms\/gcms-qp2020-nx\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">GCMS-QP2020 NX<\/a>: a single-quad gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer that can be paired with the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatography\/gc-accessories-components\/hs-20-nx-series\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">HS-20 NX<\/a> headspace sampler or the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/gas-chromatograph-mass-spectrometry\/gc-ms-components-accessories\/aoc-6000-plus\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">AOC-6000 Plus<\/a>] autosampler<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Software_2\">Software<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shimadzu.com\/an\/products\/software-informatics\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">LabSolutions<\/a>: a suite of software tools that allows users to control instruments and view instrument data, and it can create and export files (spreadsheets) of instrument data that can be mapped to a database in an interfaced laboratory information management system (LIMS)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.3.7_Sigma-Aldritch,_Inc._\/_MilliporeSigma,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.7_Sigma-Aldritch.2C_Inc._.2F_MilliporeSigma.2C_Inc.\">4.3.7 Sigma-Aldritch, Inc. \/ MilliporeSigma, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/US\/en\/applications\/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/US\/en\/applications\/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene\/cannabis-testing<\/a>\n<\/p><p><i>Note<\/i>: Sigma-Aldritch, Inc. was acquired by Millipore and became MilliporeSigma, Inc. The Sigma-Aldritch website is still active and demonstrates its cannabis testing materials; however, the website will likely change in the future.\n<\/p><p>Sigma-Aldritch, Inc., which has become MilliporeSigma, Inc., distributes lab materials and technologies for various industries. This includes the cannabis testing industry, with supplies like<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SACCannPDF_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SACCannPDF-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>chromatography columns<\/li>\n<li>certified reference materials<\/li>\n<li>solvents and reagents<\/li>\n<li>sample preparations kits<\/li>\n<li>laboratory equipment<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>See their <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/content\/dam\/sigma-aldrich\/docs\/Sigma-Aldrich\/General_Information\/1\/cannabis-testing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">cannabis testing catalog<\/a> for more details.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.3.8_SPEX_CertiPrep,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.8_SPEX_CertiPrep.2C_Inc.\">4.3.8 SPEX CertiPrep, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spex.com\/Product\/OrganicCertifiedReferenceMaterials\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.spex.com\/Product\/OrganicCertifiedReferenceMaterials<\/a>\n<\/p><p>SPEX CertiPrep, Inc. is a distributor of certified reference materials and sample preparation equipment for analytical spectroscopy. The company markets standards for many types of cannabis testing, as well a few sample preparation instruments such as mills and grinders. Consult their website for available supplies, as well as their <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spex.com\/getmedia\/ebc7beef-1193-453e-954d-8c3029aff0c5\/Organic-Product-Catalog-2020_1.pdf?ext=.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">online standards catalog<\/a>.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.3.9_ST2_Service_Technologies,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.9_ST2_Service_Technologies.2C_Inc.\">4.3.9 ST2 Service Technologies, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjtestequipment.com\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjtestequipment.com<\/a>\n<\/p><p>ST2 Service Technologies, Inc.\u2014doing business as Analytical Instrument Management or AIM\u2014\"provides tools, instrumentation, education and support to several full-panel [cannabis] testing labs operating around the US, along with extractors, manufacturers, and cultivators.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AIMAbout_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AIMAbout-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> The company provides new, used, and refurbished analytical instruments for cannabis and other testing laboratories. Consult their online catalog for available options.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.10_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific\">4.3.10 Thermo Fisher Scientific<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/products-and-services\/promotions\/industrial\/cannabis-testing-canada.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/products-and-services\/promotions\/industrial\/cannabis-testing-canada.html<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Thermo Fisher Scientific is a multi-divisional corporation that develops, manufactures, and distributes a wide variety of technologies for research and analytical laboratories. The company markets cannabis testing solutions to the Canadian market. Among its offerings are solutions for<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TFCannaCan_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TFCannaCan-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>potency and efficacy testing<\/li>\n<li>heavy metals testing<\/li>\n<li>mold and bacteria analysis<\/li>\n<li>mycotoxins analysis<\/li>\n<li>pesticide testing<\/li>\n<li>residual solvents testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Aside from instruments, Thermo Fisher also lists a variety of chromatography columns and sample preparation kits for each type of testing. Consult the website for more on these items.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_4\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TFCannaCan_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TFCannaCan-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>Potency and efficacy testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/chromatography\/liquid-chromatography-lc\/hplc-uhplc-systems.html\" target=\"_blank\">Vanquish UHPLC Systems<\/a>: numerous ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography instruments<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/chromatography\/liquid-chromatography-lc\/hplc-uhplc-systems\/ultimate-3000-hplc-uhplc-systems.html\" target=\"_blank\">UltiMate 3000 HPLC Systems<\/a>: high- and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography systems, with four different variations of preparation<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/TSQ03-10002\" target=\"_blank\">TSQ Altis<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/TSQ02-10001\" target=\"_blank\">TSQ Quantis<\/a>: liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple-stage quadrupole instruments, with the Quantis having greater mass range<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/IQLAAEGAAPFALGMAZR\" target=\"_blank\">Q Exactive Hybrid<\/a>: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry that has \"quadruple precursor ion selection with high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) Orbitrap detection\"<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/chromatography\/gas-chromatography-gc\/gc-systems.html\" target=\"_blank\">TRACE 1600<\/a>: a gas chromatography \/ gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/ISQ7610-AEI\" target=\"_blank\">ISQ 7610<\/a>: gas chromatography mass spectrometry with single quadrupole<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/BRE725540\" target=\"_blank\">Orbitrap Exploris GC<\/a>: gas chromatography mass spectrometry with Orbitrap technology<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/BRE725537\" target=\"_blank\">Orbitrap Exploris GC 240<\/a>: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with Orbitrap technology<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Heavy metals testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/spectroscopy-elemental-isotope-analysis\/trace-elemental-analysis\/inductively-coupled-plasma-optical-emission-spectrometry-icp-oes.html\" target=\"_blank\">iCAP Pro Series ICP-OES<\/a>: a series of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry instruments<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/mass-spectrometry\/inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms\/single-quadrupole-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-sq-icp-ms.html\" target=\"_blank\">iCAP RQ ICP-MS<\/a>: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrument with single quadrupole<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/mass-spectrometry\/inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms\/triple-quadrupole-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-tq-icp-ms.html\" target=\"_blank\">iCAP TQ ICP-MS<\/a>: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrument with triple quadrupole<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Mold and bacteria analysis<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/A36320\" target=\"_blank\">QuantStudio 5 Food Safety Real-Time PCR System<\/a>: a polymerase chain reaction instrument<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/life-science\/pcr\/real-time-pcr\/real-time-pcr-instruments.html\" target=\"_blank\">Applied Biosystems PCR devices<\/a>: other polymerase chain reaction instruments that vary based on need<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Mycotoxins analysis<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/chromatography\/liquid-chromatography-lc\/hplc-uhplc-systems.html\" target=\"_blank\">Vanquish UHPLC Systems<\/a>: numerous ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography instruments<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/chromatography\/liquid-chromatography-lc\/hplc-uhplc-systems\/ultimate-3000-hplc-uhplc-systems.html\" target=\"_blank\">UltiMate 3000 HPLC Systems<\/a>: high- and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography systems, with four different variations of preparation<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/TSQ03-10002\" target=\"_blank\">TSQ Altis<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/TSQ02-10001\" target=\"_blank\">TSQ Quantis<\/a>: liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple-stage quadrupole instruments, with the Quantis having greater mass range<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/IQLAAEGAAPFALGMAZR\" target=\"_blank\">Q Exactive Hybrid<\/a>: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry that has \"quadruple precursor ion selection with high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) Orbitrap detection\"<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Pesticide testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/chromatography\/liquid-chromatography-lc\/hplc-uhplc-systems.html\" target=\"_blank\">Vanquish UHPLC Systems<\/a>: numerous ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography instruments<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/chromatography\/liquid-chromatography-lc\/hplc-uhplc-systems\/ultimate-3000-hplc-uhplc-systems.html\" target=\"_blank\">UltiMate 3000 HPLC Systems<\/a>: high- and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography systems, with four different variations of preparation<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/TSQ03-10002\" target=\"_blank\">TSQ Altis<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/TSQ02-10001\" target=\"_blank\">TSQ Quantis<\/a>: liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple-stage quadrupole instruments, with the Quantis having greater mass range<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/IQLAAEGAAPFALGMAZR\" target=\"_blank\">Q Exactive Hybrid<\/a>: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry that has \"quadruple precursor ion selection with high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) Orbitrap detection\"<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/TSQ9610-NV-AEI\" target=\"_blank\">TSQ 9610<\/a>: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/BRE725531\" target=\"_blank\">Orbitrap Exploris 120<\/a>: mass spectrometry with Orbitrap technology<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/BRE725537\" target=\"_blank\">Orbitrap Exploris GC 240<\/a>: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with Orbitrap technology<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Residual solvents testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/chromatography\/gas-chromatography-gc\/gc-systems.html\" target=\"_blank\">TRACE 1600<\/a>: a gas chromatography \/ gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/MI-25118100\" target=\"_blank\">TriPlus 500<\/a>: a headspace autosampler for gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry instruments<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/1R77010-2001\" target=\"_blank\">TriPlus RSH<\/a>: an autosampler for headspace and\/or liquid injection with gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry instruments<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/ISQ7610-AEI\" target=\"_blank\">ISQ 7610<\/a>: gas chromatography mass spectrometry with single quadrupole<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/TSQ9610-NV-AEI\" target=\"_blank\">TSQ 9610<\/a>: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Software_3\">Software<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/chromatography\/chromatography-data-systems-cds.html\" target=\"_blank\">Chromeleon<\/a>: a chromatography data system<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/mass-spectrometry\/liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-lc-ms\/lc-ms-software\/lc-ms-data-acquisition-software\/tracefinder-software.html\" target=\"_blank\">TraceFinder<\/a>: workflow management, quantitation, and data analysis software<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/industrial\/mass-spectrometry\/liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-lc-ms\/lc-ms-software\/multi-omics-data-analysis\/compound-discoverer-software.html\" target=\"_blank\">Compound Discoverer<\/a>: software for small molecule data analysis<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/IQLAAGGACBFAOVMBIO\" target=\"_blank\">Qtegra Intelligent Scientific Data Solution<\/a>: control and data processing software for a range of elemental and isotopic analysis tech<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.11_VICAM\">4.3.11 VICAM<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vicam.com\/markets\/botanicals\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.vicam.com\/markets\/botanicals<\/a>\n<\/p><p>VICAM, a subsidiary of Waters Corporation, develops and distribute mycotoxin testing supplies. While the company makes no mention of cannabis testing on its website, it does offer mycotoxin testing solutions for botanical products, primarily testing for<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VICAMBotan_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VICAMBotan-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2<\/li>\n<li>Bisphenol A<\/li>\n<li>Citrinin<\/li>\n<li>Deoxynivalenol<\/li>\n<li>Fumonisins B1, B2, and B3<\/li>\n<li>Ochratoxin A<\/li>\n<li>T-2\/HT-2<\/li>\n<li>Zearalenone<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.12_Waters_Corporation\">4.3.12 Waters Corporation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Cannabis-and-Hemp-Testing-Solutions\/nav.htm?cid=135005280\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Cannabis-and-Hemp-Testing-Solutions\/nav.htm?cid=135005280<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Waters Corporation specialty measurement instruments for laboratories from a wide array of industries. The company details that its instruments can handle cannabis testing activities such as<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WatersCannaHome_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WatersCannaHome-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WatersBuild18_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WatersBuild18-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TranDeterm18_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TranDeterm18-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AubinSeparation18_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AubinSeparation18-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WatersMass17_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WatersMass17-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GottardiUsing18_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GottardiUsing18-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>potency and efficacy testing<\/li>\n<li>mycotoxins<\/li>\n<li>pesticide testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_5\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Waters instrument options are based on what equipment was used for specific testing as indicated in its white papers, as well as what's suggested on their cannabis landing page. Additionally, Waters offers an extraction system for botanical matrices:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/For-SFE-extraction-and-CO2-extraction\/nav.htm?cid=134826287&locale=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">SFE Bio-Botanical Extraction System<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Potency and efficacy testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/ACQUITY-QDa-Mass-Detector-for-Chromatographic-Analysis\/nav.htm?cid=134761404&locale=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">ACQUITY QDa Mass Detector<\/a>: a mass detector that can bused in conjunction with UPLC, UPC<sup>2<\/sup>, and Alliance HPLC systems (see below) for mass confirmation of cannabinoids<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/UPLC-UHPLC-systems-and-detectors-for-sub-2-micron-separations\/nav.htm?cid=10125009\" target=\"_blank\">ACQUITY UPLC Systems<\/a>: an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography suite of systems, including the H-, I, and M-Class systems<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/ACQUITY-UPC2-System\/nav.htm?cid=134658367&locale=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">ACQUITY UPC<sup>2<\/sup> System<\/a>: an ultra-high-performance convergence chromatography system that uses CO<sub>2<\/sub> as a primary mobile phase component<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Alliance-HPLC-System\/nav.htm?cid=534293&locale=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">Alliance HPLC System<\/a>: a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument, with integrated solvent and sample management<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Mycotoxins<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vicam.com\/category\/aflatoxin-testing-solutions\" target=\"_blank\">Vicam aflatoxin testing solutions<\/a>: simple and rapid aflatoxin test kits<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vicam.com\/category\/fluorometer\" target=\"_blank\">Vicam Series-4EX Fluorometer<\/a>: a platform for measuring total mycotoxin levels without HPLC or UPLC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Xevo-TQ-S-micro-Triple-Quadrupole-Mass-Spectrometry\/nav.htm?cid=134798856&locale=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">Xevo TQ-S micro<\/a>: tandem mass spectrometry instrument with triple quadrupole, presumably with an LC system<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Pesticide testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Xevo-TQ-S-micro-Triple-Quadrupole-Mass-Spectrometry\/nav.htm?cid=134798856&locale=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">Xevo TQ-S micro<\/a> with an <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/UPLC-UHPLC-systems-and-detectors-for-sub-2-micron-separations\/nav.htm?cid=10125009\" target=\"_blank\">ACQUITY UPLC<\/a> system : an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument with triple quadrupole<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Xevo-TQ-GC-electron-ionization-triple-quadrupole-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry\/nav.htm?cid=134977323&locale=en_US\" target=\"_blank\">Xevo TQ-GC<\/a>: gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument with triple quadrupole<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.3.13_Willow_Industries,_LLC\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.3.13_Willow_Industries.2C_LLC\">4.3.13 Willow Industries, LLC<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/willowindustries.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/willowindustries.com\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Willow Industries, LLC is a Colorado-based cannabis decontamination technology business and consultancy. The company produces the WillowPure, a device that allows users to reduce the microbial contamination levels of cannabis. The device comes in versions that support up to 10 to 40 pounds throughput.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WPWillowPure_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WPWillowPure-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> Consult the website for more details.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-QACanna-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-QACanna_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lqa.com\/industry\/food-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Food & agriculture\"<\/a>. Quantum Analytics, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lqa.com\/industry\/food-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.lqa.com\/industry\/food-agriculture\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Food+%26+agriculture&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Quantum+Analytics%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lqa.com%2Findustry%2Ffood-agriculture%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RestekCanna-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RestekCanna_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/en\/industries-and-applications\/botanicals\/cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Application Area\"<\/a>. Restek Corporation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.restek.com\/en\/industries-and-applications\/botanicals\/cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.restek.com\/en\/industries-and-applications\/botanicals\/cannabis\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Application+Area&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Restek+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.restek.com%2Fen%2Findustries-and-applications%2Fbotanicals%2Fcannabis%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ToxDetPDF-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ToxDetPDF_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/toxdetective.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ToxD_bro_lo_32520.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Introducing the ToxDetective\"<\/a> (PDF). Sage Analytics. March 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/toxdetective.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ToxD_bro_lo_32520.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/toxdetective.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ToxD_bro_lo_32520.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 10 January 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+ToxDetective&rft.atitle=&rft.date=March+2020&rft.pub=Sage+Analytics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoxdetective.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2FToxD_bro_lo_32520.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ShimadzuCanna-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShimadzuCanna_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/industries\/cannabis-testing-solutions\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and Hemp Testing Solutions\"<\/a>. Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/industries\/cannabis-testing-solutions\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/industries\/cannabis-testing-solutions\/index.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+and+Hemp+Testing+Solutions&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Shimadzu+Scientific+Instruments%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssi.shimadzu.com%2Findustries%2Fcannabis-testing-solutions%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SACCannPDF-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SACCannPDF_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/content\/dam\/sigma-aldrich\/docs\/Sigma-Aldrich\/General_Information\/1\/cannabis-testing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing: Quality You Can Trust\"<\/a> (PDF). Sigma-Aldritch, Inc. March 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/content\/dam\/sigma-aldrich\/docs\/Sigma-Aldrich\/General_Information\/1\/cannabis-testing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/content\/dam\/sigma-aldrich\/docs\/Sigma-Aldrich\/General_Information\/1\/cannabis-testing.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing%3A+Quality+You+Can+Trust&rft.atitle=&rft.date=March+2017&rft.pub=Sigma-Aldritch%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fsigma-aldrich%2Fdocs%2FSigma-Aldrich%2FGeneral_Information%2F1%2Fcannabis-testing.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AIMAbout-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AIMAbout_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjtestequipment.com\/about.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"About Analytical Instrument Management\"<\/a>. ST2 Service Technologies, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjtestequipment.com\/about.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjtestequipment.com\/about.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+Analytical+Instrument+Management&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ST2+Service+Technologies%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjtestequipment.com%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TFCannaCan-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-TFCannaCan_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-TFCannaCan_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/products-and-services\/promotions\/industrial\/cannabis-testing-canada.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing in Canada\"<\/a>. Thermo Fisher Scientific<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/products-and-services\/promotions\/industrial\/cannabis-testing-canada.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/products-and-services\/promotions\/industrial\/cannabis-testing-canada.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+in+Canada&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Thermo+Fisher+Scientific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fproducts-and-services%2Fpromotions%2Findustrial%2Fcannabis-testing-canada.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VICAMBotan-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-VICAMBotan_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vicam.com\/markets\/botanicals\" target=\"_blank\">\"Botanicals\"<\/a>. VICAM<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vicam.com\/markets\/botanicals\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.vicam.com\/markets\/botanicals<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 10 January 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Botanicals&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=VICAM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vicam.com%2Fmarkets%2Fbotanicals&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WatersCannaHome-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WatersCannaHome_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Cannabis-and-Hemp-Testing-Solutions\/nav.htm?cid=135005280\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and Hemp Testing Solutions\"<\/a>. Waters Corporation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Cannabis-and-Hemp-Testing-Solutions\/nav.htm?cid=135005280\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/Cannabis-and-Hemp-Testing-Solutions\/nav.htm?cid=135005280<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+and+Hemp+Testing+Solutions&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Waters+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waters.com%2Fwaters%2Fen_US%2FCannabis-and-Hemp-Testing-Solutions%2Fnav.htm%3Fcid%3D135005280&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WatersBuild18-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WatersBuild18_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006394en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Building Laboratory Capacity to Ensure Cannabis Safety, Quality, and Efficacy\"<\/a> (PDF). Waters Corporation. August 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006394en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006394en.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Building+Laboratory+Capacity+to+Ensure+Cannabis+Safety%2C+Quality%2C+and+Efficacy&rft.atitle=&rft.date=August+2018&rft.pub=Waters+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waters.com%2Fwebassets%2Fcms%2Flibrary%2Fdocs%2F720006394en.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TranDeterm18-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TranDeterm18_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Tran, K.; Twohig, M; Young, M. et al. (September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006373en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Determination of the Oregon Pesticide List in Cannabis Using a Simple Extraction Procedure with dSPE Cleanup and UPLC-MS\/MS\"<\/a> (PDF). Waters Corporation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006373en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006373en.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Determination+of+the+Oregon+Pesticide+List+in+Cannabis+Using+a+Simple+Extraction+Procedure+with+dSPE+Cleanup+and+UPLC-MS%2FMS&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Tran%2C+K.%3B+Twohig%2C+M%3B+Young%2C+M.+et+al.&rft.au=Tran%2C+K.%3B+Twohig%2C+M%3B+Young%2C+M.+et+al.&rft.date=September+2018&rft.pub=Waters+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waters.com%2Fwebassets%2Fcms%2Flibrary%2Fdocs%2F720006373en.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AubinSeparation18-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AubinSeparation18_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Aubin, A.J.; Layton, C.; Helmueller, S. (November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006426en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Separation of 16 Cannabinoids in Cannabis Flower and Extracts Using a Reversed-Phase Isocratic HPLC Method\"<\/a> (PDF). Waters Corporation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006426en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006426en.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Separation+of+16+Cannabinoids+in+Cannabis+Flower+and+Extracts+Using+a+Reversed-Phase+Isocratic+HPLC+Method&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Aubin%2C+A.J.%3B+Layton%2C+C.%3B+Helmueller%2C+S.&rft.au=Aubin%2C+A.J.%3B+Layton%2C+C.%3B+Helmueller%2C+S.&rft.date=November+2018&rft.pub=Waters+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waters.com%2Fwebassets%2Fcms%2Flibrary%2Fdocs%2F720006426en.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WatersMass17-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WatersMass17_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006047en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mass Confirmation of Cannabinoids in <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> by Using HPTLC-QDa\"<\/a> (PDF). Waters Corporation. July 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006047en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006047en.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mass+Confirmation+of+Cannabinoids+in+%27%27Cannabis+sativa%27%27+by+Using+HPTLC-QDa&rft.atitle=&rft.date=July+2017&rft.pub=Waters+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waters.com%2Fwebassets%2Fcms%2Flibrary%2Fdocs%2F720006047en.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GottardiUsing18-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GottardiUsing18_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Gottardi, M.; Ferron, F.; Lee, R. et al. (September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006363en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Using UPLC-MS\/MS for the Determination of Carboxy-THC (cTHC) in Hair for Forensic Toxicology\"<\/a> (PDF). Waters Corporation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006363en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.waters.com\/webassets\/cms\/library\/docs\/720006363en.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Using+UPLC-MS%2FMS+for+the+Determination+of+Carboxy-THC+%28cTHC%29+in+Hair+for+Forensic+Toxicology&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Gottardi%2C+M.%3B+Ferron%2C+F.%3B+Lee%2C+R.+et+al.&rft.au=Gottardi%2C+M.%3B+Ferron%2C+F.%3B+Lee%2C+R.+et+al.&rft.date=September+2018&rft.pub=Waters+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waters.com%2Fwebassets%2Fcms%2Flibrary%2Fdocs%2F720006363en.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WPWillowPure-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WPWillowPure_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/willowindustries.com\/willowpure-systems\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Organic Cannabis Kill Step\"<\/a>. Willow Industries, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/willowindustries.com\/willowpure-systems\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/willowindustries.com\/willowpure-systems\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Organic+Cannabis+Kill+Step&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Willow+Industries%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwillowindustries.com%2Fwillowpure-systems%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Regulation, market, and research\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be\">the next chapter<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Citation_information_for_this_chapter\">Citation information for this chapter<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Chapter<\/b>: 4. Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\n<\/p><p><b>Title<\/b>: <i>Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Edition<\/b>: Fourth edition\n<\/p><p><b>Author for citation<\/b>: Shawn E. Douglas\n<\/p><p><b>License for content<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International<\/a>\n<\/p><p><b>Publication date<\/b>: August 2022\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140922\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.109 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.116 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 9411\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 87851\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 21264\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 22170\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 89.554 1 -total\n 90.59% 81.124 1 Template:Reflist\n 77.47% 69.378 15 Template:Cite_web\n 71.95% 64.434 15 Template:Citation\/core\n 11.43% 10.239 7 Template:Date\n 9.33% 8.353 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\n 4.12% 3.686 15 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 1.46% 1.309 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5230-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140922 and revision id 17984. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","589930486e726b6c7c3ad58b22f6ea2e_images":[],"589930486e726b6c7c3ad58b22f6ea2e_timestamp":1660140562,"c02710919090f377b68855d9e7194892_type":"article","c02710919090f377b68855d9e7194892_title":"4.2 Vendors: G through P","c02710919090f377b68855d9e7194892_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P","c02710919090f377b68855d9e7194892_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\/Vendors: G through PFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchContents \n\n1 4.2 Vendors: G through P \n\n1.1 4.2.1 GemmaCert Ltd. \n\n1.1.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n1.2 4.2.2 GenTech Scientific, Inc. \n1.3 4.2.3 GMI OpCo, LLC \n1.4 4.2.4 ICON Scientific, Inc. \n\n1.4.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n1.5 4.2.5 Lab Society, LLC \n1.6 4.2.6 LabX \n1.7 4.2.7 LGC Limited \n1.8 4.2.8 Marshall Scientific, LLC \n1.9 4.2.9 Microbiologics, Inc. \n1.10 4.2.10 Neutec Group, Inc. \n1.11 4.2.11 Orange Photonics, Inc. \n\n1.11.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n1.12 4.2.12 Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd. \n\n1.12.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n1.13 4.2.13 PerkinElmer, Inc. \n\n1.13.1 Instruments and methods \n1.13.2 Software \n\n\n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n4.2 Vendors: G through P \n4.2.1 GemmaCert Ltd. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/gemmacert.com\/\nGemmaCert Ltd. is a cannabis testing technology company that markets the GemmaCert analysis tool and accessories.\n\nInstruments and methods \nGemmaCert: a portable near-infrared spectroscopy instrument designed to analyze total THC and total CBD levels, without destroying the inserted specimen[1]; see the specifications sheet for more information.\n\r\n\n\n 4.2.2 GenTech Scientific, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/gentechscientific.com\/cannabis\/\nGenTech Scientific, Inc. is a distributor of refurbished laboratory analytical instruments. The company states they \"offer instruments functioning at the manufacturer's original performance specifications\" and that are warrantied and supported.[2] Top instruments include chromatography and spectrometry equipment, and GenTech also offers new consumable kits. Inventory changes regularly, so visit their website often for the latest.\n\r\n\n\n 4.2.3 GMI OpCo, LLC \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.gmi-inc.com\/programs\/cannabis-laboratory-instruments-services\/\nGMI OpCo, LLC (doing business as GMI) is a distributor of new and certified-refurbished instrumentation for a wide variety of labs, including cannabis testing labs. The company also supplies installation, training, and support for the instrumentation it supplies. Among its offerings are chromatography and spectrometry instruments, as well as benchtop equipment such as centrifuges.\n\r\n\n\n 4.2.4 ICON Scientific, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/products\/\nICON Scientific specializes in full-size and miniaturized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) solutions. Among its offerings are a full-sized HPLC, autosamplers, columns, and its miniature ANSER HPLC device for cannabis and hemp analysis.\n\nInstruments and methods \nANSER: a portable high-performance liquid chromatography instrument designed to analyze cannabis and hemp potency and purity, including methods for THC concentrations and purity, CBD purity, and finished product analysis[3]\nAZURA HPLC Plus System: an HPLC system with a variety of detector options, including diode array, multi-wavelength, and variable wavelength UV detectors[4]\n\r\n\n\n 4.2.5 Lab Society, LLC \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/labsociety.com\/lab-equipment-category\/cannabis-extraction\/\nLab Society, LLC provides end-to-end laboratory equipment solutions for a wide variety of industries, including those overseeing cannabis and hemp extraction. While a wide variety of equipment options exist for labs of all types, consult the \"cannabis & hemp extraction\" section for liquid-liquid, solvent, and solid-liquid cannabis extraction equipment.\n\r\n\n\n4.2.6 LabX \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.labx.com\/product\/cannabis-testing-equipment\nLabX, part of LabX Media Group, is a Canadian business that provides an online marketplace to buy and sell laboratory equipment and technologies. LabX has a landing page for cannabis and hemp testing equipment that addresses extraction, potency testing, residual solvent testing, pesticide testing, heavy metals testing, microbiology, and moisture analysis. The equipment is a mix of new, used, and refurbished states. Check the website often as inventories may change frequently.\n\r\n\n\n4.2.7 LGC Limited \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.lgcstandards.com\/US\/en\/search?text=cannabis\nLGC Limited\u2014operating as LGC Standards\u2014manufactures and distributes reference materials and proficiency testing schemes for a variety of industries. Among its offerings are cannabis-related testing reference standards for cannabinoids, pesticides, residual solvents, and terpenes. Consult the vendor's web store or contact them directly to learn about their entire stock of reference materials.\n\r\n\n\n 4.2.8 Marshall Scientific, LLC \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.marshallscientific.com\/Cannabis_Testing_Laboratory_Equipment_a\/1582.htm\nMarshall Scientific, LLC is a distributor of refurbished laboratory equipment for a variety of clinical and research laboratories. The company markets some of its refurbished equipment for cannabis extraction and testing activities, including:\n\nhigh-performance liquid chromatography systems\nrotary evaporators\nbenchtop centrifuges\nvacuum ovens\nanalytical balances\nmicropipette sets\nStock changes regularly, so visit their website often for the latest.\n\r\n\n\n 4.2.9 Microbiologics, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.microbiologics.com\/cannabis\nMicrobiologics, Inc. develops and distributes biometerials. Among them, the company markets equipment and consumables for microbial testing of cannabis. Materials for growing reference cultures, bundled sets and panels of microorganisms, self-contained strains, and molecular standards are among Microbiologics' offerings. Consult their website for more details.\n\r\n\n\n 4.2.10 Neutec Group, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.neutecgroup.com\/cannabis\nNeutec Group, Inc. provides equipment and support services to quality control and research and development laboratories. Neutec offers equipment solutions for cannabis testing labs testing for microbiological contaminates and water activity. This includes colony counters, water activity meters, multispectral imaging solutions, and air samplers. Consult their website for more details.\n\r\n\n\n 4.2.11 Orange Photonics, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.orangephotonics.com\/\nOrange Photonics, Inc. is a cannabis testing technology company that markets the LightLab cannabis analyzer.\n\nInstruments and methods \nLightLab 3: a portable high-performance liquid chromatography selective separation spectroscopy instrument for cannabis potency analysis; the optional Terpenes+ module also allows for terpenes analysis.[5]\n\r\n\n\n4.2.12 Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/discover\/news\/what-are-the-most-common-forms-of-cannabis-testing\/\nPeak Scientific Instruments Ltd. designs, manufactures, and distributes high-performance gas generators for laboratories. In a March 2019 blog post, the company outlined how its many gas generation solutions could be paired with specific third-party analytical instruments for the various types of cannabis testing.[6] Peak offers solutions for:\n\npotency and efficacy testing\nheavy metals testing\nmycotoxins analysis\npesticide testing\nresidual solvents testing\nterpene testing\nInstruments and methods \nThe company suggests gas generation options based on what type of testing will occur.[6]\nPotency and efficacy testing\n\nPrecision series: modular gas generators for gas chromatography, including nitrogen, hydrogen, zero air, and compressed air gas generators; recommends pairing with Agilent Intuvo 9000 GC and Agilent 5977B GC\/MSD instruments\nSolaris XE 35: a nitrogen generator for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or low-flow nitrogen instruments; recommends pairing with the various Agilent 1290 Infinity II series instruments\nHeavy metals testing\n\nPrecision Hydrogen Trace 250: a hydrogen generator designed primarily for gas chromatography carrier gas use, as well as flame ionization and flame photometric detection, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; recommends pairing with the Agilent 7800\/7900 ICP-MS and Agilent 8900 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS\nNG5000 and NG5000A: ultra-high purity nitrogen generators, with the NG5000A having its own internal compressor; recommends pairing with the Agilent 5110 ICP-OES\nMycotoxins analysis\n\nInfinity 1051, Genius 1051, and Genius 3051: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, with the 3051 being recommend over the 1051 if high-flow gas delivery mode is required; recommends pairing with the Shimadzu LCMS-8050 Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer\nGenius 1024 and Infinity 1031: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; recommends pairing with the SCIEX Triple Quad or QTRAP 6500+ system\nPesticide testing\n\nInfinity 1051, Genius 1051, and Genius 3051: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, with the 3051 being recommend over the 1051 if high-flow gas delivery mode is required; recommends pairing with the Shimadzu LCMS-8050 Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer\nGenius 1024, Genius AB-3G, and Infinity 1031: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; recommends pairing with the SCIEX ExionLC AC HPLC System, in conjunction with the SCIEX QET 4500 LC-MS\/MS System\nPrecision series: modular gas generators for gas chromatography, including nitrogen, hydrogen, zero air, and compressed air gas generators; recommends pairing with Agilent Intuvo 9000 GC and Agilent 5977B GC\/MSD instruments; recommends pairing with the Agilent 7000 Series Triple Quadrupole GC\/MS and the Agilent GC\/MS\/MS Pesticides Analyzer\nSolaris XE 35 and Genius XE 35: a nitrogen generator for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or low-flow nitrogen instruments, as well as evaporative light scattering detection in the case of the Genius; recommends pairing with the Agilent 6400 Series Triple Quadrupole LC\/MS\nSolaris XE 35, Infinity XE 5010, Genius XE 35, and Genius XE 70: nitrogen generators for various purposes, depending on the model, though largely liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and evaporative light scattering detection; recommends pairing with the Agilent 6500 Series Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Q-TOF LC\/MS\nResidual solvents testing\n\nPrecision Nitrogen Headspace 250: a nitrogen generator for gas chromatography with headspace sampler requirements; recommends pairing with the Shimadzu Nexis GC-2030 with HS-20 Headspace Sampler or the GCMS-TQ8050 with Headspace Sampler\nPrecision series: modular gas generators for gas chromatography, including nitrogen, hydrogen, zero air, and compressed air gas generators; recommends pairing with Agilent 7890 Series GC and the Agilent Flame Ionization Detector\nTerpene testing\n\nPrecision series: modular gas generators for gas chromatography, including nitrogen, hydrogen, zero air, and compressed air gas generators; recommends pairing with the Shimadzu GCMS-TQ8050 Triple Quadrupole Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer, the Agilent Intuvo 9000 GC, and the Agilent 7890 Series GC\nGenius 1024 and Infinity 1031: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; recommends pairing with the SCIEX Triple Quad or QTRAP 6500+ system\nSolaris XE 35: a nitrogen generator for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or low-flow nitrogen instruments; recommends pairing with the Agilent 1260 Infinity II Diode Array Detector\n\r\n\n\n 4.2.13 PerkinElmer, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/category\/cannabis-hemp-testing-solutions\nPerkinElmer, Inc. is a scientific technology company developing and distributing solutions \"for better detection, imaging, and informatics\" in the laboratory.[7] The company discusses the research area of cannabis analysis on its website, recommending instrument and consumables solutions for cannabis testing laboratories, including[8]:\n\npotency and efficacy testing\nheavy metals testing\nmycotoxins analysis\npesticide testing\nresidual solvents testing\nterpene testing\nInstruments and methods \nThe company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur.[8]\nPotency and efficacy testing\n\nFlexar HPLC: a high-performance liquid chromatography system that can be used with a quaternary pump, autosampler with Peltier cooling, column heater, and photodiode array detector to detect cannabinoids\nLC 300 HPLC: a high-performance liquid chromatography system that can be used \"with a wide range of detectors and accessories\"\nSpectrum Two FTIR: a Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometry device that uses nondestructive methods\nHeavy metals testing\n\nNexION 2000 ICP-MS, with a Titan MPS: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy device that can be used in conjunction with the Titan MPS microwave digestion processing tool\nMycotoxins analysis\n\nQSight 420: an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument\nJanus G3 workstations: provide fully automated sample preparation and liquid handling\nPesticide testing\n\nQSight 420: an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument\nJanus G3 workstations: provide fully automated sample preparation and liquid handling\nResidual solvents testing\n\nClarus SQ 8 series GC\/MS], with a TurboMax headspace sampler: a headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument\nTerpene testing\n\nClarus SQ 8 series GC\/MS], with a TurboMax headspace sampler: a headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument\nSoftware \nChemDraw: software for drawing chemical structures and biological pathways\nSimplicity 3Q: software for workflow management\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Compare GemmaCert Packages\". GemmaCert Ltd. https:\/\/gemmacert.com\/products\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"GenTech\". GenTech Scientific, Inc. https:\/\/gentechscientific.com\/about\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"The ANSER Cannabis & Hemp Analyzer\". ICON Scientific, Inc. https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/the-anser-cannabis-hemp-analyzer\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"AZURA HPLC Plus Systems\". ICON Scientific, Inc. https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/parentcat\/237\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"LightLab 3 Cannabis Analyzer\". Orange Photonics, Inc. https:\/\/www.orangephotonics.com\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 6.0 6.1 McBride, B. (11 March 2019). \"What are the most common forms of cannabis testing?\". Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd. https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/discover\/news\/what-are-the-most-common-forms-of-cannabis-testing\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Discover PerkinElmer\". PerkinElmer, Inc. https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/corporate\/what-we-do\/markets . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 \"Cannabis Analysis\". PerkinElmer, Inc. https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/category\/cannabis-hemp-testing-solutions . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 16:16.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","c02710919090f377b68855d9e7194892_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Cannabis_testing_instruments_software_and_equipment_Vendors_G_through_P rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Cannabis_testing_instruments_software_and_equipment_Vendors_G_through_P skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\/Vendors: G through P<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2_Vendors:_G_through_P\">4.2 Vendors: G through P<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.1_GemmaCert_Ltd.\">4.2.1 GemmaCert Ltd.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/gemmacert.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/gemmacert.com\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>GemmaCert Ltd. is a cannabis testing technology company that markets the GemmaCert analysis tool and accessories.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gemmacert.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\">GemmaCert<\/a>: a portable near-infrared spectroscopy instrument designed to analyze total THC and total CBD levels, without destroying the inserted specimen<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GCTech_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GCTech-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>; see the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gemmacert.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/European_Pharmacopeia_Compliance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">specifications sheet<\/a> for more information.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.2.2_GenTech_Scientific,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.2_GenTech_Scientific.2C_Inc.\">4.2.2 GenTech Scientific, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/gentechscientific.com\/cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/gentechscientific.com\/cannabis\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>GenTech Scientific, Inc. is a distributor of refurbished laboratory analytical instruments. The company states they \"offer instruments functioning at the manufacturer's original performance specifications\" and that are warrantied and supported.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GTHome_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GTHome-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Top instruments include chromatography and spectrometry equipment, and GenTech also offers new consumable kits. Inventory changes regularly, so visit their website often for the latest.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.2.3_GMI_OpCo,_LLC\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.3_GMI_OpCo.2C_LLC\">4.2.3 GMI OpCo, LLC<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gmi-inc.com\/programs\/cannabis-laboratory-instruments-services\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.gmi-inc.com\/programs\/cannabis-laboratory-instruments-services\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>GMI OpCo, LLC (doing business as GMI) is a distributor of new and certified-refurbished instrumentation for a wide variety of labs, including cannabis testing labs. The company also supplies installation, training, and support for the instrumentation it supplies. Among its offerings are chromatography and spectrometry instruments, as well as benchtop equipment such as centrifuges.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.2.4_ICON_Scientific,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.4_ICON_Scientific.2C_Inc.\">4.2.4 ICON Scientific, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/products\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>ICON Scientific specializes in full-size and miniaturized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) solutions. Among its offerings are a full-sized HPLC, autosamplers, columns, and its miniature ANSER HPLC device for cannabis and hemp analysis.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_2\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/the-anser-cannabis-hemp-analyzer\/\" target=\"_blank\">ANSER<\/a>: a portable high-performance liquid chromatography instrument designed to analyze cannabis and hemp potency and purity, including methods for THC concentrations and purity, CBD purity, and finished product analysis<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ICON_ANSER_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICON_ANSER-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/parentcat\/237\/\" target=\"_blank\">AZURA HPLC Plus System<\/a>: an HPLC system with a variety of detector options, including diode array, multi-wavelength, and variable wavelength UV detectors<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ICON_AZURA_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICON_AZURA-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.2.5_Lab_Society,_LLC\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.5_Lab_Society.2C_LLC\">4.2.5 Lab Society, LLC<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/labsociety.com\/lab-equipment-category\/cannabis-extraction\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/labsociety.com\/lab-equipment-category\/cannabis-extraction\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Lab Society, LLC provides end-to-end laboratory equipment solutions for a wide variety of industries, including those overseeing cannabis and hemp extraction. While a wide variety of equipment options exist for labs of all types, consult the \"cannabis & hemp extraction\" section for liquid-liquid, solvent, and solid-liquid cannabis extraction equipment.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.6_LabX\">4.2.6 LabX<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labx.com\/product\/cannabis-testing-equipment\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labx.com\/product\/cannabis-testing-equipment<\/a>\n<\/p><p>LabX, part of LabX Media Group, is a Canadian business that provides an online marketplace to buy and sell laboratory equipment and technologies. LabX has a landing page for cannabis and hemp testing equipment that addresses extraction, potency testing, residual solvent testing, pesticide testing, heavy metals testing, microbiology, and moisture analysis. The equipment is a mix of new, used, and refurbished states. Check the website often as inventories may change frequently.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.7_LGC_Limited\">4.2.7 LGC Limited<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lgcstandards.com\/US\/en\/search?text=cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.lgcstandards.com\/US\/en\/search?text=cannabis<\/a>\n<\/p><p>LGC Limited\u2014operating as LGC Standards\u2014manufactures and distributes reference materials and proficiency testing schemes for a variety of industries. Among its offerings are cannabis-related testing reference standards for cannabinoids, pesticides, residual solvents, and terpenes. Consult the vendor's web store or contact them directly to learn about their entire stock of reference materials.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.2.8_Marshall_Scientific,_LLC\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.8_Marshall_Scientific.2C_LLC\">4.2.8 Marshall Scientific, LLC<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marshallscientific.com\/Cannabis_Testing_Laboratory_Equipment_a\/1582.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.marshallscientific.com\/Cannabis_Testing_Laboratory_Equipment_a\/1582.htm<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Marshall Scientific, LLC is a distributor of refurbished laboratory equipment for a variety of clinical and research laboratories. The company markets some of its refurbished equipment for cannabis extraction and testing activities, including:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>high-performance liquid chromatography systems<\/li>\n<li>rotary evaporators<\/li>\n<li>benchtop centrifuges<\/li>\n<li>vacuum ovens<\/li>\n<li>analytical balances<\/li>\n<li>micropipette sets<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Stock changes regularly, so visit their website often for the latest.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.2.9_Microbiologics,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.9_Microbiologics.2C_Inc.\">4.2.9 Microbiologics, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microbiologics.com\/cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.microbiologics.com\/cannabis<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Microbiologics, Inc. develops and distributes biometerials. Among them, the company markets equipment and consumables for microbial testing of cannabis. Materials for growing reference cultures, bundled sets and panels of microorganisms, self-contained strains, and molecular standards are among Microbiologics' offerings. Consult their website for more details.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.2.10_Neutec_Group,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.10_Neutec_Group.2C_Inc.\">4.2.10 Neutec Group, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neutecgroup.com\/cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.neutecgroup.com\/cannabis<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Neutec Group, Inc. provides equipment and support services to quality control and research and development laboratories. Neutec offers equipment solutions for cannabis testing labs testing for microbiological contaminates and water activity. This includes colony counters, water activity meters, multispectral imaging solutions, and air samplers. Consult their website for more details.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.2.11_Orange_Photonics,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.11_Orange_Photonics.2C_Inc.\">4.2.11 Orange Photonics, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orangephotonics.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.orangephotonics.com\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Orange Photonics, Inc. is a cannabis testing technology company that markets the LightLab cannabis analyzer.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_3\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orangephotonics.com\/how\/\" target=\"_blank\">LightLab 3<\/a>: a portable high-performance liquid chromatography selective separation spectroscopy instrument for cannabis potency analysis; the optional Terpenes+ module also allows for terpenes analysis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OPHome_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OPHome-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.12_Peak_Scientific_Instruments_Ltd.\">4.2.12 Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/discover\/news\/what-are-the-most-common-forms-of-cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/discover\/news\/what-are-the-most-common-forms-of-cannabis-testing\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd. designs, manufactures, and distributes high-performance gas generators for laboratories. In a March 2019 blog post, the company outlined how its many gas generation solutions could be paired with specific third-party analytical instruments for the various types of cannabis testing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-McBrideWhatAre18_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-McBrideWhatAre18-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Peak offers solutions for:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>potency and efficacy testing<\/li>\n<li>heavy metals testing<\/li>\n<li>mycotoxins analysis<\/li>\n<li>pesticide testing<\/li>\n<li>residual solvents testing<\/li>\n<li>terpene testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_4\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The company suggests gas generation options based on what type of testing will occur.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-McBrideWhatAre18_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-McBrideWhatAre18-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>Potency and efficacy testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/hydrogen-generators\/precision\/\" target=\"_blank\">Precision series<\/a>: modular gas generators for gas chromatography, including nitrogen, hydrogen, zero air, and compressed air gas generators; recommends pairing with Agilent Intuvo 9000 GC and Agilent 5977B GC\/MSD instruments<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/solaris-xe-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Solaris XE 35<\/a>: a nitrogen generator for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or low-flow nitrogen instruments; recommends pairing with the various Agilent 1290 Infinity II series instruments<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Heavy metals testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/hydrogen\/precision-hydrogen-trace-250\/\" target=\"_blank\">Precision Hydrogen Trace 250<\/a>: a hydrogen generator designed primarily for gas chromatography carrier gas use, as well as flame ionization and flame photometric detection, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; recommends pairing with the Agilent 7800\/7900 ICP-MS and Agilent 8900 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/ng5000-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">NG5000<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/ng5000a-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">NG5000A<\/a>: ultra-high purity nitrogen generators, with the NG5000A having its own internal compressor; recommends pairing with the Agilent 5110 ICP-OES<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Mycotoxins analysis<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/infinity-1051-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Infinity 1051<\/a>, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-1051-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius 1051<\/a>, and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-3051-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius 3051<\/a>: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, with the 3051 being recommend over the 1051 if high-flow gas delivery mode is required; recommends pairing with the Shimadzu LCMS-8050 Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-1024-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius 1024<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/infinity-1031-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Infinity 1031<\/a>: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; recommends pairing with the SCIEX Triple Quad or QTRAP 6500+ system<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Pesticide testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/infinity-1051-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Infinity 1051<\/a>, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-1051-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius 1051<\/a>, and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-3051-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius 3051<\/a>: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, with the 3051 being recommend over the 1051 if high-flow gas delivery mode is required; recommends pairing with the Shimadzu LCMS-8050 Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-1024-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius 1024<\/a>, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-ab-3g-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius AB-3G<\/a>, and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/infinity-1031-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Infinity 1031<\/a>: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; recommends pairing with the SCIEX ExionLC AC HPLC System, in conjunction with the SCIEX QET 4500 LC-MS\/MS System<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/hydrogen-generators\/precision\/\" target=\"_blank\">Precision series<\/a>: modular gas generators for gas chromatography, including nitrogen, hydrogen, zero air, and compressed air gas generators; recommends pairing with Agilent Intuvo 9000 GC and Agilent 5977B GC\/MSD instruments; recommends pairing with the Agilent 7000 Series Triple Quadrupole GC\/MS and the Agilent GC\/MS\/MS Pesticides Analyzer<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/solaris-xe-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Solaris XE 35<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-xe-35-laboratory-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius XE 35<\/a>: a nitrogen generator for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or low-flow nitrogen instruments, as well as evaporative light scattering detection in the case of the Genius; recommends pairing with the Agilent 6400 Series Triple Quadrupole LC\/MS<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/solaris-xe-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Solaris XE 35<\/a>, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/infinity-xe-5010-membrane-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Infinity XE 5010<\/a>, <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-xe-35-laboratory-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius XE 35<\/a>, and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-xe-70-laboratory-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius XE 70<\/a>: nitrogen generators for various purposes, depending on the model, though largely liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and evaporative light scattering detection; recommends pairing with the Agilent 6500 Series Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Q-TOF LC\/MS<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Residual solvents testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/precision-nitrogen-headspace-250\/\" target=\"_blank\">Precision Nitrogen Headspace 250<\/a>: a nitrogen generator for gas chromatography with headspace sampler requirements; recommends pairing with the Shimadzu Nexis GC-2030 with HS-20 Headspace Sampler or the GCMS-TQ8050 with Headspace Sampler<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/hydrogen-generators\/precision\/\" target=\"_blank\">Precision series<\/a>: modular gas generators for gas chromatography, including nitrogen, hydrogen, zero air, and compressed air gas generators; recommends pairing with Agilent 7890 Series GC and the Agilent Flame Ionization Detector<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Terpene testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/hydrogen-generators\/precision\/\" target=\"_blank\">Precision series<\/a>: modular gas generators for gas chromatography, including nitrogen, hydrogen, zero air, and compressed air gas generators; recommends pairing with the Shimadzu GCMS-TQ8050 Triple Quadrupole Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer, the Agilent Intuvo 9000 GC, and the Agilent 7890 Series GC<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/genius-1024-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Genius 1024<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/infinity-1031-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Infinity 1031<\/a>: nitrogen and dry air generators for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; recommends pairing with the SCIEX Triple Quad or QTRAP 6500+ system<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/products\/nitrogen\/solaris-xe-nitrogen-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Solaris XE 35<\/a>: a nitrogen generator for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or low-flow nitrogen instruments; recommends pairing with the Agilent 1260 Infinity II Diode Array Detector<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.2.13_PerkinElmer,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.2.13_PerkinElmer.2C_Inc.\">4.2.13 PerkinElmer, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/category\/cannabis-hemp-testing-solutions\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/category\/cannabis-hemp-testing-solutions<\/a>\n<\/p><p>PerkinElmer, Inc. is a scientific technology company developing and distributing solutions \"for better detection, imaging, and informatics\" in the laboratory.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PEDiscover_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PEDiscover-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> The company discusses the research area of cannabis analysis on its website, recommending instrument and consumables solutions for cannabis testing laboratories, including<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PECanna_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PECanna-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>potency and efficacy testing<\/li>\n<li>heavy metals testing<\/li>\n<li>mycotoxins analysis<\/li>\n<li>pesticide testing<\/li>\n<li>residual solvents testing<\/li>\n<li>terpene testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_5\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PECanna_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PECanna-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>Potency and efficacy testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/product\/quaternary-pump-flexar-tested-n2910402\" target=\"_blank\">Flexar HPLC<\/a>: a high-performance liquid chromatography system that can be used with a quaternary pump, autosampler with Peltier cooling, column heater, and photodiode array detector to detect cannabinoids<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/product\/lc300-pump-hplc-10k-n2550110\" target=\"_blank\">LC 300 HPLC<\/a>: a high-performance liquid chromatography system that can be used \"with a wide range of detectors and accessories\"<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/product\/spectrum-two-ft-ir-sp10-software-l160000a\" target=\"_blank\">Spectrum Two FTIR<\/a>: a Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometry device that uses nondestructive methods<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Heavy metals testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/product\/nexion-2000b-icp-ms-configuration-n8150044\" target=\"_blank\">NexION 2000 ICP-MS<\/a>, with a <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/Product\/titan-mps-8-position-sys-230v-50-60hz-n3130110\" target=\"_blank\">Titan MPS<\/a>: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy device that can be used in conjunction with the Titan MPS microwave digestion processing tool<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Mycotoxins analysis<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/Product\/qsight-420-multi-opt-dual-source-system-bc003844\" target=\"_blank\">QSight 420<\/a>: an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/category\/application-specific-workstations\" target=\"_blank\">Janus G3 workstations<\/a>: provide fully automated sample preparation and liquid handling<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Pesticide testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/Product\/qsight-420-multi-opt-dual-source-system-bc003844\" target=\"_blank\">QSight 420<\/a>: an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry instrument<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/category\/application-specific-workstations\" target=\"_blank\">Janus G3 workstations<\/a>: provide fully automated sample preparation and liquid handling<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Residual solvents testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/Product\/clarus-sq8t-ms-120-230v-ei-n6480012\" target=\"_blank\">Clarus SQ 8 series GC\/MS<\/a>], with a <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/Product\/turbomatrix-110-high-cap-headspace-samp-m0413425\" target=\"_blank\">TurboMax headspace sampler<\/a>: a headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Terpene testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/Product\/clarus-sq8t-ms-120-230v-ei-n6480012\" target=\"_blank\">Clarus SQ 8 series GC\/MS<\/a>], with a <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/Product\/turbomatrix-110-high-cap-headspace-samp-m0413425\" target=\"_blank\">TurboMax headspace sampler<\/a>: a headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Software\">Software<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/perkinelmerinformatics.com\/products\/research\/chemdraw\" target=\"_blank\">ChemDraw<\/a>: software for drawing chemical structures and biological pathways<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/product\/software-manuals-usb-das-bc004939\" target=\"_blank\">Simplicity 3Q<\/a>: software for workflow management<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-GCTech-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GCTech_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gemmacert.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Compare GemmaCert Packages\"<\/a>. GemmaCert Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/gemmacert.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/gemmacert.com\/products\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Compare+GemmaCert+Packages&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=GemmaCert+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgemmacert.com%2Fproducts%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GTHome-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GTHome_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gentechscientific.com\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"GenTech\"<\/a>. GenTech Scientific, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/gentechscientific.com\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/gentechscientific.com\/about\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=GenTech&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=GenTech+Scientific%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgentechscientific.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ICON_ANSER-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ICON_ANSER_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/the-anser-cannabis-hemp-analyzer\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The ANSER Cannabis & Hemp Analyzer\"<\/a>. ICON Scientific, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/the-anser-cannabis-hemp-analyzer\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/the-anser-cannabis-hemp-analyzer\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+ANSER+Cannabis+%26+Hemp+Analyzer&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ICON+Scientific%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iconsci.com%2Fthe-anser-cannabis-hemp-analyzer%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ICON_AZURA-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ICON_AZURA_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/parentcat\/237\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"AZURA HPLC Plus Systems\"<\/a>. ICON Scientific, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/parentcat\/237\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iconsci.com\/parentcat\/237\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=AZURA+HPLC+Plus+Systems&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ICON+Scientific%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iconsci.com%2Fparentcat%2F237%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OPHome-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OPHome_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orangephotonics.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"LightLab 3 Cannabis Analyzer\"<\/a>. Orange Photonics, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orangephotonics.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.orangephotonics.com\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=LightLab+3+Cannabis+Analyzer&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Orange+Photonics%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orangephotonics.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-McBrideWhatAre18-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-McBrideWhatAre18_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-McBrideWhatAre18_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">McBride, B. (11 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/discover\/news\/what-are-the-most-common-forms-of-cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"What are the most common forms of cannabis testing?\"<\/a>. Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/discover\/news\/what-are-the-most-common-forms-of-cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.peakscientific.com\/discover\/news\/what-are-the-most-common-forms-of-cannabis-testing\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+are+the+most+common+forms+of+cannabis+testing%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=McBride%2C+B.&rft.au=McBride%2C+B.&rft.date=11+March+2019&rft.pub=Peak+Scientific+Instruments+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakscientific.com%2Fdiscover%2Fnews%2Fwhat-are-the-most-common-forms-of-cannabis-testing%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PEDiscover-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PEDiscover_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/corporate\/what-we-do\/markets\" target=\"_blank\">\"Discover PerkinElmer\"<\/a>. PerkinElmer, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/corporate\/what-we-do\/markets\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/corporate\/what-we-do\/markets<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Discover+PerkinElmer&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=PerkinElmer%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perkinelmer.com%2Fcorporate%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fmarkets&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PECanna-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PECanna_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-PECanna_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/category\/cannabis-hemp-testing-solutions\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Analysis\"<\/a>. PerkinElmer, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/category\/cannabis-hemp-testing-solutions\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.perkinelmer.com\/category\/cannabis-hemp-testing-solutions<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Analysis&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=PerkinElmer%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perkinelmer.com%2Fcategory%2Fcannabis-hemp-testing-solutions&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140922\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.065 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.078 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 4712\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 43996\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 7363\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 10656\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 60.437 1 -total\n 86.88% 52.508 1 Template:Reflist\n 73.19% 44.232 8 Template:Cite_web\n 66.89% 40.424 8 Template:Citation\/core\n 13.00% 7.854 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\n 11.98% 7.243 8 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 7.36% 4.448 1 Template:Date\n 2.05% 1.236 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5228-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140922 and revision id 15807. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","c02710919090f377b68855d9e7194892_images":[],"c02710919090f377b68855d9e7194892_timestamp":1660140562,"6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83_type":"article","6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83_title":"4.1 Vendors: 0 through F","6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F","6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\/Vendors: 0 through FFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchIn the previous chapter, we discussed at length the specifics of the cannabis testing process. We talked about what's measured and how. This fourth chapter takes a closer look at the \"with what\" of testing. After a brief introduction, we then provide a list of vendors who specifically market instruments, software, and other equipment to cannabis testing laboratories.\n\n-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 4. Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment \n2 4.1 Vendors: 0 through F \n\n2.1 4.1.1 AB Sciex Pte. Ltd. \n\n2.1.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n2.2 4.1.2 Agilent Technologies, Inc. \n\n2.2.1 Instruments and methods \n2.2.2 Software \n\n\n2.3 4.1.3 Alpha-CAT Lab s.r.o. \n2.4 4.1.4 B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG \n\n2.4.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n2.5 4.1.5 CEM Corporation \n\n2.5.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n2.6 4.1.6 Conquer Scientific Service, Inc. \n2.7 4.1.7 Emerald Scientific, LLC \n2.8 4.1.8 Fritsch GmbH \n\n2.8.1 Instruments and methods \n\n\n\n\n3 References \n\n\n\n 4. Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment \n\nA variety of techniques are used to investigate the constituents of cannabis and their concentrations. From gas chromatography to make determinations about terpenes in a sample to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques to identify mycotoxins and microorganisms, these differing techniques require a wide variety of laboratory tools. The most common among cannabis testing instruments are chromatography and spectroscopy equipment, often combined together for a more complete analysis. However, this equipment can be expensive, sometimes prohibitively expensive. Initial investments may range anywhere from $75,000 up to $600,000 or more, depending on what sort of testing is being performed in the lab.[1][2][3] As such, newly founded labs or labs looking to expand their analytic offerings to cannabis testing may also consider the purchase of previously owned equipment to save on initial start-up costs.\nWhat follows is a list of vendors known to offer new and\/or used instruments, software, and equipment commonly used in cannabis testing laboratories, with links to either the instruments marketed for cannabis testing or a landing page to begin a search. This is by no means a complete list but a representative example of the vendors marketing to the cannabis testing industry.\n\n4.1 Vendors: 0 through F \n4.1.1 AB Sciex Pte. Ltd. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/sciex.com\/applications\/food-and-beverage-testing\/cannabis-testing\nCommonly known as Sciex, AB Sciex Pte. Ltd. develops \"solutions in mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis.\"[4] The company markets some of its solutions for cannabis lab testing, including[5]:\n\npotency testing\nmycotoxin testing\npesticide testing\nterpene testing\nInstruments and methods \nTriple Quad systems\nSciex offers five different Triple Quad systems for tandem mass spectrometry paired with liquid chromatography (LC-MS\/MS): the 7500, 6500+, 5500+, 4500, and 3500. The company claims that with these systems \"scientists can acquire multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), precursor, neutral loss, and product ion scans to develop powerful methods for complex matrices, all while maintaining reproducibility and robustness.\"[6]\n\n7500\n6500+\n5500+\n4500\n3500\nQTRAP systems\nSciex also offers four different Triple Quad Linear Ion Trap (QTRAP) or QTRAP-ready systems for LC-MS\/MS: the 7500, 6500+, 5500+, and 4500. The company states that these are similar to the Triple Quad systems \"but with enhanced scan functions to enable simultaneous quantitation and confirmation.\"[7]\n\n7500 (QTRAP-ready)\nQTRAP 6500+\nQTRAP 5500+ (QTRAP-ready)\nQTRAP 4500\nvMethod for Cannabis\nSciex also offers a \"vMethod,\" a quantitation method for pesticide and cannabinoid analysis, that works on many of their LC-MS\/MS systems.[8]\n\r\n\n\n 4.1.2 Agilent Technologies, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/solutions\/cannabis-hemp-testing\nAgilent Technologies, Inc. is an instrument and software development company for the life sciences, diagnostics, and applied chemical industries. The company offers a variety of chromatography and spectrometry instruments (using a wide array of techniques) and software for the cannabis testing industry, including[9]:\n\npotency and efficacy testing\nheavy metals testing\nmicrobial testing\nmycotoxin testing\npesticide testing\nresidual solvents testing\nterpene testing\nInstruments and methods \nThe company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur.[9] \nPotency and efficacy testing\n\n1220 Infinity II LC System: an HPLC system\n1260 Infinity II LC System: an HPLC system with the ability to handle entry-level ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)\nInfinityLab LC\/MSD iQ: a liquid chromatography-mass selective detector (LC\/MSD) system\nCary 630 FT-IR Spectrometer: a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer\nHeavy metals testing\n\n7800 ICP-MS: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument\n( 7850 ICP-MS: an ICP-MS instrument with higher matrix tolerance, wider dynamic range, and better signal-to-noise ratio\n\n7900 ICP-MS: an ICP-MS instrument with even more matrix tolerance, wider dynamic range, and better signal-to-noise ratio\n8900 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS: an inductively coupled plasma normal and tandem mass spectroscopy instrument with triple quadrupole\nPesticide and mycotoxin testing\n\nTriple Quadrupole LC\/MS: liquid chromatography normal and tandem mass spectrometry instruments, with two variations (6470B and 6495C)\n6500 Series Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) LC\/MS: quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry instruments, with six variations (6530, -45, -45XT, -46, -50, and -60)\n7010C Triple Quadrupole GC\/MS: a gas chromatography normal and tandem mass spectroscopy instrument with triple quadrupole and dynamic MRM\nIntuvo 9000 GC System: an ultra-fast gas chromatography system that works with with 5977B, 7000D, and 7010B mass spectrometers\nGC\/MS\/MS Pesticides Analyzer: a gas chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy instrument with triple quadrupole\nResidual solvents testing\n\n8890 Series GC with 7697A Headspace Sampler and Flame Ionization Detector: a gas chromatography instrument combined with the 7697A Headspace Sampler and compatible flame ionization detector\nIntuvo 9000 GC System: an ultra-fast gas chromatography system that works with with 5977B, 7000D, and 7010B mass spectrometers\nTerpene testing\n\n8890 Series GC with 7697A Headspace Sampler and Flame Ionization Detector: a gas chromatography instrument combined with the 7697A Headspace Sampler and compatible flame ionization detector\nIntuvo 9000 GC System: an ultra-fast gas chromatography system that works with with 5977B, 7000D, and 7010B mass spectrometers\nSoftware \nICP Expert Software for ICP-OES: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) software for data analysis\nMassHunter: mass spectrometry software for instrument control, monitoring, and data analysis\nMicroLab: fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy software for quantitative method development, calibrations, and data analysis\n\r\n\n\n4.1.3 Alpha-CAT Lab s.r.o. \nMain landing page for cannabis production: https:\/\/www.alpha-cat.org\/resources\/how-it-works\/\nalpha-CAT Lab s.r.o. is a cannabis testing and equipment manufacturing business based in Prague, Czech Republic. The company not only runs cannabis testing laboratories in Europe but also develops the alpha-CAT cannabinoid analysis tool \"which combines the simple analytical technique of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with specific thin-layers and developing fluid.\"[10] Consult the website for more information.\n\r\n\n\n 4.1.4 B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG \nMain landing page for cannabis production: https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/knowledge\/applications (search for \"Cannabis\")\nB\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG is laboratory technology development company for research and development, quality control, and production operations globally. The company offers a variety of instruments and equipment for cannabis production workflow, including[11]:\n\npost-chromatography and post-extraction solvent concentration\npreparative chromatography for purification of cannabinoids\nmicroencapsulation of CBD into gelatin beads\/soft oil core capsules\nformulation of CBD into an inhalable\/edible dry powder\nSee the Theory & Applications booklet (archived) for more details on how to integrate the equipment for each activity.\n\nInstruments and methods \nThe company suggests instrument options based on what type of production activity will occur.[11]\nPost-chromatography and post-extraction solvent concentration\n\nRotavapor R-220 Pro: an industrial evaporator with programmable methods, automatic distillation, and remote monitoring options\nF-series Recirculating Chiller\nV-600 Vacuum Pump\nPreparative chromatography for purification of cannabinoids\n\nPure Chromatography Systems: flash column chromatography for separations and flash purification; more advanced than the Sepacore\nSepacore Flash Systems X10\/X50: flash column chromatography for separations and flash purification\nMicroencapsulation of CBD into gelatin beads\/soft oil core capsules\n\nEncapsulator B-390\nEncapsulator B-395 Pro\nRotavapor R-300: a rotary evaporator\nInterface I-300 Pro\nF-series Recirculating Chiller\nV-300 Vacuum Pump\nFormulation of CBD into an inhalable\/edible dry powder\n\nB-290 Mini Spray Dryer\nS-395 Inert Loop (Replaced the B-295)\n\r\n\n\n4.1.5 CEM Corporation \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/cem.com\/en\/cannabis\nCEM Corporation is laboratory instrumentation and method design and development company, with a focus on compositional analysis of food and other samples, as well acid digestion and chemical synthesis. CEM specifically offers two different instruments for cannabis testing and analysis labs, including instruments for the[12]:\n\nextraction for potency, pesticide, terpene, and mycotoxin testing\nmicrowave digestion of oils, edibles, and plant material (before, e.g., inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy)\nInstruments and methods \nEDGE: an automated instrument for energized dispersive extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE)\nMARS 6: a microwave digestion system with hundreds of preprogrammed methods\n\r\n\n\n 4.1.6 Conquer Scientific Service, Inc. \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/conquerscientific.com\/cannabis-testing\/\nConquer Scientific Service, Inc. is a distributor of gently used laboratory testing equipment, including for the cannabis testing industry. Such instruments include a wide variety of chromatography and spectrometry devices, along with other essential supporting laboratory equipment like moisture analyzers. Conquer also offers repair services, including a same-day replacement program for Southern California customers.\n\r\n\n\n 4.1.7 Emerald Scientific, LLC \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/emeraldscientific.com\/\nEmerald Scientific, LLC calls their business \"the first company 100% dedicated to distributing scientific supplies and equipment exclusively to the cannabis and hemp industries.\"[13] The company lists a wide variety of instruments, equipment, and consumables for cannabis testing, production, and extraction laboratories. Emerald acts as a distributor of other products, and thus the inventory may change. Examples of inventory include:\n\nsample preparation supplies\nsolvents\nmass spectrometry columns\nheating mantles\nchillers and circulators\nvacuum pumps and tubing\nreference standards\nculture media\nsafety equipment\nConsult the Emerald website to see all they offer.\n\r\n\n\n4.1.8 Fritsch GmbH \nMain landing page for cannabis and hemp testing: https:\/\/www.fritsch-international.com\/sample-preparation\/applications-solutions\/ (select \"Cannabis\" from Industry option)\nFritsch GmbH manufactures sample preparation and particle sizing equipment for laboratories. The company lists one instrument specifically for the cannabis industry.\n\nInstruments and methods \nUniversal Cutting Mill PULVERISETTE 19: a cutting mill \"to finely mill cannabis plant material in preparation for SFE processes,\" noting that \"[t]he efficient and precise reduction in particle size optimizes oil output and formulation.\"[14]\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Schrover, J. (January 2016). \"Industry Snapshot: Testing Labs\". Marijuana Business Magazine. https:\/\/mjbizmagazine.com\/industry-snapshot-testing-labs\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Clifford, B. (5 February 2018). \"Cannabis Quality and Contamination Testing\". News Medical Life Sciences. https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/news\/20180205\/Cannabis-Quality-and-Contamination-Testing.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Borchardt, D. (5 April 2017). \"Cannabis Lab Testing Is The Industry's Dirty Little Secret\". Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/debraborchardt\/2017\/04\/05\/cannabis-lab-testing-is-the-industrys-dirty-little-secret\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"About Us\". AB Sciex Pte. Ltd. https:\/\/sciex.com\/about-us . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis and hemp testing analytical solutions & technologies\". AB Sciex Pte. Ltd. https:\/\/sciex.com\/applications\/food-and-beverage-testing\/cannabis-testing . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"SCIEX Triple Quad LC-MS\/MS Systems\". AB Sciex Pte. Ltd. https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"QTRAP LC-MS\/MS Systems\". AB Sciex Pte. Ltd. https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/qtrap-systems . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"vMethod Application for Quantitation of Pesticide Residues and Cannabinoids in Cannabis Matrices 1.0\". AB Sciex Pte. Ltd. https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/methods\/vmethod-application-for-quantitation-of-pesticide-residues-and-cannabinoids-in-cannabis-matrices-10 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 9.0 9.1 \"Cannabis & Hemp Testing\". Agilent Technologies, Inc. https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/solutions\/cannabis-hemp-testing . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"How it works\". Alpha-CAT Lab s.r.o. https:\/\/www.alpha-cat.org\/resources\/how-it-works\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 11.0 11.1 \"Cannabis Booklet: Theory & Applications\" (PDF). B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181121210317\/https:\/\/static1.buchi.com\/sites\/default\/files\/content-page\/downloads\/Application_Booklet_Cannabis_.pdf?de4f8bcef8a716a102177148a7b60808b88c66cc . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis Analysis\". CEM Corporation. https:\/\/cem.com\/en\/cannabis . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"About Emerald\". Emerald Scientific, LLC. https:\/\/emeraldscientific.com\/about-us\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"CANNABIS PLANT MATERIAL PREPARATION FOR EFFICIENT EXTRACTION\". Fritsch GmbH. https:\/\/www.fritsch-international.com\/sample-preparation\/applications-solutions\/details\/solution\/cannabis-plant-material-preparation-for-efficient-extraction\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 16:00.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Cannabis_testing_instruments_software_and_equipment_Vendors_0_through_F rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Cannabis_testing_instruments_software_and_equipment_Vendors_0_through_F skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\/Vendors: 0 through F<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>In the previous chapter, we discussed at length the specifics of the cannabis testing process. We talked about what's measured and how. This fourth chapter takes a closer look at the \"with what\" of testing. After a brief introduction, we then provide a list of vendors who specifically market instruments, software, and other equipment to cannabis testing laboratories.\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4._Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4._Cannabis_testing_instruments.2C_software.2C_and_equipment\">4. Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Lab_equipment_7.JPG\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"225b67f78131de7658a835b937347918\"><img alt=\"Lab equipment 7.JPG\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d8\/Lab_equipment_7.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>A variety of techniques are used to investigate the constituents of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">cannabis<\/a> and their concentrations. From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Gas_chromatography\" title=\"Gas chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5094f035cb8bead5003deb9181e398b8\">gas chromatography<\/a> to make determinations about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Terpene\" title=\"Terpene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6bcbb95d582c08073101e9c4cfc91931\">terpenes<\/a> in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Sample_(material)\" title=\"Sample (material)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2d7596b7c3616db8f56af698be478d3d\">sample<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction\" title=\"Real-time polymerase chain reaction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f7a72b7ed6d334f020eda48dd541f85c\">quantitative polymerase chain reaction<\/a> (qPCR) techniques to identify <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Mycotoxin\" title=\"Mycotoxin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"76ccc03527f2fc7110d62c4702d9d8bc\">mycotoxins<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Microorganism\" title=\"Microorganism\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1a8a1e22218cbeacf9ab84615f8254fe\">microorganisms<\/a>, these differing techniques require a wide variety of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed14e6a67b4b14ad2c190c28455725f6\">laboratory<\/a> tools. The most common among cannabis testing instruments are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chromatography\" title=\"Chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1b40e146652470be00cebaf949c68b24\">chromatography<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Spectroscopy\" title=\"Spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"428e22273ecbb259c2e0215537151584\">spectroscopy<\/a> equipment, often combined together for a more complete analysis. However, this equipment can be expensive, sometimes prohibitively expensive. Initial investments may range anywhere from $75,000 up to $600,000 or more, depending on what sort of testing is being performed in the lab.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchroverIndustry16_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchroverIndustry16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CliffordCanna18_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CliffordCanna18-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BorchardtCannabis17_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BorchardtCannabis17-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> As such, newly founded labs or labs looking to expand their analytic offerings to cannabis testing may also consider the purchase of previously owned equipment to save on initial start-up costs.\n<\/p><p>What follows is a list of vendors known to offer new and\/or used instruments, software, and equipment commonly used in cannabis testing laboratories, with links to either the instruments marketed for cannabis testing or a landing page to begin a search. This is by no means a complete list but a representative example of the vendors marketing to the cannabis testing industry.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1_Vendors:_0_through_F\">4.1 Vendors: 0 through F<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.1_AB_Sciex_Pte._Ltd.\">4.1.1 AB Sciex Pte. Ltd.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/applications\/food-and-beverage-testing\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sciex.com\/applications\/food-and-beverage-testing\/cannabis-testing<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Commonly known as Sciex, AB Sciex Pte. Ltd. develops \"solutions in mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SciexAbout_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SciexAbout-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> The company markets some of its solutions for cannabis lab testing, including<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SciexCanna_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SciexCanna-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>potency testing<\/li>\n<li>mycotoxin testing<\/li>\n<li>pesticide testing<\/li>\n<li>terpene testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Triple Quad systems<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Sciex offers five different Triple Quad systems for tandem mass spectrometry paired with liquid chromatography (LC-MS\/MS): the 7500, 6500+, 5500+, 4500, and 3500. The company claims that with these systems \"scientists can acquire multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), precursor, neutral loss, and product ion scans to develop powerful methods for complex matrices, all while maintaining reproducibility and robustness.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SciexTQ_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SciexTQ-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems\/triple-quad-7500-system\" target=\"_blank\">7500<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems\/triple-quad-6500plus-system\" target=\"_blank\">6500+<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems\/triple-quad-5500-lc-ms-ms-system-qtrap-ready\" target=\"_blank\">5500+<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems\/triple-quad-4500-system\" target=\"_blank\">4500<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems\/triple-quad-3500-system\" target=\"_blank\">3500<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>QTRAP systems<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Sciex also offers four different Triple Quad Linear Ion Trap (QTRAP) or QTRAP-ready systems for LC-MS\/MS: the 7500, 6500+, 5500+, and 4500. The company states that these are similar to the Triple Quad systems \"but with enhanced scan functions to enable simultaneous quantitation and confirmation.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SciexQTRAP_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SciexQTRAP-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems\/triple-quad-7500-system\" target=\"_blank\">7500<\/a> (QTRAP-ready)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/qtrap-systems\/qtrap-6500plus-system\" target=\"_blank\">QTRAP 6500+<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems\/triple-quad-5500-lc-ms-ms-system-qtrap-ready\" target=\"_blank\">QTRAP 5500+<\/a> (QTRAP-ready)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/qtrap-systems\/qtrap-4500-system\" target=\"_blank\">QTRAP 4500<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>vMethod for Cannabis<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Sciex also offers a \"<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/methods\/vmethod-application-for-quantitation-of-pesticide-residues-and-cannabinoids-in-cannabis-matrices-10\" target=\"_blank\">vMethod<\/a>,\" a quantitation method for pesticide and cannabinoid analysis, that works on many of their LC-MS\/MS systems.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SciexVMethodCann_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SciexVMethodCann-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.1.2_Agilent_Technologies,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.2_Agilent_Technologies.2C_Inc.\">4.1.2 Agilent Technologies, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/solutions\/cannabis-hemp-testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/solutions\/cannabis-hemp-testing<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Agilent Technologies, Inc. is an instrument and software development company for the life sciences, diagnostics, and applied chemical industries. The company offers a variety of chromatography and spectrometry instruments (using a wide array of techniques) and software for the cannabis testing industry, including<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AgilentCanna_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AgilentCanna-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>potency and efficacy testing<\/li>\n<li>heavy metals testing<\/li>\n<li>microbial testing<\/li>\n<li>mycotoxin testing<\/li>\n<li>pesticide testing<\/li>\n<li>residual solvents testing<\/li>\n<li>terpene testing<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_2\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The company suggests instrument options based on what type of testing will occur.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AgilentCanna_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AgilentCanna-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p><b>Potency and efficacy testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/liquid-chromatography\/hplc-systems\/analytical-hplc-systems\/1220-infinity-ii-lc-system\" target=\"_blank\">1220 Infinity II LC System<\/a>: an HPLC system<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/liquid-chromatography\/hplc-systems\/analytical-hplc-systems\/1260-infinity-ii-lc-system\" target=\"_blank\">1260 Infinity II LC System<\/a>: an HPLC system with the ability to handle entry-level ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-lc-ms\/lc-ms-instruments\/single-quadrupole-lc-ms\/lc-msd-iq\" target=\"_blank\">InfinityLab LC\/MSD iQ<\/a>: a liquid chromatography-mass selective detector (LC\/MSD) system<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/products\/ftir\/ftir-benchtop-systems\/cary-630-ftir-spectrometer\" target=\"_blank\">Cary 630 FT-IR Spectrometer<\/a>: a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Heavy metals testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/atomic-spectroscopy\/inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms\/icp-ms-instruments\/7800-icp-ms\" target=\"_blank\">7800 ICP-MS<\/a>: an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>( <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/atomic-spectroscopy\/inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms\/icp-ms-instruments\/7850-icp-ms\" target=\"_blank\">7850 ICP-MS<\/a>: an ICP-MS instrument with higher matrix tolerance, wider dynamic range, and better signal-to-noise ratio\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/atomic-spectroscopy\/inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms\/icp-ms-instruments\/7900-icp-ms\" target=\"_blank\">7900 ICP-MS<\/a>: an ICP-MS instrument with even more matrix tolerance, wider dynamic range, and better signal-to-noise ratio<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/atomic-spectroscopy\/inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms\/icp-ms-instruments\/8900-triple-quadrupole-icp-ms\" target=\"_blank\">8900 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS<\/a>: an inductively coupled plasma normal and tandem mass spectroscopy instrument with triple quadrupole<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Pesticide and mycotoxin testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-lc-ms\/lc-ms-instruments\/triple-quadrupole-lc-ms\" target=\"_blank\">Triple Quadrupole LC\/MS<\/a>: liquid chromatography normal and tandem mass spectrometry instruments, with two variations (6470B and 6495C)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-lc-ms\/lc-ms-instruments\/quadrupole-time-of-flight-lc-ms\" target=\"_blank\">6500 Series Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) LC\/MS<\/a>: quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry instruments, with six variations (6530, -45, -45XT, -46, -50, and -60)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-gc-ms\/gc-ms-instruments\/7010c-triple-quadrupole-gc-ms\" target=\"_blank\">7010C Triple Quadrupole GC\/MS<\/a>: a gas chromatography normal and tandem mass spectroscopy instrument with triple quadrupole and dynamic MRM<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography\/gc-systems\/intuvo-9000-gc-system\" target=\"_blank\">Intuvo 9000 GC System<\/a>: an ultra-fast gas chromatography system that works with with 5977B, 7000D, and 7010B mass spectrometers<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-gc-ms\/gc-ms-application-solutions\/food-testing-solutions\/gc-ms-ms-pesticides-analyzer\" target=\"_blank\">GC\/MS\/MS Pesticides Analyzer<\/a>: a gas chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy instrument with triple quadrupole<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Residual solvents testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography\/gc-systems\/8890-gc-system\" target=\"_blank\">8890 Series GC with 7697A Headspace Sampler and Flame Ionization Detector<\/a>: a gas chromatography instrument combined with the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography\/gc-sample-preparation-introduction\/7697a-headspace-sampler\" target=\"_blank\">7697A Headspace Sampler<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/store\/en_US\/Prod-G3431-60531\/G3431-60531\" target=\"_blank\">compatible flame ionization detector<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography\/gc-systems\/intuvo-9000-gc-system\" target=\"_blank\">Intuvo 9000 GC System<\/a>: an ultra-fast gas chromatography system that works with with 5977B, 7000D, and 7010B mass spectrometers<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Terpene testing<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography\/gc-systems\/8890-gc-system\" target=\"_blank\">8890 Series GC with 7697A Headspace Sampler and Flame Ionization Detector<\/a>: a gas chromatography instrument combined with the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography\/gc-sample-preparation-introduction\/7697a-headspace-sampler\" target=\"_blank\">7697A Headspace Sampler<\/a> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/store\/en_US\/Prod-G3431-60531\/G3431-60531\" target=\"_blank\">compatible flame ionization detector<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography\/gc-systems\/intuvo-9000-gc-system\" target=\"_blank\">Intuvo 9000 GC System<\/a>: an ultra-fast gas chromatography system that works with with 5977B, 7000D, and 7010B mass spectrometers<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Software\">Software<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/atomic-spectroscopy\/inductively-coupled-plasma-optical-emission-spectroscopy-icp-oes\/icp-oes-software\/icp-expert-software\" target=\"_blank\">ICP Expert Software for ICP-OES<\/a>: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) software for data analysis<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/software-informatics\/mass-spectrometry-software\" target=\"_blank\">MassHunter<\/a>: mass spectrometry software for instrument control, monitoring, and data analysis<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/molecular-spectroscopy\/ftir-spectroscopy\/ftir-software\/microlab-ftir-software\" target=\"_blank\">MicroLab<\/a>: fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy software for quantitative method development, calibrations, and data analysis<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.3_Alpha-CAT_Lab_s.r.o.\">4.1.3 Alpha-CAT Lab s.r.o.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis production<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alpha-cat.org\/resources\/how-it-works\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.alpha-cat.org\/resources\/how-it-works\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>alpha-CAT Lab s.r.o. is a cannabis testing and equipment manufacturing business based in Prague, Czech Republic. The company not only runs cannabis testing laboratories in Europe but also develops the alpha-CAT cannabinoid analysis tool \"which combines the simple analytical technique of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with specific thin-layers and developing fluid.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ACHowItWorks_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ACHowItWorks-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Consult the website for more information.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.1.4_B\u00dcCHI_Labortechnik_AG\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.4_B.C3.9CCHI_Labortechnik_AG\">4.1.4 B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis production<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/knowledge\/applications\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/knowledge\/applications<\/a> (search for \"Cannabis\")\n<\/p><p>B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG is laboratory technology development company for research and development, quality control, and production operations globally. The company offers a variety of instruments and equipment for cannabis production workflow, including<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BUCHICanna_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BUCHICanna-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>post-chromatography and post-extraction solvent concentration<\/li>\n<li>preparative chromatography for purification of cannabinoids<\/li>\n<li>microencapsulation of CBD into gelatin beads\/soft oil core capsules<\/li>\n<li>formulation of CBD into an inhalable\/edible dry powder<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>See the <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/static1.buchi.com\/sites\/default\/files\/content-page\/downloads\/Application_Booklet_Cannabis_.pdf?de4f8bcef8a716a102177148a7b60808b88c66cc\" target=\"_blank\">Theory & Applications booklet<\/a> (archived) for more details on how to integrate the equipment for each activity.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_3\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The company suggests instrument options based on what type of production activity will occur.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BUCHICanna_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BUCHICanna-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>Post-chromatography and post-extraction solvent concentration<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/rotavapor-r-220-pro\" target=\"_blank\">Rotavapor R-220 Pro<\/a>: an industrial evaporator with programmable methods, automatic distillation, and remote monitoring options<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/recirculating-chillers\" target=\"_blank\">F-series Recirculating Chiller<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/vacuum-pumps\" target=\"_blank\">V-600 Vacuum Pump<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Preparative chromatography for purification of cannabinoids<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/pure-chromatography-systems\" target=\"_blank\">Pure Chromatography Systems<\/a>: flash column chromatography for separations and flash purification; more advanced than the Sepacore<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/sepacore-flash-systems-x-10-x-50\" target=\"_blank\">Sepacore Flash Systems X10\/X50<\/a>: flash column chromatography for separations and flash purification<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Microencapsulation of CBD into gelatin beads\/soft oil core capsules<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/encapsulator-b-390-b-395\" target=\"_blank\">Encapsulator B-390<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/encapsulator-b-390-b-395\" target=\"_blank\">Encapsulator B-395 Pro<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/rotavapor-r-300\" target=\"_blank\">Rotavapor R-300<\/a>: a rotary evaporator<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/interfaces\" target=\"_blank\">Interface I-300 Pro<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/recirculating-chillers\" target=\"_blank\">F-series Recirculating Chiller<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/vacuum-pumps\" target=\"_blank\">V-300 Vacuum Pump<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><b>Formulation of CBD into an inhalable\/edible dry powder<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/mini-spray-dryer-b-290\" target=\"_blank\">B-290 Mini Spray Dryer<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buchi.com\/en\/products\/instruments\/inert-loop-s395\" target=\"_blank\">S-395 Inert Loop<\/a> (Replaced the B-295)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.5_CEM_Corporation\">4.1.5 CEM Corporation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cem.com\/en\/cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cem.com\/en\/cannabis<\/a>\n<\/p><p>CEM Corporation is laboratory instrumentation and method design and development company, with a focus on compositional analysis of food and other samples, as well acid digestion and chemical synthesis. CEM specifically offers two different instruments for cannabis testing and analysis labs, including instruments for the<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CEMCanna_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CEMCanna-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>extraction for potency, pesticide, terpene, and mycotoxin testing<\/li>\n<li>microwave digestion of oils, edibles, and plant material (before, e.g., inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy)<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_4\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cem.com\/edge\" target=\"_blank\">EDGE<\/a>: an automated instrument for energized dispersive extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cem.com\/mars-6\/\" target=\"_blank\">MARS 6<\/a>: a microwave digestion system with hundreds of preprogrammed methods<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.1.6_Conquer_Scientific_Service,_Inc.\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.6_Conquer_Scientific_Service.2C_Inc.\">4.1.6 Conquer Scientific Service, Inc.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/conquerscientific.com\/cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/conquerscientific.com\/cannabis-testing\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Conquer Scientific Service, Inc. is a distributor of gently used laboratory testing equipment, including for the cannabis testing industry. Such instruments include a wide variety of chromatography and spectrometry devices, along with other essential supporting laboratory equipment like moisture analyzers. Conquer also offers repair services, including a same-day replacement program for Southern California customers.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"rdp-ebb-4.1.7_Emerald_Scientific,_LLC\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.7_Emerald_Scientific.2C_LLC\">4.1.7 Emerald Scientific, LLC<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/emeraldscientific.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/emeraldscientific.com\/<\/a>\n<\/p><p>Emerald Scientific, LLC calls their business \"the first company 100% dedicated to distributing scientific supplies and equipment exclusively to the cannabis and hemp industries.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EmeraldAbout_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EmeraldAbout-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> The company lists a wide variety of instruments, equipment, and consumables for cannabis testing, production, and extraction laboratories. Emerald acts as a distributor of other products, and thus the inventory may change. Examples of inventory include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>sample preparation supplies<\/li>\n<li>solvents<\/li>\n<li>mass spectrometry columns<\/li>\n<li>heating mantles<\/li>\n<li>chillers and circulators<\/li>\n<li>vacuum pumps and tubing<\/li>\n<li>reference standards<\/li>\n<li>culture media<\/li>\n<li>safety equipment<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Consult the Emerald website to see all they offer.\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"4.1.8_Fritsch_GmbH\">4.1.8 Fritsch GmbH<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Main landing page for cannabis and hemp testing<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fritsch-international.com\/sample-preparation\/applications-solutions\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fritsch-international.com\/sample-preparation\/applications-solutions\/<\/a> (select \"Cannabis\" from Industry option)\n<\/p><p>Fritsch GmbH manufactures sample preparation and particle sizing equipment for laboratories. The company lists one instrument specifically for the cannabis industry.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Instruments_and_methods_5\">Instruments and methods<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fritsch-international.com\/sample-preparation\/applications-solutions\/details\/solution\/cannabis-plant-material-preparation-for-efficient-extraction\/\" target=\"_blank\">Universal Cutting Mill PULVERISETTE 19<\/a>: a cutting mill \"to finely mill cannabis plant material in preparation for SFE processes,\" noting that \"[t]he efficient and precise reduction in particle size optimizes oil output and formulation.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FritschPulver_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FritschPulver-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchroverIndustry16-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchroverIndustry16_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schrover, J. (January 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizmagazine.com\/industry-snapshot-testing-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Industry Snapshot: Testing Labs\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Business Magazine<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizmagazine.com\/industry-snapshot-testing-labs\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizmagazine.com\/industry-snapshot-testing-labs\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Industry+Snapshot%3A+Testing+Labs&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Business+Magazine&rft.aulast=Schrover%2C+J.&rft.au=Schrover%2C+J.&rft.date=January+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizmagazine.com%2Findustry-snapshot-testing-labs%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CliffordCanna18-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CliffordCanna18_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Clifford, B. (5 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/news\/20180205\/Cannabis-Quality-and-Contamination-Testing.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Quality and Contamination Testing\"<\/a>. <i>News Medical Life Sciences<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/news\/20180205\/Cannabis-Quality-and-Contamination-Testing.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/news\/20180205\/Cannabis-Quality-and-Contamination-Testing.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Quality+and+Contamination+Testing&rft.atitle=News+Medical+Life+Sciences&rft.aulast=Clifford%2C+B.&rft.au=Clifford%2C+B.&rft.date=5+February+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fnews%2F20180205%2FCannabis-Quality-and-Contamination-Testing.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BorchardtCannabis17-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BorchardtCannabis17_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Borchardt, D. (5 April 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/debraborchardt\/2017\/04\/05\/cannabis-lab-testing-is-the-industrys-dirty-little-secret\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Lab Testing Is The Industry's Dirty Little Secret\"<\/a>. <i>Forbes<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/debraborchardt\/2017\/04\/05\/cannabis-lab-testing-is-the-industrys-dirty-little-secret\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/debraborchardt\/2017\/04\/05\/cannabis-lab-testing-is-the-industrys-dirty-little-secret\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Lab+Testing+Is+The+Industry%27s+Dirty+Little+Secret&rft.atitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Borchardt%2C+D.&rft.au=Borchardt%2C+D.&rft.date=5+April+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdebraborchardt%2F2017%2F04%2F05%2Fcannabis-lab-testing-is-the-industrys-dirty-little-secret%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SciexAbout-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SciexAbout_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">\"About Us\"<\/a>. AB Sciex Pte. Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sciex.com\/about-us<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=AB+Sciex+Pte.+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciex.com%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SciexCanna-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SciexCanna_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/applications\/food-and-beverage-testing\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and hemp testing analytical solutions & technologies\"<\/a>. AB Sciex Pte. Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/applications\/food-and-beverage-testing\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sciex.com\/applications\/food-and-beverage-testing\/cannabis-testing<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+and+hemp+testing+analytical+solutions+%26+technologies&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=AB+Sciex+Pte.+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciex.com%2Fapplications%2Ffood-and-beverage-testing%2Fcannabis-testing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SciexTQ-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SciexTQ_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems\" target=\"_blank\">\"SCIEX Triple Quad LC-MS\/MS Systems\"<\/a>. AB Sciex Pte. Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/triple-quad-systems<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=SCIEX+Triple+Quad+LC-MS%2FMS+Systems&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=AB+Sciex+Pte.+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciex.com%2Fproducts%2Fmass-spectrometers%2Ftriple-quad-systems&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SciexQTRAP-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SciexQTRAP_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/qtrap-systems\" target=\"_blank\">\"QTRAP LC-MS\/MS Systems\"<\/a>. AB Sciex Pte. Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/qtrap-systems\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/mass-spectrometers\/qtrap-systems<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=QTRAP+LC-MS%2FMS+Systems&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=AB+Sciex+Pte.+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciex.com%2Fproducts%2Fmass-spectrometers%2Fqtrap-systems&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SciexVMethodCann-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SciexVMethodCann_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/methods\/vmethod-application-for-quantitation-of-pesticide-residues-and-cannabinoids-in-cannabis-matrices-10\" target=\"_blank\">\"vMethod Application for Quantitation of Pesticide Residues and Cannabinoids in Cannabis Matrices 1.0\"<\/a>. AB Sciex Pte. Ltd<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/methods\/vmethod-application-for-quantitation-of-pesticide-residues-and-cannabinoids-in-cannabis-matrices-10\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sciex.com\/products\/methods\/vmethod-application-for-quantitation-of-pesticide-residues-and-cannabinoids-in-cannabis-matrices-10<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=vMethod+Application+for+Quantitation+of+Pesticide+Residues+and+Cannabinoids+in+Cannabis+Matrices+1.0&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=AB+Sciex+Pte.+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciex.com%2Fproducts%2Fmethods%2Fvmethod-application-for-quantitation-of-pesticide-residues-and-cannabinoids-in-cannabis-matrices-10&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AgilentCanna-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AgilentCanna_9-0\">9.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AgilentCanna_9-1\">9.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/solutions\/cannabis-hemp-testing\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis & Hemp Testing\"<\/a>. Agilent Technologies, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/solutions\/cannabis-hemp-testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/solutions\/cannabis-hemp-testing<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+%26+Hemp+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Agilent+Technologies%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agilent.com%2Fen%2Fsolutions%2Fcannabis-hemp-testing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ACHowItWorks-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ACHowItWorks_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alpha-cat.org\/resources\/how-it-works\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"How it works\"<\/a>. Alpha-CAT Lab s.r.o<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alpha-cat.org\/resources\/how-it-works\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.alpha-cat.org\/resources\/how-it-works\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+it+works&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Alpha-CAT+Lab+s.r.o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpha-cat.org%2Fresources%2Fhow-it-works%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BUCHICanna-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BUCHICanna_11-0\">11.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BUCHICanna_11-1\">11.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181121210317\/https:\/\/static1.buchi.com\/sites\/default\/files\/content-page\/downloads\/Application_Booklet_Cannabis_.pdf?de4f8bcef8a716a102177148a7b60808b88c66cc\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Booklet: Theory & Applications\"<\/a> (PDF). B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/static1.buchi.com\/sites\/default\/files\/content-page\/downloads\/Application_Booklet_Cannabis_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 21 November 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181121210317\/https:\/\/static1.buchi.com\/sites\/default\/files\/content-page\/downloads\/Application_Booklet_Cannabis_.pdf?de4f8bcef8a716a102177148a7b60808b88c66cc\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181121210317\/https:\/\/static1.buchi.com\/sites\/default\/files\/content-page\/downloads\/Application_Booklet_Cannabis_.pdf?de4f8bcef8a716a102177148a7b60808b88c66cc<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Booklet%3A+Theory+%26+Applications&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=B%C3%9CCHI+Labortechnik+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181121210317%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.buchi.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcontent-page%2Fdownloads%2FApplication_Booklet_Cannabis_.pdf%3Fde4f8bcef8a716a102177148a7b60808b88c66cc&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CEMCanna-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CEMCanna_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cem.com\/en\/cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Analysis\"<\/a>. CEM Corporation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cem.com\/en\/cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cem.com\/en\/cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Analysis&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=CEM+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcem.com%2Fen%2Fcannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EmeraldAbout-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EmeraldAbout_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/emeraldscientific.com\/about-us\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"About Emerald\"<\/a>. Emerald Scientific, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/emeraldscientific.com\/about-us\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/emeraldscientific.com\/about-us\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+Emerald&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Emerald+Scientific%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femeraldscientific.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FritschPulver-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FritschPulver_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fritsch-international.com\/sample-preparation\/applications-solutions\/details\/solution\/cannabis-plant-material-preparation-for-efficient-extraction\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"CANNABIS PLANT MATERIAL PREPARATION FOR EFFICIENT EXTRACTION\"<\/a>. Fritsch GmbH<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fritsch-international.com\/sample-preparation\/applications-solutions\/details\/solution\/cannabis-plant-material-preparation-for-efficient-extraction\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fritsch-international.com\/sample-preparation\/applications-solutions\/details\/solution\/cannabis-plant-material-preparation-for-efficient-extraction\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CANNABIS+PLANT+MATERIAL+PREPARATION+FOR+EFFICIENT+EXTRACTION&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Fritsch+GmbH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fritsch-international.com%2Fsample-preparation%2Fapplications-solutions%2Fdetails%2Fsolution%2Fcannabis-plant-material-preparation-for-efficient-extraction%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140921\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.127 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.630 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8494\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 74675\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 21428\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 21092\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 82.632 1 -total\n 89.85% 74.246 1 Template:Reflist\n 76.00% 62.800 14 Template:Cite_web\n 69.99% 57.837 14 Template:Citation\/core\n 10.06% 8.309 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\n 7.07% 5.838 3 Template:Date\n 5.04% 4.169 18 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 1.54% 1.269 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5226-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140921 and revision id 15804. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d8\/Lab_equipment_7.JPG"],"6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83_timestamp":1660140561,"5dfd42f19a638751568a31ea0c22dd4c_type":"article","5dfd42f19a638751568a31ea0c22dd4c_title":"3.6 Software - LIMS, CDS, and seed-to-sale","5dfd42f19a638751568a31ea0c22dd4c_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software","5dfd42f19a638751568a31ea0c22dd4c_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/SoftwareFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchContents \n\n1 3.6 Software \n\n1.1 3.6.1 LIMS \n1.2 3.6.2 CDS \n1.3 3.6.3 Seed-to-sale \n\n\n2 References \n3 Citation information for this chapter \n\n\n\n3.6 Software \nLaboratories increasingly depend on software to analyze, store, and share critical data from instruments and experiments.[1] This has led to the development of laboratory-specific software like the laboratory information management system (LIMS), electronic laboratory notebook (ELN), and chromatography data system (CDS; sometimes CDMS). These and other software systems such as \"seed-to-sale\" programs can also play an important role in the cannabis testing laboratory.\n\n3.6.1 LIMS \nLaboratories of all types use LIMS software to manage the wide variety of data, testing and analysis workflows, and other enterprise activities typical of them. This generally includes\u2014but is not limited to\u2014sample reception, workflow management, sample tracking and analysis, quality control, instrument data management, data storage, reporting, and document management.[2] The cannabis testing laboratory is no exception, though its activities differ slightly from, for example, a clinical pathology laboratory. As such, a few additional features outside of what's typically found in a generic LIMS are required.\nFeatures that may be incorporated into a cannabis testing LIMS that you might not necessarily find in an all-purpose LIMS include[3][4][5][6][7]:\n\nsample loading screens optimized for the industry, including differentiation between medical and recreational marijuana\npre-loaded compliant test protocols, labels, and reports optimized and readily adjustable for a rapidly changing industry\ntools for creating new, compliant test protocols, labels, and reports\na web API to integrate with state-required compliance reporting systems\nchain-of-custody (CoC) tracking, when necessary\nsupport for inventory reconciliation\nAs previously discussed, industry-specific test protocols largely focus on cannabinoids, terpenes, and a wide variety of contaminates, including excess water. However, as regulations continue to be in a state of flux and not particularly standardized, most LIMS developers are including the ability for users to adjust their protocols and even add new ones. And while CoC functionality is not entirely foreign to generic LIMS, it's particularly important in an industry where currently transporting even a cannabis test sample across state lines can create huge problems.\nIn cases where daily sample processing is infrequent and only a couple of chromatography machines are used, laboratories may weigh a decision between a LIMS and a chromatography-specific CDS, although the ability to produce an acceptable certificate of authenticity (CoA) and document the CoC are still factors, along with any state reporting requirements.\nCannabis LIMS solutions\nThe following LIMS solutions in Table 1 are known to specifically offer features that support the cannabis testing laboratory:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 1. Known LIMS solutions publically marketed as addressing the needs of cannabis testing labs\n\n\nLIMS solution\n\nDeveloper\n\n\nApolloLIMS\n\nCommon Cents Systems, Inc.\n\n\nBika LIMS\n\nBika Lab Systems (Pty) Ltd and\r\nthe SENAITE Foundation\n\n\nCannabLIS\n\nCannabliss New England, LLC\n\n\nCannaLIS\n\nSpecialty Testing Solutions Ca, LLC\n\n\nCannaQA LIMS\n\nLabLynx, Inc.\n\n\nCGM LABDAQ\n\nCompuGroup Medical AG\n\n\nClin1 Cannabis LIS\n\nClin1, LLC\n\n\nCloudLIMS and FreeLIMS\n\nCloudLIMS.com, LLC\n\n\nConfident Cannabis LIMS\n\nCC Software, LLC\n\n\nElement LIMS\n\nPromium, LLC\n\n\nHORIZON LIMS\n\nHORIZON Lab Systems, LLC\n\n\nLabWare GROW\n\nLabWare, Inc.\n\n\nLabFlow\n\nAINZ Corp.\n\n\nLabLite SQL LIMS\n\nLabLite, LLC\n\n\nLIMS ABC\n\nBGASoft, Inc.\n\n\nLockbox LIMS\n\nThird Wave Analytics, Inc.\n\n\nMatrix Gemini\n\nAutoscribe Informatics, Inc.\n\n\nOmega LIMS\n\nKhemia Software, Inc.\n\n\nQBench\n\nJunction Concepts, Inc.\n\n\nQLIMS\n\nOnQ Software Pty. Ltd.\n\n\nreLIMS\n\nCarobar Business Solutions, LLC\n\n\n\n3.6.2 CDS \nScientists on the research side of cannabis are certainly using CDSs from Agilent, Thermo Scientific, Waters, and other to manage the data coming out of their chromatography equipment[8][9][10], and slowly but surely some of those CDSs are beginning to also support spectrometer data management in a similar way.[11] Additionally, some chromatography system developers will collaborate with CDS vendors to develop software drivers\u2014code that essentially acts as a translator between a device and a program\u2014so chromatography devices can interact fully with the CDS.[12]\nThe CDS likely has a place in the cannabis testing lab as well, though it may depend on the lab's data management needs and goals. In more complex labs with multiple instruments and significant daily processing workflows, a LIMS may make more practical sense.\nCDS solutions\nSome vendors like Thermo Fisher Scientific\u2014discussed in the next chapter\u2014offer a CDS in conjunction with its other chromatography systems marketed for the cannabis testing industry. Other common CDS options include:\n\nChromera\nCompass Hystar\nEmpower 3\nLabSolutions\nOpenLAB CDS\nPC\/Chrom\n3.6.3 Seed-to-sale \nThe use of seed-to-sale software is a growing trend that is only tangentially related to laboratory testing of cannabis. Rather than at testing laboratories, seed-to-sale software is found at cultivation sites, production facilities, and dispensaries, and that software is typically designed to be able to integrate with testing laboratory or other software. The goal: create a complete record of transaction, from the grown plant to the lab, producer, and seller. This sort of tracking is mandated in various ways by many U.S. states with legalization laws. \"It\u2019s there to prevent the diversion of marijuana, which the federal government still lists as a Schedule I substance, the most dangerous class of drugs,\" wrote Daniel Rothberg of the Las Vegas Sun in December 2015. \"Tracking also ensures product safety, assists with audits, and helps facilitate recalls.\"[13] This type of software is able to track plant yields, attempted theft or diversion, patient preferences, extraction methods, batch weights, and various financial statistics for analysis.[14][13]\nSeed-to-sale software vendors\nThe following vendors are a representative sample of those that offer a seed-to-sale system for the cannabis industry: \n\nAmple Organics, Inc. - Ample Organics\nBio-Tech Medical Software, Inc. - BioTrackTHC\nChetu, Inc. - Custom software solutions\nCourier Plus, Inc. dba Dutchie - Green Bits\nDauntless Software, Inc. - Dauntless Retail\nEntrc, Inc. - Canix\nEPIC Group, LLC dba Nugistics - Nugistics\nFar-From-Groove'N, Inc. dba Viridian Sciences - Viridian Sciences\nFlourish Software, LLC - Flourish\nFranwell, Inc. - Metrc\nKindManage, LLC - Agrisoft\nMJ Freeway, LLC - MJ Platform\nOpen Systems, Inc. - ProcessPro\nProgressive Software International - ProsoftXP\nProteus Business Solutions, Inc. - PROTEUS420\nPyrotree, Inc. - WebJoint\nRetail Innovation Labs, LLC - Cova\nStashStock, LLC - StashStock\nVelosio, LLC - Silverleaf\nTheraCann International Corporation \u2013 ETCH Biotrace\nTrellis Solutions, Inc. - Trellis\nWeedTraQR, LLC - WeedTraQR\nWilcompute Systems Group, Inc. - GrowerIQ\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Laboratory Informatics\". virtualinformatics.com. 9 April 2011. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150425070143\/http:\/\/virtualinformatics.com\/content\/Laboratory_informatics.htm . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Skobelev, D.O.; Zaytseva, T.M.; Kozlov, A.D. et al. (2011). \"Laboratory information management systems in the work of the analytic laboratory\". Measurement Techniques 53 (10): 1182\u20131189. doi:10.1007\/s11018-011-9638-7.   \n \n\n\u2191 Biros, A.G. (23 October 2015). \"Using LIMS in Cannabis Laboratories\". Cannabis Industry Journal. Innovative Publishing Co. LLC. https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/using-lims-in-cannabis-laboratories\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"LIMS for Cannabis Testing\". Promium, LLC. https:\/\/www.promium.com\/markets\/cannabis-cbd\/\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"LabLynx LIMS - Cannabis\". LabLynx, Inc. 20 January 2017. https:\/\/www.lablynxpress.com\/index.php?title=LabLynx_LIMS_-_Cannabis . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Audino, S. (7 February 2018). \"Managing Cannabis Testing Lab Workflows Using LIMS\". Cannabis Industry Journal. https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Paszko, C. (27 November 2018). \"Selecting a LIMS for the Cannabis Industry\". LabCompare. https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Purschke, K.; Heinl, S.; Lerch, O. et al. (2016). \"Development and validation of an automated liquid-liquid extraction GC\/MS method for the determination of THC, 11-OH-THC, and free THC-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) from blood serum\". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408 (16): 4379-88. doi:10.1007\/s00216-016-9537-5. PMC PMC4875941. PMID 27116418. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4875941 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Albertini, T.; Caruso, A. (2015). \"Determination of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Its Main Metabolites Using GC Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry\" (PDF). Thermo Fisher Scientific. http:\/\/tools.thermofisher.com\/content\/sfs\/posters\/PO-GC-MS-THC-Metabolites-Triple-Quad-EN.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Layton, C.; Reuter, W.M. (23 January 2017). \"Analysis of Cannabinoids in Hemp Seed Oils by HPLC Using PDA Detection\" (PDF). PerkinElmer, Inc. https:\/\/resources.perkinelmer.com\/lab-solutions\/resources\/docs\/app_analysis-of-cannabinoids-in-hemp-seed-oils-by-hplc-012317_01.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Davies, A.N. (12 April 2016). \"Central spectroscopic data systems: Why are chromatographers so much better equipped?\". Spectroscopy Europe. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; IM Publications LLP. https:\/\/www.spectroscopyeurope.com\/td-column\/central-spectroscopic-data-systems-why-are-chromatographers-so-much-better-equipped . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Waters Empower Shimadzu GC Driver Version 2\". Shimadzu Scientific Instruments. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160624211051\/http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/product.cfm?product=gcdriver . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 13.0 13.1 Rothberg, D. (29 December 2015). \"Software Firms Benefit from Government\u2019s Seed-to-Sale Marijuana Tracking\". Government Technology. e.Republic, Inc. https:\/\/www.govtech.com\/data\/software-firms-benefit-from-governments-seed-to-sale-marijuana-tracking.html . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Smyth, H. (21 June 2016). \"Track and Trace vs. Seed to Sale\". MJ Freeway Blog. MJ Freeway, LLC. https:\/\/mjplatform.com\/blog\/track-and-trace-vs-seed-to-sale\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\r\n\n\n-----Go to the next chapter of this guide-----\n\r\n\n\nCitation information for this chapter \nChapter: 3. Laboratory testing of cannabis\nTitle: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\nEdition: Fourth edition\nAuthor for citation: Shawn E. Douglas\nLicense for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International\nPublication date: August 2022\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:25.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","5dfd42f19a638751568a31ea0c22dd4c_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Software rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Software skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Software<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.6_Software\">3.6 Software<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Laboratories increasingly depend on software to analyze, store, and share critical data from instruments and experiments.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VI11_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VI11-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> This has led to the development of laboratory-specific software like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory_information_management_system\" title=\"Laboratory information management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"300b107ea507dc9077934f573fc2f6d6\">laboratory information management system<\/a> (LIMS), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Electronic_laboratory_notebook\" title=\"Electronic laboratory notebook\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"330980cdcbe270b3820732ed0cccc7d4\">electronic laboratory notebook<\/a> (ELN), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chromatography_data_system\" title=\"Chromatography data system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2bcff0188095fae94e3a6a8726206ba8\">chromatography data system<\/a> (CDS; sometimes CDMS). These and other software systems such as \"seed-to-sale\" programs can also play an important role in the cannabis testing laboratory.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.6.1_LIMS\">3.6.1 LIMS<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Laboratories of all types use LIMS software to manage the wide variety of data, testing and analysis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Workflow\" title=\"Workflow\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c63a2fc4c276562dbdaf957f640d69cb\">workflows<\/a>, and other enterprise activities typical of them. This generally includes\u2014but is not limited to\u2014sample reception, workflow management, sample tracking and analysis, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory_quality_control\" title=\"Laboratory quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6543ec3fb55c67d60f41473697c0781d\">quality control<\/a>, instrument data management, data storage, reporting, and document management.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SkobelevLab11_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SkobelevLab11-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> The cannabis testing laboratory is no exception, though its activities differ slightly from, for example, a clinical pathology laboratory. As such, a few additional features outside of what's typically found in a generic LIMS are required.\n<\/p><p>Features that may be incorporated into a cannabis testing LIMS that you might not necessarily find in an all-purpose LIMS include<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BirosUsing15_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BirosUsing15-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PromiumELIMSCanna_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PromiumELIMSCanna-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LLLIMSCanna_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LLLIMSCanna-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AudinoManag18_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AudinoManag18-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PaszkoSelecting18_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PaszkoSelecting18-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>sample loading screens optimized for the industry, including differentiation between medical and recreational marijuana<\/li>\n<li>pre-loaded compliant test protocols, labels, and reports optimized and readily adjustable for a rapidly changing industry<\/li>\n<li>tools for creating new, compliant test protocols, labels, and reports<\/li>\n<li>a web API to integrate with state-required compliance reporting systems<\/li>\n<li>chain-of-custody (CoC) tracking, when necessary<\/li>\n<li>support for inventory reconciliation<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>As previously discussed, industry-specific test protocols largely focus on cannabinoids, terpenes, and a wide variety of contaminates, including excess water. However, as regulations continue to be in a state of flux and not particularly standardized, most LIMS developers are including the ability for users to adjust their protocols and even add new ones. And while CoC functionality is not entirely foreign to generic LIMS, it's particularly important in an industry where currently transporting even a cannabis test sample across state lines can create huge problems.\n<\/p><p>In cases where daily sample processing is infrequent and only a couple of chromatography machines are used, laboratories may weigh a decision between a LIMS and a chromatography-specific CDS, although the ability to produce an acceptable certificate of authenticity (CoA) and document the CoC are still factors, along with any state reporting requirements.\n<\/p><p><b>Cannabis LIMS solutions<\/b>\n<\/p><p>The following LIMS solutions in Table 1 are known to specifically offer features that support the cannabis testing laboratory:\n<\/p>\n<table style=\"\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\" colspan=\"2\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Known LIMS solutions publically marketed as addressing the needs of cannabis testing labs\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LIMS solution\n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Developer\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ApolloLIMS\" title=\"ApolloLIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ceea997258354a6d426534e61d269d2d\">ApolloLIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Common Cents Systems, Inc.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Bika_LIMS\" title=\"Bika LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0428bec40f5e78521f09ec45b90d1f0c\">Bika LIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Bika Lab Systems (Pty) Ltd and<br \/>the SENAITE Foundation\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CannabLIS\" title=\"CannabLIS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e0c2a3ae13a525fd66042687d6a73ee3\">CannabLIS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Cannabliss New England, LLC\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CannaLIS\" title=\"CannaLIS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"09330b544fb7e446240deca30b151fef\">CannaLIS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Specialty Testing Solutions Ca, LLC\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CannaQA_LIMS\" title=\"CannaQA LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5379532d8de7a77ac0f896a9440acad7\">CannaQA LIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LabLynx, Inc.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CGM_LABDAQ\" title=\"CGM LABDAQ\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a6bd926f89a503530f00054d1b77db1e\">CGM LABDAQ<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CompuGroup Medical AG\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Clin1_Cannabis_LIS\" title=\"Clin1 Cannabis LIS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"67120c60805fffbb70b5ae9157088fc0\">Clin1 Cannabis LIS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Clin1, LLC\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=CloudLIMS\" title=\"CloudLIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"292ce03ef87cdce56e9615cf3b344e37\">CloudLIMS and FreeLIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CloudLIMS.com, LLC\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Confident_Cannabis_LIMS\" title=\"Confident Cannabis LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6760c3b8b3d12323201187196190d15c\">Confident Cannabis LIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">CC Software, LLC\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Element_LIMS\" title=\"Element LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"466595f6ade20fa13d711b0652a0ac27\">Element LIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Promium, LLC\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=HORIZON_LIMS\" title=\"HORIZON LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bc1da0f655bc06746689eeaa5fcd1797\">HORIZON LIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">HORIZON Lab Systems, LLC\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=LabWare_GROW\" title=\"LabWare GROW\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4a1dc9ddcc55f3926185bc5745d0f7ff\">LabWare GROW<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LabWare, Inc.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=LabFlow\" title=\"LabFlow\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"859c6e2e5c35c13651fff3796f2b4af3\">LabFlow<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">AINZ Corp.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=LabLite_SQL_LIMS\" title=\"LabLite SQL LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"82cfa24782ce971c16747379951c5144\">LabLite SQL LIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">LabLite, LLC\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=LIMS_ABC\" title=\"LIMS ABC\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3b4a30fdf3cf3a951ee9c29c495046b3\">LIMS ABC<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">BGASoft, Inc.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Lockbox_LIMS\" title=\"Lockbox LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"37a97384a51ba42a7c57e6ba6fca73ef\">Lockbox LIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Third Wave Analytics, Inc.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Matrix_Gemini\" title=\"Matrix Gemini\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5061cee66d3d0a2d0b7eb19619aa28c1\">Matrix Gemini<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Autoscribe Informatics, Inc.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Omega_LIMS\" title=\"Omega LIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"46734499a45c1e4f5abdeb394afb55d0\">Omega LIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Khemia Software, Inc.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=QBench\" title=\"QBench\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4680ea86561bd91c9c8344c6ee947992\">QBench<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Junction Concepts, Inc.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=QLIMS\" title=\"QLIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ccb121109915220bf6c89800ad7b746e\">QLIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">OnQ Software Pty. Ltd.\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ReLIMS\" title=\"ReLIMS\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8a35811a1b0244c361b1e013a660c38f\">reLIMS<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;\">Carobar Business Solutions, LLC\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.6.2_CDS\">3.6.2 CDS<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Scientists on the research side of cannabis are certainly using CDSs from Agilent, Thermo Scientific, Waters, and other to manage the data coming out of their chromatography equipment<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PurschkeDevelop16_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PurschkeDevelop16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AlbertiniDeterm15_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AlbertiniDeterm15-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LaytonAnalysis17_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LaytonAnalysis17-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>, and slowly but surely some of those CDSs are beginning to also support spectrometer data management in a similar way.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DaviesCentral16_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DaviesCentral16-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, some chromatography system developers will collaborate with CDS vendors to develop software drivers\u2014code that essentially acts as a translator between a device and a program\u2014so chromatography devices can interact fully with the CDS.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShimadzuWaters_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShimadzuWaters-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The CDS likely has a place in the cannabis testing lab as well, though it may depend on the lab's data management needs and goals. In more complex labs with multiple instruments and significant daily processing workflows, a LIMS may make more practical sense.\n<\/p><p><b>CDS solutions<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Some vendors like Thermo Fisher Scientific\u2014discussed in the next chapter\u2014offer a CDS in conjunction with its other chromatography systems marketed for the cannabis testing industry. Other common CDS options include:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/PerkinElmer_Inc.\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"limswiki:PerkinElmer Inc.\" data-key=\"dabda40785b60866d056709e611512f8\">Chromera<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Bruker_Corporation\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"limswiki:Bruker Corporation\" data-key=\"e2bd7cbc36f8b89babe5bdf05359ad96\">Compass Hystar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Waters_Corporation\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"limswiki:Waters Corporation\" data-key=\"d17153eab93be07066660e3cff4b84c5\">Empower 3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Shimadzu_Corporation\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"limswiki:Shimadzu Corporation\" data-key=\"b55dff14f2cd33d62456eb1653d4cad5\">LabSolutions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Agilent_Technologies,_Inc.\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"limswiki:Agilent Technologies, Inc.\" data-key=\"dcea1a676a012bcbe3af9562dd17f8a0\">OpenLAB CDS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/H%26A_Scientific,_Inc.\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"limswiki:H&A Scientific, Inc.\" data-key=\"9c8b6462f7e14e032cde0f6cd3f9eb1d\">PC\/Chrom<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.6.3_Seed-to-sale\">3.6.3 Seed-to-sale<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The use of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Seed-to-sale\" title=\"Seed-to-sale\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bac2ef9dbf9d2112c3116b3a683f77f0\">seed-to-sale<\/a> software is a growing trend that is only tangentially related to laboratory testing of cannabis. Rather than at testing laboratories, seed-to-sale software is found at cultivation sites, production facilities, and dispensaries, and that software is typically designed to be able to integrate with testing laboratory or other software. The goal: create a complete record of transaction, from the grown plant to the lab, producer, and seller. This sort of tracking is mandated in various ways by many U.S. states with legalization laws. \"It\u2019s there to prevent the diversion of marijuana, which the federal government still lists as a Schedule I substance, the most dangerous class of drugs,\" wrote Daniel Rothberg of the <i>Las Vegas Sun<\/i> in December 2015. \"Tracking also ensures product safety, assists with audits, and helps facilitate recalls.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RothbergSoft15_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RothbergSoft15-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> This type of software is able to track plant yields, attempted theft or diversion, patient preferences, extraction methods, batch weights, and various financial statistics for analysis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SmythTrack16_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SmythTrack16-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RothbergSoft15_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RothbergSoft15-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>Seed-to-sale software vendors<\/b>\n<\/p><p>The following vendors are a representative sample of those that offer a seed-to-sale system for the cannabis industry: \n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ampleorganics.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ample Organics, Inc. - Ample Organics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biotrack.com\/government-seed-to-sale-tracking\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bio-Tech Medical Software, Inc. - BioTrackTHC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chetu.com\/agriculture\/seed-to-sale.php\" target=\"_blank\">Chetu, Inc. - Custom software solutions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/business.dutchie.com\/greenbits\" target=\"_blank\">Courier Plus, Inc. dba Dutchie - Green Bits<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bedauntless.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Dauntless Software, Inc. - Dauntless Retail<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canix.com\" target=\"_blank\">Entrc, Inc. - Canix<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nugistics.io\" target=\"_blank\">EPIC Group, LLC dba Nugistics - Nugistics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.viridiansciences.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Far-From-Groove'N, Inc. dba Viridian Sciences - Viridian Sciences<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flourishsoftware.com\" target=\"_blank\">Flourish Software, LLC - Flourish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.metrc.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Franwell, Inc. - Metrc<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/kind.financial\/government\/\" target=\"_blank\">KindManage, LLC - Agrisoft<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjplatform.com\" target=\"_blank\">MJ Freeway, LLC - MJ Platform<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.processproerp.com\/cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">Open Systems, Inc. - ProcessPro<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/prosoftxp.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Progressive Software International - ProsoftXP<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.proteus420.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Proteus Business Solutions, Inc. - PROTEUS420<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.webjoint.com\" target=\"_blank\">Pyrotree, Inc. - WebJoint<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.covasoftware.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Retail Innovation Labs, LLC - Cova<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stashstock.com\" target=\"_blank\">StashStock, LLC - StashStock<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.velosio.com\/market-focus\/cannabis-growers-silverleaf\/\" target=\"_blank\">Velosio, LLC - Silverleaf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/theracann.solutions\/etch-biotrace\/\" target=\"_blank\">TheraCann International Corporation \u2013 ETCH Biotrace<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/trellisgrows.com\" target=\"_blank\">Trellis Solutions, Inc. - Trellis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/weedtraqr.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">WeedTraQR, LLC - WeedTraQR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/groweriq.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\">Wilcompute Systems Group, Inc. - GrowerIQ<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-VI11-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-VI11_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150425070143\/http:\/\/virtualinformatics.com\/content\/Laboratory_informatics.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Laboratory Informatics\"<\/a>. virtualinformatics.com. 9 April 2011. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.virtualinformatics.com\/content\/Laboratory_informatics.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 25 April 2015<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150425070143\/http:\/\/virtualinformatics.com\/content\/Laboratory_informatics.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150425070143\/http:\/\/virtualinformatics.com\/content\/Laboratory_informatics.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Informatics&rft.atitle=&rft.date=9+April+2011&rft.pub=virtualinformatics.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150425070143%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fvirtualinformatics.com%2Fcontent%2FLaboratory_informatics.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SkobelevLab11-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SkobelevLab11_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Skobelev, D.O.; Zaytseva, T.M.; Kozlov, A.D. et al. (2011). \"Laboratory information management systems in the work of the analytic laboratory\". <i>Measurement Techniques<\/i> <b>53<\/b> (10): 1182\u20131189. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs11018-011-9638-7\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s11018-011-9638-7<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Laboratory+information+management+systems+in+the+work+of+the+analytic+laboratory&rft.jtitle=Measurement+Techniques&rft.aulast=Skobelev%2C+D.O.%3B+Zaytseva%2C+T.M.%3B+Kozlov%2C+A.D.+et+al.&rft.au=Skobelev%2C+D.O.%3B+Zaytseva%2C+T.M.%3B+Kozlov%2C+A.D.+et+al.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1182%E2%80%931189&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs11018-011-9638-7&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BirosUsing15-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BirosUsing15_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Biros, A.G. (23 October 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/using-lims-in-cannabis-laboratories\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Using LIMS in Cannabis Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Industry Journal<\/i>. Innovative Publishing Co. LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/using-lims-in-cannabis-laboratories\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/using-lims-in-cannabis-laboratories\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Using+LIMS+in+Cannabis+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Industry+Journal&rft.aulast=Biros%2C+A.G.&rft.au=Biros%2C+A.G.&rft.date=23+October+2015&rft.pub=Innovative+Publishing+Co.+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabisindustryjournal.com%2Ffeature_article%2Fusing-lims-in-cannabis-laboratories%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PromiumELIMSCanna-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PromiumELIMSCanna_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.promium.com\/markets\/cannabis-cbd\/\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"LIMS for Cannabis Testing\"<\/a>. Promium, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.promium.com\/markets\/cannabis-cbd\/\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.promium.com\/markets\/cannabis-cbd\/\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=LIMS+for+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Promium%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.promium.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcannabis-cbd%2F%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LLLIMSCanna-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LLLIMSCanna_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lablynxpress.com\/index.php?title=LabLynx_LIMS_-_Cannabis\" data-key=\"e421e44127d338b243718f5da6e07c07\">\"LabLynx LIMS - Cannabis\"<\/a>. LabLynx, Inc. 20 January 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free wiki-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lablynxpress.com\/index.php?title=LabLynx_LIMS_-_Cannabis\" data-key=\"e421e44127d338b243718f5da6e07c07\">https:\/\/www.lablynxpress.com\/index.php?title=LabLynx_LIMS_-_Cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=LabLynx+LIMS+-+Cannabis&rft.atitle=&rft.date=20+January+2017&rft.pub=LabLynx%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lablynxpress.com%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLabLynx_LIMS_-_Cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AudinoManag18-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AudinoManag18_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Audino, S. (7 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Managing Cannabis Testing Lab Workflows Using LIMS\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Industry Journal<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Managing+Cannabis+Testing+Lab+Workflows+Using+LIMS&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Industry+Journal&rft.aulast=Audino%2C+S.&rft.au=Audino%2C+S.&rft.date=7+February+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabisindustryjournal.com%2Ffeature_article%2Fmanaging-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PaszkoSelecting18-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PaszkoSelecting18_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Paszko, C. (27 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Selecting a LIMS for the Cannabis Industry\"<\/a>. <i>LabCompare<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Selecting+a+LIMS+for+the+Cannabis+Industry&rft.atitle=LabCompare&rft.aulast=Paszko%2C+C.&rft.au=Paszko%2C+C.&rft.date=27+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labcompare.com%2F10-Featured-Articles%2F354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PurschkeDevelop16-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PurschkeDevelop16_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Purschke, K.; Heinl, S.; Lerch, O. et al. (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4875941\" target=\"_blank\">\"Development and validation of an automated liquid-liquid extraction GC\/MS method for the determination of THC, 11-OH-THC, and free THC-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) from blood serum\"<\/a>. <i>Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry<\/i> <b>408<\/b> (16): 4379-88. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00216-016-9537-5\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s00216-016-9537-5<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4875941\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4875941<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27116418\" target=\"_blank\">27116418<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4875941\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4875941<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+and+validation+of+an+automated+liquid-liquid+extraction+GC%2FMS+method+for+the+determination+of+THC%2C+11-OH-THC%2C+and+free+THC-carboxylic+acid+%28THC-COOH%29+from+blood+serum&rft.jtitle=Analytical+and+Bioanalytical+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Purschke%2C+K.%3B+Heinl%2C+S.%3B+Lerch%2C+O.+et+al.&rft.au=Purschke%2C+K.%3B+Heinl%2C+S.%3B+Lerch%2C+O.+et+al.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=408&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=4379-88&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs00216-016-9537-5&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4875941&rft_id=info:pmid\/27116418&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC4875941&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AlbertiniDeterm15-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AlbertiniDeterm15_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Albertini, T.; Caruso, A. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/tools.thermofisher.com\/content\/sfs\/posters\/PO-GC-MS-THC-Metabolites-Triple-Quad-EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Determination of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Its Main Metabolites Using GC Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry\"<\/a> (PDF). Thermo Fisher Scientific<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/tools.thermofisher.com\/content\/sfs\/posters\/PO-GC-MS-THC-Metabolites-Triple-Quad-EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/tools.thermofisher.com\/content\/sfs\/posters\/PO-GC-MS-THC-Metabolites-Triple-Quad-EN.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Determination+of+Tetrahydrocannabinol+%28THC%29+and+Its+Main+Metabolites+Using+GC+Triple+Quadrupole+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Albertini%2C+T.%3B+Caruso%2C+A.&rft.au=Albertini%2C+T.%3B+Caruso%2C+A.&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=Thermo+Fisher+Scientific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.thermofisher.com%2Fcontent%2Fsfs%2Fposters%2FPO-GC-MS-THC-Metabolites-Triple-Quad-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LaytonAnalysis17-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LaytonAnalysis17_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Layton, C.; Reuter, W.M. (23 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/resources.perkinelmer.com\/lab-solutions\/resources\/docs\/app_analysis-of-cannabinoids-in-hemp-seed-oils-by-hplc-012317_01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Analysis of Cannabinoids in Hemp Seed Oils by HPLC Using PDA Detection\"<\/a> (PDF). PerkinElmer, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/resources.perkinelmer.com\/lab-solutions\/resources\/docs\/app_analysis-of-cannabinoids-in-hemp-seed-oils-by-hplc-012317_01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/resources.perkinelmer.com\/lab-solutions\/resources\/docs\/app_analysis-of-cannabinoids-in-hemp-seed-oils-by-hplc-012317_01.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Cannabinoids+in+Hemp+Seed+Oils+by+HPLC+Using+PDA+Detection&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Layton%2C+C.%3B+Reuter%2C+W.M.&rft.au=Layton%2C+C.%3B+Reuter%2C+W.M.&rft.date=23+January+2017&rft.pub=PerkinElmer%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.perkinelmer.com%2Flab-solutions%2Fresources%2Fdocs%2Fapp_analysis-of-cannabinoids-in-hemp-seed-oils-by-hplc-012317_01.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DaviesCentral16-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DaviesCentral16_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Davies, A.N. (12 April 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spectroscopyeurope.com\/td-column\/central-spectroscopic-data-systems-why-are-chromatographers-so-much-better-equipped\" target=\"_blank\">\"Central spectroscopic data systems: Why are chromatographers so much better equipped?\"<\/a>. <i>Spectroscopy Europe<\/i>. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; IM Publications LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spectroscopyeurope.com\/td-column\/central-spectroscopic-data-systems-why-are-chromatographers-so-much-better-equipped\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.spectroscopyeurope.com\/td-column\/central-spectroscopic-data-systems-why-are-chromatographers-so-much-better-equipped<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Central+spectroscopic+data+systems%3A+Why+are+chromatographers+so+much+better+equipped%3F&rft.atitle=Spectroscopy+Europe&rft.aulast=Davies%2C+A.N.&rft.au=Davies%2C+A.N.&rft.date=12+April+2016&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd%3B+IM+Publications+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectroscopyeurope.com%2Ftd-column%2Fcentral-spectroscopic-data-systems-why-are-chromatographers-so-much-better-equipped&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ShimadzuWaters-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShimadzuWaters_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160624211051\/http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/product.cfm?product=gcdriver\" target=\"_blank\">\"Waters Empower Shimadzu GC Driver Version 2\"<\/a>. Shimadzu Scientific Instruments. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/product.cfm?product=gcdriver\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 24 June 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160624211051\/http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/product.cfm?product=gcdriver\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160624211051\/http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/product.cfm?product=gcdriver<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Waters+Empower+Shimadzu+GC+Driver+Version+2&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Shimadzu+Scientific+Instruments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160624211051%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssi.shimadzu.com%2Fproducts%2Fproduct.cfm%3Fproduct%3Dgcdriver&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RothbergSoft15-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RothbergSoft15_13-0\">13.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RothbergSoft15_13-1\">13.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rothberg, D. (29 December 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govtech.com\/data\/software-firms-benefit-from-governments-seed-to-sale-marijuana-tracking.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Software Firms Benefit from Government\u2019s Seed-to-Sale Marijuana Tracking\"<\/a>. <i>Government Technology<\/i>. e.Republic, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govtech.com\/data\/software-firms-benefit-from-governments-seed-to-sale-marijuana-tracking.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.govtech.com\/data\/software-firms-benefit-from-governments-seed-to-sale-marijuana-tracking.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Software+Firms+Benefit+from+Government%E2%80%99s+Seed-to-Sale+Marijuana+Tracking&rft.atitle=Government+Technology&rft.aulast=Rothberg%2C+D.&rft.au=Rothberg%2C+D.&rft.date=29+December+2015&rft.pub=e.Republic%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtech.com%2Fdata%2Fsoftware-firms-benefit-from-governments-seed-to-sale-marijuana-tracking.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SmythTrack16-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SmythTrack16_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Smyth, H. (21 June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjplatform.com\/blog\/track-and-trace-vs-seed-to-sale\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Track and Trace vs. Seed to Sale\"<\/a>. <i>MJ Freeway Blog<\/i>. MJ Freeway, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjplatform.com\/blog\/track-and-trace-vs-seed-to-sale\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjplatform.com\/blog\/track-and-trace-vs-seed-to-sale\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Track+and+Trace+vs.+Seed+to+Sale&rft.atitle=MJ+Freeway+Blog&rft.aulast=Smyth%2C+H.&rft.au=Smyth%2C+H.&rft.date=21+June+2016&rft.pub=MJ+Freeway%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjplatform.com%2Fblog%2Ftrack-and-trace-vs-seed-to-sale%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\/Vendors: 0 through F\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83\">the next chapter<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Citation_information_for_this_chapter\">Citation information for this chapter<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Chapter<\/b>: 3. Laboratory testing of cannabis\n<\/p><p><b>Title<\/b>: <i>Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Edition<\/b>: Fourth edition\n<\/p><p><b>Author for citation<\/b>: Shawn E. Douglas\n<\/p><p><b>License for content<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International<\/a>\n<\/p><p><b>Publication date<\/b>: August 2022\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140921\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.112 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.127 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 9923\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 89653\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 31308\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 24959\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 108.245 1 -total\n 92.85% 100.505 1 Template:Reflist\n 72.81% 78.814 14 Template:Citation\/core\n 63.22% 68.435 12 Template:Cite_web\n 17.35% 18.785 2 Template:Cite_journal\n 12.46% 13.492 10 Template:Date\n 7.11% 7.695 4 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 7.08% 7.667 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\n 4.82% 5.223 22 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 3.31% 3.578 9 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5224-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140921 and revision id 17983. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","5dfd42f19a638751568a31ea0c22dd4c_images":[],"5dfd42f19a638751568a31ea0c22dd4c_timestamp":1660140560,"38cf50bd9a2169af7fcda0aceceed734_type":"article","38cf50bd9a2169af7fcda0aceceed734_title":"3.5 Lab equipment","38cf50bd9a2169af7fcda0aceceed734_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Lab_equipment","38cf50bd9a2169af7fcda0aceceed734_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Lab equipmentFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search3.5 Lab equipment \nAs indicated in previous sections, spectrometry and chromatography have played and will continue to play an important role in cannabis laboratory testing. This should not be surprising: \"mass spectrometry is superior to other spectral techniques in such features as sensitivity, selectivity, generation possibility of molecular mass\/formula, and combinability with chromatography.\"[1] Analyzing complex chemical compounds that have many features and which are at times difficult to differentiate from each other proves challenging, but these technologies excel in meeting that task.[1] Refer to the previous \"Methods and guidelines\" section to note the specific technology associated with each molecule and contaminant. Aside from spectrometry and chromatography equipment, the analysis of microorganisms in cannabis may turn to DNA analysis methods that require additional equipment such as a thermal cycler (qPCR) or sequencer (WMGS), or ELISA, which utilizes a photometer or spectrophotometer. Of course, preparing and storing samples requires equipment as well, such as microplates, centrifuges, comparison standards, capillaries, chemicals, columns, Petri dishes, scales, and disposable gloves. Software-based data management systems may also constitute equipment and are discussed in the next section.\nWhen it comes to purchasing lab equipment specifically for cannabis testing, a 2015 interview with Emerald Scientific's CTO Amanda Rigdon (then with Restek Corporation) provides good advice[2]:\n\nIndustry-specific instrumentation isn't needed in most cases as most of the techniques and equipment used in food and herbal medicine testing have strong parallels to cannabis testing.\nThat said, some sample preparation tools, standards, and consumables specifically marketed to the industry may very well make the job quicker and more reliable.\nAppropriate sample preparation techniques are just as vital as the equipment you use.\nDo your research; many instrument companies are examining methodologies usable on conventional equipment, lessening the need for more expensive devices.\nIf buying used equipment, make sure the original manufacturer is still in business and producing consumables and replacement parts. Make sure your planned methods match the equipment, and make sure it's not so old that it can't be serviced by a qualified technician.\nFor more on specific laboratory equipment and vendors, see the next chapter in this guide.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 Milman, B.L. (2010). \"Chapter 2: Techniques and Methods of Identification\". Chemical Identification and its Quality Assurance. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 23\u201339. doi:10.1007\/978-3-642-15361-7_2. ISBN 9783642153617.   \n \n\n\u2191 Taylor, M. (23 June 2015). \"Cannabis Testing Opens Up a Whole New Market\". Laboratory Equipment. Advantage Business Media. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170113025548\/http:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/article\/2015\/06\/cannabis-testing-opens-whole-new-market . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Lab_equipment\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Lab_equipment<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 15:23.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","38cf50bd9a2169af7fcda0aceceed734_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Lab_equipment rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Lab_equipment skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Lab equipment<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.5_Lab_equipment\">3.5 Lab equipment<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>As indicated in previous sections, spectrometry and chromatography have played and will continue to play an important role in cannabis laboratory testing. This should not be surprising: \"mass spectrometry is superior to other spectral techniques in such features as sensitivity, selectivity, generation possibility of molecular mass\/formula, and combinability with chromatography.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MilmanTech10_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MilmanTech10-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Analyzing complex chemical compounds that have many features and which are at times difficult to differentiate from each other proves challenging, but these technologies excel in meeting that task.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MilmanTech10_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MilmanTech10-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Refer to the previous \"Methods and guidelines\" section to note the specific technology associated with each molecule and contaminant. Aside from spectrometry and chromatography equipment, the analysis of microorganisms in cannabis may turn to DNA analysis methods that require additional equipment such as a thermal cycler (qPCR) or sequencer (WMGS), or ELISA, which utilizes a photometer or spectrophotometer. Of course, preparing and storing samples requires equipment as well, such as microplates, centrifuges, comparison standards, capillaries, chemicals, columns, Petri dishes, scales, and disposable gloves. Software-based data management systems may also constitute equipment and are discussed in the next section.\n<\/p><p>When it comes to purchasing lab equipment specifically for cannabis testing, a 2015 interview with Emerald Scientific's CTO Amanda Rigdon (then with Restek Corporation) provides good advice<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TaylorCanna15_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TaylorCanna15-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Industry-specific instrumentation isn't needed in most cases as most of the techniques and equipment used in food and herbal medicine testing have strong parallels to cannabis testing.<\/li>\n<li>That said, some sample preparation tools, standards, and consumables specifically marketed to the industry may very well make the job quicker and more reliable.<\/li>\n<li>Appropriate sample preparation techniques are just as vital as the equipment you use.<\/li>\n<li>Do your research; many instrument companies are examining methodologies usable on conventional equipment, lessening the need for more expensive devices.<\/li>\n<li>If buying used equipment, make sure the original manufacturer is still in business and producing consumables and replacement parts. Make sure your planned methods match the equipment, and make sure it's not so old that it can't be serviced by a qualified technician.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>For more on specific laboratory equipment and vendors, see the next chapter in this guide.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-MilmanTech10-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MilmanTech10_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MilmanTech10_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Milman, B.L. (2010). \"Chapter 2: Techniques and Methods of Identification\". <i>Chemical Identification and its Quality Assurance<\/i>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 23\u201339. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15361-7_2\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-3-642-15361-7_2<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9783642153617.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+2%3A+Techniques+and+Methods+of+Identification&rft.atitle=Chemical+Identification+and+its+Quality+Assurance&rft.aulast=Milman%2C+B.L.&rft.au=Milman%2C+B.L.&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B23%E2%80%9339&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15361-7_2&rft.isbn=9783642153617&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Lab_equipment\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TaylorCanna15-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TaylorCanna15_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Taylor, M. (23 June 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170113025548\/http:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/article\/2015\/06\/cannabis-testing-opens-whole-new-market\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing Opens Up a Whole New Market\"<\/a>. <i>Laboratory Equipment<\/i>. Advantage Business Media. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/article\/2015\/06\/cannabis-testing-opens-whole-new-market\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 13 January 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170113025548\/http:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/article\/2015\/06\/cannabis-testing-opens-whole-new-market\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170113025548\/http:\/\/www.laboratoryequipment.com\/article\/2015\/06\/cannabis-testing-opens-whole-new-market<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+Opens+Up+a+Whole+New+Market&rft.atitle=Laboratory+Equipment&rft.aulast=Taylor%2C+M.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+M.&rft.date=23+June+2015&rft.pub=Advantage+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170113025548%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.laboratoryequipment.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F06%2Fcannabis-testing-opens-whole-new-market&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Lab_equipment\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140920\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.033 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.041 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 1560\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 15656\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 5784\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 4137\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 38.501 1 -total\n 90.25% 34.746 1 Template:Reflist\n 62.73% 24.152 2 Template:Citation\/core\n 46.68% 17.973 1 Template:Cite_book\n 31.33% 12.061 1 Template:Cite_web\n 13.76% 5.299 2 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 11.89% 4.576 1 Template:Date\n 9.56% 3.679 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Lab_equipment\n 5.46% 2.102 5 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 3.85% 1.481 4 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5222-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140920 and revision id 15795. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Lab_equipment\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Lab_equipment<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","38cf50bd9a2169af7fcda0aceceed734_images":[],"38cf50bd9a2169af7fcda0aceceed734_timestamp":1660140560,"43e093bebcd90c654ac235e2f3adedbd_type":"article","43e093bebcd90c654ac235e2f3adedbd_title":"3.4 Reports","43e093bebcd90c654ac235e2f3adedbd_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports","43e093bebcd90c654ac235e2f3adedbd_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/ReportsFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search3.4 Reports \nThere's little in the way of standardization for lab reporting of cannabis test results, though some U.S. states have outlined requirements for what must be included in such reports. The Oregon Health Authority's Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 333, Division 64, Section 0100: Cannabis Sampling Procedures and Testing stipulates that any report must include total THC and total CBD (by dry weight) and, if discovered, \"all tentatively identified compounds (TICS) that meet the identification criteria.\" It also lays out requirements for pesticides, failed tests, limits of quantification, and specimen identifiers such as test batch number.[1] California dictates reported values for cannabinoids and contaminates be shown on the COA with three significant figures and water-activity level at two significant digits, as well as \"pass\" and \"fail\" statuses, demographics, sample history, test methods used, and more.[2]\nPennsylvania provides another example with its medical marijuana program (28 Pa. Code Chapter 1171), which includes a section on test results and reporting (1171.31). The regulations stipulate reporting by electronic tracking system, with stipulations on using certificates of analysis which include lot\/batch number and the specific compounds and contaminants tested.[3] Regulations aside, it's largely up to the laboratory\u2014and often by extension, the software they're using\u2014to decide how a report is formatted. Some labs like Seattle-based Analytical 360 offer clean, color-based certificates of analysis, with high-magnification photographs, the chromatogram, potency, cannabinoid content, contaminant content, and explanation of limits, with the name of the approving analyst.[4][5] Others may simply generate a computer printout with the basic data and a legend.[6] Reports may originate from the measuring device itself (e.g., an integrator in a chromatography device), a middleware or data station attached to the instrument, or a laboratory information management system (LIMS) that accepted data from the instrument.[7]\nThough not directly related to laboratory testing, it's worth noting states also have their own reporting requirements for growers, processors, and dispensaries. Both Oregon and Washington, for example, require monthly reports related to medical marijuana transfers.[8][9]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division, Division 64, Accreditation of Laboratories\". Oregon Administrative Rules. Oregon Secretary of State. https:\/\/secure.sos.state.or.us\/oard\/viewSingleRule.action?ruleVrsnRsn=287478 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bureau of Marijuana Control. \"Bureau of Marijuana Control Proposed Text of Regulations - Testing Laboratories\" (PDF). State of California. https:\/\/srigc.com\/cn\/downloads\/246\/CACannabisTesting.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Title 28 - Health and Safety, Department of Health - 28 Pa. Code Ch. 1171 - 1171.31. Test results and reporting\". Pennsylvania Code (Fry Communications, Inc). http:\/\/www.pacodeandbulletin.gov\/Display\/pacode?file=\/secure\/pacode\/data\/028\/chapter1171\/s1171.31.html&d=reduce . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Certificate of Analysis - Sample: Godzilla\" (PDF). Cannabis Chronicles. 7 July 2014. https:\/\/www.cannabis-chronicles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Godzilla.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Current Test Results\". Analytical 360, LLC. Archived from the original on 08 August 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200808062912\/https:\/\/analytical360.com\/testresults . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hydrio (August 2016). \"Can you help me analyze lab reports of cannabis oil?\". Beyond Chronic: Ask Old Hippie. https:\/\/beyondchronic.com\/question\/can-you-help-me-analyze-lab-reports-of-cannabis-oil\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 McKenna, M. (18 June 2015). \"Setting Up Your Cannabis Lab for Potency Testing\". SlideShare. GenTech. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161227090416\/http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/GenTechScientific\/ica2015-cannabis-presentation . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Public Health Division. \"Reporting Requirements for Tracking Medical Marijuana\". Oregon Health Authority. https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/DiseasesConditions\/ChronicDisease\/MedicalMarijuanaProgram\/Pages\/reporting.aspx . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Chapter 314-55 WAC: Marijuana Licenses, Application Process, Requirements, and Reporting\". Washington Administrative Code. Washington State Legislature. 6 July 2022. https:\/\/apps.leg.wa.gov\/wac\/default.aspx?cite=314-55&full=true . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 15:21.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","43e093bebcd90c654ac235e2f3adedbd_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Reports rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Reports skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Reports<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.4_Reports\">3.4 Reports<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There's little in the way of standardization for lab reporting of cannabis test results, though some U.S. states have outlined requirements for what must be included in such reports. The Oregon Health Authority's <i>Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 333, Division 64, Section 0100: Cannabis Sampling Procedures and Testing<\/i> stipulates that any report must include total THC and total CBD (by dry weight) and, if discovered, \"all tentatively identified compounds (TICS) that meet the identification criteria.\" It also lays out requirements for pesticides, failed tests, limits of quantification, and specimen identifiers such as test batch number.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OHA333-064-0100_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OHA333-064-0100-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> California dictates reported values for cannabinoids and contaminates be shown on the COA with three significant figures and water-activity level at two significant digits, as well as \"pass\" and \"fail\" statuses, demographics, sample history, test methods used, and more.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CABMC16-42-5_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CABMC16-42-5-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Pennsylvania provides another example with its medical marijuana program (28 Pa. Code Chapter 1171), which includes a section on test results and reporting (1171.31). The regulations stipulate reporting by electronic tracking system, with stipulations on using certificates of analysis which include lot\/batch number and the specific compounds and contaminants tested.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-28PA1171_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28PA1171-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Regulations aside, it's largely up to the laboratory\u2014and often by extension, the software they're using\u2014to decide how a report is formatted. Some labs like Seattle-based Analytical 360 offer clean, color-based certificates of analysis, with high-magnification photographs, the chromatogram, potency, cannabinoid content, contaminant content, and explanation of limits, with the name of the approving analyst.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CC_A360_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CC_A360-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-C360Results_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-C360Results-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Others may simply generate a computer printout with the basic data and a legend.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HydrioCan16_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HydrioCan16-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Reports may originate from the measuring device itself (e.g., an integrator in a chromatography device), a middleware or data station attached to the instrument, or a laboratory information management system (LIMS) that accepted data from the instrument.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-McKennaSetting15_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-McKennaSetting15-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Though not directly related to laboratory testing, it's worth noting states also have their own reporting requirements for growers, processors, and dispensaries. Both Oregon and Washington, for example, require monthly reports related to medical marijuana transfers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OMMPReporting_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OMMPReporting-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-314-55_WAC_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-314-55_WAC-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-OHA333-064-0100-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OHA333-064-0100_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/secure.sos.state.or.us\/oard\/viewSingleRule.action?ruleVrsnRsn=287478\" target=\"_blank\">\"Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division, Division 64, Accreditation of Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Oregon Administrative Rules<\/i>. Oregon Secretary of State<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/secure.sos.state.or.us\/oard\/viewSingleRule.action?ruleVrsnRsn=287478\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/secure.sos.state.or.us\/oard\/viewSingleRule.action?ruleVrsnRsn=287478<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Oregon+Health+Authority%2C+Public+Health+Division%2C+Division+64%2C+Accreditation+of+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Oregon+Administrative+Rules&rft.pub=Oregon+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.sos.state.or.us%2Foard%2FviewSingleRule.action%3FruleVrsnRsn%3D287478&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CABMC16-42-5-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CABMC16-42-5_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bureau of Marijuana Control. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/srigc.com\/cn\/downloads\/246\/CACannabisTesting.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Bureau of Marijuana Control Proposed Text of Regulations - Testing Laboratories\"<\/a> (PDF). State of California<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/srigc.com\/cn\/downloads\/246\/CACannabisTesting.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/srigc.com\/cn\/downloads\/246\/CACannabisTesting.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bureau+of+Marijuana+Control+Proposed+Text+of+Regulations+-+Testing+Laboratories&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bureau+of+Marijuana+Control&rft.au=Bureau+of+Marijuana+Control&rft.pub=State+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrigc.com%2Fcn%2Fdownloads%2F246%2FCACannabisTesting.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28PA1171-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-28PA1171_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pacodeandbulletin.gov\/Display\/pacode?file=\/secure\/pacode\/data\/028\/chapter1171\/s1171.31.html&d=reduce\" target=\"_blank\">\"Title 28 - Health and Safety, Department of Health - 28 Pa. Code Ch. 1171 - 1171.31. Test results and reporting\"<\/a>. <i>Pennsylvania Code<\/i> (Fry Communications, Inc)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pacodeandbulletin.gov\/Display\/pacode?file=\/secure\/pacode\/data\/028\/chapter1171\/s1171.31.html&d=reduce\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pacodeandbulletin.gov\/Display\/pacode?file=\/secure\/pacode\/data\/028\/chapter1171\/s1171.31.html&d=reduce<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Title+28+-+Health+and+Safety%2C+Department+of+Health+-+28+Pa.+Code+Ch.+1171+-+1171.31.+Test+results+and+reporting&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+Code&rft.pub=Fry+Communications%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacodeandbulletin.gov%2FDisplay%2Fpacode%3Ffile%3D%2Fsecure%2Fpacode%2Fdata%2F028%2Fchapter1171%2Fs1171.31.html%26d%3Dreduce&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CC_A360-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CC_A360_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabis-chronicles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Godzilla.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Certificate of Analysis - Sample: Godzilla\"<\/a> (PDF). Cannabis Chronicles. 7 July 2014<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabis-chronicles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Godzilla.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabis-chronicles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Godzilla.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Certificate+of+Analysis+-+Sample%3A+Godzilla&rft.atitle=&rft.date=7+July+2014&rft.pub=Cannabis+Chronicles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabis-chronicles.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FGodzilla.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-C360Results-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-C360Results_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200808062912\/https:\/\/analytical360.com\/testresults\" target=\"_blank\">\"Current Test Results\"<\/a>. Analytical 360, LLC. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/analytical360.com\/testresults\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 08 August 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200808062912\/https:\/\/analytical360.com\/testresults\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200808062912\/https:\/\/analytical360.com\/testresults<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Current+Test+Results&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Analytical+360%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200808062912%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fanalytical360.com%2Ftestresults&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HydrioCan16-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HydrioCan16_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hydrio (August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/beyondchronic.com\/question\/can-you-help-me-analyze-lab-reports-of-cannabis-oil\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Can you help me analyze lab reports of cannabis oil?\"<\/a>. <i>Beyond Chronic: Ask Old Hippie<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/beyondchronic.com\/question\/can-you-help-me-analyze-lab-reports-of-cannabis-oil\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/beyondchronic.com\/question\/can-you-help-me-analyze-lab-reports-of-cannabis-oil\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Can+you+help+me+analyze+lab+reports+of+cannabis+oil%3F&rft.atitle=Beyond+Chronic%3A+Ask+Old+Hippie&rft.aulast=Hydrio&rft.au=Hydrio&rft.date=August+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeyondchronic.com%2Fquestion%2Fcan-you-help-me-analyze-lab-reports-of-cannabis-oil%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-McKennaSetting15-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-McKennaSetting15_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">McKenna, M. (18 June 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161227090416\/http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/GenTechScientific\/ica2015-cannabis-presentation\" target=\"_blank\">\"Setting Up Your Cannabis Lab for Potency Testing\"<\/a>. <i>SlideShare<\/i>. GenTech. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/GenTechScientific\/ica2015-cannabis-presentation\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 27 December 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161227090416\/http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/GenTechScientific\/ica2015-cannabis-presentation\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161227090416\/http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/GenTechScientific\/ica2015-cannabis-presentation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Setting+Up+Your+Cannabis+Lab+for+Potency+Testing&rft.atitle=SlideShare&rft.aulast=McKenna%2C+M.&rft.au=McKenna%2C+M.&rft.date=18+June+2015&rft.pub=GenTech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20161227090416%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FGenTechScientific%2Fica2015-cannabis-presentation&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OMMPReporting-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OMMPReporting_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Public Health Division. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/DiseasesConditions\/ChronicDisease\/MedicalMarijuanaProgram\/Pages\/reporting.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Reporting Requirements for Tracking Medical Marijuana\"<\/a>. Oregon Health Authority<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/DiseasesConditions\/ChronicDisease\/MedicalMarijuanaProgram\/Pages\/reporting.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/DiseasesConditions\/ChronicDisease\/MedicalMarijuanaProgram\/Pages\/reporting.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Reporting+Requirements+for+Tracking+Medical+Marijuana&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Public+Health+Division&rft.au=Public+Health+Division&rft.pub=Oregon+Health+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregon.gov%2Foha%2Fph%2FDiseasesConditions%2FChronicDisease%2FMedicalMarijuanaProgram%2FPages%2Freporting.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-314-55_WAC-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-314-55_WAC_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/apps.leg.wa.gov\/wac\/default.aspx?cite=314-55&full=true\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 314-55 WAC: Marijuana Licenses, Application Process, Requirements, and Reporting\"<\/a>. <i>Washington Administrative Code<\/i>. Washington State Legislature. 6 July 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/apps.leg.wa.gov\/wac\/default.aspx?cite=314-55&full=true\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/apps.leg.wa.gov\/wac\/default.aspx?cite=314-55&full=true<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+314-55+WAC%3A+Marijuana+Licenses%2C+Application+Process%2C+Requirements%2C+and+Reporting&rft.atitle=Washington+Administrative+Code&rft.date=6+July+2022&rft.pub=Washington+State+Legislature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.leg.wa.gov%2Fwac%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcite%3D314-55%26full%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140920\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.065 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.081 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 5961\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 47495\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 19083\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 14667\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 75.684 1 -total\n 84.30% 63.799 1 Template:Reflist\n 60.00% 45.407 8 Template:Cite_web\n 59.66% 45.152 9 Template:Citation\/core\n 15.60% 11.808 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\n 12.67% 9.588 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 9.54% 7.221 4 Template:Date\n 5.23% 3.961 15 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 1.60% 1.212 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5220-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140920 and revision id 15793. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","43e093bebcd90c654ac235e2f3adedbd_images":[],"43e093bebcd90c654ac235e2f3adedbd_timestamp":1660140560,"6324d0cdf264ab3bf926b37f5a996397_type":"article","6324d0cdf264ab3bf926b37f5a996397_title":"3.3 Laboratory accreditation","6324d0cdf264ab3bf926b37f5a996397_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation","6324d0cdf264ab3bf926b37f5a996397_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Laboratory accreditationFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search3.3 Laboratory accreditation \nChapter two briefly discussed the accreditation of a cannabis testing laboratory, but a bit more should be said. As was mentioned prior, cannabis labs and their relevant tests are typically accredited to the ISO\/IEC 17025 standard. This includes the likes of the ANSI National Accreditation Board (ANAB)[1] and the American Association of Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA).[2] However, through the American Council of Independent Laboratories (ACIL) and its Cannabis Working Group (CWG), a specific national standard for cannabis lab accreditation is beginning to take shape. Referred to as CanNaLap (Cannabis National Laboratory Accreditation Program) and based on ISO\/IEC 17025, the national standard has been developed \"as a mechanism to ensure the effective performance of all cannabis testing labs operating in the United States.\"[3] Additionally, the ACIL also seeks for the FDA and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to \"support and endorse\" CanNaLap \"as a means to establish standards of competency for testing market participants.\"[3] ANAB has already begun to address CanNaLap as part of its supplemental accreditation requirements[1], though time will tell if CanNaLap becomes a fully adopted national accreditation standard in the U.S.[4]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 \"Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program\". ANSI National Accreditation Board. https:\/\/anab.ansi.org\/laboratory-accreditation\/cannabis-testing . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis Testing\". American Association of Laboratory Accreditation. https:\/\/a2la.org\/accreditation\/cannabis-testing\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 \"ACIL Cannabis Testing Recommendations\" (PDF). American Council of Independent Laboratories. 2019. https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.acil.org\/resource\/resmgr\/cannabis\/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Independent Laboratories Institute (7 February 2020). \"Retraction Press Release, Relating to a Press Release issued on November 26, 2019: ILI Approves ANAB to Accredit Cannabis Testing Labs\". ACIL. https:\/\/us15.campaign-archive.com\/?u=2bcd20cfa44e75ad1763de02c&id=3d2dc1c5ea . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 15:19.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","6324d0cdf264ab3bf926b37f5a996397_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Laboratory_accreditation rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Laboratory_accreditation skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Laboratory accreditation<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.3_Laboratory_accreditation\">3.3 Laboratory accreditation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Chapter two briefly discussed the accreditation of a cannabis testing laboratory, but a bit more should be said. As was mentioned prior, cannabis labs and their relevant tests are typically accredited to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ISO\/IEC_17025\" title=\"ISO\/IEC 17025\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fb6aed7114b8c5fdf16c569526d6ce48\">ISO\/IEC 17025<\/a> standard. This includes the likes of the ANSI National Accreditation Board (ANAB)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ANABCanna_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ANABCanna-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> and the American Association of Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-A2LACanna_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-A2LACanna-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> However, through the American Council of Independent Laboratories (ACIL) and its Cannabis Working Group (CWG), a specific national standard for cannabis lab accreditation is beginning to take shape. Referred to as CanNaLap (Cannabis National Laboratory Accreditation Program) and based on ISO\/IEC 17025, the national standard has been developed \"as a mechanism to ensure the effective performance of all cannabis testing labs operating in the United States.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ACILCanna19_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ACILCanna19-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, the ACIL also seeks for the FDA and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to \"support and endorse\" CanNaLap \"as a means to establish standards of competency for testing market participants.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ACILCanna19_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ACILCanna19-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> ANAB has already begun to address CanNaLap as part of its supplemental accreditation requirements<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ANABCanna_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ANABCanna-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>, though time will tell if CanNaLap becomes a fully adopted national accreditation standard in the U.S.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ILIRetract20_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ILIRetract20-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-ANABCanna-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ANABCanna_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ANABCanna_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/anab.ansi.org\/laboratory-accreditation\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program\"<\/a>. ANSI National Accreditation Board<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/anab.ansi.org\/laboratory-accreditation\/cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/anab.ansi.org\/laboratory-accreditation\/cannabis-testing<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+Laboratory+Accreditation+Program&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ANSI+National+Accreditation+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanab.ansi.org%2Flaboratory-accreditation%2Fcannabis-testing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-A2LACanna-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-A2LACanna_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/a2la.org\/accreditation\/cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing\"<\/a>. American Association of Laboratory Accreditation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/a2la.org\/accreditation\/cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/a2la.org\/accreditation\/cannabis-testing\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Laboratory+Accreditation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fa2la.org%2Faccreditation%2Fcannabis-testing%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ACILCanna19-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ACILCanna19_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ACILCanna19_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.acil.org\/resource\/resmgr\/cannabis\/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"ACIL Cannabis Testing Recommendations\"<\/a> (PDF). American Council of Independent Laboratories. 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.acil.org\/resource\/resmgr\/cannabis\/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.acil.org\/resource\/resmgr\/cannabis\/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ACIL+Cannabis+Testing+Recommendations&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2019&rft.pub=American+Council+of+Independent+Laboratories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.ymaws.com%2Fwww.acil.org%2Fresource%2Fresmgr%2Fcannabis%2Facil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ILIRetract20-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ILIRetract20_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Independent Laboratories Institute (7 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/us15.campaign-archive.com\/?u=2bcd20cfa44e75ad1763de02c&id=3d2dc1c5ea\" target=\"_blank\">\"Retraction Press Release, Relating to a Press Release issued on November 26, 2019: ILI Approves ANAB to Accredit Cannabis Testing Labs\"<\/a>. ACIL<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/us15.campaign-archive.com\/?u=2bcd20cfa44e75ad1763de02c&id=3d2dc1c5ea\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/us15.campaign-archive.com\/?u=2bcd20cfa44e75ad1763de02c&id=3d2dc1c5ea<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Retraction+Press+Release%2C+Relating+to+a+Press+Release+issued+on+November+26%2C+2019%3A+ILI+Approves+ANAB+to+Accredit+Cannabis+Testing+Labs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Independent+Laboratories+Institute&rft.au=Independent+Laboratories+Institute&rft.date=7+February+2020&rft.pub=ACIL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus15.campaign-archive.com%2F%3Fu%3D2bcd20cfa44e75ad1763de02c%26id%3D3d2dc1c5ea&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140920\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.034 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.044 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 2527\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 18642\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 6220\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 6326\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 38.277 1 -total\n 88.43% 33.849 1 Template:Reflist\n 67.95% 26.009 4 Template:Cite_web\n 60.22% 23.051 4 Template:Citation\/core\n 11.38% 4.357 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation\n 10.39% 3.978 2 Template:Date\n 5.18% 1.982 1 Template:Column-width\n 4.97% 1.902 4 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5218-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140920 and revision id 15791. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","6324d0cdf264ab3bf926b37f5a996397_images":[],"6324d0cdf264ab3bf926b37f5a996397_timestamp":1660140560,"ae94ef3d64193ccbb654faae93d8d5c5_type":"article","ae94ef3d64193ccbb654faae93d8d5c5_title":"3.2 Methods and guidelines - Sampling, cannabinoid testing, terpene testing, and contaminant testing","ae94ef3d64193ccbb654faae93d8d5c5_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines","ae94ef3d64193ccbb654faae93d8d5c5_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Methods and guidelinesFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchContents \n\n1 3.2 Methods and guidelines \n\n1.1 3.2.1 Sampling \n1.2 3.2.2 Cannabinoid testing \n1.3 3.2.3 Terpene testing \n1.4 3.2.4 Contaminant testing \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n3.2 Methods and guidelines \nNote: It would be beyond the scope of this guide to include every state's laws and guidelines on cannabis testing; entities such as Leafly Holdings[1] provide such online resources.\nNow that we've addressed what's being tested for, we can move on to how they're being tested and what's being done to improve testing methods and procedures, including associated guidelines and recommendations. This section will focus on current and promising techniques using generalizations based on information from multiple sources. If any guidelines and recommendations are known, they'll be included.\n\n3.2.1 Sampling \nRandom, representative sampling is encouraged. When dealing with solid cannabis, BOTEC Analysis recommends a \"quartering\" method that divides the sample into four equal parts and takes portions from opposite sections of a square-shaped arrangement of the sample. For liquid cannabis products, remembering to stir before sample collection is advised.[2] Sampling techniques may also vary depending on the constituent being tested, as with terpene testing, which may favor full evaporative technique (FET) headspace-based (HS) sampling for reducing certain sampling biases.[3] Another consideration may be the matrix being tested, as when deriving a sample from a cannabis-laden edible; the QuEChERS approach used by food safety labs for pesticide testing may have practical use.[4] In fact, a variety of parallels have been drawn from the food and herbal medicine industries' sampling guidelines, including from the Codex Alimentarius Commission's CAC\/GL 50-2004 General Guidelines on Sampling as well as various chapters of the United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary.[2][5] As the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) points out, \"[g]ood sampling is key to improving analytical data equivalency among organizations,\" and it provides a solid base for any future testing and standardization efforts.[2] \nAdditional sampling insight can be found by examining other states' guidelines, e.g., Massachusetts' Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries[6], as well as ASTM D8334\/D8334M-20 Standard Practice for Sampling of Cannabis\/Hemp Post-Harvest Batches for Laboratory Analyses.[7]\n\n3.2.2 Cannabinoid testing \nQuantifying cannabinoids for label accuracy is a major goal of testing, though calculation and testing processes may vary slightly from state to state. Despite any differences, laboratorians generally agree that when testing for cannabinoids such as THC and CBD, as well as their respective biosynthetic precursors THCA and CBDA, the methodology used must be scrutinized. The naturally occurring THCA of cannabis isn't psychoactive; it requires decarboxylation (a chemical reaction induced by drying\/heating that releases carbon dioxide) to convert itself into the psychoactive cannabinoid THC. Chemical calculations show that the process of decarboxylation results in approximately 87.7 percent of the THCA's mass converting to THC, with the other 12.3 percent bubbling off as CO2 gas.[8] The problem with this in the testing domain is gas chromatography (GC) involves heating the sample solution. If you, the lab technician, require precise numbers of both THCA and THC, then GC analysis poses the risk of under-reporting THC total values.[2] As such, liquid chromatography-diode array detection (LC-DAD) may be required if a concise profile of all cannabinoids must be made, primarily because it provides environmental stability for them all during analysis. If GC is used, the analysis requires extra considerations such as sample derivatization.[2][9][10][11]\nThe APHL briefly describes analysis methods of cannabinoids using both LC and GC on pages 31\u201332 of their May 2016 Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs. They also point to New York Department of Health - Wadsworth Center's various guidance documents (MML-300, -301, and -303) for methodologies when testing sample types other than solids, particularly using high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC-PAD).[2][12] Also worth noting is that ASTM's Subcommittee D37.03 has been working on various standard methods for determining cannabinoid concentrations using different chromatography techniques[13], while the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) has already developed a Standard Method Performance Requirement (SMPR) for analyzing cannabinoids in hemp (i.e., low THC cannabis varieties).[14] \nOverall, various methods used in cannabinoid testing include[2][9][12][15][16][17][3]:\n\nFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR; has limitations, such as requiring standard samples tested w\/ other methods)\nGas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID; requires sample derivatization for both acid and neutral compounds; good with standards like 5\u03b1-cholestane, docosane, and tetracosane)\nGas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS; requires sample derivatization for both acid and neutral compounds; good with standards like deuterated cannabinoids)\nGas chromatography\u2013vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC-VUV)\nHigh-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC-PAD; stable for all forms of cannabinoids)\nHigh-performance liquid chromatography UV detection (HPLC-UV)\nLiquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS; can reduce or eliminate selectivity challenges and speed up testing, though at an increased price cost and need for greater laboratory expertise)\nSupercritical fluid chromatography (SFC; newer technology w\/ added benefits)\nThin-layer chromatography (TLC; older, less common technology)\nUltra-performance chromatography (UPC; newer technology w\/ added benefits)\nAlso worthy of note is recent investigation of viably using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a more affordable and rapid solution to identifying cannabinoid contents and profiles of samples. Conferences[18], research[19][20][21], and articles[22][23][24] over the last four or five years have advanced the use of NMR spectroscopy for cannabinoid analysis.\n\n3.2.3 Terpene testing \nIdentifying and quantifying terpenes is one of the more difficult tasks facing laboratorians, according to Cassidy[9]:\n\nTerpenes present an analytical challenge because they are nonpolar and structurally similar, and many structural isomers exist. Mass spectrometry (MS) cannot distinguish terpenes that co-elute from a GC column because many have the same molecular weight and share fragment ions.\nGoldman et al. share Cassidy's view about MS, though reminding that it has some benefits over flame ionization detection (FID). They note that recent MS methods add another level of confirmation for terpene identification using retention indexing and electron impact mass spectral matching.[3]\nOf course, types of gas chromatography work; but like cannabinoids, terpenes can degrade with the high heat of gas chromatography.[17] Combined with the problems mentioned above, highly specialized gas chromatography processes that include additional steps, such as full evaporation technique headspace gas chromatography flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID), can be used to produce cleaner results, particularly for volatile components.[9] It's less clear if high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used frequently; some entities such as Eurofins Experchem Laboratories claim HPLC works best for them[17], while others such as Restek Corporation claim the method is problematic at best.[25]\nOverall, various published methods for terpene identification and analysis include[9][3][26][16][27][17][28][29]:\n\nFull evaporation technique\u2013headspace\u2013gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID; tends to be semi-quantitative)\nGas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detection (GC-FID)\nGas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS)\nGas chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (GC-MS\/MS)\nGas chromatography\u2013vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC-VUV)\nHeadspace\u2013gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS)\nHeadspace\u2013solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)\nHigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; may have limitations due to coelution of terpenes and cannabinoids at certain ranges[25])\n3.2.4 Contaminant testing \nPesticides: Gas and liquid chromatography methods are by and large the staple of testing methods for pesticides, which remain \"the hardest analyses that are going to be done in the cannabis industry.\"[9] Goldman et al. echo the sentiment: \"pesticide testing is difficult and requires advanced analytical instrumentation and highly skilled staff to meet regulatory demands with a robust, accurate, and precise test method.\"[3] Notably, high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS\/MS) tends to be one of the most thorough methods says Emerald Scientific's CTO Amanda Rigdon. \"Ninety-five percent of the pesticides out there can be analyzed by HPLC-MS\/MS, although there are some that you would need a GC-MS\/MS for,\" she says.[9] A popular sample extraction method for detecting multiple pesticide residues in cannabis is the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, which shows \"acceptable recoveries and relative standard deviations\" for almost all known pesticides[3][30][31][32][33], though the release of heat and increase in pH of QuECHERS may degrade particularly sensitive pesticides in the sample.[34] QuECHERS may also not be ideal for some labs due to its organic solvents having a tendency of extracting hydrophobic compounds like cannabinoids.[3] However, other methods such as solvent extraction (such as with acetonitrile) with dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) cleanup[31][33][34] and energized dispersive guided extraction (EDGE) may also been used.[29] Common testing methods that have historically been used, after sample preparation, include[2][28][29][32][33][34]:\nGas chromatography\u2013electron capture detection (GC-ECD)\nGas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS)\nGas chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (GC-MS\/MS)\nLiquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS; also high-performance or HPLC-MS)\nLiquid chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS; also high-performance or HPLC-MS\/MS)\nFor quantification of pesticides in cannabis, the AOAC's SMPR 2018.011, EPA's Residue Analytical Methods (RAM), and FDA's Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM) provide guidance to labs.[2][35][36][37]\n\r\n\nSolvents: Testing for solvents is largely standardized into a few options, which have parallels to existing pharmaceutical testing standards outlined in Chapter 467 of United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary (USP <467>)[38][3][2][9][28][39][40]:\n\nHeadspace\u2013gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry (HS-GC\/MS)\nHeadspace\u2013gas chromatography\/tandem-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS\/MS; may be required when high concentrations of terpenes are present)\nHeadspace\u2013gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detection\u2013mass spectrometry (HS-GC-FID-MS)\nFull evaporation technique\u2013headspace\u2013gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID)\nMassachusetts and Oregon\u2014and likely other states\u2014have used a variety of guidance documents such as USP <467>, reports from the Commission of the European Communities' Scientific Committee on Food (now the European Food Safety Authority), and the International Conference on Harmonization's (ICH) Q3C(R5)[2][41][42][38] to set their action level testing values for particular solvents. The AOAC provides another standardized option in the form of their SMPR 2019.002.[43]\n\r\n\nHeavy metals: The methods used for quantifying levels of highly toxic metals in plants depend on ease-of-use, level of accuracy, and overall cost. Sample preparation typically includes the use of closed-vessel microwave digestion to get the sample into solution for analysis.[29][44] Once prepared, the following methods are most common for testing cannabis and other plants for heavy metals[3][45][2][9][46][28]:\n\nAtomic absorption spectrometry (AAS; may struggle to meet detection limits)\nInductively coupled plasma\u2013atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), sometimes called inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) (at times coupled with an ultrasonic nebulizer)\nInductively coupled plasma\u2013mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; a preferred technique[3])\nInductively coupled plasma\u2013tandem-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS\/MS)\nFor quantification of metals in cannabis, the U.S. FDA's ICP-MS methodology document is often used.[2][47]\n\r\n\nMycotoxins and microorganisms: A standard method of testing for the existence of microorganisms is through the process of culturing a sample in a Petri dish, a common diagnostic method in microbiology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is also used, particularly to identify mycotoxins.[3] However, Petri culture analysis isn't rigorous, and ELISA can at times be time-consuming, as it's limited to one mycotoxin per test.[3][45][9][48] The following are other, more precise techniques that are improving laboratorians' analyses, particularly using DNA snippets of microbiological contaminants[3][45][9][48][49][50]:\n\nQuantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)\nWhole metagenome shotgun (WMGS) sequencing\nMatrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization (MALDI)\nHigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)\nHigh-performance liquid chromatography\u2013fluorescence spectroscopy (HPLC\u2013FS)\nLiquid chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS)\nLiquid chromatography\u2013electrospray ionization\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS\/MS)\nLiquid chromatography\u2013atmospheric pressure chemical ionization\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS\/MS)\nThe extent of mycotoxin testing required remains in question by several entities. The APHL claims \"[t]here is no readily available evidence to support the contention that cannabis harbors significant levels of mycotoxins.\"[2] The Oregon Health Authority takes a more middle-ground approach, noting that testing for E. coli and Salmonella will \"protect public health,\" though Aspergillus only deserves a warning for people with suppressed immune systems due to its prevalence in the environment.[42] USP <561> recommendations largely limit mycotoxin testing of botanical products to those borne from root or rhizome material[51], \"which THC-containing cannabis products presumably do not possess,\" emphasizes the APHL.[2] \nRegardless, U.S. Pharmacopeia's Chapter 561 remains a useful document for testing guidelines and limits regarding microbials[51][2], as does the AOAC's SMPR 2019.001 for the detection of Aspergillus.[52] In the less common case of dealing with powdered cannabis\u2014a relatively new THC extract form\u2014Chapter 2023 provides at least some testing parallels, though Dr. Tony Cundell, a microbiologist consulting for the pharmaceutical industry, suggests USP <2023> doesn't go far enough for immunocompromised patients.[53]\nSomewhat related and worth mentioning is moisture content testing. As previously mentioned, warm, moist environments are conducive to microorganism growth, and regularly measuring water activity is useful for the prevention of microbial growth.[42] The APHL references specifications from the Dutch Office of Medical Cannabis that recommend water content be between five to ten percent in cannabis.[2]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Rough, Lisa. \"Leafly\u2019s State-by-State Guide to Medical Cannabis Testing Regulations\". Leafly - Industry. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). \"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\" (PDF). pp. 35. https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Goldman, Stephen; Bramante, Julia; Vrdoljak, Gordon; Guo, Weihong; Wang, Yun; Marjanovic, Olivera; Orlowicz, Sean; Di Lorenzo, Robert et al. (15 June 2021). \"The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing\" (in en). Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 44 (9-10): 403\u2013420. doi:10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390. ISSN 1082-6076. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rigdon, A. (12 May 2016). \"Extraction Method for Cannabinoid Analysis in Edibles: Too Much of a Good Thing\". ChromaBLOGraphy. Restek Corporation. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170919014255\/http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=25790 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Codex Alimentarius Commission. \"CAC\/GL 50-2004 General Guidelines on Sampling\" (PDF). pp. 69. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190428175411\/http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/sh-proxy\/en\/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCAC%2BGL%2B50-2004%252FCXG_050e.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bureau of Health Care Safety and Quality (5 February 2016). \"Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries\" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Public Health. pp. 25. Archived from the original on 08 September 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170908014040\/http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/finished-mmj\/final-revised-mdph-mmj-mips-protocol.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 ASTM Subcommittee D37.03 (1 December 2020). \"ASTM D8334\/D8334M-20 Standard Practice for Sampling of Cannabis\/Hemp Post-Harvest Batches for Laboratory Analyses\". ASTM International. https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d8334_d8334m-20.html . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Why 0.877?\". Confidence Analytics. 10 February 2016. https:\/\/www.conflabs.com\/why-0-877\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 Cassiday, L. (October 2016). \"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rigdon, A. (29 July 2015). \"Accurate Quantification of Cannabinoid Acids by GC \u2013 Is it Possible?\". ChromaBLOGraphy. Restek Corporation. Archived from the original on 01 March 2019. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190301212605\/http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=14961 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rigdon, A. (9 September 2015). \"Accurate Quantification of Cannabinoid Acids and Neutrals by GC \u2013 Derivatives without Calculus\". ChromaBLOGraphy. Restek Corporation. Archived from the original on 06 April 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180406091114\/https:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=15135 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 12.0 12.1 Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (3 November 2015). \"Measurement of Phytocannabinoids using HPLC-PAD, NYS DOH MML-300\" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 34. https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/576578963\/MML-300-01.pdf . Retrieved 08 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Subcommittee D37.03 on Laboratory\". ASTM International. https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\/subcommittee-d37 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (12 November 2019). \"New guidelines require laboratories to meet AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements for Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Hemp\". AOAC News. https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2922 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Leghissa, A.; Smuts, J.; Qiu, C. et al. (2018). \"Detection of cannabinoids and cannabinoid metabolites using gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy\". SSC Plus 1 (1): 37\u201342. doi:10.1002\/sscp.201700005.   \n \n\n\u2191 16.0 16.1 \"Cannabis Testing: Quality You Can Trust\" (PDF). Sigma-Aldritch Co. LLC. 2016. https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/deepweb\/assets\/sigmaaldrich\/marketing\/global\/documents\/116\/856\/cannabis-testing.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Adams, T.; Bertone, M. (30 November 2016). \"Near Infrared, GC and HPLC Applications in Cannabis Testing\". Cannabis Industry Journal. Innovative Publishing Co. LLC. https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/column\/near-infrared-gc-and-hplc-applications-in-cannabis-testing\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Zailer, E. (2 January 2019). \"Recap of the First NMR Cannabis Meeting\". Spectral Service AG. https:\/\/www.spectralservice.de\/recap-of-the-first-nmr-cannabis-meeting\/?lang=en . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wang, X.; Harrington, P.B.; Baugh, S.F. (2017). \"Comparative Study of NMR Spectral Profiling for the Characterization and Authentication of Cannabis\". Journal of AOAC International 100 (5): 1356\u201364. doi:10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0089. PMID 28718398.   \n \n\n\u2191 Marchetti, L.; Brighenti, V.; Rossi, M.C. et al. (2019). \"Use of 13C-qNMR Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids in Fibre-Type Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)\". Molecules 24 (6): 1138. doi:10.3390\/molecules24061138.   \n \n\n\u2191 Siudem, P.; Wawer, I.; Paradowska, K. (2019). \"Rapid evaluation of edible hemp oil quality using NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy\". Journal of Molecular Structure 1177: 204\u201308. doi:10.1016\/j.molstruc.2018.09.057.   \n \n\n\u2191 May, M. (28 September 2017). \"NMR Spectroscopy: Producing a chemical fingerprint of cannabis\". Analytical Cannabis. https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/nmr-spectroscopy-producing-a-chemical-fingerprint-of-cannabis-292728 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bennett, P. (31 December 2018). \"Cannabis Testing Explained: What\u2019s in Your Cannabis?\". Leafly. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/science-tech\/why-test-cannabis . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Conn, P. (14 March 2019). \"Cannabis: Trends in Analytical Research\". The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Inc. https:\/\/pittcon.org\/cannabis-trends-in-analytical-research\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 25.0 25.1 Herring, T. (29 December 2016). \"Can HPLC-UV Be Used For Terpenes Analysis In Cannabis?\". ChromaBLOGraphy. Restek Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190412051141\/https:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=33071 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Terpene Analysis\". SC Labs, Inc. https:\/\/www.sclabs.com\/terpene-analysis\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hodgson, A.; Cochran, J. (12 February 2018). \"Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy: A New Tool for Gas Chromatography Analysis of Terpenes in Flavours and Fragrances\". LC GC 14 (2): 12\u201316. https:\/\/www.chromatographyonline.com\/view\/vacuum-ultraviolet-spectroscopy-new-tool-gas-chromatography-analysis-terpenes-flavours-and-fragrance .   \n \n\n\u2191 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 \"Cannabis Testing Laboratory Solutions\" (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160327180816\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/life_science\/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 CEM Corporation (25 July 2018). \"Analyzing Pesticide Residue of Cannabis\". AZO Materials. AZoNetwork. https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=16383 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 DePalma, A. (10 September 2018). \"Challenges of Cannabis Contaminant Testing\". Lab Manager. LabX Media Group. https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/insights\/challenges-of-cannabis-contaminant-testing-1928 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 31.0 31.1 LCGC (August 2016). \"Real-World Chromatography Applications: Current Trends in Cannabis, Environmental, Food, Pharmaceutical, and Biopharmaceutical Analysis\" (PDF). LCGC North America 2016-2017 Annual Industry Trends and Directory Issue. UBM. pp. 584\u20137. https:\/\/images2.advanstar.com\/PixelMags\/lcgc-na\/pdf\/2016-08-bg.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 32.0 32.1 Kowalski, J.; Dahi, J.H.; Rigdon, A. et al. (2017). \"Evaluation of Modified QuEChERS for Pesticide Analysis in Cannabis\". LC GC 35 (5): 8\u201322. https:\/\/www.chromatographyonline.com\/view\/evaluation-modified-quechers-pesticide-analysis-cannabis .   \n \n\n\u2191 33.0 33.1 33.2 Winkler, P.C.; Egerton, D.; Butt, C. et al. (6 June 2018). \"Pesticide Testing for the Cannabis Industry: The Importance of LC-MS\/MS for Obtaining Accurate Results in a Complex Matrix\". Labcompare Featured Articles. CompareNetworks, Inc. https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/338461-Pesticide-Testing-for-the-Cannabis-Industry-The-Importance-of-LC-MS-MS-for-Obtaining-Accurate-Results-in-a-Complex-Matrix\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 34.0 34.1 34.2 Jordan, R.; Asanuma, L.; Miller, D.; Macherone, A. (19 June 2018). A Comprehensive Approach to Pesticide Residue Analysis in Cannabis. 1. UBM. https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/comprehensive-approach-pesticide-residue-analysis-cannabis .   \n \n\n\u2191 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (26 August 2018). \"AOAC SMPR 2018.011 - Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs) for Identification and Quantitation of Selected Pesticide Residues in Dried Cannabis Materials\" (PDF). https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SMPR2018_011.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Residue Analytical Methods (RAM)\". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 20 February 2016. https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/pesticides\/methods\/rammethods\/web\/html\/ram12b.html . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM)\". United States Food and Drug Administration. 19 September 2018. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 38.0 38.1 \"<467> Residual Solvents\" (PDF). United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 1 July 2007. Archived from the original on 04 August 2016. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160804174451\/https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Poceva Panovska, A.; Acevska, J.; Stefkov, G. et al. (2016). \"Optimization of HS-GC-FID-MS Method for Residual Solvent Profiling in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Using DoE\". Journal of Chromatographic Science 54 (2): 103\u201311. doi:10.1093\/chromsci\/bmv123. PMID 26290585.   \n \n\n\u2191 L'Heureux, M.L. (20 April 2018). \"Advancing Chromatography Methods for Cannabis Analysis\". Cannabis Science and Technology. UBM. https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/advancing-chromatography-methods-cannabis-analysis . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bureau of Healthcare Safety and Quality (12 February 2016). \"Response to Public Comments\" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171013214634\/https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 42.0 42.1 42.2 Farrer, D.G. (December 2015). \"Technical Report: Oregon Health Authority\u2019s Process to Determine Which Types of Contaminants to Test for in Cannabis Products, and Levels for Action\" (PDF). Oregon Health Authority. https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/PreventionWellness\/marijuana\/Documents\/oha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (9 October 2019). \"AOAC SMPR 2019.002 - Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs) for Identification and Quantitation of Selected Residual Solvents in Cannabis-Derived Materials\" (PDF). https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SMPR-2019_002.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Boyle, R.; Ferrell, E. (21 September 2018). \"Selecting Microwave Digestion Technology for Measuring Heavy Metals in Cannabis Products\". Cannabis Science and Technology 1 (3). https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/selecting-microwave-digestion-technology-measuring-heavy-metals-cannabis-products .   \n \n\n\u2191 45.0 45.1 45.2 Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. (December 2017). \"A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing\" (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from the original on 07 December 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Davis, D.; Long, K.; Masone, J.; Firmin, P. (August 2015). \"Analysis of \"The Big Four\" Heavy Metals in Cannabis by USN-ICP-OES\" (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170214222831\/http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/aas\/ssi-icp-002.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Analysis of Foods for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)\" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 25 April 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170218071933\/http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Food\/FoodborneIllnessContaminants\/Metals\/UCM272693.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 48.0 48.1 Kennard, M. (2 June 2014). \"You are Probably Smoking Mouldy Weed - Why Does Quality Assurance Matter?\". Populace. Tantalus Labs. https:\/\/populace.tantaluslabs.com\/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Thompson III, G.R.; Tuscano, J.M.; Dennis, M. et al. (2017). \"A microbiome assessment of medical marijuana\". Clinical Microbiology and Infection: S1198-743X(16)30605-X. doi:10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.12.001. PMID 27956269.   \n \n\n\u2191 L'Heureux, M.L. (6 August 2018). \"Testing for Pesticides and Mycotoxins in Cannabis: How to Meet Regulatory Requirements\". Cannabis Science and Technology. UBM. https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/testing-pesticides-and-mycotoxins-cannabis-how-meet-regulatory-requirements . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 51.0 51.1 \"<561> Articles of Botanical Origin\" (PDF). United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 1 July 2007. Archived from the original on 02 December 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171202221121\/https:\/\/hmc.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/HMC\/GCs-Pdfs\/c561.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (9 October 2019). \"AOAC SMPR 2019.001 - Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs) for Detection of Aspergillus in Cannabis and Cannabis Products\" (PDF). https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SMPR-2019_001.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cundell, T. (31 July 2015). \"Microbiological attributes of powdered cannabis\". American Pharmaceutical Review. CompareNetworks, Inc. https:\/\/www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com\/Featured-Articles\/177487-Microbiological-Attributes-of-Powdered-Cannabis\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 15:17.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","ae94ef3d64193ccbb654faae93d8d5c5_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Methods_and_guidelines rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Methods_and_guidelines skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Methods and guidelines<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2_Methods_and_guidelines\">3.2 Methods and guidelines<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><i>Note: It would be beyond the scope of this guide to include every state's laws and guidelines on cannabis testing; entities such as <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations\" target=\"_blank\">Leafly Holdings<\/a><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RoughLeaflysState_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RoughLeaflysState-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> provide such online resources.<\/i>\n<\/p><p>Now that we've addressed what's being tested for, we can move on to how they're being tested and what's being done to improve testing methods and procedures, including associated guidelines and recommendations. This section will focus on current and promising techniques using generalizations based on information from multiple sources. If any guidelines and recommendations are known, they'll be included.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2.1_Sampling\">3.2.1 Sampling<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Random, representative sampling is encouraged. When dealing with solid cannabis, BOTEC Analysis recommends a \"quartering\" method that divides the sample into four equal parts and takes portions from opposite sections of a square-shaped arrangement of the sample. For liquid cannabis products, remembering to stir before sample collection is advised.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Sampling techniques may also vary depending on the constituent being tested, as with terpene testing, which may favor full evaporative technique (FET) headspace-based (HS) sampling for reducing certain sampling biases.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Another consideration may be the matrix being tested, as when deriving a sample from a cannabis-laden edible; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Quechers\" title=\"Quechers\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"af67a9ed87921d0a448df9cada475eb4\">QuEChERS<\/a> approach used by food safety labs for pesticide testing may have practical use.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RigdonExtract16_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RigdonExtract16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> In fact, a variety of parallels have been drawn from the food and herbal medicine industries' sampling guidelines, including from the Codex Alimentarius Commission's <i>CAC\/GL 50-2004 General Guidelines on Sampling<\/i> as well as various chapters of the <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=United_States_Pharmacopeia\" title=\"United States Pharmacopeia\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d467dceefa8c014c6fd31441d2fb6632\">United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary<\/a><\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CACGL50-2004_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CACGL50-2004-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> As the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) points out, \"[g]ood sampling is key to improving analytical data equivalency among organizations,\" and it provides a solid base for any future testing and standardization efforts.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Additional sampling insight can be found by examining other states' guidelines, e.g., Massachusetts' <i>Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DPHMassProto16_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DPHMassProto16-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>, as well as ASTM D8334\/D8334M-20 <i>Standard Practice for Sampling of Cannabis\/Hemp Post-Harvest Batches for Laboratory Analyses<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASTMD8334_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASTMD8334-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2.2_Cannabinoid_testing\">3.2.2 Cannabinoid testing<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Quantifying cannabinoids for label accuracy is a major goal of testing, though calculation and testing processes may vary slightly from state to state. Despite any differences, laboratorians generally agree that when testing for cannabinoids such as THC and CBD, as well as their respective biosynthetic precursors THCA and CBDA, the methodology used must be scrutinized. The naturally occurring THCA of cannabis isn't psychoactive; it requires <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Decarboxylation\" title=\"Decarboxylation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d193a62772bddc5385f7d9c5e8543446\">decarboxylation<\/a> (a chemical reaction induced by drying\/heating that releases carbon dioxide) to convert itself into the psychoactive cannabinoid THC. Chemical calculations show that the process of decarboxylation results in approximately 87.7 percent of the THCA's mass converting to THC, with the other 12.3 percent bubbling off as CO<sub>2<\/sub> gas.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CAWhy1_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CAWhy1-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> The problem with this in the testing domain is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Gas_chromatography\" title=\"Gas chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5094f035cb8bead5003deb9181e398b8\">gas chromatography<\/a> (GC) involves heating the sample solution. If you, the lab technician, require precise numbers of both THCA and THC, then GC analysis poses the risk of under-reporting THC total values.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> As such, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chromatography#Liquid_chromatography\" title=\"Chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"da43e6566dd6693473e320ebadde934f\">liquid chromatography<\/a>-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chromatography_detector\" title=\"Chromatography detector\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7787a159a1c7c0a3b2cc28bbc3189587\">diode array detection<\/a> (LC-DAD) may be required if a concise profile of all cannabinoids must be made, primarily because it provides environmental stability for them all during analysis. If GC is used, the analysis requires extra considerations such as sample derivatization.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RigdonAccurateJuly15_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RigdonAccurateJuly15-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RigdonAccurateSept15_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RigdonAccurateSept15-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The APHL briefly describes analysis methods of cannabinoids using both LC and GC on pages 31\u201332 of their May 2016 <i>Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs<\/i>. They also point to New York Department of Health - Wadsworth Center's various guidance documents (MML-300, -301, and -303) for methodologies when testing sample types other than solids, particularly using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=High-performance_liquid_chromatography\" title=\"High-performance liquid chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4c5d83ffa9785383c3eb0be7ea78dd2b\">high-performance liquid chromatography<\/a> photodiode array detection (HPLC-PAD).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MML-300_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MML-300-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Also worth noting is that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ASTM_International\" title=\"ASTM International\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4211bf55f9dcffbe89190f350eaaf00c\">ASTM<\/a>'s Subcommittee D37.03 has been working on various standard methods for determining cannabinoid concentrations using different chromatography techniques<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASTMSubD37.03_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASTMSubD37.03-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>, while the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) has already developed a Standard Method Performance Requirement (SMPR) for analyzing cannabinoids in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c23e30b6cf1df54f1dc338492c9f9da2\">hemp<\/a> (i.e., low THC cannabis varieties).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AOACNew19_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AOACNew19-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Overall, various methods used in cannabinoid testing include<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MML-300_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MML-300-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LeghissaDetection18_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LeghissaDetection18-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SCCann16_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SCCann16-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AdamsNear16_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AdamsNear16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy\" title=\"Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed4db292d8cae0aec6becf614dfa9bff\">Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy<\/a> (FTIR; has limitations, such as requiring standard samples tested w\/ other methods)<\/li>\n<li>Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID; requires sample derivatization for both acid and neutral compounds; good with standards like 5\u03b1-cholestane, docosane, and tetracosane)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"afbcab5867e499fab32b49e2b77c9e32\">Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry<\/a> (GC-MS; requires sample derivatization for both acid and neutral compounds; good with standards like deuterated cannabinoids)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93vacuum_ultraviolet_spectroscopy\" title=\"Gas chromatography\u2013vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1395b0ea031074c5225c2770a71f85a1\">Gas chromatography\u2013vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy<\/a> (GC-VUV)<\/li>\n<li>High-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC-PAD; stable for all forms of cannabinoids)<\/li>\n<li>High-performance liquid chromatography UV detection (HPLC-UV)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Liquid_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e2eb804872f9ac16965fce8e49cfa3b6\">Liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry<\/a> (LC-MS; can reduce or eliminate selectivity challenges and speed up testing, though at an increased price cost and need for greater laboratory expertise)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Supercritical_fluid_chromatography\" title=\"Supercritical fluid chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e8a4c554e3c2e7591c15ffcf06b35314\">Supercritical fluid chromatography<\/a> (SFC; newer technology w\/ added benefits)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography\" title=\"Thin-layer chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c8f68c661f30ba974342dd75a4081655\">Thin-layer chromatography<\/a> (TLC; older, less common technology)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=High-performance_liquid_chromatography#Pump_pressure\" title=\"High-performance liquid chromatography\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6badcd680b93b3cc1987ac107006f7d7\">Ultra-performance chromatography<\/a> (UPC; newer technology w\/ added benefits)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Also worthy of note is recent investigation of viably using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy\" title=\"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b571fe2c0aeb1614f1b19dbe1b12f7f3\">nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy<\/a> as a more affordable and rapid solution to identifying cannabinoid contents and profiles of samples. Conferences<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ZilerRecap19_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ZilerRecap19-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>, research<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WangComp17_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WangComp17-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MarchettiUseOf19_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MarchettiUseOf19-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SiudemRapid19_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SiudemRapid19-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>, and articles<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MayNMR17_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MayNMR17-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BennettCanna18_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BennettCanna18-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ConnCanna19_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ConnCanna19-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> over the last four or five years have advanced the use of NMR spectroscopy for cannabinoid analysis.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2.3_Terpene_testing\">3.2.3 Terpene testing<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Identifying and quantifying terpenes is one of the more difficult tasks facing laboratorians, according to Cassidy<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Terpenes present an analytical challenge because they are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chemical_polarity#Nonpolar_molecules\" title=\"Chemical polarity\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f4827cf163954f0fb5f445407d00e3aa\">nonpolar<\/a> and structurally similar, and many structural <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Isomer\" title=\"Isomer\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9546fdf366e11cd699a1d8a087bb41e3\">isomers<\/a> exist. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"18314b70982e52d5a81db4a757d6461f\">Mass spectrometry<\/a> (MS) cannot distinguish terpenes that co-elute from a GC column because many have the same molecular weight and share fragment ions.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Goldman <i>et al.<\/i> share Cassidy's view about MS, though reminding that it has some benefits over flame ionization detection (FID). They note that recent MS methods add another level of confirmation for terpene identification using retention indexing and electron impact mass spectral matching.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Of course, types of gas chromatography work; but like cannabinoids, terpenes can degrade with the high heat of gas chromatography.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AdamsNear16_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AdamsNear16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> Combined with the problems mentioned above, highly specialized gas chromatography processes that include additional steps, such as full evaporation technique headspace gas chromatography flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID), can be used to produce cleaner results, particularly for volatile components.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> It's less clear if high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used frequently; some entities such as Eurofins Experchem Laboratories claim HPLC works best for them<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AdamsNear16_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AdamsNear16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>, while others such as Restek Corporation claim the method is problematic at best.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HerringCanHP16_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HerringCanHP16-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Overall, various published methods for terpene identification and analysis include<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SCLabs_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SCLabs-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SCCann16_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SCCann16-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HodgsonVacuum18_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HodgsonVacuum18-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AdamsNear16_17-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AdamsNear16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShimadzuCLTS_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShimadzuCLTS-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CEMAnal18_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CEMAnal18-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Full evaporation technique\u2013headspace\u2013gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID; tends to be semi-quantitative)<\/li>\n<li>Gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detection (GC-FID)<\/li>\n<li>Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS)<\/li>\n<li>Gas chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (GC-MS\/MS)<\/li>\n<li>Gas chromatography\u2013vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC-VUV)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Headspace_gas_chromatography_for_dissolved_gas_measurement\" title=\"Headspace gas chromatography for dissolved gas measurement\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8583e881cbb0fbdb5cf0aa1f1ffed702\">Headspace\u2013gas chromatography<\/a>\u2013mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS)<\/li>\n<li>Headspace\u2013solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)<\/li>\n<li>High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; may have limitations due to coelution of terpenes and cannabinoids at certain ranges<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HerringCanHP16_25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HerringCanHP16-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.2.4_Contaminant_testing\">3.2.4 Contaminant testing<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:LC_MS_pic.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed7db9379ddf8b18a138f8c49ead409b\"><img alt=\"LC MS pic.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/02\/LC_MS_pic.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%;max-width: 400px;height: auto;\" \/><\/a><\/div><p><b>Pesticides<\/b>: Gas and liquid chromatography methods are by and large the staple of testing methods for pesticides, which remain \"the hardest analyses that are going to be done in the cannabis industry.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> Goldman <i>et al.<\/i> echo the sentiment: \"pesticide testing is difficult and requires advanced analytical instrumentation and highly skilled staff to meet regulatory demands with a robust, accurate, and precise test method.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Notably, high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS\/MS) tends to be one of the most thorough methods says Emerald Scientific's CTO Amanda Rigdon. \"Ninety-five percent of the pesticides out there can be analyzed by HPLC-MS\/MS, although there are some that you would need a GC-MS\/MS for,\" she says.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> A popular sample extraction method for detecting multiple pesticide residues in cannabis is the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, which shows \"acceptable recoveries and relative standard deviations\" for almost all known pesticides<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DePalmaChallenges18_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DePalmaChallenges18-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LCGCTrends16_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LCGCTrends16-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KowalskiEval17_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KowalskiEval17-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WinklerPesticide18_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WinklerPesticide18-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>, though the release of heat and increase in pH of QuECHERS may degrade particularly sensitive pesticides in the sample.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JordanAComp18_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JordanAComp18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup> QuECHERS may also not be ideal for some labs due to its organic solvents having a tendency of extracting hydrophobic compounds like cannabinoids.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> However, other methods such as solvent extraction (such as with acetonitrile) with dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) cleanup<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LCGCTrends16_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LCGCTrends16-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WinklerPesticide18_33-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WinklerPesticide18-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JordanAComp18_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JordanAComp18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup> and energized dispersive guided extraction (EDGE) may also been used.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CEMAnal18_29-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CEMAnal18-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> Common testing methods that have historically been used, after sample preparation, include<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShimadzuCLTS_28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShimadzuCLTS-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CEMAnal18_29-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CEMAnal18-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KowalskiEval17_32-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KowalskiEval17-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WinklerPesticide18_33-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WinklerPesticide18-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JordanAComp18_34-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JordanAComp18-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p><ul><li>Gas chromatography\u2013electron capture detection (GC-ECD)<\/li>\n<li>Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS)<\/li>\n<li>Gas chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (GC-MS\/MS)<\/li>\n<li>Liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS; also high-performance or HPLC-MS)<\/li>\n<li>Liquid chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS; also high-performance or HPLC-MS\/MS)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>For quantification of pesticides in cannabis, the AOAC's SMPR 2018.011, EPA's Residue Analytical Methods (RAM), and FDA's Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM) provide guidance to labs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SMPR2018.011_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SMPR2018.011-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EPAResidue17_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EPAResidue17-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FDA_PAM_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FDA_PAM-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Solvents<\/b>: Testing for solvents is largely standardized into a few options, which have parallels to existing pharmaceutical testing standards outlined in Chapter 467 of <i>United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary<\/i> (USP <467>)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USPNF467_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USPNF467-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShimadzuCLTS_28-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShimadzuCLTS-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PocevaOpti16_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PocevaOpti16-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-L.27HeureuxAdvancing18_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-L.27HeureuxAdvancing18-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Headspace\u2013gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry (HS-GC\/MS)<\/li>\n<li>Headspace\u2013gas chromatography\/tandem-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS\/MS; may be required when high concentrations of terpenes are present)<\/li>\n<li>Headspace\u2013gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detection\u2013mass spectrometry (HS-GC-FID-MS)<\/li>\n<li>Full evaporation technique\u2013headspace\u2013gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Massachusetts and Oregon\u2014and likely other states\u2014have used a variety of guidance documents such as USP <467>, reports from the Commission of the European Communities' Scientific Committee on Food (now the European Food Safety Authority), and the International Conference on Harmonization's (ICH) Q3C(R5)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MDPHResponse_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MDPHResponse-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FarrerTech15_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FarrerTech15-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USPNF467_38-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USPNF467-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> to set their action level testing values for particular solvents. The AOAC provides another standardized option in the form of their SMPR 2019.002.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SMPR2019.002_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SMPR2019.002-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Heavy metals<\/b>: The methods used for quantifying levels of highly toxic metals in plants depend on ease-of-use, level of accuracy, and overall cost. Sample preparation typically includes the use of closed-vessel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Microwave_digestion\" title=\"Microwave digestion\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2cb1505ef4d8b4cf909afc078a3d8686\">microwave digestion<\/a> to get the sample into solution for analysis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CEMAnal18_29-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CEMAnal18-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BoyleSelecting18_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BoyleSelecting18-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup> Once prepared, the following methods are most common for testing cannabis and other plants for heavy metals<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DavisAnalysis15_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DavisAnalysis15-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShimadzuCLTS_28-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShimadzuCLTS-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li> (AAS; may struggle to meet detection limits)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_atomic_emission_spectroscopy\" title=\"Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c3d9e1c4597891de8e869097753f2c66\">Inductively coupled plasma\u2013atomic emission spectroscopy<\/a> (ICP-AES), sometimes called inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) (at times coupled with an ultrasonic nebulizer)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry\" title=\"Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c6672e2589461965c5081045a2541904\">Inductively coupled plasma\u2013mass spectrometry<\/a> (ICP-MS; a preferred technique<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li>Inductively coupled plasma\u2013tandem-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS\/MS)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>For quantification of metals in cannabis, the U.S. FDA's ICP-MS methodology document is often used.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FDAAnalysisofFoods11_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FDAAnalysisofFoods11-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Mycotoxins and microorganisms<\/b>: A standard method of testing for the existence of microorganisms is through the process of culturing a sample in a Petri dish, a common diagnostic method in microbiology. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ELISA\" title=\"ELISA\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1faf36073c6f205521c4be4ea8f7ed55\">Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay<\/a> (ELISA) is also used, particularly to identify mycotoxins.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> However, Petri culture analysis isn't rigorous, and ELISA can at times be time-consuming, as it's limited to one mycotoxin per test.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_45-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KennardYouAre16-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup> The following are other, more precise techniques that are improving laboratorians' analyses, particularly using DNA snippets of microbiological contaminants<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_45-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_48-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KennardYouAre16-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ThompsonAMicro16_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ThompsonAMicro16-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-L.27HeureuxTesting18_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-L.27HeureuxTesting18-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction\" title=\"Real-time polymerase chain reaction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f7a72b7ed6d334f020eda48dd541f85c\">Quantitative polymerase chain reaction<\/a> (qPCR)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Shotgun_sequencing#Metagenomic_shotgun_sequencing\" title=\"Shotgun sequencing\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8027a4493b1a3cf18272b85f20121b34\">Whole metagenome shotgun (WMGS) sequencing<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption\/ionization\" title=\"Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f4a84192f5de5587156a0b061bcdace5\">Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization<\/a> (MALDI)<\/li>\n<li>High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)<\/li>\n<li>High-performance liquid chromatography\u2013fluorescence spectroscopy (HPLC\u2013FS)<\/li>\n<li>Liquid chromatography\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS)<\/li>\n<li>Liquid chromatography\u2013electrospray ionization\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS\/MS)<\/li>\n<li>Liquid chromatography\u2013atmospheric pressure chemical ionization\u2013tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS\/MS)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The extent of mycotoxin testing required remains in question by several entities. The APHL claims \"[t]here is no readily available evidence to support the contention that cannabis harbors significant levels of mycotoxins.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> The Oregon Health Authority takes a more middle-ground approach, noting that testing for <i>E. coli<\/i> and <i>Salmonella<\/i> will \"protect public health,\" though <i>Aspergillus<\/i> only deserves a warning for people with suppressed immune systems due to its prevalence in the environment.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FarrerTech15_42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FarrerTech15-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup> USP <561> recommendations largely limit mycotoxin testing of botanical products to those borne from root or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Rhizome\" title=\"Rhizome\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8020777578dd3a032e45e5ced78d983c\">rhizome<\/a> material<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USPNF561_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USPNF561-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup>, \"which THC-containing cannabis products presumably do not possess,\" emphasizes the APHL.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Regardless, U.S. Pharmacopeia's Chapter 561 remains a useful document for testing guidelines and limits regarding microbials<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USPNF561_51-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USPNF561-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>, as does the AOAC's SMPR 2019.001 for the detection of <i>Aspergillus<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SMPR2019.001_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SMPR2019.001-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup> In the less common case of dealing with powdered cannabis\u2014a relatively new THC extract form\u2014Chapter 2023 provides at least some testing parallels, though Dr. Tony Cundell, a microbiologist consulting for the pharmaceutical industry, suggests USP <2023> doesn't go far enough for immunocompromised patients.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CundellMicro15_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CundellMicro15-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Somewhat related and worth mentioning is moisture content testing. As previously mentioned, warm, moist environments are conducive to microorganism growth, and regularly measuring water activity is useful for the prevention of microbial growth.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FarrerTech15_42-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FarrerTech15-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup> The APHL references specifications from the Dutch Office of Medical Cannabis that recommend water content be between five to ten percent in cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-RoughLeaflysState-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RoughLeaflysState_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rough, Lisa. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations\" target=\"_blank\">\"Leafly\u2019s State-by-State Guide to Medical Cannabis Testing Regulations\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly - Industry<\/i>. Leafly Holdings, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Leafly%E2%80%99s+State-by-State+Guide+to+Medical+Cannabis+Testing+Regulations&rft.atitle=Leafly+-+Industry&rft.aulast=Rough%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Rough%2C+Lisa&rft.pub=Leafly+Holdings%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Findustry%2Fleaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APHLGuide16-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-0\">2.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-1\">2.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-2\">2.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-3\">2.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-4\">2.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-5\">2.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-6\">2.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-7\">2.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-8\">2.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-9\">2.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-10\">2.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-11\">2.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-12\">2.12<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-13\">2.13<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-14\">2.14<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-15\">2.15<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_2-16\">2.16<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\"<\/a> (PDF). pp. 35<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+State+Medical+Cannabis+Testing+Programs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.au=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.date=May+2016&rft.pages=pp.+35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphl.org%2FaboutAPHL%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2FEH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-0\">3.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-1\">3.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-2\">3.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-3\">3.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-4\">3.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-5\">3.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-6\">3.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-7\">3.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-8\">3.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-9\">3.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-10\">3.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-11\">3.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_3-12\">3.12<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Goldman, Stephen; Bramante, Julia; Vrdoljak, Gordon; Guo, Weihong; Wang, Yun; Marjanovic, Olivera; Orlowicz, Sean; Di Lorenzo, Robert <i>et al.<\/i> (15 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390\" target=\"_blank\">\"The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies<\/i> <b>44<\/b> (9-10): 403\u2013420. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F10826076.2021.1996390\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1082-6076\" target=\"_blank\">1082-6076<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+analytical+landscape+of+cannabis+compliance+testing&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liquid+Chromatography+%26+Related+Technologies&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Goldman%2C%26%2332%3BStephen&rft.au=Bramante%2C%26%2332%3BJulia&rft.au=Vrdoljak%2C%26%2332%3BGordon&rft.au=Guo%2C%26%2332%3BWeihong&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BYun&rft.au=Marjanovic%2C%26%2332%3BOlivera&rft.au=Orlowicz%2C%26%2332%3BSean&rft.au=Di+Lorenzo%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.au=Noestheden%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew&rft.date=15+June+2021&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=9-10&rft.pages=403%E2%80%93420&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F10826076.2021.1996390&rft.issn=1082-6076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10826076.2021.1996390&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RigdonExtract16-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RigdonExtract16_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rigdon, A. (12 May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170919014255\/http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=25790\" target=\"_blank\">\"Extraction Method for Cannabinoid Analysis in Edibles: Too Much of a Good Thing\"<\/a>. <i>ChromaBLOGraphy<\/i>. Restek Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=25790\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 19 September 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170919014255\/http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=25790\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170919014255\/http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=25790<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Extraction+Method+for+Cannabinoid+Analysis+in+Edibles%3A+Too+Much+of+a+Good+Thing&rft.atitle=ChromaBLOGraphy&rft.aulast=Rigdon%2C+A.&rft.au=Rigdon%2C+A.&rft.date=12+May+2016&rft.pub=Restek+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170919014255%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fblog.restek.com%2F%3Fp%3D25790&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CACGL50-2004-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CACGL50-2004_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Codex Alimentarius Commission. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190428175411\/http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/sh-proxy\/en\/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCAC%2BGL%2B50-2004%252FCXG_050e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"CAC\/GL 50-2004 General Guidelines on Sampling\"<\/a> (PDF). pp. 69. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/sh-proxy\/en\/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCAC%2BGL%2B50-2004%252FCXG_050e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 28 April 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190428175411\/http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/sh-proxy\/en\/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCAC%2BGL%2B50-2004%252FCXG_050e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190428175411\/http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/sh-proxy\/en\/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCAC%2BGL%2B50-2004%252FCXG_050e.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CAC%2FGL+50-2004+General+Guidelines+on+Sampling&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Codex+Alimentarius+Commission&rft.au=Codex+Alimentarius+Commission&rft.pages=pp.+69&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190428175411%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffao-who-codexalimentarius%2Fsh-proxy%2Fen%2F%3Flnk%3D1%26url%3Dhttps%25253A%25252F%25252Fworkspace.fao.org%25252Fsites%25252Fcodex%25252FStandards%25252FCAC%252BGL%252B50-2004%25252FCXG_050e.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DPHMassProto16-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DPHMassProto16_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bureau of Health Care Safety and Quality (5 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170908014040\/http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/finished-mmj\/final-revised-mdph-mmj-mips-protocol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries\"<\/a> (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Public Health. pp. 25. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/finished-mmj\/final-revised-mdph-mmj-mips-protocol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 08 September 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170908014040\/http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/finished-mmj\/final-revised-mdph-mmj-mips-protocol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170908014040\/http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/finished-mmj\/final-revised-mdph-mmj-mips-protocol.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Protocol+for+Sampling+and+Analysis+of+Finished+Medical+Marijuana+Products+and+Marijuana-Infused+Products+for+Massachusetts+Registered+Medical+Marijuana+Dispensaries&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bureau+of+Health+Care+Safety+and+Quality&rft.au=Bureau+of+Health+Care+Safety+and+Quality&rft.date=5+February+2016&rft.pages=pp.+25&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Department+of+Public+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170908014040%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Feohhs%2Fdocs%2Fdph%2Fquality%2Fmedical-marijuana%2Flab-protocols%2Ffinished-mmj%2Ffinal-revised-mdph-mmj-mips-protocol.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASTMD8334-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASTMD8334_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">ASTM Subcommittee D37.03 (1 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d8334_d8334m-20.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"ASTM D8334\/D8334M-20 <i>Standard Practice for Sampling of Cannabis\/Hemp Post-Harvest Batches for Laboratory Analyses<\/i>\"<\/a>. ASTM International<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d8334_d8334m-20.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d8334_d8334m-20.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ASTM+D8334%2FD8334M-20+%27%27Standard+Practice+for+Sampling+of+Cannabis%2FHemp+Post-Harvest+Batches+for+Laboratory+Analyses%27%27&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=ASTM+Subcommittee+D37.03&rft.au=ASTM+Subcommittee+D37.03&rft.date=1+December+2020&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2Fd8334_d8334m-20.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CAWhy1-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CAWhy1_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.conflabs.com\/why-0-877\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Why 0.877?\"<\/a>. Confidence Analytics. 10 February 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.conflabs.com\/why-0-877\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.conflabs.com\/why-0-877\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Why+0.877%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.date=10+February+2016&rft.pub=Confidence+Analytics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conflabs.com%2Fwhy-0-877%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-0\">9.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-1\">9.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-2\">9.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-3\">9.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-4\">9.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-5\">9.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-6\">9.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-7\">9.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-8\">9.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-9\">9.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_9-10\">9.10<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cassiday, L. (October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\"<\/a>. <i>INFORM<\/i>. American Oil Chemists' Society<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Highs+and+Lows+of+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=INFORM&rft.aulast=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.au=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.date=October+2016&rft.pub=American+Oil+Chemists%27+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aocs.org%2Fstay-informed%2Finform-magazine%2Ffeatured-articles%2Fthe-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RigdonAccurateJuly15-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RigdonAccurateJuly15_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rigdon, A. (29 July 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190301212605\/http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=14961\" target=\"_blank\">\"Accurate Quantification of Cannabinoid Acids by GC \u2013 Is it Possible?\"<\/a>. <i>ChromaBLOGraphy<\/i>. Restek Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=14961\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 01 March 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190301212605\/http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=14961\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190301212605\/http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=14961<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Accurate+Quantification+of+Cannabinoid+Acids+by+GC+%E2%80%93+Is+it+Possible%3F&rft.atitle=ChromaBLOGraphy&rft.aulast=Rigdon%2C+A.&rft.au=Rigdon%2C+A.&rft.date=29+July+2015&rft.pub=Restek+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190301212605%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fblog.restek.com%2F%3Fp%3D14961&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RigdonAccurateSept15-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RigdonAccurateSept15_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rigdon, A. (9 September 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180406091114\/https:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=15135\" target=\"_blank\">\"Accurate Quantification of Cannabinoid Acids and Neutrals by GC \u2013 Derivatives without Calculus\"<\/a>. <i>ChromaBLOGraphy<\/i>. Restek Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=15135\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 06 April 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180406091114\/https:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=15135\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180406091114\/https:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=15135<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Accurate+Quantification+of+Cannabinoid+Acids+and+Neutrals+by+GC+%E2%80%93+Derivatives+without+Calculus&rft.atitle=ChromaBLOGraphy&rft.aulast=Rigdon%2C+A.&rft.au=Rigdon%2C+A.&rft.date=9+September+2015&rft.pub=Restek+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180406091114%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fblog.restek.com%2F%3Fp%3D15135&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MML-300-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MML-300_12-0\">12.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MML-300_12-1\">12.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (3 November 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/576578963\/MML-300-01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Measurement of Phytocannabinoids using HPLC-PAD, NYS DOH MML-300\"<\/a> (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 34<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/576578963\/MML-300-01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wadsworth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/WebDoc\/576578963\/MML-300-01.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Measurement+of+Phytocannabinoids+using+HPLC-PAD%2C+NYS+DOH+MML-300&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.au=Division+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences%2C+Laboratory+of+Organic+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.date=3+November+2015&rft.pages=pp.+34&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadsworth.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FWebDoc%2F576578963%2FMML-300-01.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASTMSubD37.03-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASTMSubD37.03_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\/subcommittee-d37\" target=\"_blank\">\"Subcommittee D37.03 on Laboratory\"<\/a>. ASTM International<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\/subcommittee-d37\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\/subcommittee-d37<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Subcommittee+D37.03+on+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2Fget-involved%2Ftechnical-committees%2Fcommittee-d37%2Fsubcommittee-d37&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AOACNew19-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AOACNew19_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (12 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"New guidelines require laboratories to meet AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements for Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Hemp\"<\/a>. <i>AOAC News<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2922<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+guidelines+require+laboratories+to+meet+AOAC+Standard+Method+Performance+Requirements+for+Quantitation+of+Cannabinoids+in+Hemp&rft.atitle=AOAC+News&rft.aulast=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.au=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.date=12+November+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fnews%2Faoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LeghissaDetection18-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LeghissaDetection18_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Leghissa, A.; Smuts, J.; Qiu, C. et al. (2018). \"Detection of cannabinoids and cannabinoid metabolites using gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy\". <i>SSC Plus<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (1): 37\u201342. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fsscp.201700005\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/sscp.201700005<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detection+of+cannabinoids+and+cannabinoid+metabolites+using+gas+chromatography+with+vacuum+ultraviolet+spectroscopy&rft.jtitle=SSC+Plus&rft.aulast=Leghissa%2C+A.%3B+Smuts%2C+J.%3B+Qiu%2C+C.+et+al.&rft.au=Leghissa%2C+A.%3B+Smuts%2C+J.%3B+Qiu%2C+C.+et+al.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37%E2%80%9342&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fsscp.201700005&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SCCann16-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SCCann16_16-0\">16.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SCCann16_16-1\">16.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/deepweb\/assets\/sigmaaldrich\/marketing\/global\/documents\/116\/856\/cannabis-testing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing: Quality You Can Trust\"<\/a> (PDF). Sigma-Aldritch Co. LLC. 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/deepweb\/assets\/sigmaaldrich\/marketing\/global\/documents\/116\/856\/cannabis-testing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/deepweb\/assets\/sigmaaldrich\/marketing\/global\/documents\/116\/856\/cannabis-testing.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing%3A+Quality+You+Can+Trust&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=Sigma-Aldritch+Co.+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fdeepweb%2Fassets%2Fsigmaaldrich%2Fmarketing%2Fglobal%2Fdocuments%2F116%2F856%2Fcannabis-testing.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AdamsNear16-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AdamsNear16_17-0\">17.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AdamsNear16_17-1\">17.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AdamsNear16_17-2\">17.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AdamsNear16_17-3\">17.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Adams, T.; Bertone, M. (30 November 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/column\/near-infrared-gc-and-hplc-applications-in-cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Near Infrared, GC and HPLC Applications in Cannabis Testing\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Industry Journal<\/i>. Innovative Publishing Co. LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/column\/near-infrared-gc-and-hplc-applications-in-cannabis-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/column\/near-infrared-gc-and-hplc-applications-in-cannabis-testing\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Near+Infrared%2C+GC+and+HPLC+Applications+in+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Industry+Journal&rft.aulast=Adams%2C+T.%3B+Bertone%2C+M.&rft.au=Adams%2C+T.%3B+Bertone%2C+M.&rft.date=30+November+2016&rft.pub=Innovative+Publishing+Co.+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabisindustryjournal.com%2Fcolumn%2Fnear-infrared-gc-and-hplc-applications-in-cannabis-testing%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ZilerRecap19-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ZilerRecap19_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Zailer, E. (2 January 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spectralservice.de\/recap-of-the-first-nmr-cannabis-meeting\/?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recap of the First NMR Cannabis Meeting\"<\/a>. Spectral Service AG<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spectralservice.de\/recap-of-the-first-nmr-cannabis-meeting\/?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.spectralservice.de\/recap-of-the-first-nmr-cannabis-meeting\/?lang=en<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recap+of+the+First+NMR+Cannabis+Meeting&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Zailer%2C+E.&rft.au=Zailer%2C+E.&rft.date=2+January+2019&rft.pub=Spectral+Service+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectralservice.de%2Frecap-of-the-first-nmr-cannabis-meeting%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WangComp17-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WangComp17_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wang, X.; Harrington, P.B.; Baugh, S.F. (2017). \"Comparative Study of NMR Spectral Profiling for the Characterization and Authentication of Cannabis\". <i>Journal of AOAC International<\/i> <b>100<\/b> (5): 1356\u201364. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5740%2Fjaoacint.17-0089\" target=\"_blank\">10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0089<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28718398\" target=\"_blank\">28718398<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comparative+Study+of+NMR+Spectral+Profiling+for+the+Characterization+and+Authentication+of+Cannabis&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+AOAC+International&rft.aulast=Wang%2C+X.%3B+Harrington%2C+P.B.%3B+Baugh%2C+S.F.&rft.au=Wang%2C+X.%3B+Harrington%2C+P.B.%3B+Baugh%2C+S.F.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1356%E2%80%9364&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5740%2Fjaoacint.17-0089&rft_id=info:pmid\/28718398&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MarchettiUseOf19-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MarchettiUseOf19_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Marchetti, L.; Brighenti, V.; Rossi, M.C. et al. (2019). \"Use of <sup>13<\/sup>C-qNMR Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids in Fibre-Type Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)\". <i>Molecules<\/i> <b>24<\/b> (6): 1138. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390%2Fmolecules24061138\" target=\"_blank\">10.3390\/molecules24061138<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Use+of+%3Csup%3E13%3C%2Fsup%3EC-qNMR+Spectroscopy+for+the+Analysis+of+Non-Psychoactive+Cannabinoids+in+Fibre-Type+Cannabis+sativa+L.+%28Hemp%29&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.aulast=Marchetti%2C+L.%3B+Brighenti%2C+V.%3B+Rossi%2C+M.C.+et+al.&rft.au=Marchetti%2C+L.%3B+Brighenti%2C+V.%3B+Rossi%2C+M.C.+et+al.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1138&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3390%2Fmolecules24061138&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SiudemRapid19-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SiudemRapid19_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Siudem, P.; Wawer, I.; Paradowska, K. (2019). \"Rapid evaluation of edible hemp oil quality using NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy\". <i>Journal of Molecular Structure<\/i> <b>1177<\/b>: 204\u201308. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.molstruc.2018.09.057\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.molstruc.2018.09.057<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rapid+evaluation+of+edible+hemp+oil+quality+using+NMR+and+FT-IR+spectroscopy&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Structure&rft.aulast=Siudem%2C+P.%3B+Wawer%2C+I.%3B+Paradowska%2C+K.&rft.au=Siudem%2C+P.%3B+Wawer%2C+I.%3B+Paradowska%2C+K.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=1177&rft.pages=204%E2%80%9308&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.molstruc.2018.09.057&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MayNMR17-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MayNMR17_22-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">May, M. (28 September 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/nmr-spectroscopy-producing-a-chemical-fingerprint-of-cannabis-292728\" target=\"_blank\">\"NMR Spectroscopy: Producing a chemical fingerprint of cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Analytical Cannabis<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/nmr-spectroscopy-producing-a-chemical-fingerprint-of-cannabis-292728\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/nmr-spectroscopy-producing-a-chemical-fingerprint-of-cannabis-292728<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NMR+Spectroscopy%3A+Producing+a+chemical+fingerprint+of+cannabis&rft.atitle=Analytical+Cannabis&rft.aulast=May%2C+M.&rft.au=May%2C+M.&rft.date=28+September+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analyticalcannabis.com%2Farticles%2Fnmr-spectroscopy-producing-a-chemical-fingerprint-of-cannabis-292728&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BennettCanna18-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BennettCanna18_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bennett, P. (31 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/science-tech\/why-test-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing Explained: What\u2019s in Your Cannabis?\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/science-tech\/why-test-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/science-tech\/why-test-cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+Explained%3A+What%E2%80%99s+in+Your+Cannabis%3F&rft.atitle=Leafly&rft.aulast=Bennett%2C+P.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+P.&rft.date=31+December+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-tech%2Fwhy-test-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ConnCanna19-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ConnCanna19_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Conn, P. (14 March 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pittcon.org\/cannabis-trends-in-analytical-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis: Trends in Analytical Research\"<\/a>. The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pittcon.org\/cannabis-trends-in-analytical-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pittcon.org\/cannabis-trends-in-analytical-research\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis%3A+Trends+in+Analytical+Research&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Conn%2C+P.&rft.au=Conn%2C+P.&rft.date=14+March+2019&rft.pub=The+Pittsburgh+Conference+on+Analytical+Chemistry+and+Applied+Spectroscopy%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpittcon.org%2Fcannabis-trends-in-analytical-research%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HerringCanHP16-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HerringCanHP16_25-0\">25.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HerringCanHP16_25-1\">25.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Herring, T. (29 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190412051141\/https:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=33071\" target=\"_blank\">\"Can HPLC-UV Be Used For Terpenes Analysis In Cannabis?\"<\/a>. <i>ChromaBLOGraphy<\/i>. Restek Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=33071\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 12 April 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190412051141\/https:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=33071\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190412051141\/https:\/\/blog.restek.com\/?p=33071<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Can+HPLC-UV+Be+Used+For+Terpenes+Analysis+In+Cannabis%3F&rft.atitle=ChromaBLOGraphy&rft.aulast=Herring%2C+T.&rft.au=Herring%2C+T.&rft.date=29+December+2016&rft.pub=Restek+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190412051141%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fblog.restek.com%2F%3Fp%3D33071&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SCLabs-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SCLabs_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sclabs.com\/terpene-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Terpene Analysis\"<\/a>. SC Labs, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sclabs.com\/terpene-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sclabs.com\/terpene-analysis\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Terpene+Analysis&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=SC+Labs%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sclabs.com%2Fterpene-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HodgsonVacuum18-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HodgsonVacuum18_27-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hodgson, A.; Cochran, J. (12 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chromatographyonline.com\/view\/vacuum-ultraviolet-spectroscopy-new-tool-gas-chromatography-analysis-terpenes-flavours-and-fragrance\" target=\"_blank\">\"Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy: A New Tool for Gas Chromatography Analysis of Terpenes in Flavours and Fragrances\"<\/a>. <i>LC GC<\/i> <b>14<\/b> (2): 12\u201316<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chromatographyonline.com\/view\/vacuum-ultraviolet-spectroscopy-new-tool-gas-chromatography-analysis-terpenes-flavours-and-fragrance\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.chromatographyonline.com\/view\/vacuum-ultraviolet-spectroscopy-new-tool-gas-chromatography-analysis-terpenes-flavours-and-fragrance<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vacuum+Ultraviolet+Spectroscopy%3A+A+New+Tool+for+Gas+Chromatography+Analysis+of+Terpenes+in+Flavours+and+Fragrances&rft.jtitle=LC+GC&rft.aulast=Hodgson%2C+A.%3B+Cochran%2C+J.&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+A.%3B+Cochran%2C+J.&rft.date=12+February+2018&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=12%E2%80%9316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chromatographyonline.com%2Fview%2Fvacuum-ultraviolet-spectroscopy-new-tool-gas-chromatography-analysis-terpenes-flavours-and-fragrance&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ShimadzuCLTS-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShimadzuCLTS_28-0\">28.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShimadzuCLTS_28-1\">28.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShimadzuCLTS_28-2\">28.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShimadzuCLTS_28-3\">28.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160327180816\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/life_science\/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Testing Laboratory Solutions\"<\/a> (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/life_science\/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 27 March 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160327180816\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/life_science\/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160327180816\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/life_science\/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Testing+Laboratory+Solutions&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Shimadzu+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160327180816%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssi.shimadzu.com%2Fproducts%2Fliterature%2Flife_science%2Fshimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CEMAnal18-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CEMAnal18_29-0\">29.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CEMAnal18_29-1\">29.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CEMAnal18_29-2\">29.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CEMAnal18_29-3\">29.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">CEM Corporation (25 July 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=16383\" target=\"_blank\">\"Analyzing Pesticide Residue of Cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>AZO Materials<\/i>. AZoNetwork<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=16383\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=16383<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Analyzing+Pesticide+Residue+of+Cannabis&rft.atitle=AZO+Materials&rft.aulast=CEM+Corporation&rft.au=CEM+Corporation&rft.date=25+July+2018&rft.pub=AZoNetwork&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azom.com%2Farticle.aspx%3FArticleID%3D16383&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DePalmaChallenges18-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DePalmaChallenges18_30-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">DePalma, A. (10 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/insights\/challenges-of-cannabis-contaminant-testing-1928\" target=\"_blank\">\"Challenges of Cannabis Contaminant Testing\"<\/a>. <i>Lab Manager<\/i>. LabX Media Group<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/insights\/challenges-of-cannabis-contaminant-testing-1928\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/insights\/challenges-of-cannabis-contaminant-testing-1928<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Challenges+of+Cannabis+Contaminant+Testing&rft.atitle=Lab+Manager&rft.aulast=DePalma%2C+A.&rft.au=DePalma%2C+A.&rft.date=10+September+2018&rft.pub=LabX+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmanager.com%2Finsights%2Fchallenges-of-cannabis-contaminant-testing-1928&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LCGCTrends16-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-LCGCTrends16_31-0\">31.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-LCGCTrends16_31-1\">31.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">LCGC (August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/images2.advanstar.com\/PixelMags\/lcgc-na\/pdf\/2016-08-bg.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Real-World Chromatography Applications: Current Trends in Cannabis, Environmental, Food, Pharmaceutical, and Biopharmaceutical Analysis\"<\/a> (PDF). <i>LCGC North America 2016-2017 Annual Industry Trends and Directory Issue<\/i>. UBM. pp. 584\u20137<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/images2.advanstar.com\/PixelMags\/lcgc-na\/pdf\/2016-08-bg.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/images2.advanstar.com\/PixelMags\/lcgc-na\/pdf\/2016-08-bg.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Real-World+Chromatography+Applications%3A+Current+Trends+in+Cannabis%2C+Environmental%2C+Food%2C+Pharmaceutical%2C+and+Biopharmaceutical+Analysis&rft.atitle=LCGC+North+America+2016-2017+Annual+Industry+Trends+and+Directory+Issue&rft.aulast=LCGC&rft.au=LCGC&rft.date=August+2016&rft.pages=pp.+584%E2%80%937&rft.pub=UBM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages2.advanstar.com%2FPixelMags%2Flcgc-na%2Fpdf%2F2016-08-bg.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KowalskiEval17-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KowalskiEval17_32-0\">32.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KowalskiEval17_32-1\">32.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kowalski, J.; Dahi, J.H.; Rigdon, A. et al. (2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chromatographyonline.com\/view\/evaluation-modified-quechers-pesticide-analysis-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"Evaluation of Modified QuEChERS for Pesticide Analysis in Cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>LC GC<\/i> <b>35<\/b> (5): 8\u201322<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chromatographyonline.com\/view\/evaluation-modified-quechers-pesticide-analysis-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.chromatographyonline.com\/view\/evaluation-modified-quechers-pesticide-analysis-cannabis<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Modified+QuEChERS+for+Pesticide+Analysis+in+Cannabis&rft.jtitle=LC+GC&rft.aulast=Kowalski%2C+J.%3B+Dahi%2C+J.H.%3B+Rigdon%2C+A.+et+al.&rft.au=Kowalski%2C+J.%3B+Dahi%2C+J.H.%3B+Rigdon%2C+A.+et+al.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=8%E2%80%9322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chromatographyonline.com%2Fview%2Fevaluation-modified-quechers-pesticide-analysis-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WinklerPesticide18-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WinklerPesticide18_33-0\">33.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WinklerPesticide18_33-1\">33.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WinklerPesticide18_33-2\">33.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Winkler, P.C.; Egerton, D.; Butt, C. et al. (6 June 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/338461-Pesticide-Testing-for-the-Cannabis-Industry-The-Importance-of-LC-MS-MS-for-Obtaining-Accurate-Results-in-a-Complex-Matrix\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pesticide Testing for the Cannabis Industry: The Importance of LC-MS\/MS for Obtaining Accurate Results in a Complex Matrix\"<\/a>. <i>Labcompare Featured Articles<\/i>. CompareNetworks, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/338461-Pesticide-Testing-for-the-Cannabis-Industry-The-Importance-of-LC-MS-MS-for-Obtaining-Accurate-Results-in-a-Complex-Matrix\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labcompare.com\/10-Featured-Articles\/338461-Pesticide-Testing-for-the-Cannabis-Industry-The-Importance-of-LC-MS-MS-for-Obtaining-Accurate-Results-in-a-Complex-Matrix\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pesticide+Testing+for+the+Cannabis+Industry%3A+The+Importance+of+LC-MS%2FMS+for+Obtaining+Accurate+Results+in+a+Complex+Matrix&rft.atitle=Labcompare+Featured+Articles&rft.aulast=Winkler%2C+P.C.%3B+Egerton%2C+D.%3B+Butt%2C+C.+et+al.&rft.au=Winkler%2C+P.C.%3B+Egerton%2C+D.%3B+Butt%2C+C.+et+al.&rft.date=6+June+2018&rft.pub=CompareNetworks%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labcompare.com%2F10-Featured-Articles%2F338461-Pesticide-Testing-for-the-Cannabis-Industry-The-Importance-of-LC-MS-MS-for-Obtaining-Accurate-Results-in-a-Complex-Matrix%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JordanAComp18-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-JordanAComp18_34-0\">34.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-JordanAComp18_34-1\">34.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-JordanAComp18_34-2\">34.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Jordan, R.; Asanuma, L.; Miller, D.; Macherone, A. (19 June 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/comprehensive-approach-pesticide-residue-analysis-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\"><i>A Comprehensive Approach to Pesticide Residue Analysis in Cannabis<\/i><\/a>. <b>1<\/b>. UBM<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/comprehensive-approach-pesticide-residue-analysis-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/comprehensive-approach-pesticide-residue-analysis-cannabis<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Approach+to+Pesticide+Residue+Analysis+in+Cannabis&rft.aulast=Jordan%2C+R.%3B+Asanuma%2C+L.%3B+Miller%2C+D.%3B+Macherone%2C+A.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+R.%3B+Asanuma%2C+L.%3B+Miller%2C+D.%3B+Macherone%2C+A.&rft.date=19+June+2018&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pub=UBM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabissciencetech.com%2Fview%2Fcomprehensive-approach-pesticide-residue-analysis-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SMPR2018.011-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SMPR2018.011_35-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (26 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SMPR2018_011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"AOAC SMPR 2018.011 - Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs) for Identification and Quantitation of Selected Pesticide Residues in Dried Cannabis Materials\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SMPR2018_011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SMPR2018_011.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=AOAC+SMPR+2018.011+-+Standard+Method+Performance+Requirements+%28SMPRs%29+for+Identification+and+Quantitation+of+Selected+Pesticide+Residues+in+Dried+Cannabis+Materials&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.au=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.date=26+August+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F01%2FSMPR2018_011.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EPAResidue17-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EPAResidue17_36-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/pesticides\/methods\/rammethods\/web\/html\/ram12b.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Residue Analytical Methods (RAM)\"<\/a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 20 February 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/pesticides\/methods\/rammethods\/web\/html\/ram12b.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/pesticides\/methods\/rammethods\/web\/html\/ram12b.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Residue+Analytical+Methods+%28RAM%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=20+February+2016&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.epa.gov%2Fpesticides%2Fmethods%2Frammethods%2Fweb%2Fhtml%2Fram12b.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FDA_PAM-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FDA_PAM_37-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM)\"<\/a>. United States Food and Drug Administration. 19 September 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pesticide+Analytical+Manual+%28PAM%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=19+September+2018&rft.pub=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Flaboratory-methods-food%2Fpesticide-analytical-manual-pam&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USPNF467-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-USPNF467_38-0\">38.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-USPNF467_38-1\">38.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160804174451\/https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"<467> Residual Solvents\"<\/a> (PDF). <i>United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary<\/i>. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 1 July 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 04 August 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160804174451\/https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160804174451\/https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%3C467%3E+Residual+Solvents&rft.atitle=United+States+Pharmacopeia+and+The+National+Formulary&rft.date=1+July+2007&rft.pub=United+States+Pharmacopeial+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160804174451%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.usp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fusp_pdf%2FEN%2FUSPNF%2FgeneralChapter467Current.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PocevaOpti16-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PocevaOpti16_39-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Poceva Panovska, A.; Acevska, J.; Stefkov, G. et al. (2016). \"Optimization of HS-GC-FID-MS Method for Residual Solvent Profiling in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Using DoE\". <i>Journal of Chromatographic Science<\/i> <b>54<\/b> (2): 103\u201311. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093%2Fchromsci%2Fbmv123\" target=\"_blank\">10.1093\/chromsci\/bmv123<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26290585\" target=\"_blank\">26290585<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Optimization+of+HS-GC-FID-MS+Method+for+Residual+Solvent+Profiling+in+Active+Pharmaceutical+Ingredients+Using+DoE&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatographic+Science&rft.aulast=Poceva+Panovska%2C+A.%3B+Acevska%2C+J.%3B+Stefkov%2C+G.+et+al.&rft.au=Poceva+Panovska%2C+A.%3B+Acevska%2C+J.%3B+Stefkov%2C+G.+et+al.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103%E2%80%9311&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1093%2Fchromsci%2Fbmv123&rft_id=info:pmid\/26290585&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-L.27HeureuxAdvancing18-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-L.27HeureuxAdvancing18_40-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">L'Heureux, M.L. (20 April 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/advancing-chromatography-methods-cannabis-analysis\" target=\"_blank\">\"Advancing Chromatography Methods for Cannabis Analysis\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Science and Technology<\/i>. UBM<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/advancing-chromatography-methods-cannabis-analysis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/advancing-chromatography-methods-cannabis-analysis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Advancing+Chromatography+Methods+for+Cannabis+Analysis&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=L%27Heureux%2C+M.L.&rft.au=L%27Heureux%2C+M.L.&rft.date=20+April+2018&rft.pub=UBM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabissciencetech.com%2Fview%2Fadvancing-chromatography-methods-cannabis-analysis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MDPHResponse-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MDPHResponse_41-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bureau of Healthcare Safety and Quality (12 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171013214634\/https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Response to Public Comments\"<\/a> (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 13 October 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171013214634\/https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171013214634\/https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Response+to+Public+Comments&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bureau+of+Healthcare+Safety+and+Quality&rft.au=Bureau+of+Healthcare+Safety+and+Quality&rft.date=12+February+2016&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Department+of+Public+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171013214634%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Feohhs%2Fdocs%2Fdph%2Fquality%2Fmedical-marijuana%2Flab-protocols%2Fexternal-comment-response-020416-final.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FarrerTech15-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FarrerTech15_42-0\">42.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FarrerTech15_42-1\">42.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FarrerTech15_42-2\">42.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Farrer, D.G. (December 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/PreventionWellness\/marijuana\/Documents\/oha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Technical Report: Oregon Health Authority\u2019s Process to Determine Which Types of Contaminants to Test for in Cannabis Products, and Levels for Action\"<\/a> (PDF). Oregon Health Authority<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/PreventionWellness\/marijuana\/Documents\/oha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/PreventionWellness\/marijuana\/Documents\/oha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Technical+Report%3A+Oregon+Health+Authority%E2%80%99s+Process+to+Determine+Which+Types+of+Contaminants+to+Test+for+in+Cannabis+Products%2C+and+Levels+for+Action&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Farrer%2C+D.G.&rft.au=Farrer%2C+D.G.&rft.date=December+2015&rft.pub=Oregon+Health+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregon.gov%2Foha%2Fph%2FPreventionWellness%2Fmarijuana%2FDocuments%2Foha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SMPR2019.002-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SMPR2019.002_43-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (9 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SMPR-2019_002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"AOAC SMPR 2019.002 - Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs) for Identification and Quantitation of Selected Residual Solvents in Cannabis-Derived Materials\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SMPR-2019_002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SMPR-2019_002.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=AOAC+SMPR+2019.002+-+Standard+Method+Performance+Requirements+%28SMPRs%29+for+Identification+and+Quantitation+of+Selected+Residual+Solvents+in+Cannabis-Derived+Materials&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.au=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.date=9+October+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FSMPR-2019_002.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BoyleSelecting18-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BoyleSelecting18_44-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Boyle, R.; Ferrell, E. (21 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/selecting-microwave-digestion-technology-measuring-heavy-metals-cannabis-products\" target=\"_blank\">\"Selecting Microwave Digestion Technology for Measuring Heavy Metals in Cannabis Products\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Science and Technology<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (3)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/selecting-microwave-digestion-technology-measuring-heavy-metals-cannabis-products\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/selecting-microwave-digestion-technology-measuring-heavy-metals-cannabis-products<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Selecting+Microwave+Digestion+Technology+for+Measuring+Heavy+Metals+in+Cannabis+Products&rft.jtitle=Cannabis+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Boyle%2C+R.%3B+Ferrell%2C+E.&rft.au=Boyle%2C+R.%3B+Ferrell%2C+E.&rft.date=21+September+2018&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabissciencetech.com%2Fview%2Fselecting-microwave-digestion-technology-measuring-heavy-metals-cannabis-products&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_45-0\">45.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_45-1\">45.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_45-2\">45.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. (December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing\"<\/a> (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 07 December 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Closer+Look+at+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Clifford%2C+R.%3B+Winkler%2C+P.%3B+Bankert%2C+W.&rft.au=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Clifford%2C+R.%3B+Winkler%2C+P.%3B+Bankert%2C+W.&rft.date=December+2017&rft.pub=Shimadzu+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181207195155%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssi.shimadzu.com%2Fsites%2Fssi.shimadzu.com%2Ffiles%2FIndustry%2FLiterature%2FShimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DavisAnalysis15-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DavisAnalysis15_46-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Davis, D.; Long, K.; Masone, J.; Firmin, P. (August 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170214222831\/http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/aas\/ssi-icp-002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Analysis of \"The Big Four\" Heavy Metals in Cannabis by USN-ICP-OES\"<\/a> (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/aas\/ssi-icp-002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 14 February 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170214222831\/http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/aas\/ssi-icp-002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170214222831\/http:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/products\/literature\/aas\/ssi-icp-002.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+%22The+Big+Four%22+Heavy+Metals+in+Cannabis+by+USN-ICP-OES&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Davis%2C+D.%3B+Long%2C+K.%3B+Masone%2C+J.%3B+Firmin%2C+P.&rft.au=Davis%2C+D.%3B+Long%2C+K.%3B+Masone%2C+J.%3B+Firmin%2C+P.&rft.date=August+2015&rft.pub=Shimadzu+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170214222831%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssi.shimadzu.com%2Fproducts%2Fliterature%2Faas%2Fssi-icp-002.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FDAAnalysisofFoods11-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FDAAnalysisofFoods11_47-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170218071933\/http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Food\/FoodborneIllnessContaminants\/Metals\/UCM272693.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Analysis of Foods for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)\"<\/a> (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 25 April 2011. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Food\/FoodborneIllnessContaminants\/Metals\/UCM272693.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 18 February 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170218071933\/http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Food\/FoodborneIllnessContaminants\/Metals\/UCM272693.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170218071933\/http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Food\/FoodborneIllnessContaminants\/Metals\/UCM272693.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Foods+for+As%2C+Cd%2C+Cr%2C+Hg+and+Pb+by+Inductively+Coupled+Plasma-Mass+Spectrometry+%28ICP-MS%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25+April+2011&rft.pub=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration%2C+Center+for+Food+Safety+and+Applied+Nutrition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170218071933%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdownloads%2FFood%2FFoodborneIllnessContaminants%2FMetals%2FUCM272693.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KennardYouAre16-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_48-0\">48.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_48-1\">48.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kennard, M. (2 June 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/populace.tantaluslabs.com\/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"You are Probably Smoking Mouldy Weed - Why Does Quality Assurance Matter?\"<\/a>. <i>Populace<\/i>. Tantalus Labs<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/populace.tantaluslabs.com\/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/populace.tantaluslabs.com\/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=You+are+Probably+Smoking+Mouldy+Weed+-+Why+Does+Quality+Assurance+Matter%3F&rft.atitle=Populace&rft.aulast=Kennard%2C+M.&rft.au=Kennard%2C+M.&rft.date=2+June+2014&rft.pub=Tantalus+Labs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulace.tantaluslabs.com%2Fyou-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ThompsonAMicro16-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ThompsonAMicro16_49-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Thompson III, G.R.; Tuscano, J.M.; Dennis, M. et al. (2017). \"A microbiome assessment of medical marijuana\". <i>Clinical Microbiology and Infection<\/i>: S1198-743X(16)30605-X. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cmi.2016.12.001\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.12.001<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27956269\" target=\"_blank\">27956269<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+microbiome+assessment+of+medical+marijuana&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+and+Infection&rft.aulast=Thompson+III%2C+G.R.%3B+Tuscano%2C+J.M.%3B+Dennis%2C+M.+et+al.&rft.au=Thompson+III%2C+G.R.%3B+Tuscano%2C+J.M.%3B+Dennis%2C+M.+et+al.&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=S1198-743X%2816%2930605-X&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.cmi.2016.12.001&rft_id=info:pmid\/27956269&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-L.27HeureuxTesting18-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-L.27HeureuxTesting18_50-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">L'Heureux, M.L. (6 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/testing-pesticides-and-mycotoxins-cannabis-how-meet-regulatory-requirements\" target=\"_blank\">\"Testing for Pesticides and Mycotoxins in Cannabis: How to Meet Regulatory Requirements\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Science and Technology<\/i>. UBM<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/testing-pesticides-and-mycotoxins-cannabis-how-meet-regulatory-requirements\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabissciencetech.com\/view\/testing-pesticides-and-mycotoxins-cannabis-how-meet-regulatory-requirements<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Testing+for+Pesticides+and+Mycotoxins+in+Cannabis%3A+How+to+Meet+Regulatory+Requirements&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=L%27Heureux%2C+M.L.&rft.au=L%27Heureux%2C+M.L.&rft.date=6+August+2018&rft.pub=UBM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabissciencetech.com%2Fview%2Ftesting-pesticides-and-mycotoxins-cannabis-how-meet-regulatory-requirements&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USPNF561-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-USPNF561_51-0\">51.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-USPNF561_51-1\">51.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171202221121\/https:\/\/hmc.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/HMC\/GCs-Pdfs\/c561.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"<561> Articles of Botanical Origin\"<\/a> (PDF). <i>United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary<\/i>. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 1 July 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hmc.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/HMC\/GCs-Pdfs\/c561.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 02 December 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171202221121\/https:\/\/hmc.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/HMC\/GCs-Pdfs\/c561.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171202221121\/https:\/\/hmc.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/HMC\/GCs-Pdfs\/c561.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%3C561%3E+Articles+of+Botanical+Origin&rft.atitle=United+States+Pharmacopeia+and+The+National+Formulary&rft.date=1+July+2007&rft.pub=United+States+Pharmacopeial+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171202221121%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fhmc.usp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FHMC%2FGCs-Pdfs%2Fc561.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SMPR2019.001-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SMPR2019.001_52-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (9 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SMPR-2019_001.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"AOAC SMPR 2019.001 - Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs) for Detection of <i>Aspergillus<\/i> in Cannabis and Cannabis Products\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SMPR-2019_001.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SMPR-2019_001.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=AOAC+SMPR+2019.001+-+Standard+Method+Performance+Requirements+%28SMPRs%29+for+Detection+of+%27%27Aspergillus%27%27+in+Cannabis+and+Cannabis+Products&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.au=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.date=9+October+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FSMPR-2019_001.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CundellMicro15-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CundellMicro15_53-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cundell, T. (31 July 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com\/Featured-Articles\/177487-Microbiological-Attributes-of-Powdered-Cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Microbiological attributes of powdered cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>American Pharmaceutical Review<\/i>. CompareNetworks, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com\/Featured-Articles\/177487-Microbiological-Attributes-of-Powdered-Cannabis\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com\/Featured-Articles\/177487-Microbiological-Attributes-of-Powdered-Cannabis\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Microbiological+attributes+of+powdered+cannabis&rft.atitle=American+Pharmaceutical+Review&rft.aulast=Cundell%2C+T.&rft.au=Cundell%2C+T.&rft.date=31+July+2015&rft.pub=CompareNetworks%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com%2FFeatured-Articles%2F177487-Microbiological-Attributes-of-Powdered-Cannabis%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810005322\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.497 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.056 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 38692\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 356673\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 138142\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 109313\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 406.902 1 -total\n 84.77% 344.940 1 Template:Reflist\n 69.57% 283.097 53 Template:Citation\/core\n 57.55% 234.185 42 Template:Cite_web\n 16.41% 66.755 11 Template:Cite_journal\n 15.21% 61.875 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\n 13.39% 54.477 41 Template:Date\n 6.25% 25.445 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\/Contaminant_testing\n 3.78% 15.373 86 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.55% 10.389 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\/Cannabinoid_testing\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5216-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810005321 and revision id 15789. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","ae94ef3d64193ccbb654faae93d8d5c5_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/02\/LC_MS_pic.jpg"],"ae94ef3d64193ccbb654faae93d8d5c5_timestamp":1660140560,"b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd_type":"article","b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd_title":"3.1 Analytical aspects of cannabis - Cannabinoids, terpenes, and contaminants","b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis","b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Analytical aspects of cannabisFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchWith a sense of history and a better understanding of the regulations and standards affecting cannabis testing and use, this chapter can finally dig into the specifics of the current and future state of laboratory testing of cannabis and related products in the U.S. According to a 2022 Facts & Factors report, the cannabis testing market is expected to grow yearly at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.2% until at least 2028, and have an estimated revenue of around $2.9 billion by 2028.[1] With demand for testing growing and the utility of testing becoming increasingly accepted, it helps to look at the analytical aspects of cannabis and the methods and guidelines used, as well as the equipment and software typical to cannabis testing labs.\n\n-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\nContents \n\n1 3.1 Analytical aspects of cannabis \n\n1.1 3.1.1 Cannabinoids \n1.2 3.1.2 Terpenes \n1.3 3.1.3 Contaminates \n\n\n2 References \n\n\n\n3.1 Analytical aspects of cannabis \n3.1.1 Cannabinoids \nSomewhere between 104 and upwards of more than 140 of the over 750 constituents of Cannabis sativa have been identified as cannabinoids[2][3][4], active chemical compounds that act in a similar way to compounds our body naturally produces, and new cannabinoids continue to be identified during cannabis research.[4][5] Many of our body's cells have cannabinoid receptors capable of modulating neurotransmitter release in the brain and other areas.[6] The plant's cannabinoids vary, with each bonding to specific receptors in our body, providing differing effects. From a theoretical and medical standpoint, crafting a strain of cannabis that has specific cannabinoids that can aid with a particular malady, while also carefully reproducing the grow conditions to consistently make that strain in the future, is a desirable but difficult goal to achieve.[7] However, even as new strains are developed, identifying an existing strain effectively has its own set of challenges, as Mudge et al. point out: \"the total [tetrahydrocannabinol] and [cannabidiol] content is not sufficient to distinguish strains [though] a combination of targeted and untargeted chemometric approaches can be used to predict cannabinoid composition and to better understand the impact of informal breeding program and selection on the phytochemical diversity of cannabis.\"[4]\nLab testing of cannabinoids is done primarily as a measure of psychoactive \"potency,\" though cannabinoids have many other potential therapeutic uses. Current laboratory testing looks at only a handful of cannabinoids; more research and development of analytical techniques that can quickly and accurately detect and separate the rest is required.[8] Some of the major cannabinoids tested for include[4][9][10][11]:\n\nTHC (\u22069-Tetrahydrocannabinol): This is the most commonly known cannabinoid found in cannabis, notable for its strong psychoactive effects and ability to aid with pain, sleep, and appetite issues. Included is its analogue \u22068-Tetrahydrocannabinol (which shows notably less strong psychoactive effects than \u22069[12]) and its homologue THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin), which tends to appear in trace amounts and has a more pronounced psychoactive effect, but for a shorter duration. THCV shows promise in fighting anxiety, tremors from neurological disorders, appetite issues, and special cases of bone loss. Also notable is \u22069-THCA (\u22069-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid), a non-psychoactive biosynthetic precursor to THC.\nCBC (Cannabichromene): This non-psychoactive cannabinoid is found in trace amounts; however, it tends to be markedly more effective at treating anxiety and stress than CBD (see next). It's also notable for its anti-inflammatory properties and potential use for bone deficiencies.\nCBD (Cannabidiol): CBD is a non-psychoactive component of cannabis, typically accounting for up to 35 to 40 percent of cannabis extracts. It acts as a counter-balance to THC, regulating its psychoactivity. It's been researched as a treatment for anxiety, sleep loss, inflammation, stress, pain, and epilepsy, among other afflictions. Included is its homologue CBDV (Cannabidivarin), which is also non-psychoactive and demonstrates promise as a treatment for epileptic seizures. Also notable is CBDA (cannabidiolic acid), a non-psychoactive biosynthetic precursor to CBD.\nCBG (Cannabigerol): This cannabinoid is also non-psychoactive but only appears in trace amounts of cannabis. It has potential as a sleep aid, anti-bacterial, and cell growth stimulant. Also notable is CBGA (cannabigerolic acid), a non-psychoactive biosynthetic precursor to CBG.\nCBN (Cannabinol): CBN is mildly psychoactive at best and appears only in trace amounts in Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica. It occurs largely as a metabolite of THC and tends to have one of the strongest sedative effects among cannabinoids. It shows promise as a treatment for insomnia, glaucoma, and certain types of pain.\n3.1.2 Terpenes \nMandated lab testing of terpenes\u2014volatile organic compounds that distinctly affect cannabis aroma and taste\u2014is done primarily as a way to ensure proper labeling of cannabis and related products, including extracts and concentrates, so buyers have confidence in what they are purchasing.[13][14][15] However, additional lab research goes into terpenes as they also show potentially useful pharmacological properties[13][15][16], and they demonstrate synergies (referred to at times as the \"entourage effect\") with cannabinoids, requiring further research.[17][16][15][18] Testing for specific terpenes (discussed later) has histoically been less of a standardized practice[13], though it's rapidly improving.[19] Commonly tested terpenes by third-party testing labs include[15][14][16][17][19][11][20]:\n\nBisabolol\nCaryophyllene\nCymene\nHumulene\nLimonene\nLinalool\nMyrcene\nPhytol\nPinene\nTerpinolene\n3.1.3 Contaminates \nGenerally speaking, a contaminant is an unwanted substance that may show up in the final product, be it recreational marijuana or a pharmaceutical company's therapeutic tincture. The following are examples of contaminants that laboratories may test for in cannabis products. \nPesticides: Pesticides represent an oft-discussed aspect not only of growing cannabis but also performing analytical testing on it. One of the core issues, again, is the fact that on the federal level marijuana is illegal. Because it's illegal, government agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have historically failed to develop standards or guidelines for what's safe when it comes to residual pesticides in cannabis, let alone how to best test for them.[21][22] Additionally, researchers have faced their fair share of difficulties obtaining product to test over the years. The end result is we're only now barely understanding how inhalation of pesticide-coated marijuana smoke affects long-term health[21][22][19], and standard methods for pesticide application and testing have been slow to develop.[17][23] With numerous pesticide products and little oversight on what growers apply to their plants, combined with the technical difficulty of testing for pesticides in the lab, pesticides remain one of the most difficult contaminants to test for.[17][23] That said, several classes of of pesticides are commonly applied during cannabis cultivation and can be tested for by labs[19][10][8][24]:\n\n\navermectins: function as an insecticide that is useful against mites, which are a common problem for cultivators\ncarbamates: function as an insecticide, similar to organophosphates, but with decreased dermal toxicity and higher degradation\nheterocyclics: function as a broad set of compounds with many industrial uses, including as pesticides\norganochlorides: function as a broadly useful chemical in applications such as plastics, cleaning agents, insulators, and pesticides\norganophosphates: function as the base of many insecticides and herbicides, valued for its easy organic bonding\npyrethroids: function as the base of most household insecticides and exhibits insect repellent properties\n\nSolvents: In 2003, Canadian Rick Simpson published a recipe of sorts for preparing cannabis extract via the use of solvents such as naphtha or petroleum ether. Claiming the resulting oil helped cure his skin cancer, others hoping for a cure tried it, and the solvent method of preparation grew in popularity. Dubious healing claims aside, the solvent extraction method remains viable today, though it has evolved over the years to include less harmful solvents such as supercritical carbon dioxide, which has low toxicity, low environmental impact, and beneficial extraction properties.[17][25][26] However, chemical solvents are still used, and if not evaporated out properly, the remaining solvents can be particularly harmful to sick patients using the extract. As for what solvents should be tested for, it gets a bit trickier, though Chapter 467 of United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary, the Oregon Health Authority's December 2015 technical report on contaminant testing of cannabis, and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health's response to public comments on cannabis testing provide helpful guidance. Listed solvents include benzene, butane, cumene, dimethoxyethane, ethanol, hexane, pentane and propane, among others.[19][8][10][17][24][27][28]\n\r\n\nHeavy metals: 2013 research on contaminant testing on the behalf of Washington State provides insights into heavy metals and why they're looked for in cannabis testing. That research, as well as other more recent sources, tell us[19][8][10][17][29]:\n\nHeavy metals contribute to several health problems, including those of a neurological nature.\nCannabis can \"hyperaccumulate metals from contaminated soils.\"\nResearch parallels can be found in tobacco research and how the FDA regulates heavy metal content in foods.\nThe most prominently tested heavy metals include arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni).\n\r\n\nMycotoxins and microorganisms: \"The ideal conditions for cannabis growth are also ideal for the growth of potentially harmful bacteria and fungi, including yeast and molds,\" say Shimadzu's Scott Kuzdzal and William Lipps, \"therefore microbial contamination poses health risks to consumers and immunocompromised individuals.\"[9] In truth, these concerns have already borne out. In fact, the University of California, Davis reported in February 2017 one of its patients had contracted an incurable fungal infection from inhaling aerosolized marijuana. They later tested 20 marijuana samples from Northern California dispensaries\u2014using specialized techniques\u2014and found a wide variety of potentially hazardous microorganisms.[30]\nThe degree to which such contaminants commonly appear in grown and stored cannabis material and to which microbiological contaminants should be tested is not clear, however. As mentioned previously, the U.S. EPA has historically had little in the way of significant guidance on cannabis testing, including microbiological contaminants.[31] Like heavy metal testing, parallels are drawn from microbial testing guidelines and standards relating to tobacco and food, where they exist.[31] As warm, moist environments are conducive to microorganism growth, maintaining stable moisture levels during cultivation and storage is essential. Regularly measuring water activity\u2014how moist something is\u2014is particularly useful as a front-line preventative tool to better ensure microbial growth is limited.[24] Regardless, testing of some kind is still required by many U.S. states, including for organisms such as[19][9][10][17][24][30][31][32][33]:\n\nAlternaria\nAspergillus\nCladosporium\nCryptococcus\nE. coli\nFusarium\nMucor\nPenicillium\nSalmonella\nTrichothecium\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Facts & Factors (14 January 2022). \"Global Cannabis Testing Market Share Poised to Reflect 11.2% CAGR by 2028 to Reach USD 2,920.60 Million (with COVID-19 Analysis): Facts & Factors\". GlobeNewswire. https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/en\/news-release\/2022\/01\/14\/2367249\/0\/en\/Global-Cannabis-Testing-Market-Share-Poised-to-Reflect-11-2-CAGR-by-2028-to-Reach-USD-2-920-60-Million-with-COVID-19-Analysis-Facts-Factors.html .   \n \n\n\u2191 Radwan, M.M.; ElSohly, M.A.; El-Alfy, A.T. et al. (2015). \"Isolation and pharmacological evaluation of minor cannabinoids from high-potency Cannabis sativa\". Journal of Natural Products 78 (6): 1271-6. doi:10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00065. PMC PMC4880513. PMID 26000707. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Solymosi, K.; K\u00f6falvi, A. (2017). \"Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box?\". Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 17: 1123\u201391. doi:10.2174\/1389557516666161004162133.   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Mudge, E.M.; Murch, S.J.; Brown, P.N. (2018). \"Chemometric Analysis of Cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and Domestication Syndrome\". Scientific Reports 8: 13090. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-31120-2.   \n \n\n\u2191 Citti, C.; Linciano, P.; Russo, F. et al. (2019). \"A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol: \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol\". Scientific Reports 9: 20335. doi:10.1038\/s41598-019-56785-1.   \n \n\n\u2191 World Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renstr\u00f6m, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Health Organization. pp. 95. ISBN 978921510240. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Stone, E. (17 February 2022). \"What is a cannabinoid?\". Leafly - Cannabis 101. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/what-is-cannabinoid . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. (December 2017). \"A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing\" (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from the original on 07 December 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kuzdzal, S.; Lipps, W. (2015). \"Unraveling the Cannabinome\". The Analytical Scientist (0915). https:\/\/theanalyticalscientist.com\/techniques-tools\/unraveling-the-cannabinome . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). \"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\" (PDF). pp. 35. https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 11.0 11.1 Rahn, B. (9 October 2014). \"Understanding Cannabis Testing: A Guide to Cannabinoids and Terpenes\". Leafly - Cannabis 101. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/understanding-cannabis-testing . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol\". NCI Drug Dictionary. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-drug\/def\/delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 13.0 13.1 13.2 Habib, R.; Finighan, R.; Davenport, S. (24 August 2013). reports\/1c-Testing-for-Psychoactive-Agents-Final.pdf \"Testing for Psychoactive Agents\" (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp. https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC reports\/1c-Testing-for-Psychoactive-Agents-Final.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 14.0 14.1 \"Tests Offered\". CMT Laboratories. Archived from the original on 08 February 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170208231830\/http:\/\/www.cmtlaboratory.com\/test-services\/tests-offered\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 \"Terpene Profiling Services\". The Werc Shop. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170914143702\/http:\/\/thewercshop.com\/services\/terpene-profiling-services\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 16.0 16.1 16.2 Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). \"Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules\". Frontiers in Plant Medicine 7: 19. doi:10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019. PMC PMC4740396. PMID 26870049. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396 .   \n \n\n\u2191 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 Cassiday, L. (October 2016). \"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wachsberger, K. (2 February 2016). \"Terpene Testing: The future of Cannabis is here\". Bloom Blog. Bloom City Club. https:\/\/www.bloomcityclub.com\/terpine-testing-the-future-of-cannabis-is-here\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 Goldman, Stephen; Bramante, Julia; Vrdoljak, Gordon; Guo, Weihong; Wang, Yun; Marjanovic, Olivera; Orlowicz, Sean; Di Lorenzo, Robert et al. (15 June 2021). \"The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing\" (in en). Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 44 (9-10): 403\u2013420. doi:10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390. ISSN 1082-6076. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Terpene Analysis\". SC Labs, Inc. https:\/\/www.sclabs.com\/terpene-analysis\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 21.0 21.1 Borel, B. (31 August 2015). \"The Wild West of Marijuana Pesticides\". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2015\/08\/pot-marijuana-pesticide-legalization\/401771\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 22.0 22.1 Zhang, S. (7 August 2015). \"Nobody Knows What to Do About Pesticides in Legal Marijuana\". Wired. Cond\u00e9 Nast. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/08\/nobody-knows-pesticides-legal-marijuana\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 23.0 23.1 Deibel, C. (29 January 2019). \"Pesticide Testing: Methods, Strategies & Sampling\". Cannabis Industry Journal. https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/pesticide-testing-methods-strategies-sampling\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Farrer, D.G. (December 2015). \"Technical Report: Oregon Health Authority\u2019s Process to Determine Which Types of Contaminants to Test for in Cannabis Products, and Levels for Action\" (PDF). Oregon Health Authority. https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/PreventionWellness\/marijuana\/Documents\/oha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Romano, L.L.; Hazekamp, A. (2013). \"Cannabis oil: Chemical evaluation of an upcoming cannabis-based medicine\" (PDF). Cannabinoids 1 (1): 1\u201311. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171215021221\/http:\/\/www.stcm.ch\/en\/files\/hazekamp_cann-oil_2013.pdf .   \n \n\n\u2191 Peach, J.; Eastoe, J. (2014). \"Supercritical carbon dioxide: A solvent like no other\". Journal of Organic Chemistry 10: 1878-95. doi:10.3762\/bjoc.10.196. PMC PMC4168859. PMID 25246947. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4168859 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"<467> Residual Solvents\" (PDF). United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 1 July 2007. Archived from the original on 04 August 2016. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160804174451\/https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bureau of Healthcare Safety and Quality (12 February 2016). \"Response to Public Comments\" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171013214634\/https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Daley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. (12 September 2013). \"Testing Cannabis for Contaminants\" (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp. https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC%20reports\/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 30.0 30.1 \"UC Davis study finds mold, bacterial contaminants in medical marijuana samples\". UC Davis. 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190927162134\/https:\/\/health.ucdavis.edu\/publish\/news\/newsroom\/11791 . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 31.0 31.1 31.2 Kennard, M. (2 June 2014). \"You are Probably Smoking Mouldy Weed - Why Does Quality Assurance Matter?\". Populace. Tantalus Labs. https:\/\/populace.tantaluslabs.com\/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter\/ . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Microbiological study of Cannabis samples\". Fundaci\u00f3n CANNA. 2014. https:\/\/www.fundacion-canna.es\/en\/microbiological-study-cannabis-samples . Retrieved 05 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 McPartland, J.M. (2013). \"Chapter 30: Contaminants and Adulterants in Herbal Cannabis\". In Russo, E.B.. Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential. Routledge. pp. 478. ISBN 9781136614934. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qH-2Lj9x7L4C&pg=PT457&lpg=PT457 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:28.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis_Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Analytical aspects of cannabis<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>With a sense of history and a better understanding of the regulations and standards affecting cannabis testing and use, this chapter can finally dig into the specifics of the current and future state of laboratory testing of cannabis and related products in the U.S. According to a 2022 Facts & Factors report, the cannabis testing market is expected to grow yearly at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.2% until at least 2028, and have an estimated revenue of around $2.9 billion by 2028.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GNGlobal22_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GNGlobal22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> With demand for testing growing and the utility of testing becoming increasingly accepted, it helps to look at the analytical aspects of cannabis and the methods and guidelines used, as well as the equipment and software typical to cannabis testing labs.\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.1_Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\">3.1 Analytical aspects of cannabis<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.1.1_Cannabinoids\">3.1.1 Cannabinoids<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Somewhere between 104 and upwards of more than 140 of the over 750 constituents of <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_sativa\" title=\"Cannabis sativa\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e003358742012354d1ff6002bc5781de\">Cannabis sativa<\/a><\/i> have been identified as cannabinoids<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RadwanIso15_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RadwanIso15-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SolymosiCanna17_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SolymosiCanna17-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MudgeChemo18-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>, active chemical compounds that act in a similar way to compounds our body naturally produces, and new cannabinoids continue to be identified during cannabis research.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MudgeChemo18-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CittiANovel19_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CittiANovel19-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Many of our body's cells have cannabinoid receptors capable of modulating neurotransmitter release in the brain and other areas.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WHOTheHealth16_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WHOTheHealth16-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> The plant's cannabinoids vary, with each bonding to specific receptors in our body, providing differing effects. From a theoretical and medical standpoint, crafting a strain of cannabis that has specific cannabinoids that can aid with a particular malady, while also carefully reproducing the grow conditions to consistently make that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_strains\" title=\"Cannabis strains\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"31157c083080914bf8b5216f89d93bf8\">strain<\/a> in the future, is a desirable but difficult goal to achieve.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RahnCannab14_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RahnCannab14-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> However, even as new strains are developed, identifying an existing strain effectively has its own set of challenges, as Mudge <i>et al.<\/i> point out: \"the total [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinol\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"15f3b3e338baeb54c04c715818759ec9\">tetrahydrocannabinol<\/a>] and [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiol\" title=\"Cannabidiol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bbfcdd40d5eda5d20d1d5ab368c922a0\">cannabidiol<\/a>] content is not sufficient to distinguish strains [though] a combination of targeted and untargeted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chemometrics\" title=\"Chemometrics\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b2d14e445af0e6bd6ab5534a017591cc\">chemometric<\/a> approaches can be used to predict cannabinoid composition and to better understand the impact of informal breeding program and selection on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Phytochemical\" title=\"Phytochemical\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"512240c65f3fdf05fdddb5d604c8838f\">phytochemical<\/a> diversity of cannabis.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MudgeChemo18-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Lab testing of cannabinoids is done primarily as a measure of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Psychoactive_drug\" title=\"Psychoactive drug\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"abba12c7100bf1c8457208da20b4234b\">psychoactive<\/a> \"potency,\" though cannabinoids have many other potential therapeutic uses. Current laboratory testing looks at only a handful of cannabinoids; more research and development of analytical techniques that can quickly and accurately detect and separate the rest is required.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> Some of the major cannabinoids tested for include<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MudgeChemo18-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalUnrav15_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalUnrav15-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RahnUnder14_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RahnUnder14-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><b>THC (\u2206<sup>9<\/sup>-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinol\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"15f3b3e338baeb54c04c715818759ec9\">Tetrahydrocannabinol<\/a>)<\/b>: This is the most commonly known cannabinoid found in cannabis, notable for its strong psychoactive effects and ability to aid with pain, sleep, and appetite issues. Included is its analogue \u2206<sup>8<\/sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol (which shows notably less strong psychoactive effects than \u2206<sup>9<\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NIHDelta8_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NIHDelta8-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>) and its homologue THCV (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabivarin\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabivarin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3d3d85708945bc2119701d78e7042afa\">Tetrahydrocannabivarin<\/a>), which tends to appear in trace amounts and has a more pronounced psychoactive effect, but for a shorter duration. THCV shows promise in fighting anxiety, tremors from neurological disorders, appetite issues, and special cases of bone loss. Also notable is \u2206<sup>9<\/sup>-THCA (\u2206<sup>9<\/sup>-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinolic_acid\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a047dcf0f7a85c57e1d2d308b56e5e4a\">Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid<\/a>), a non-psychoactive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Biosynthesis\" title=\"Biosynthesis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"41066f127f35802943836be23f5c20c3\">biosynthetic<\/a> precursor to THC.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><b>CBC (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabichromene\" title=\"Cannabichromene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1fa141abe89973bfa85a54e2632edf31\">Cannabichromene<\/a>)<\/b>: This non-psychoactive cannabinoid is found in trace amounts; however, it tends to be markedly more effective at treating anxiety and stress than CBD (see next). It's also notable for its anti-inflammatory properties and potential use for bone deficiencies.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><b>CBD (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiol\" title=\"Cannabidiol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bbfcdd40d5eda5d20d1d5ab368c922a0\">Cannabidiol<\/a>)<\/b>: CBD is a non-psychoactive component of cannabis, typically accounting for up to 35 to 40 percent of cannabis extracts. It acts as a counter-balance to THC, regulating its psychoactivity. It's been researched as a treatment for anxiety, sleep loss, inflammation, stress, pain, and epilepsy, among other afflictions. Included is its homologue CBDV (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidivarin\" title=\"Cannabidivarin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"82cc8e549e09059f448fbd8d352b8f7f\">Cannabidivarin<\/a>), which is also non-psychoactive and demonstrates promise as a treatment for epileptic seizures. Also notable is CBDA (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiolic_acid\" title=\"Cannabidiolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"772927eeed478eff799c410179be18a1\">cannabidiolic acid<\/a>), a non-psychoactive biosynthetic precursor to CBD.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><b>CBG (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabigerol\" title=\"Cannabigerol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6fc007b4c33a4c59a485b2c621035714\">Cannabigerol<\/a>)<\/b>: This cannabinoid is also non-psychoactive but only appears in trace amounts of cannabis. It has potential as a sleep aid, anti-bacterial, and cell growth stimulant. Also notable is CBGA (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabigerolic_acid\" title=\"Cannabigerolic acid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d0a5399af99137ebf5aa893d34531e49\">cannabigerolic acid<\/a>), a non-psychoactive biosynthetic precursor to CBG.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><b>CBN (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinol\" title=\"Cannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"651d2d238facf7e91a42dc755b1cdb88\">Cannabinol<\/a>)<\/b>: CBN is mildly psychoactive at best and appears only in trace amounts in <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> and <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_indica\" title=\"Cannabis indica\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7ea23da7d68f4d25012bac401d531b8b\">Cannabis indica<\/a><\/i>. It occurs largely as a metabolite of THC and tends to have one of the strongest sedative effects among cannabinoids. It shows promise as a treatment for insomnia, glaucoma, and certain types of pain.<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.1.2_Terpenes\">3.1.2 Terpenes<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Mandated lab testing of terpenes\u2014volatile organic compounds that distinctly affect cannabis aroma and taste\u2014is done primarily as a way to ensure proper labeling of cannabis and related products, including extracts and concentrates, so buyers have confidence in what they are purchasing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HabibTesting13_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HabibTesting13-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CMTLabs_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CMTLabs-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WercShop_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WercShop-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> However, additional lab research goes into terpenes as they also show potentially useful pharmacological properties<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HabibTesting13_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HabibTesting13-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WercShop_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WercShop-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AndreCannabis16_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AndreCannabis16-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>, and they demonstrate synergies (referred to at times as the \"entourage effect\") with cannabinoids, requiring further research.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AndreCannabis16_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AndreCannabis16-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WercShop_15-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WercShop-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WachsbergerTerpene16_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WachsbergerTerpene16-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> Testing for specific terpenes (discussed later) has histoically been less of a standardized practice<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HabibTesting13_13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HabibTesting13-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>, though it's rapidly improving.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> Commonly tested terpenes by third-party testing labs include<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WercShop_15-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WercShop-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CMTLabs_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CMTLabs-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AndreCannabis16_16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AndreCannabis16-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RahnUnder14_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RahnUnder14-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SCLabs_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SCLabs-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Bisabolol\" title=\"Bisabolol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"89705d0817b73e1c72693af6678ce1cb\">Bisabolol<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Caryophyllene\" title=\"Caryophyllene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2b57176900e3cbad5be1ea724ba37cfd\">Caryophyllene<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=P-Cymene\" title=\"P-Cymene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"06005b4dd1e60b101c46f20f2055e2c0\">Cymene<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Humulene\" title=\"Humulene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"9c05eef99c1446cac40b10d57a75ccff\">Humulene<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Limonene\" title=\"Limonene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5d6c7cd9e4515717a8c204576c778324\">Limonene<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Linalool\" title=\"Linalool\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"065d30b67ffb79c4152ca0e04d58d40d\">Linalool<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Myrcene\" title=\"Myrcene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"41d45def1bca53b072962a823709a0ad\">Myrcene<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Phytol\" title=\"Phytol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a0d9eb3112f64f0ce1c4b036eff64166\">Phytol<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pinene\" title=\"Pinene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6de2eb2cc03bfd4404a442d2f0e4076b\">Pinene<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Terpinene\" title=\"Terpinene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"3ec3ee781b6e0b7466b1777e5482c813\">Terpinolene<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"3.1.3_Contaminates\">3.1.3 Contaminates<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Generally speaking, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Contamination\" title=\"Contamination\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"0663203ff7531a97a6d414b3ecc2c94d\">contaminant<\/a> is an unwanted substance that may show up in the final product, be it recreational marijuana or a pharmaceutical company's therapeutic tincture. The following are examples of contaminants that laboratories may test for in cannabis products. \n<\/p><p><b>Pesticides<\/b>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pesticide\" title=\"Pesticide\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"073c24701223ff2ad1d3e2cc0058b2de\">Pesticides<\/a> represent an oft-discussed aspect not only of growing cannabis but also performing analytical testing on it. One of the core issues, again, is the fact that on the federal level marijuana is illegal. Because it's illegal, government agencies such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency\" title=\"United States Environmental Protection Agency\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"81a4e233dfbbc886ff237d7f82067b3a\">Environmental Protection Agency<\/a> (EPA) have historically failed to develop standards or guidelines for what's safe when it comes to residual pesticides in cannabis, let alone how to best test for them.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BorelTheWild15_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BorelTheWild15-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ZhangNobody15_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ZhangNobody15-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, researchers have faced their fair share of difficulties obtaining product to test over the years. The end result is we're only now barely understanding how inhalation of pesticide-coated marijuana smoke affects long-term health<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BorelTheWild15_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BorelTheWild15-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ZhangNobody15_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ZhangNobody15-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>, and standard methods for pesticide application and testing have been slow to develop.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DeibelPesticide19_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DeibelPesticide19-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> With numerous pesticide products and little oversight on what growers apply to their plants, combined with the technical difficulty of testing for pesticides in the lab, pesticides remain one of the most difficult contaminants to test for.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DeibelPesticide19_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DeibelPesticide19-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> That said, several classes of of pesticides are commonly applied during cannabis cultivation and can be tested for by labs<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FarrerTech15_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FarrerTech15-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"flowlist\">\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Avermectin\" title=\"Avermectin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"87f8370a3907dc507da9e45a54d16108\">avermectins<\/a><\/b>: function as an insecticide that is useful against mites, which are a common problem for cultivators<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Carbamate\" title=\"Carbamate\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"57d0512716cedb333b68a45eda7aaa3e\">carbamates<\/a><\/b>: function as an insecticide, similar to organophosphates, but with decreased dermal toxicity and higher degradation<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Heterocyclic_compound\" title=\"Heterocyclic compound\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"97337e666401f893de58d00cd5807d33\">heterocyclics<\/a><\/b>: function as a broad set of compounds with many industrial uses, including as pesticides<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Organochlorine_compound\" title=\"Organochlorine compound\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e2dedcc29066d2cf28fa4e9621d64f81\">organochlorides<\/a><\/b>: function as a broadly useful chemical in applications such as plastics, cleaning agents, insulators, and pesticides<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Organophosphate\" title=\"Organophosphate\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5d97af42f0e7752362de28e864b236d2\">organophosphates<\/a><\/b>: function as the base of many insecticides and herbicides, valued for its easy organic bonding<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pyrethroid\" title=\"Pyrethroid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4103d3f6ca0c0a47ca8da8b7ef919cb8\">pyrethroids<\/a><\/b>: function as the base of most household insecticides and exhibits insect repellent properties<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Solvents<\/b>: In 2003, Canadian Rick Simpson published a recipe of sorts for preparing cannabis extract via the use of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Solvent\" title=\"Solvent\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"978fd0f359891b1cb3927105fa01e23f\">solvents<\/a> such as naphtha or petroleum ether. Claiming the resulting oil helped cure his skin cancer, others hoping for a cure tried it, and the solvent method of preparation grew in popularity. Dubious healing claims aside, the solvent extraction method remains viable today, though it has evolved over the years to include less harmful solvents such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Supercritical_carbon_dioxide\" title=\"Supercritical carbon dioxide\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b5582f2921f0fb182f524adb17c84299\">supercritical carbon dioxide<\/a>, which has low toxicity, low environmental impact, and beneficial extraction properties.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RomanoCannabis13_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RomanoCannabis13-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PeachSuper14_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PeachSuper14-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> However, chemical solvents are still used, and if not evaporated out properly, the remaining solvents can be particularly harmful to sick patients using the extract. As for what solvents should be tested for, it gets a bit trickier, though Chapter 467 of <i>United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary<\/i>, the Oregon Health Authority's December 2015 technical report on contaminant testing of cannabis, and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health's response to public comments on cannabis testing provide helpful guidance. Listed solvents include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Benzene\" title=\"Benzene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"eee328484ad8bbf70c6d6bccf3812564\">benzene<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Butane\" title=\"Butane\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f0afcd89e5da9f99116d6de78c99a31d\">butane<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cumene\" title=\"Cumene\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"adcb9602ce20cdde95317a90d28fe894\">cumene<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Dimethoxyethane\" title=\"Dimethoxyethane\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"dc73601a6bf974145220711d2187e896\">dimethoxyethane<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Ethanol\" title=\"Ethanol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e0bdbbae89fcedde33e133fdfd2a2994\">ethanol<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hexane\" title=\"Hexane\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f505fabbdca1dd9cd6f3c163138ef7a6\">hexane<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pentane\" title=\"Pentane\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7ad1ff5007175209db7d1ba5683578b2\">pentane<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Propane\" title=\"Propane\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f605b296192bb988aefd98af061dbd90\">propane<\/a>, among others.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FarrerTech15_24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FarrerTech15-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-USPNF467_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USPNF467-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MDPHResponse_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MDPHResponse-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<b>Heavy metals<\/b>: 2013 research on contaminant testing on the behalf of Washington State provides insights into <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Heavy_metals\" title=\"Heavy metals\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a485b8274a229bee7a5d842d06729007\">heavy metals<\/a> and why they're looked for in cannabis testing. That research, as well as other more recent sources, tell us<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DaleyTesting13_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DaleyTesting13-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Heavy metals contribute to several health problems, including those of a neurological nature.<\/li>\n<li>Cannabis can \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hyperaccumulator\" title=\"Hyperaccumulator\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d31ec3ff86341b306c987006b92c394c\">hyperaccumulate<\/a> metals from contaminated soils.\"<\/li>\n<li>Research parallels can be found in tobacco research and how the FDA regulates heavy metal content in foods.<\/li>\n<li>The most prominently tested heavy metals include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Arsenic\" title=\"Arsenic\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b89bc764c0ca3f2e8dc712967bd4e294\">arsenic<\/a> (As), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cadmium\" title=\"Cadmium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"35b033eb9996b45aa19489f6f4a5d566\">cadmium<\/a> (Cd), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Chromium\" title=\"Chromium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"57f0c16bb1f6fdbc70e5f3ccebbe5f29\">chromium<\/a> (Cr), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Copper\" title=\"Copper\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8cd5b38f858ab566efabc49263a90089\">copper<\/a> (Cu), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Lead\" title=\"Lead\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"074a69ff592d0a24b56840471667aab1\">lead<\/a> (Pb), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Mercury_(element)\" title=\"Mercury (element)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"dac3fd4ac66b7fb61307c056c1ccaabd\">mercury<\/a> (Hg), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Nickel\" title=\"Nickel\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed065345a0c45e5dadbb27aace1bbcd5\">nickel<\/a> (Ni).<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Mycotoxin\" title=\"Mycotoxin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"76ccc03527f2fc7110d62c4702d9d8bc\">Mycotoxins<\/a> and microorganisms<\/b>: \"The ideal conditions for cannabis growth are also ideal for the growth of potentially harmful bacteria and fungi, including yeast and molds,\" say Shimadzu's Scott Kuzdzal and William Lipps, \"therefore microbial contamination poses health risks to consumers and immunocompromised individuals.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalUnrav15_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalUnrav15-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> In truth, these concerns have already borne out. In fact, the University of California, Davis reported in February 2017 one of its patients had contracted an incurable fungal infection from inhaling aerosolized marijuana. They later tested 20 marijuana samples from Northern California dispensaries\u2014using specialized techniques\u2014and found a wide variety of potentially hazardous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Microorganism\" title=\"Microorganism\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1a8a1e22218cbeacf9ab84615f8254fe\">microorganisms<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UCDavis17_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UCDavis17-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The degree to which such contaminants commonly appear in grown and stored cannabis material and to which microbiological contaminants should be tested is not clear, however. As mentioned previously, the U.S. EPA has historically had little in the way of significant guidance on cannabis testing, including microbiological contaminants.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KennardYouAre16-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> Like heavy metal testing, parallels are drawn from microbial testing guidelines and standards relating to tobacco and food, where they exist.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KennardYouAre16-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> As warm, moist environments are conducive to microorganism growth, maintaining stable moisture levels during cultivation and storage is essential. Regularly measuring <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Water_activity\" title=\"Water activity\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8c9ee6a4dcc3657907ffc4c5fd81997a\">water activity<\/a>\u2014how moist something is\u2014is particularly useful as a front-line preventative tool to better ensure microbial growth is limited.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FarrerTech15_24-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FarrerTech15-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> Regardless, testing of some kind is still required by many U.S. states, including for organisms such as<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalUnrav15_9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalUnrav15-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FarrerTech15_24-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FarrerTech15-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UCDavis17_30-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UCDavis17-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_31-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KennardYouAre16-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CANNAMicro14_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CANNAMicro14-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RussoCann13_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RussoCann13-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Alternaria\" title=\"Alternaria\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"cfee8382e40f63143cf99a8975053dea\">Alternaria<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Aspergillus\" title=\"Aspergillus\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"424ebb812aa96d73372105893eb3d2ac\">Aspergillus<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cladosporium\" title=\"Cladosporium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"49bfacadcfd8e649676e1652532739eb\">Cladosporium<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cryptococcus\" title=\"Cryptococcus\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"44883f022ceda6a478de8ab7004a7f46\">Cryptococcus<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Escherichia_coli\" title=\"Escherichia coli\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"5a3241c3e6749e1014285a38134e9f6c\">E. coli<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Fusarium\" title=\"Fusarium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8c85ab454a24b98e92241d8d1f12cba9\">Fusarium<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Mucor<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Penicillium\" title=\"Penicillium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"569f7764647b1477fde1a52f7ef2530b\">Penicillium<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Salmonella\" title=\"Salmonella\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"f161d59d89a98c21ad00ad8e39f20e4f\">Salmonella<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Trichothecium\" title=\"Trichothecium\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"318136f5dcb53b4a9f9bfbab489b0ac9\">Trichothecium<\/a><\/i><\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-GNGlobal22-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GNGlobal22_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Facts & Factors (14 January 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/en\/news-release\/2022\/01\/14\/2367249\/0\/en\/Global-Cannabis-Testing-Market-Share-Poised-to-Reflect-11-2-CAGR-by-2028-to-Reach-USD-2-920-60-Million-with-COVID-19-Analysis-Facts-Factors.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Global Cannabis Testing Market Share Poised to Reflect 11.2% CAGR by 2028 to Reach USD 2,920.60 Million (with COVID-19 Analysis): Facts & Factors\"<\/a>. <i>GlobeNewswire<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/en\/news-release\/2022\/01\/14\/2367249\/0\/en\/Global-Cannabis-Testing-Market-Share-Poised-to-Reflect-11-2-CAGR-by-2028-to-Reach-USD-2-920-60-Million-with-COVID-19-Analysis-Facts-Factors.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/en\/news-release\/2022\/01\/14\/2367249\/0\/en\/Global-Cannabis-Testing-Market-Share-Poised-to-Reflect-11-2-CAGR-by-2028-to-Reach-USD-2-920-60-Million-with-COVID-19-Analysis-Facts-Factors.html<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Global+Cannabis+Testing+Market+Share+Poised+to+Reflect+11.2%25+CAGR+by+2028+to+Reach+USD+2%2C920.60+Million+%28with+COVID-19+Analysis%29%3A+Facts+%26+Factors&rft.atitle=GlobeNewswire&rft.aulast=Facts+%26+Factors&rft.au=Facts+%26+Factors&rft.date=14+January+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globenewswire.com%2Fen%2Fnews-release%2F2022%2F01%2F14%2F2367249%2F0%2Fen%2FGlobal-Cannabis-Testing-Market-Share-Poised-to-Reflect-11-2-CAGR-by-2028-to-Reach-USD-2-920-60-Million-with-COVID-19-Analysis-Facts-Factors.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RadwanIso15-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RadwanIso15_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Radwan, M.M.; ElSohly, M.A.; El-Alfy, A.T. et al. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513\" target=\"_blank\">\"Isolation and pharmacological evaluation of minor cannabinoids from high-potency <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Natural Products<\/i> <b>78<\/b> (6): 1271-6. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.5b00065\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00065<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4880513<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26000707\" target=\"_blank\">26000707<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Isolation+and+pharmacological+evaluation+of+minor+cannabinoids+from+high-potency+%27%27Cannabis+sativa%27%27&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.aulast=Radwan%2C+M.M.%3B+ElSohly%2C+M.A.%3B+El-Alfy%2C+A.T.+et+al.&rft.au=Radwan%2C+M.M.%3B+ElSohly%2C+M.A.%3B+El-Alfy%2C+A.T.+et+al.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1271-6&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.5b00065&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4880513&rft_id=info:pmid\/26000707&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC4880513&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SolymosiCanna17-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SolymosiCanna17_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Solymosi, K.; K\u00f6falvi, A. (2017). \"<i>Cannabis<\/i>: A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box?\". <i>Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry<\/i> <b>17<\/b>: 1123\u201391. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2174%2F1389557516666161004162133\" target=\"_blank\">10.2174\/1389557516666161004162133<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27Cannabis%27%27%3A+A+Treasure+Trove+or+Pandora%27s+Box%3F&rft.jtitle=Mini-Reviews+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Solymosi%2C+K.%3B+K%C3%B6falvi%2C+A.&rft.au=Solymosi%2C+K.%3B+K%C3%B6falvi%2C+A.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=1123%E2%80%9391&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2174%2F1389557516666161004162133&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MudgeChemo18-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_4-2\">4.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_4-3\">4.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mudge, E.M.; Murch, S.J.; Brown, P.N. (2018). \"Chemometric Analysis of Cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and Domestication Syndrome\". <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> <b>8<\/b>: 13090. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-31120-2\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41598-018-31120-2<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chemometric+Analysis+of+Cannabinoids%3A+Chemotaxonomy+and+Domestication+Syndrome&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Mudge%2C+E.M.%3B+Murch%2C+S.J.%3B+Brown%2C+P.N.&rft.au=Mudge%2C+E.M.%3B+Murch%2C+S.J.%3B+Brown%2C+P.N.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=13090&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-31120-2&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CittiANovel19-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CittiANovel19_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Citti, C.; Linciano, P.; Russo, F. et al. (2019). \"A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol: \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol\". <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> <b>9<\/b>: 20335. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-56785-1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41598-019-56785-1<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+novel+phytocannabinoid+isolated+from+Cannabis+sativa+L.+with+an+in+vivo+cannabimimetic+activity+higher+than+%CE%949-tetrahydrocannabinol%3A+%CE%949-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Citti%2C+C.%3B+Linciano%2C+P.%3B+Russo%2C+F.+et+al.&rft.au=Citti%2C+C.%3B+Linciano%2C+P.%3B+Russo%2C+F.+et+al.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=20335&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-56785-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WHOTheHealth16-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WHOTheHealth16_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">World Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renstr\u00f6m, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use<\/i><\/a>. World Health Organization. pp. 95. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978921510240<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+health+and+social+effects+of+nonmedical+cannabis+use&rft.aulast=World+Health+Organization&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B95&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.isbn=978921510240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fi%2Fitem%2F9789241510240&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RahnCannab14-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RahnCannab14_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Stone, E. (17 February 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/what-is-cannabinoid\" target=\"_blank\">\"What is a cannabinoid?\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly - Cannabis 101<\/i>. Leafly Holdings, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/what-is-cannabinoid\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/what-is-cannabinoid<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+is+a+cannabinoid%3F&rft.atitle=Leafly+-+Cannabis+101&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+E.&rft.au=Stone%2C+E.&rft.date=17+February+2022&rft.pub=Leafly+Holdings%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Fcannabis-101%2Fwhat-is-cannabinoid&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_8-2\">8.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_8-3\">8.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. (December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing\"<\/a> (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 07 December 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Closer+Look+at+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Clifford%2C+R.%3B+Winkler%2C+P.%3B+Bankert%2C+W.&rft.au=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Clifford%2C+R.%3B+Winkler%2C+P.%3B+Bankert%2C+W.&rft.date=December+2017&rft.pub=Shimadzu+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181207195155%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssi.shimadzu.com%2Fsites%2Fssi.shimadzu.com%2Ffiles%2FIndustry%2FLiterature%2FShimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KuzdzalUnrav15-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalUnrav15_9-0\">9.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalUnrav15_9-1\">9.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalUnrav15_9-2\">9.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kuzdzal, S.; Lipps, W. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/theanalyticalscientist.com\/techniques-tools\/unraveling-the-cannabinome\" target=\"_blank\">\"Unraveling the Cannabinome\"<\/a>. <i>The Analytical Scientist<\/i> (0915)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/theanalyticalscientist.com\/techniques-tools\/unraveling-the-cannabinome\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/theanalyticalscientist.com\/techniques-tools\/unraveling-the-cannabinome<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unraveling+the+Cannabinome&rft.jtitle=The+Analytical+Scientist&rft.aulast=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Lipps%2C+W.&rft.au=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Lipps%2C+W.&rft.date=2015&rft.issue=0915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanalyticalscientist.com%2Ftechniques-tools%2Funraveling-the-cannabinome&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APHLGuide16-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-2\">10.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-3\">10.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_10-4\">10.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\"<\/a> (PDF). pp. 35<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+State+Medical+Cannabis+Testing+Programs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.au=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.date=May+2016&rft.pages=pp.+35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphl.org%2FaboutAPHL%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2FEH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RahnUnder14-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RahnUnder14_11-0\">11.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RahnUnder14_11-1\">11.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rahn, B. (9 October 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/understanding-cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">\"Understanding Cannabis Testing: A Guide to Cannabinoids and Terpenes\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly - Cannabis 101<\/i>. Leafly Holdings, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/understanding-cannabis-testing\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/cannabis-101\/understanding-cannabis-testing<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Understanding+Cannabis+Testing%3A+A+Guide+to+Cannabinoids+and+Terpenes&rft.atitle=Leafly+-+Cannabis+101&rft.aulast=Rahn%2C+B.&rft.au=Rahn%2C+B.&rft.date=9+October+2014&rft.pub=Leafly+Holdings%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Fcannabis-101%2Funderstanding-cannabis-testing&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NIHDelta8-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NIHDelta8_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-drug\/def\/delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol\" target=\"_blank\">\"delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol\"<\/a>. <i>NCI Drug Dictionary<\/i>. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-drug\/def\/delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-drug\/def\/delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol&rft.atitle=NCI+Drug+Dictionary&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health%2C+National+Cancer+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fpublications%2Fdictionaries%2Fcancer-drug%2Fdef%2Fdelta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HabibTesting13-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HabibTesting13_13-0\">13.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HabibTesting13_13-1\">13.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HabibTesting13_13-2\">13.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Habib, R.; Finighan, R.; Davenport, S. (24 August 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC\" target=\"_blank\">reports\/1c-Testing-for-Psychoactive-Agents-Final.pdf \"Testing for Psychoactive Agents\"<\/a> (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC<\/a> reports\/1c-Testing-for-Psychoactive-Agents-Final.pdf<\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Testing+for+Psychoactive+Agents&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Habib%2C+R.%3B+Finighan%2C+R.%3B+Davenport%2C+S.&rft.au=Habib%2C+R.%3B+Finighan%2C+R.%3B+Davenport%2C+S.&rft.date=24+August+2013&rft.pub=BOTEC+Analysis+Corp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flcb.wa.gov%2Fpublications%2FMarijuana%2FBOTEC+reports%2F1c-Testing-for-Psychoactive-Agents-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CMTLabs-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CMTLabs_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CMTLabs_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170208231830\/http:\/\/www.cmtlaboratory.com\/test-services\/tests-offered\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Tests Offered\"<\/a>. CMT Laboratories. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cmtlaboratory.com\/test-services\/tests-offered\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 08 February 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170208231830\/http:\/\/www.cmtlaboratory.com\/test-services\/tests-offered\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170208231830\/http:\/\/www.cmtlaboratory.com\/test-services\/tests-offered\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tests+Offered&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=CMT+Laboratories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170208231830%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmtlaboratory.com%2Ftest-services%2Ftests-offered%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WercShop-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WercShop_15-0\">15.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WercShop_15-1\">15.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WercShop_15-2\">15.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WercShop_15-3\">15.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170914143702\/http:\/\/thewercshop.com\/services\/terpene-profiling-services\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Terpene Profiling Services\"<\/a>. The Werc Shop. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/thewercshop.com\/services\/terpene-profiling-services\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 14 September 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170914143702\/http:\/\/thewercshop.com\/services\/terpene-profiling-services\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170914143702\/http:\/\/thewercshop.com\/services\/terpene-profiling-services\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Terpene+Profiling+Services&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=The+Werc+Shop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170914143702%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fthewercshop.com%2Fservices%2Fterpene-profiling-services%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AndreCannabis16-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AndreCannabis16_16-0\">16.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AndreCannabis16_16-1\">16.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AndreCannabis16_16-2\">16.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396\" target=\"_blank\">\"<i>Cannabis sativa<\/i>: The plant of the thousand and one molecules\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Medicine<\/i> <b>7<\/b>: 19. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00019\" target=\"_blank\">10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4740396<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26870049\" target=\"_blank\">26870049<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27Cannabis+sativa%27%27%3A+The+plant+of+the+thousand+and+one+molecules&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Medicine&rft.aulast=Andre%2C+C.M.%3B+Hausman%2C+J.-F.%3B+Guerriero%2C+G.&rft.au=Andre%2C+C.M.%3B+Hausman%2C+J.-F.%3B+Guerriero%2C+G.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=19&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00019&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4740396&rft_id=info:pmid\/26870049&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC4740396&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-0\">17.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-1\">17.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-2\">17.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-3\">17.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-4\">17.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-5\">17.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-6\">17.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_17-7\">17.7<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cassiday, L. (October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\"<\/a>. <i>INFORM<\/i>. American Oil Chemists' Society<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Highs+and+Lows+of+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=INFORM&rft.aulast=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.au=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.date=October+2016&rft.pub=American+Oil+Chemists%27+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aocs.org%2Fstay-informed%2Finform-magazine%2Ffeatured-articles%2Fthe-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WachsbergerTerpene16-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WachsbergerTerpene16_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wachsberger, K. (2 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomcityclub.com\/terpine-testing-the-future-of-cannabis-is-here\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Terpene Testing: The future of Cannabis is here\"<\/a>. <i>Bloom Blog<\/i>. Bloom City Club<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomcityclub.com\/terpine-testing-the-future-of-cannabis-is-here\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.bloomcityclub.com\/terpine-testing-the-future-of-cannabis-is-here\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Terpene+Testing%3A+The+future+of+Cannabis+is+here&rft.atitle=Bloom+Blog&rft.aulast=Wachsberger%2C+K.&rft.au=Wachsberger%2C+K.&rft.date=2+February+2016&rft.pub=Bloom+City+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomcityclub.com%2Fterpine-testing-the-future-of-cannabis-is-here%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GoldmanTheAnal21-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-0\">19.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-1\">19.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-2\">19.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-3\">19.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-4\">19.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-5\">19.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoldmanTheAnal21_19-6\">19.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Goldman, Stephen; Bramante, Julia; Vrdoljak, Gordon; Guo, Weihong; Wang, Yun; Marjanovic, Olivera; Orlowicz, Sean; Di Lorenzo, Robert <i>et al.<\/i> (15 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390\" target=\"_blank\">\"The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing\"<\/a> (in en). <i>Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies<\/i> <b>44<\/b> (9-10): 403\u2013420. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080%2F10826076.2021.1996390\" target=\"_blank\">10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1082-6076\" target=\"_blank\">1082-6076<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10826076.2021.1996390<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+analytical+landscape+of+cannabis+compliance+testing&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liquid+Chromatography+%26+Related+Technologies&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Goldman%2C%26%2332%3BStephen&rft.au=Bramante%2C%26%2332%3BJulia&rft.au=Vrdoljak%2C%26%2332%3BGordon&rft.au=Guo%2C%26%2332%3BWeihong&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BYun&rft.au=Marjanovic%2C%26%2332%3BOlivera&rft.au=Orlowicz%2C%26%2332%3BSean&rft.au=Di+Lorenzo%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.au=Noestheden%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew&rft.date=15+June+2021&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=9-10&rft.pages=403%E2%80%93420&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1080%2F10826076.2021.1996390&rft.issn=1082-6076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10826076.2021.1996390&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SCLabs-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SCLabs_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sclabs.com\/terpene-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Terpene Analysis\"<\/a>. SC Labs, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sclabs.com\/terpene-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sclabs.com\/terpene-analysis\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Terpene+Analysis&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=SC+Labs%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sclabs.com%2Fterpene-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BorelTheWild15-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BorelTheWild15_21-0\">21.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BorelTheWild15_21-1\">21.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Borel, B. (31 August 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2015\/08\/pot-marijuana-pesticide-legalization\/401771\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Wild West of Marijuana Pesticides\"<\/a>. <i>The Atlantic<\/i>. The Atlantic Monthly Group<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2015\/08\/pot-marijuana-pesticide-legalization\/401771\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2015\/08\/pot-marijuana-pesticide-legalization\/401771\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Wild+West+of+Marijuana+Pesticides&rft.atitle=The+Atlantic&rft.aulast=Borel%2C+B.&rft.au=Borel%2C+B.&rft.date=31+August+2015&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Monthly+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2015%2F08%2Fpot-marijuana-pesticide-legalization%2F401771%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ZhangNobody15-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ZhangNobody15_22-0\">22.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ZhangNobody15_22-1\">22.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Zhang, S. (7 August 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/08\/nobody-knows-pesticides-legal-marijuana\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Nobody Knows What to Do About Pesticides in Legal Marijuana\"<\/a>. <i>Wired<\/i>. Cond\u00e9 Nast<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/08\/nobody-knows-pesticides-legal-marijuana\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/08\/nobody-knows-pesticides-legal-marijuana\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nobody+Knows+What+to+Do+About+Pesticides+in+Legal+Marijuana&rft.atitle=Wired&rft.aulast=Zhang%2C+S.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+S.&rft.date=7+August+2015&rft.pub=Cond%C3%A9+Nast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F08%2Fnobody-knows-pesticides-legal-marijuana%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DeibelPesticide19-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DeibelPesticide19_23-0\">23.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DeibelPesticide19_23-1\">23.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Deibel, C. (29 January 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/pesticide-testing-methods-strategies-sampling\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pesticide Testing: Methods, Strategies & Sampling\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Industry Journal<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/pesticide-testing-methods-strategies-sampling\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/pesticide-testing-methods-strategies-sampling\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pesticide+Testing%3A+Methods%2C+Strategies+%26+Sampling&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Industry+Journal&rft.aulast=Deibel%2C+C.&rft.au=Deibel%2C+C.&rft.date=29+January+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabisindustryjournal.com%2Ffeature_article%2Fpesticide-testing-methods-strategies-sampling%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FarrerTech15-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FarrerTech15_24-0\">24.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FarrerTech15_24-1\">24.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FarrerTech15_24-2\">24.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FarrerTech15_24-3\">24.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Farrer, D.G. (December 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/PreventionWellness\/marijuana\/Documents\/oha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Technical Report: Oregon Health Authority\u2019s Process to Determine Which Types of Contaminants to Test for in Cannabis Products, and Levels for Action\"<\/a> (PDF). Oregon Health Authority<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/PreventionWellness\/marijuana\/Documents\/oha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/oha\/ph\/PreventionWellness\/marijuana\/Documents\/oha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Technical+Report%3A+Oregon+Health+Authority%E2%80%99s+Process+to+Determine+Which+Types+of+Contaminants+to+Test+for+in+Cannabis+Products%2C+and+Levels+for+Action&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Farrer%2C+D.G.&rft.au=Farrer%2C+D.G.&rft.date=December+2015&rft.pub=Oregon+Health+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregon.gov%2Foha%2Fph%2FPreventionWellness%2Fmarijuana%2FDocuments%2Foha-8964-technical-report-marijuana-contaminant-testing.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RomanoCannabis13-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RomanoCannabis13_25-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Romano, L.L.; Hazekamp, A. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171215021221\/http:\/\/www.stcm.ch\/en\/files\/hazekamp_cann-oil_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis oil: Chemical evaluation of an upcoming cannabis-based medicine\"<\/a> (PDF). <i>Cannabinoids<\/i> <b>1<\/b> (1): 1\u201311. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stcm.ch\/en\/files\/hazekamp_cann-oil_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 15 December 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171215021221\/http:\/\/www.stcm.ch\/en\/files\/hazekamp_cann-oil_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171215021221\/http:\/\/www.stcm.ch\/en\/files\/hazekamp_cann-oil_2013.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+oil%3A+Chemical+evaluation+of+an+upcoming+cannabis-based+medicine&rft.jtitle=Cannabinoids&rft.aulast=Romano%2C+L.L.%3B+Hazekamp%2C+A.&rft.au=Romano%2C+L.L.%3B+Hazekamp%2C+A.&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171215021221%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcm.ch%2Fen%2Ffiles%2Fhazekamp_cann-oil_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PeachSuper14-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PeachSuper14_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Peach, J.; Eastoe, J. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4168859\" target=\"_blank\">\"Supercritical carbon dioxide: A solvent like no other\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Organic Chemistry<\/i> <b>10<\/b>: 1878-95. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3762%2Fbjoc.10.196\" target=\"_blank\">10.3762\/bjoc.10.196<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4168859\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4168859<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25246947\" target=\"_blank\">25246947<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4168859\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4168859<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supercritical+carbon+dioxide%3A+A+solvent+like+no+other&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Peach%2C+J.%3B+Eastoe%2C+J.&rft.au=Peach%2C+J.%3B+Eastoe%2C+J.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=1878-95&rft_id=info:doi\/10.3762%2Fbjoc.10.196&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4168859&rft_id=info:pmid\/25246947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC4168859&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USPNF467-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-USPNF467_27-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160804174451\/https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"<467> Residual Solvents\"<\/a> (PDF). <i>United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary<\/i>. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 1 July 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 04 August 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160804174451\/https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160804174451\/https:\/\/www.usp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/usp_pdf\/EN\/USPNF\/generalChapter467Current.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%3C467%3E+Residual+Solvents&rft.atitle=United+States+Pharmacopeia+and+The+National+Formulary&rft.date=1+July+2007&rft.pub=United+States+Pharmacopeial+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160804174451%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.usp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fusp_pdf%2FEN%2FUSPNF%2FgeneralChapter467Current.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MDPHResponse-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MDPHResponse_28-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bureau of Healthcare Safety and Quality (12 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171013214634\/https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Response to Public Comments\"<\/a> (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 13 October 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171013214634\/https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171013214634\/https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/quality\/medical-marijuana\/lab-protocols\/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Response+to+Public+Comments&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bureau+of+Healthcare+Safety+and+Quality&rft.au=Bureau+of+Healthcare+Safety+and+Quality&rft.date=12+February+2016&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Department+of+Public+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171013214634%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Feohhs%2Fdocs%2Fdph%2Fquality%2Fmedical-marijuana%2Flab-protocols%2Fexternal-comment-response-020416-final.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DaleyTesting13-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DaleyTesting13_29-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Daley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. (12 September 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC%20reports\/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Testing <i>Cannabis<\/i> for Contaminants\"<\/a> (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC%20reports\/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/lcb.wa.gov\/publications\/Marijuana\/BOTEC%20reports\/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Testing+%27%27Cannabis%27%27+for+Contaminants&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Daley%2C+P.%3B+Lampach%2C+D.%3B+Sguerra%2C+S.&rft.au=Daley%2C+P.%3B+Lampach%2C+D.%3B+Sguerra%2C+S.&rft.date=12+September+2013&rft.pub=BOTEC+Analysis+Corp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flcb.wa.gov%2Fpublications%2FMarijuana%2FBOTEC%2520reports%2F1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-UCDavis17-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-UCDavis17_30-0\">30.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-UCDavis17_30-1\">30.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190927162134\/https:\/\/health.ucdavis.edu\/publish\/news\/newsroom\/11791\" target=\"_blank\">\"UC Davis study finds mold, bacterial contaminants in medical marijuana samples\"<\/a>. UC Davis. 7 February 2017. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu\/publish\/news\/newsroom\/11791\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 27 September 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190927162134\/https:\/\/health.ucdavis.edu\/publish\/news\/newsroom\/11791\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190927162134\/https:\/\/health.ucdavis.edu\/publish\/news\/newsroom\/11791<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=UC+Davis+study+finds+mold%2C+bacterial+contaminants+in+medical+marijuana+samples&rft.atitle=&rft.date=7+February+2017&rft.pub=UC+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190927162134%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fhealth.ucdavis.edu%2Fpublish%2Fnews%2Fnewsroom%2F11791&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KennardYouAre16-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_31-0\">31.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_31-1\">31.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KennardYouAre16_31-2\">31.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kennard, M. (2 June 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/populace.tantaluslabs.com\/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"You are Probably Smoking Mouldy Weed - Why Does Quality Assurance Matter?\"<\/a>. <i>Populace<\/i>. Tantalus Labs<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/populace.tantaluslabs.com\/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/populace.tantaluslabs.com\/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=You+are+Probably+Smoking+Mouldy+Weed+-+Why+Does+Quality+Assurance+Matter%3F&rft.atitle=Populace&rft.aulast=Kennard%2C+M.&rft.au=Kennard%2C+M.&rft.date=2+June+2014&rft.pub=Tantalus+Labs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulace.tantaluslabs.com%2Fyou-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CANNAMicro14-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CANNAMicro14_32-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fundacion-canna.es\/en\/microbiological-study-cannabis-samples\" target=\"_blank\">\"Microbiological study of Cannabis samples\"<\/a>. Fundaci\u00f3n CANNA. 2014<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fundacion-canna.es\/en\/microbiological-study-cannabis-samples\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fundacion-canna.es\/en\/microbiological-study-cannabis-samples<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 05 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Microbiological+study+of+Cannabis+samples&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+CANNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundacion-canna.es%2Fen%2Fmicrobiological-study-cannabis-samples&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RussoCann13-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RussoCann13_33-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">McPartland, J.M. (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qH-2Lj9x7L4C&pg=PT457&lpg=PT457\" target=\"_blank\">\"Chapter 30: Contaminants and Adulterants in Herbal Cannabis\"<\/a>. In Russo, E.B.. <i>Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential<\/i>. Routledge. pp. 478. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781136614934<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qH-2Lj9x7L4C&pg=PT457&lpg=PT457\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qH-2Lj9x7L4C&pg=PT457&lpg=PT457<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+30%3A+Contaminants+and+Adulterants+in+Herbal+Cannabis&rft.atitle=Cannabis+and+Cannabinoids%3A+Pharmacology%2C+Toxicology%2C+and+Therapeutic+Potential&rft.aulast=McPartland%2C+J.M.&rft.au=McPartland%2C+J.M.&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B478&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=9781136614934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqH-2Lj9x7L4C%26pg%3DPT457%26lpg%3DPT457&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140919\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.290 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.328 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 24229\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 229161\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 81137\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 25\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 71013\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 295.419 1 -total\n 77.90% 230.121 1 Template:Reflist\n 61.33% 181.167 33 Template:Citation\/core\n 42.79% 126.413 22 Template:Cite_web\n 22.08% 65.229 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\n 18.41% 54.372 9 Template:Cite_journal\n 14.77% 43.634 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\/Contaminants\n 9.16% 27.053 19 Template:Date\n 8.43% 24.893 1 Template:Flowlist\n 5.38% 15.889 2 Template:Cite_book\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5214-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140919 and revision id 17987. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd_images":[],"b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd_timestamp":1660140559,"8bcf572b5f7d1b8d2596e4fbd591227f_type":"article","8bcf572b5f7d1b8d2596e4fbd591227f_title":"2.4 Quality","8bcf572b5f7d1b8d2596e4fbd591227f_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality","8bcf572b5f7d1b8d2596e4fbd591227f_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/QualityFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search2.4 Quality \nMuch has already been said about regulations, standards, and any associated enforcement action. We've learned that cannabis testing labs increasingly find themselves needing to not only meet a wide array of regulations but, as the industry matures, also adhering to more rigorous, standardized test methods. Adhering to these regulations and standards helps ensure the lab's long-term viability, the safety of cannabis users, and, by extension, promotes higher quality in the lab and the products it tests.\nThe emphasis on quality in the cannabis testing lab will only continue to grow as the \"Wild West\" attitudes borne from a patchwork of somewhat ambiguous legal statuses melt away, with more thoroughly standardized test methods and, presumably, federal legalization and regulation of medical and recreational cannabis products becoming the normal. Writing for Analytical Cannabis, Peak Compliance CSO Kimberly Ross imagines a future were a federally formalized national regime of testing and oversight will push \"to standardize quality control, data integrity, and data traceability criteria across state lines.\" By extension, she adds, labs will need to strengthen their quality control (QC) and quality assessment (QA) procedures, including an investment in more costly QC samples.[1] This stands in contrast to the current state of cannabis testing, which continues to be scandalized by a small but important subset of licensed labs conducting unscrupulous activities (discussed further, at the beginning of the next chapter) such as making deals with cultivators to fudge testing values, cherry-picking the best samples to represent a batch of product, and intentionally using sub-standard equipment and methods to increase pass rates for limit-of-detection testing.[2]\nDespite a lack of federal regulation, a majority of states mandating cannabis testing have chosen to force the quality issue with testing labs, requiring them to adhere to some sort of accreditation program.[1][2][3] This typically means the lab must be accredited to the ISO\/IEC 17025 standard, which means sticking to a minimum set of equipment, method, and QA requirements and conducting proficiency testing at regular intervals.[1][2][3] Of course, not all accredited labs need to be accredited for every test they perform[2], which is somewhat problematic; inevitably all labs may be required to be accredited for all methodologies they apply.\nAnother quality concern is a lack of state-mandated proficiency testing (PT). Conducting PT essentially means running a specific set of tests where the results get evaluated by a third party who has run the same tests against a known standard. Indeed, PT is an important component of accreditation to ISO\/IEC 17025[2][3][4], but given that some states still don't require accreditation[2], the likelihood of those labs going out of their way to conduct PT seems low. Those labs that are serious about quality\u2014whether they are accredited or not\u2014may avail themselves to programs like The Emerald Test, which \"provides cannabis and hemp testing facilities with a broad range of PTs to help meet their internal SOP, regulatory compliance, and ISO\/IEC accreditation needs.\"[5] Such efforts towards PT should, in theory, improve cannabis product quality, reduce product liability, and improve customer confidence. Of course, as Emerald Scientific's vice president Kirsten Blake notes, PTs don't test for a lab's overall ethics (meaning lab personnel could still fudge numbers outside of PTs), but \"they can at least test for a lab\u2019s competency in providing accurate results.\"[4]\nFinally, quality in the cannabis testing laboratory may be furthered by technology. For example, laboratory automation can be used to execute processes in a precise manner every time, both providing consistency to lab results and reducing the need for human interaction with testing, freeing personnel to conduct other activities.[1] As a lab takes on more work and seeks to be more competitive, automation may transition from a \"wishlist\" item to a necessary one.[1] Another example of technology having the potential to improve lab quality is found with the laboratory information management system (LIMS). Discussed in more detail in the next chapter, the LIMS is increasingly vital to managing regulated data, reporting it, and helping the cannabis testing lab maintain regulatory and accreditation compliance. The LIMS can also act \"as the memory of the laboratory, a vast repository for all data generated over time,\" as well \"as a dispatch system for lab personnel, surfacing bottlenecks and issues earlier than otherwise possible in a 'paper and whiteboard' system.\"[1] This in turn can contribute to the quality and efficiency of the lab.[1][6]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Ross, K. (13 June 2022). \"The Promising Future of Cannabis Testing Laboratories\". Analytical Cannabis. https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/the-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955 . Retrieved 04 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Stewart, I.A. (9 August 2021). \"Reducing Cannabis Testing and Label Failures\". Insights. Wilson Elser. https:\/\/www.wilsonelser.com\/news_and_insights\/insights\/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures . Retrieved 04 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tolu, A. (30 November 2021). \"Keys to Successfully Certifying Your Cannabis or Hemp Testing Lab\". Lab Manager. https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/ensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/keys-to-successfully-certifying-your-cannabis-or-hemp-testing-lab-27132 . Retrieved 04 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 Muenz, R. (30 November 2021). \"Proficiency Testing for Cannabis & Hemp Labs\". Laboratory Manager. https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/ensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/proficiency-testing-for-cannabis-hemp-labs-27124 . Retrieved 04 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"The Emerald Test\". Emerald Scientific. https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com . Retrieved 04 August 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Steele, T. W.; Laugier, Alain; Falco, François (3 March 1999). \"The impact of LIMS design and functionality on laboratory quality achievements\". Accreditation and Quality Assurance 4 (3): 102\u2013106. doi:10.1007\/s007690050324. ISSN 0949-1775. http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s007690050324 .   \n \n\n\n\r\n\n\n-----Go to the next chapter of this guide-----\n\r\n\n\nCitation information for this chapter \nChapter: 2. Regulation, standardization, and quality\nTitle: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\nEdition: Fourth edition\nAuthor for citation: Shawn E. Douglas\nLicense for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International\nPublication date: August 2022\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:21.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","8bcf572b5f7d1b8d2596e4fbd591227f_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Regulation_standardization_and_quality_Quality rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Regulation_standardization_and_quality_Quality skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/Quality<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"2.4_Quality\">2.4 Quality<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Water_quality_testing_in_the_lab_(6f16fede-a75c-4444-af64-a339dff12012).JPG\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"d1054374403a233f9b07fe6215e7de8f\"><img alt=\"Water quality testing in the lab (6f16fede-a75c-4444-af64-a339dff12012).JPG\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0c\/Water_quality_testing_in_the_lab_%286f16fede-a75c-4444-af64-a339dff12012%29.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"333\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>Much has already been said about regulations, standards, and any associated enforcement action. We've learned that cannabis testing labs increasingly find themselves needing to not only meet a wide array of regulations but, as the industry matures, also adhering to more rigorous, standardized test methods. Adhering to these regulations and standards helps ensure the lab's long-term viability, the safety of cannabis users, and, by extension, promotes higher quality in the lab and the products it tests.\n<\/p><p>The emphasis on quality in the cannabis testing lab will only continue to grow as the \"Wild West\" attitudes borne from a patchwork of somewhat ambiguous legal statuses melt away, with more thoroughly standardized test methods and, presumably, federal legalization and regulation of medical and recreational cannabis products becoming the normal. Writing for <i>Analytical Cannabis<\/i>, Peak Compliance CSO Kimberly Ross imagines a future were a federally formalized national regime of testing and oversight will push \"to standardize quality control, data integrity, and data traceability criteria across state lines.\" By extension, she adds, labs will need to strengthen their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Quality_control\" title=\"Quality control\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a50e0afa52af1b1741e5ca1c7d711282\">quality control<\/a> (QC) and quality assessment (QA) procedures, including an investment in more costly QC samples.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossTheProm22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> This stands in contrast to the current state of cannabis testing, which continues to be scandalized by a small but important subset of licensed labs conducting unscrupulous activities (discussed further, at the beginning of the next chapter) such as making deals with cultivators to fudge testing values, cherry-picking the best samples to represent a batch of product, and intentionally using sub-standard equipment and methods to increase pass rates for limit-of-detection testing.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartReducing21-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Despite a lack of federal regulation, a majority of states mandating cannabis testing have chosen to force the quality issue with testing labs, requiring them to adhere to some sort of accreditation program.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossTheProm22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartReducing21-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ToluKeys21_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ToluKeys21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> This typically means the lab must be accredited to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ISO\/IEC_17025\" title=\"ISO\/IEC 17025\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fb6aed7114b8c5fdf16c569526d6ce48\">ISO\/IEC 17025<\/a> standard, which means sticking to a minimum set of equipment, method, and QA requirements and conducting proficiency testing at regular intervals.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossTheProm22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartReducing21-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ToluKeys21_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ToluKeys21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Of course, not all accredited labs need to be accredited for every test they perform<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartReducing21-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>, which is somewhat problematic; inevitably all labs may be required to be accredited for all methodologies they apply.\n<\/p><p>Another quality concern is a lack of state-mandated proficiency testing (PT). Conducting PT essentially means running a specific set of tests where the results get evaluated by a third party who has run the same tests against a known standard. Indeed, PT is an important component of accreditation to ISO\/IEC 17025<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartReducing21-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ToluKeys21_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ToluKeys21-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MuenzProf21_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MuenzProf21-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>, but given that some states still don't require accreditation<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartReducing21-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>, the likelihood of those labs going out of their way to conduct PT seems low. Those labs that are serious about quality\u2014whether they are accredited or not\u2014may avail themselves to programs like The Emerald Test, which \"provides cannabis and hemp testing facilities with a broad range of PTs to help meet their internal SOP, regulatory compliance, and ISO\/IEC accreditation needs.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ETHome_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ETHome-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Such efforts towards PT should, in theory, improve cannabis product quality, reduce product liability, and improve customer confidence. Of course, as Emerald Scientific's vice president Kirsten Blake notes, PTs don't test for a lab's overall ethics (meaning lab personnel could still fudge numbers outside of PTs), but \"they can at least test for a lab\u2019s competency in providing accurate results.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MuenzProf21_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MuenzProf21-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Finally, quality in the cannabis testing laboratory may be furthered by technology. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.limswiki.org\/index.php\/Laboratory_automation\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"limswiki:Laboratory automation\" data-key=\"0061880849aeaca05f8aa27ae171f331\">laboratory automation<\/a> can be used to execute processes in a precise manner every time, both providing consistency to lab results and reducing the need for human interaction with testing, freeing personnel to conduct other activities.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossTheProm22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> As a lab takes on more work and seeks to be more competitive, automation may transition from a \"wishlist\" item to a necessary one.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossTheProm22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Another example of technology having the potential to improve lab quality is found with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory_information_management_system\" title=\"Laboratory information management system\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"300b107ea507dc9077934f573fc2f6d6\">laboratory information management system<\/a> (LIMS). Discussed in more detail in the next chapter, the LIMS is increasingly vital to managing regulated data, reporting it, and helping the cannabis testing lab maintain regulatory and accreditation compliance. The LIMS can also act \"as the memory of the laboratory, a vast repository for all data generated over time,\" as well \"as a dispatch system for lab personnel, surfacing bottlenecks and issues earlier than otherwise possible in a 'paper and whiteboard' system.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossTheProm22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> This in turn can contribute to the quality and efficiency of the lab.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RossTheProm22-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SteeleTheImp99_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SteeleTheImp99-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-RossTheProm22-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-4\">1.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-5\">1.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RossTheProm22_1-6\">1.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ross, K. (13 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/the-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Promising Future of Cannabis Testing Laboratories\"<\/a>. <i>Analytical Cannabis<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/the-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/the-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 04 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Promising+Future+of+Cannabis+Testing+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Analytical+Cannabis&rft.aulast=Ross%2C+K.&rft.au=Ross%2C+K.&rft.date=13+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analyticalcannabis.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-promising-future-of-cannabis-testing-laboratories-313955&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StewartReducing21-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-2\">2.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-3\">2.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-4\">2.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartReducing21_2-5\">2.5<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Stewart, I.A. (9 August 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsonelser.com\/news_and_insights\/insights\/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures\" target=\"_blank\">\"Reducing Cannabis Testing and Label Failures\"<\/a>. <i>Insights<\/i>. Wilson Elser<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsonelser.com\/news_and_insights\/insights\/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wilsonelser.com\/news_and_insights\/insights\/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 04 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Reducing+Cannabis+Testing+and+Label+Failures&rft.atitle=Insights&rft.aulast=Stewart%2C+I.A.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+I.A.&rft.date=9+August+2021&rft.pub=Wilson+Elser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsonelser.com%2Fnews_and_insights%2Finsights%2F4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ToluKeys21-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ToluKeys21_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ToluKeys21_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ToluKeys21_3-2\">3.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Tolu, A. (30 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/ensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/keys-to-successfully-certifying-your-cannabis-or-hemp-testing-lab-27132\" target=\"_blank\">\"Keys to Successfully Certifying Your Cannabis or Hemp Testing Lab\"<\/a>. <i>Lab Manager<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/ensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/keys-to-successfully-certifying-your-cannabis-or-hemp-testing-lab-27132\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/ensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/keys-to-successfully-certifying-your-cannabis-or-hemp-testing-lab-27132<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 04 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Keys+to+Successfully+Certifying+Your+Cannabis+or+Hemp+Testing+Lab&rft.atitle=Lab+Manager&rft.aulast=Tolu%2C+A.&rft.au=Tolu%2C+A.&rft.date=30+November+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmanager.com%2Fbig-picture%2Fensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing%2Fkeys-to-successfully-certifying-your-cannabis-or-hemp-testing-lab-27132&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MuenzProf21-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MuenzProf21_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MuenzProf21_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Muenz, R. (30 November 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/ensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/proficiency-testing-for-cannabis-hemp-labs-27124\" target=\"_blank\">\"Proficiency Testing for Cannabis & Hemp Labs\"<\/a>. <i>Laboratory Manager<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/ensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/proficiency-testing-for-cannabis-hemp-labs-27124\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/big-picture\/ensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing\/proficiency-testing-for-cannabis-hemp-labs-27124<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 04 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Proficiency+Testing+for+Cannabis+%26+Hemp+Labs&rft.atitle=Laboratory+Manager&rft.aulast=Muenz%2C+R.&rft.au=Muenz%2C+R.&rft.date=30+November+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmanager.com%2Fbig-picture%2Fensuring-quality-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing%2Fproficiency-testing-for-cannabis-hemp-labs-27124&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ETHome-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ETHome_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Emerald Test\"<\/a>. Emerald Scientific<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 04 August 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Emerald+Test&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Emerald+Scientific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.emeraldscientific.com&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SteeleTheImp99-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SteeleTheImp99_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Steele, T. W.; Laugier, Alain; Falco, François (3 March 1999). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s007690050324\" target=\"_blank\">\"The impact of LIMS design and functionality on laboratory quality achievements\"<\/a>. <i>Accreditation and Quality Assurance<\/i> <b>4<\/b> (3): 102\u2013106. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs007690050324\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/s007690050324<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" data-key=\"a5dec3e4d005e654c29ad167ab53f53a\">ISSN<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0949-1775\" target=\"_blank\">0949-1775<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s007690050324\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s007690050324<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+LIMS+design+and+functionality+on+laboratory+quality+achievements&rft.jtitle=Accreditation+and+Quality+Assurance&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rft.au=Steele%2C%26%2332%3BT.+W.&rft.au=Laugier%2C%26%2332%3BAlain&rft.au=Falco%2C%26%2332%3BFran%26%23x000E7%3Bois&rft.date=3+March+1999&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=102%E2%80%93106&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2Fs007690050324&rft.issn=0949-1775&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs007690050324&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Analytical aspects of cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd\">the next chapter<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Citation_information_for_this_chapter\">Citation information for this chapter<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Chapter<\/b>: 2. Regulation, standardization, and quality\n<\/p><p><b>Title<\/b>: <i>Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Edition<\/b>: Fourth edition\n<\/p><p><b>Author for citation<\/b>: Shawn E. Douglas\n<\/p><p><b>License for content<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International<\/a>\n<\/p><p><b>Publication date<\/b>: August 2022\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140919\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.098 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.585 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 4554\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 39453\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 12808\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 13220\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 68.324 1 -total\n 85.81% 58.628 1 Template:Reflist\n 63.97% 43.706 6 Template:Citation\/core\n 50.84% 34.734 5 Template:Cite_web\n 22.97% 15.693 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 14.08% 9.620 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality\n 12.68% 8.661 5 Template:Date\n 9.36% 6.397 2 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 5.15% 3.521 10 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 3.42% 2.339 4 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5882-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140918 and revision id 17979. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","8bcf572b5f7d1b8d2596e4fbd591227f_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0c\/Water_quality_testing_in_the_lab_%286f16fede-a75c-4444-af64-a339dff12012%29.JPG"],"8bcf572b5f7d1b8d2596e4fbd591227f_timestamp":1660140558,"3d2b37cebf50f61dbb776b1cc988fec8_type":"article","3d2b37cebf50f61dbb776b1cc988fec8_title":"2.3 Standardization","3d2b37cebf50f61dbb776b1cc988fec8_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization","3d2b37cebf50f61dbb776b1cc988fec8_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/StandardizationFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search2.3 Standardization and harmonization efforts \nWhile federal, state, and local governments wrestle with the regulatory frameworks surrounding cannabis, scientists and government officials are carrying on, doing what they can to harmonize the patchwork of regulations with emerging industry standards and guidelines. For example, state officials from Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington teamed up to give a presentation called \"State Regulatory Approaches to Cannabis Testing, Operations and Product Logistics\" at the July 2016 Cannabis Quality, Strategies and Solutions Summit. That presentation focused on the harmonization of regulatory standards and frameworks across states, as well as discussions of what scientific efforts are required to support those standards and frameworks.[1] Additionally, organizations such as Americans for Safe Access Foundation (ASAF), American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP), American Herbal Products Association (AHPA), Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC), and the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) have been developing standards, methods, and certifications for analysis, extraction, labeling, and laboratory operations surrounding medical and recreational marijuana.[2][3][4][5][6][7] As MJBizDaily contributor Omar Sacirbey notes[8]:\n\nHaving consistent testing methods is an important step for marijuana executives, because it will help harmonize standards that, so far, vary greatly from state to state. Those inconsistencies and the lack of defined testing methods raise the risk of errors and product recalls for businesses.\nStandardized testing methods can reduce those risks and give new and existing labs proven and certified procedures to refer to, sparing them the time and cost of developing their own methods.\nMore notable among those organizations is the Foundation of Cannabis Unified Standards (FOCUS), which worked to produce internationally applicable voluntary consensus standards for various parts of the cannabis business chain, including cultivation, extraction, laboratory testing, and packaging. FOCUS completed its public review process and finalized its standards in July 2016, though at that time it wasn't clear how to gain access to them.[9] New information came to light in March 2017, when FOCUS and ASTM International announced a collaboration between the two entities, which in April 2017 saw the formation of volunteer committee D37 at ASTM and the further adaptation of FOCUS' standards to future ASTM releases.[10][11] \nThe newly formed Committee D37 agreed to pursue cannabis standardization in six key areas[12][13]:\n\nindoor and outdoor horticulture and agriculture: e.g., pest management, water considerations, environmental site assessment, and sustainability\nquality management systems: e.g., quality considerations, due diligence\nlaboratory testing: e.g., sampling, stability testing, purity testing, analytical methods, and proficiency testing\nprocessing and handling: e.g., drying and curing, exposure management, waste management, storage\nsecurity and transportation: e.g., packaging, shipping management, risk assessment and mitigation, occupational health and safety\ntraining, assessment, and credentialing: e.g., laboratory training, clean room management, quality inspection, patient and physician education\nSince its founding in April 2017, Committee D37 has made strides towards its goals. Meeting every January and June[11], D37 has made progress on developing several standards and creating a set of standardized terminology to be used across them.[14] Its first two approved standards arrived in May 2018, concerning testing methods for determining water activity in cannabis samples, as well as the range of water activity that is \"safe and effective\" for storing samples.[15] In August 2018, the committee announced a new standards project that would result in two guides that \"will provide sampling procedures critical in generating accurate laboratory results, which in turn could lead to improved consumer safety.\"[16] By October 2018, ASTM Committee D37 had agreed to work with the International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute (ICCI) to mutually develop standards for the cannabis industry.[17] Since then, a variety of other standards have been developed through the cooperative agreement, including standards for analytical laboratory operations, laboratory test method development and validation, stability testing, and sampling.[18]\nIn addition to ASTM's Committee D37, the AOAC and its Cannabis Analytical Science Program (CASP) has also been recently active in developing standards for cannabis laboratory testing. In August 2018, the AOAC's CASP finalized its first \"Standard Method Performance Requirement\" or \"SMPR,\" which is a set of \"minimum recommended performance characteristics to be used during the evaluation of a method.\" Within the AOAC, they're also used for the \"evaluation of validation study data for method[s] being considered for Performance Tested Methods or AOAC Official Methods of Analysis.\" The first SMPR addressed identifying and quantifying pesticides in dried cannabis materials.[19] In September 2019, they approved an SMPR (2019.003) for analyzing cannabinoids in hemp (i.e., low THC cannabis varieties). This was followed up a month later by the release of an SMPR for determining residual solvents in cannabis derivatives, as well as one for detecting the Aspergillus fungus in cannabis.[20] (The USDA has reportedly adopted the AOAC's cannabinoid testing standard as part of its Domestic Hemp Production Program, further cementing the standard into more common use.[20]) The AOAC has also worked to get additional analytical methods published in academic journals, including one for \"Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa Dried Flowers and Oils by LC-UV\"[21] and another for \"Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Cannabis Dried Plant Materials, Concentrates, and Oils Using Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection Technique with Optional Mass Spectrometric Detection.\"[22] And the CASP set a goal to develop and adopt an additional six cannabis- or hemp-based SMPRs, as well as several official methods, by the end of 2020.[23] As of July 2022, thirteen SMPRs for cannabis have been released, with two additional ones concerning heavy metal and cannabinoid quantitation in beverage in draft status.[24]\nAlso of note is the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cannabis Quality Assurance Program (CannaQAP). Launched in July 2020, the CannaQAP \"aims to increase accuracy in product labeling and help forensic laboratories distinguish between hemp, which is legal in all states, and marijuana, which is not.\"[25][26] Similar in vein to The Emerald Test[27], NIST uses a proficiency test approach, though without the pass-fail grade, allowing participating labs to improve their analytical methods based off the most successful methods.[25][26] It's possible efforts like these will further lead to more standardized approaches to testing cannabis constituents and contaminants.\nFinally, the Cannabis Regulators Association (CANNRA) is another recent non-profit entity working to harmonize regulations and standards across the industry. Formed in November 2020, CANNRA was \"created in order to assist federal, state, and local jurisdictions that have approved or are weighing legalization of cannabis\" and \"engage with each other to identify and develop best practices, create model policies that safeguard public health and safety, and promote regulatory certainty for industry participants.\"[28] Since its creation, regulators from more than 40 states, jurisdictions, and territories have eventually joined \"to foster harmony and, where possible, standardization across jurisdictions that legalize and regulate cannabis.\"[8][29] The organization has not only highlighted regulatory issues such as lack of standardization of laboratory testing across U.S. states[30], but it also has submitted responses to draft legislation requests for comments and written letters to government officials encouraging stances on matters related to the industry[31] (though the association notes that it's \"not a cannabis advocacy group\"[30]). \n\n2.3.1. Enforcement \nWhile this harmonization of regulations, standards, and accreditation requirements is a worthy effort, downstream enforcement efforts will eventually need to be just as durable to ensure harmonization efforts aren't for not.[8] The importance of enforcement is expressed in a June 2022 \"Notice of Proposed Rulemaking\" by the Department of Cannabis Control (DCC) of California. The proposed rules would standardize lab testing methods across the entire state \"so there is greater integrity in the market, accurate information for consumers, and confidence among stakeholders.\"[32] The DCC says this of enforcement of the proposed test method requirements[33]:\n\nA well organized, clearly written set of procedures will allow the Department to better educate [laboratory] licensees regarding the testing method as well as provide consistency in enforcement. Effective education and enforcement regarding the requirements found in the regulations are essential to the Department\u2019s goal of ensuring that California\u2019s licensed laboratories operate in a manner that benefits the state of California while reducing or eliminating the risks of harm to the people of the state. The increased clarity and efficiency obtained by the proposed regulation will further increase the Department\u2019s ability to carry out this mission.\nThis focus on enforcement is noteworthy in light of their announcement and request for comments, noting that \"[t]he regulatory package comes on the heels of concerns about cannabis potency inflation and 'laboratory shopping,' by cannabis businesses looking to secure THC levels that may be higher than what is actually contained in the cannabis flower or product.\"[32] This issue of laboratory shopping and labs bending the rules to gain more clientele is not isolated to California, as other states like Washington and Alaska have also experienced such issues.[8][34][35][36][37] As such, consistency in laboratory testing through harmonized methods will also require a similarly \"harmonized\" consistency in enforcing the use of those methods. As Straight Line Analytics founder James MacRae notes, \"You put consequences on the labs, and you start assessing ... This is something that can be done fairly inexpensively and involves random off-the-shelf testing.\"[8]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis Quality, Strategies and Solutions Summit - Agenda\" (PDF). Information Forecast, Inc. July 2016. Archived from the original on 02 February 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170202183410\/http:\/\/chernislaw.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/NEW-Cannabis-Quality-Summit-Main-Summit-Agenda.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"New Certification Program Brings Quality Assurance to the Medical Marijuana Industry\". Information Forecast, Inc. 2016. https:\/\/infocastinc.com\/market-insights\/new-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cannabis Committee, AHPA (2 February 2016). \"Recommendations for Regulators \u2013 Cannabis Operations\" (PDF). American Herbal Products Association. https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). Cannabis Inflorescence: Cannabis spp.. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. ISBN 1929425333. https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Project CBD; Marcu, J. (16 March 2016). \"Cannabis Lab Testing & Safety Protocols\". Project CBD. Project CBD. https:\/\/www.projectcbd.org\/industry\/cannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Erickson, B.E. (13 November 2017). \"Cleaning up cannabis\". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. https:\/\/cen.acs.org\/articles\/95\/i45\/Cleaning-cannabis.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cassiday, L. (October 2016). \"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Sacirbey, O. (16 May 2022). \"Standards organizations look to create uniform cannabis testing methods\". MJBizDaily. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/standards-organizations-create-uniform-cannabis-testing-methods\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Public Review Completes Development Process\". FOCUS. 2016. https:\/\/www.focusstandards.org\/public-review-of-cannabis-standards\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Biros, A.G. (2 March 2017). \"ASTM International Launches Cannabis Committee\". Cannabis Industry Journal. Innovative Publishing Co. LLC. https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/news_article\/astm-international-launches-cannabis-committee\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 11.0 11.1 \"Committee D37 on Cannabis\". ASTM International. https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Maxwell, J. (May 2017). \"The Need for Cannabis Standards\". ASTM Standardization News. ASTM International. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171027125704\/https:\/\/www.astm.org\/standardization-news\/?q=features\/need-cannabis-standards-mj17.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Morgan, R. (29 March 2018). \"ASTM International Committee D37 on Cannabis: The Road to Consensus Standards\". LabRoots. https:\/\/www.labroots.com\/webinar\/astm-international-committee-d37-cannabis-road-consensus-standards . Retrieved 08 July 2022 . \"At 20:25 of the webinar\"   \n \n\n\u2191 May, M. (21 February 2018). \"ASTM D37 Cannabis Committee Looks to Expand its Reach in 2018\". Analytical Cannabis. Technology Networks. https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/astm-d37-cannabis-committee-looks-to-expand-its-reach-in-2018-297750 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"ASTM International Cannabis Committee Approves First Two Standards\". ASTM International. 18 May 2018. https:\/\/newsroom.astm.org\/astm-international-cannabis-committee-approves-first-two-standards . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 ASTM International (23 August 2018). \"ASTM Announces New International Standard Projects to Help Reduce Hazards in Cannabis Processing and Cannabis Sampling Procedures\". Cannabis Business Executive. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com\/2018\/08\/astm-international-standard-underway-help-reduce-hazards-cannabis-processing\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute (ICCI) and ASTM International Sign MOU on Cannabis Standards\". ASTM International. 19 October 2018. https:\/\/newsroom.astm.org\/international-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-institute-icci-and-astm-international-sign-mou . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Subcommittee D37.03 on Laboratory\". ASTM International. https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\/subcommittee-d37\/jurisdiction-d3703 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (26 August 2018). \"AOAC SMPR 2018.011 - Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs) for Identification and Quantitation of Selected Pesticide Residues in Dried Cannabis Materials\" (PDF). https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SMPR2018_011.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 20.0 20.1 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (12 November 2019). \"New guidelines require laboratories to meet AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements for Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Hemp\". AOAC News. https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Mudge, E.M.; Brown, P.N. (2020). \"Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa Dried Flowers and Oils by LC-UV: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2018.10\". Journal of AOAC International 103 (2): 489\u201393. doi:10.5740\/jaoacint.19-0197. PMID 31561754.   \n \n\n\u2191 Vaclavik, L.; Benes, F.; Fenclova, M. et al. (2019). \"Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Cannabis Dried Plant Materials, Concentrates, and Oils Using Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection Technique with Optional Mass Spectrometric Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation Study, First Action 2018.11\". Journal of AOAC International 102 (6): 1822-1833. doi:10.5740\/jaoacint.18-0426. PMID 31208494.   \n \n\n\u2191 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (November 2019). \"CASP 2020 Member Prospectus\" (PDF). Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200225173719\/https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/CASP-Prospectus-2020.-11_25.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Resources, Uploads, & Archives: Cannabis SMPRs\". Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/resources\/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&pagination=2&pagination=1 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 25.0 25.1 \"NIST to Help Labs Achieve Accurate THC, CBD Measurements\". National Institute of Standards and Technology. 21 July 2020. https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/news-events\/news\/2020\/07\/nist-help-labs-achieve-accurate-thc-cbd-measurements . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 26.0 26.1 \"NIST Tools for Cannabis Laboratory Quality Assurance\". National Institute of Standards and Technology. May 2019. https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs-projects\/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"The Emerald Test\". Emerald Scientific. 2021. https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"State Regulators Start \u201cCannabis Regulators Association\u201d\". Cannabis Regulators Association. 12 November 2020. https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\/state-regulators-start-cannabis-regulators-association-dr6cc . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"CANNRA\". Cannabis Regulators Association. https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 30.0 30.1 \"CANNRA Issues Letter to Congress Highlighting Regulatory Issues Which Impact State and Federal Priorities\". Cannabis Regulators Association. 18 February 2021. https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\/cannra-issues-letter-to-congress-highlighting-regulatory-issues-which-impact-state-and-federal-priorities . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"News\". Cannabis Regulators Association. https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 32.0 32.1 Department of Cannabis Control (8 July 2022). \"California looks to standardize cannabis testing statewide\". State of California. https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2022\/07\/california-looks-to-standardize-cannabis-testing-statewide\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Department of Cannabis Control (17 June 2022). \"Notice of Proposed Rulemaking - Standard cannabinoids test method and standardized operating procedures for all licensed commercial cannabis testing laboratories\" (PDF). State of California. https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/06\/DCC_Cannabinoids-Test-Method_Notice_2022-0608.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bush, E. (18 February 2015). \"World\u2019s strongest weed? Potency testing challenged\". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/worldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Young, B. (5 January 2016). \"Some pot labs in state failed no pot at all, says scientist\". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/marijuana\/some-pot-labs-in-state-failed-no-pot-at-all-says-scientist\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Coughlin-Bogue, T. (11 March 2016). \"To Combat Inconsistency, Washington Testing Labs Turn to Self-Policing\". Leafly - Politics. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/politics\/to-combat-claims-of-inconsistency-washington-testing-labs-turn-to . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ritchie, H. (29 April 2018). \"Inconsistency in Cannabis Lab Testing\". Terpenes and Testing Magazine. https:\/\/terpenesandtesting.com\/category\/testing\/cannabis-testing-lab-test-inconsistencies\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:23.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","3d2b37cebf50f61dbb776b1cc988fec8_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Regulation_standardization_and_quality_Standardization rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Regulation_standardization_and_quality_Standardization skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/Standardization<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"2.3_Standardization_and_harmonization_efforts\">2.3 Standardization and harmonization efforts<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>While federal, state, and local governments wrestle with the regulatory frameworks surrounding cannabis, scientists and government officials are carrying on, doing what they can to harmonize the patchwork of regulations with emerging industry standards and guidelines. For example, state officials from Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington teamed up to give a presentation called \"State Regulatory Approaches to Cannabis Testing, Operations and Product Logistics\" at the July 2016 Cannabis Quality, Strategies and Solutions Summit. That presentation focused on the harmonization of regulatory standards and frameworks across states, as well as discussions of what scientific efforts are required to support those standards and frameworks.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CQSSS16_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CQSSS16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, organizations such as Americans for Safe Access Foundation (ASAF), American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP), American Herbal Products Association (AHPA), Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC), and the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) have been developing standards, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Scientific_method\" title=\"Scientific method\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"54ad1b1a487ccd16092c9644eff8bcee\">methods<\/a>, and certifications for analysis, extraction, labeling, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed14e6a67b4b14ad2c190c28455725f6\">laboratory<\/a> operations surrounding <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_(drug)\" title=\"Cannabis (drug)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6500790ffdd84957d4b055c47e48efca\">medical<\/a> and recreational marijuana.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-InfocastNew16_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-InfocastNew16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AHPARecomm16_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AHPARecomm16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AHPCanna14_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AHPCanna14-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MarcuJahan16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MarcuJahan16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-EricksonCleaning17_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-EricksonCleaning17-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> As <i>MJBizDaily<\/i> contributor Omar Sacirbey notes<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SacirbeyStand22-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Having consistent testing methods is an important step for marijuana executives, because it will help harmonize standards that, so far, vary greatly from state to state. Those inconsistencies and the lack of defined testing methods raise the risk of errors and product recalls for businesses.\nStandardized testing methods can reduce those risks and give new and existing labs proven and certified procedures to refer to, sparing them the time and cost of developing their own methods.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>More notable among those organizations is the Foundation of Cannabis Unified Standards (FOCUS), which worked to produce internationally applicable voluntary consensus standards for various parts of the cannabis business chain, including cultivation, extraction, laboratory testing, and packaging. FOCUS completed its public review process and finalized its standards in July 2016, though at that time it wasn't clear how to gain access to them.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FOCUSPublic16_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOCUSPublic16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> New information came to light in March 2017, when FOCUS and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=ASTM_International\" title=\"ASTM International\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4211bf55f9dcffbe89190f350eaaf00c\">ASTM International<\/a> announced a collaboration between the two entities, which in April 2017 saw the formation of volunteer committee D37 at ASTM and the further adaptation of FOCUS' standards to future ASTM releases.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BirosASTM17_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BirosASTM17-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASTMD37_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASTMD37-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>The newly formed Committee D37 agreed to pursue cannabis standardization in six key areas<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MaxwellTheNeed17_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MaxwellTheNeed17-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MorganASTM18_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MorganASTM18-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li><i>indoor and outdoor horticulture and agriculture<\/i>: e.g., pest management, water considerations, environmental site assessment, and sustainability<\/li>\n<li><i>quality management systems<\/i>: e.g., quality considerations, due diligence<\/li>\n<li><i>laboratory testing<\/i>: e.g., sampling, stability testing, purity testing, analytical methods, and proficiency testing<\/li>\n<li><i>processing and handling<\/i>: e.g., drying and curing, exposure management, waste management, storage<\/li>\n<li><i>security and transportation<\/i>: e.g., packaging, shipping management, risk assessment and mitigation, occupational health and safety<\/li>\n<li><i>training, assessment, and credentialing<\/i>: e.g., laboratory training, clean room management, quality inspection, patient and physician education<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Since its founding in April 2017, Committee D37 has made strides towards its goals. Meeting every January and June<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASTMD37_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASTMD37-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>, D37 has made progress on developing several standards and creating a set of standardized terminology to be used across them.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MayASTM18_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MayASTM18-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> Its first two approved standards arrived in May 2018, concerning testing methods for determining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Water_activity\" title=\"Water activity\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8c9ee6a4dcc3657907ffc4c5fd81997a\">water activity<\/a> in cannabis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Sample_(material)\" title=\"Sample (material)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2d7596b7c3616db8f56af698be478d3d\">samples<\/a>, as well as the range of water activity that is \"safe and effective\" for storing samples.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASTM18_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASTM18-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> In August 2018, the committee announced a new standards project that would result in two guides that \"will provide sampling procedures critical in generating accurate laboratory results, which in turn could lead to improved consumer safety.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASTMAnnounce18_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASTMAnnounce18-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> By October 2018, ASTM Committee D37 had agreed to work with the International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute (ICCI) to mutually develop standards for the cannabis industry.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASTMInternCanna18_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASTMInternCanna18-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> Since then, a variety of other standards have been developed through the cooperative agreement, including standards for analytical laboratory operations, laboratory test method development and validation, stability testing, and sampling.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ASTMSubD37.03_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ASTMSubD37.03-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In addition to ASTM's Committee D37, the AOAC and its Cannabis Analytical Science Program (CASP) has also been recently active in developing standards for cannabis laboratory testing. In August 2018, the AOAC's CASP finalized its first \"Standard Method Performance Requirement\" or \"SMPR,\" which is a set of \"minimum recommended performance characteristics to be used during the evaluation of a method.\" Within the AOAC, they're also used for the \"evaluation of validation study data for method[s] being considered for Performance Tested Methods or AOAC Official Methods of Analysis.\" The first SMPR addressed identifying and quantifying <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Pesticide\" title=\"Pesticide\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"073c24701223ff2ad1d3e2cc0058b2de\">pesticides<\/a> in dried cannabis materials.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SMPR2018.011_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SMPR2018.011-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> In September 2019, they approved an SMPR (2019.003) for analyzing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinoid\" title=\"Cannabinoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c224c3041748677fcdce5b5209900b7b\">cannabinoids<\/a> in hemp (i.e., low <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=THC\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"THC\" data-key=\"49178a9ff17554cbfe6c621d70cd3796\">THC<\/a> cannabis varieties). This was followed up a month later by the release of an SMPR for determining residual <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Solvent\" title=\"Solvent\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"978fd0f359891b1cb3927105fa01e23f\">solvents<\/a> in cannabis derivatives, as well as one for detecting the <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Aspergillus\" title=\"Aspergillus\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"424ebb812aa96d73372105893eb3d2ac\">Aspergillus<\/a><\/i> fungus in cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AOACNew19_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AOACNew19-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> (The USDA has reportedly adopted the AOAC's cannabinoid testing standard as part of its Domestic Hemp Production Program, further cementing the standard into more common use.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AOACNew19_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AOACNew19-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>) The AOAC has also worked to get additional analytical methods published in academic journals, including one for \"Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa Dried Flowers and Oils by LC-UV\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MudgeDeterm20.22_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MudgeDeterm20.22-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> and another for \"Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Cannabis Dried Plant Materials, Concentrates, and Oils Using Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection Technique with Optional Mass Spectrometric Detection.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-VaclavikQuant19_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-VaclavikQuant19-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> And the CASP set a goal to develop and adopt an additional six cannabis- or hemp-based SMPRs, as well as several official methods, by the end of 2020.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CASP2020Member19_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CASP2020Member19-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> As of July 2022, thirteen SMPRs for cannabis have been released, with two additional ones concerning heavy metal and cannabinoid quantitation in beverage in draft status.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AOACCanna_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AOACCanna-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Also of note is the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cannabis Quality Assurance Program (CannaQAP). Launched in July 2020, the CannaQAP \"aims to increase accuracy in product labeling and help forensic laboratories distinguish between hemp, which is legal in all states, and marijuana, which is not.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NISTToHelp20_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NISTToHelp20-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NISTTools19_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NISTTools19-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> Similar in vein to The Emerald Test<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ESTheEmerald21_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ESTheEmerald21-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>, NIST uses a proficiency test approach, though without the pass-fail grade, allowing participating labs to improve their analytical methods based off the most successful methods.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NISTToHelp20_25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NISTToHelp20-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NISTTools19_26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NISTTools19-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> It's possible efforts like these will further lead to more standardized approaches to testing cannabis constituents and contaminants.\n<\/p><p>Finally, the Cannabis Regulators Association (CANNRA) is another recent non-profit entity working to harmonize regulations and standards across the industry. Formed in November 2020, CANNRA was \"created in order to assist federal, state, and local jurisdictions that have approved or are weighing legalization of cannabis\" and \"engage with each other to identify and develop best practices, create model policies that safeguard public health and safety, and promote regulatory certainty for industry participants.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CANNRAState20_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CANNRAState20-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> Since its creation, regulators from more than 40 states, jurisdictions, and territories have eventually joined \"to foster harmony and, where possible, standardization across jurisdictions that legalize and regulate cannabis.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SacirbeyStand22-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CANNRAHome_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CANNRAHome-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> The organization has not only highlighted regulatory issues such as lack of standardization of laboratory testing across U.S. states<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CANNRACongressHigh21_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CANNRACongressHigh21-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>, but it also has submitted responses to draft legislation requests for comments and written letters to government officials encouraging stances on matters related to the industry<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CANNRANews_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CANNRANews-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> (though the association notes that it's \"not a cannabis advocacy group\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CANNRACongressHigh21_30-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CANNRACongressHigh21-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>). \n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"2.3.1._Enforcement\">2.3.1. Enforcement<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>While this harmonization of regulations, standards, and accreditation requirements is a worthy effort, downstream enforcement efforts will eventually need to be just as durable to ensure harmonization efforts aren't for not.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SacirbeyStand22-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> The importance of enforcement is expressed in a June 2022 \"Notice of Proposed Rulemaking\" by the Department of Cannabis Control (DCC) of California. The proposed rules would standardize lab testing methods across the entire state \"so there is greater integrity in the market, accurate information for consumers, and confidence among stakeholders.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCCCaliLook22_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCCCaliLook22-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> The DCC says this of enforcement of the proposed test method requirements<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCCNotice22_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCCNotice22-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>A well organized, clearly written set of procedures will allow the Department to better educate [laboratory] licensees regarding the testing method as well as provide consistency in enforcement. Effective education and enforcement regarding the requirements found in the regulations are essential to the Department\u2019s goal of ensuring that California\u2019s licensed laboratories operate in a manner that benefits the state of California while reducing or eliminating the risks of harm to the people of the state. The increased clarity and efficiency obtained by the proposed regulation will further increase the Department\u2019s ability to carry out this mission.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This focus on enforcement is noteworthy in light of their announcement and request for comments, noting that \"[t]he regulatory package comes on the heels of concerns about cannabis potency inflation and 'laboratory shopping,' by cannabis businesses looking to secure THC levels that may be higher than what is actually contained in the cannabis flower or product.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCCCaliLook22_32-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCCCaliLook22-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> This issue of laboratory shopping and labs bending the rules to gain more clientele is not isolated to California, as other states like Washington and Alaska have also experienced such issues.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SacirbeyStand22-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BushWorlds15_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BushWorlds15-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-YoungSome16_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-YoungSome16-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Coughlin-BogueToCombat16_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Coughlin-BogueToCombat16-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RitchieInconsist18_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RitchieInconsist18-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> As such, consistency in laboratory testing through harmonized methods will also require a similarly \"harmonized\" consistency in enforcing the use of those methods. As Straight Line Analytics founder James MacRae notes, \"You put consequences on the labs, and you start assessing ... This is something that can be done fairly inexpensively and involves random off-the-shelf testing.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SacirbeyStand22-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-CQSSS16-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CQSSS16_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170202183410\/http:\/\/chernislaw.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/NEW-Cannabis-Quality-Summit-Main-Summit-Agenda.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Quality, Strategies and Solutions Summit - Agenda\"<\/a> (PDF). Information Forecast, Inc. July 2016. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/chernislaw.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/NEW-Cannabis-Quality-Summit-Main-Summit-Agenda.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 02 February 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170202183410\/http:\/\/chernislaw.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/NEW-Cannabis-Quality-Summit-Main-Summit-Agenda.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170202183410\/http:\/\/chernislaw.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/NEW-Cannabis-Quality-Summit-Main-Summit-Agenda.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Quality%2C+Strategies+and+Solutions+Summit+-+Agenda&rft.atitle=&rft.date=July+2016&rft.pub=Information+Forecast%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170202183410%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fchernislaw.com%2Fnews%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2FNEW-Cannabis-Quality-Summit-Main-Summit-Agenda.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-InfocastNew16-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-InfocastNew16_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/infocastinc.com\/market-insights\/new-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"New Certification Program Brings Quality Assurance to the Medical Marijuana Industry\"<\/a>. Information Forecast, Inc. 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/infocastinc.com\/market-insights\/new-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/infocastinc.com\/market-insights\/new-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+Certification+Program+Brings+Quality+Assurance+to+the+Medical+Marijuana+Industry&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=Information+Forecast%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfocastinc.com%2Fmarket-insights%2Fnew-certification-program-brings-quality-assurance-to-the-medical-marijuana-industry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AHPARecomm16-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AHPARecomm16_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cannabis Committee, AHPA (2 February 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Recommendations for Regulators \u2013 Cannabis Operations\"<\/a> (PDF). American Herbal Products Association<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+Regulators+%E2%80%93+Cannabis+Operations&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cannabis+Committee%2C+AHPA&rft.au=Cannabis+Committee%2C+AHPA&rft.date=2+February+2016&rft.pub=American+Herbal+Products+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahpa.org%2FPortals%2F0%2Fpdfs%2FAHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AHPCanna14-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AHPCanna14_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i><\/i>Cannabis Inflorescence<i>: <\/i>Cannabis<i> spp.<\/i><\/a>. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 1929425333<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/herbal-ahp.org\/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Cannabis+Inflorescence%27%27%3A+%27%27Cannabis%27%27+spp.&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=American+Herbal+Pharmacopoeia&rft.isbn=1929425333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherbal-ahp.org%2Fonline-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MarcuJahan16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MarcuJahan16_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Project CBD; Marcu, J. (16 March 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projectcbd.org\/industry\/cannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Lab Testing & Safety Protocols\"<\/a>. <i>Project CBD<\/i>. Project CBD<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.projectcbd.org\/industry\/cannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.projectcbd.org\/industry\/cannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Lab+Testing+%26+Safety+Protocols&rft.atitle=Project+CBD&rft.aulast=Project+CBD%3B+Marcu%2C+J.&rft.au=Project+CBD%3B+Marcu%2C+J.&rft.date=16+March+2016&rft.pub=Project+CBD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectcbd.org%2Findustry%2Fcannabis-lab-testing-safety-protocols&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-EricksonCleaning17-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-EricksonCleaning17_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Erickson, B.E. (13 November 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cen.acs.org\/articles\/95\/i45\/Cleaning-cannabis.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cleaning up cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Chemical & Engineering News<\/i>. American Chemical Society<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cen.acs.org\/articles\/95\/i45\/Cleaning-cannabis.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cen.acs.org\/articles\/95\/i45\/Cleaning-cannabis.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cleaning+up+cannabis&rft.atitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.aulast=Erickson%2C+B.E.&rft.au=Erickson%2C+B.E.&rft.date=13+November+2017&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F95%2Fi45%2FCleaning-cannabis.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CassidayTheHighs16-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CassidayTheHighs16_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cassiday, L. (October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing\"<\/a>. <i>INFORM<\/i>. American Oil Chemists' Society<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aocs.org\/stay-informed\/inform-magazine\/featured-articles\/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Highs+and+Lows+of+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=INFORM&rft.aulast=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.au=Cassiday%2C+L.&rft.date=October+2016&rft.pub=American+Oil+Chemists%27+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aocs.org%2Fstay-informed%2Finform-magazine%2Ffeatured-articles%2Fthe-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SacirbeyStand22-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-2\">8.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-3\">8.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-SacirbeyStand22_8-4\">8.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Sacirbey, O. (16 May 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/standards-organizations-create-uniform-cannabis-testing-methods\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Standards organizations look to create uniform cannabis testing methods\"<\/a>. <i>MJBizDaily<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/standards-organizations-create-uniform-cannabis-testing-methods\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/standards-organizations-create-uniform-cannabis-testing-methods\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Standards+organizations+look+to+create+uniform+cannabis+testing+methods&rft.atitle=MJBizDaily&rft.aulast=Sacirbey%2C+O.&rft.au=Sacirbey%2C+O.&rft.date=16+May+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fstandards-organizations-create-uniform-cannabis-testing-methods%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOCUSPublic16-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOCUSPublic16_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.focusstandards.org\/public-review-of-cannabis-standards\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Public Review Completes Development Process\"<\/a>. FOCUS. 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.focusstandards.org\/public-review-of-cannabis-standards\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.focusstandards.org\/public-review-of-cannabis-standards\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Public+Review+Completes+Development+Process&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=FOCUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.focusstandards.org%2Fpublic-review-of-cannabis-standards%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BirosASTM17-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BirosASTM17_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Biros, A.G. (2 March 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/news_article\/astm-international-launches-cannabis-committee\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"ASTM International Launches Cannabis Committee\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Industry Journal<\/i>. Innovative Publishing Co. LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/news_article\/astm-international-launches-cannabis-committee\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/news_article\/astm-international-launches-cannabis-committee\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ASTM+International+Launches+Cannabis+Committee&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Industry+Journal&rft.aulast=Biros%2C+A.G.&rft.au=Biros%2C+A.G.&rft.date=2+March+2017&rft.pub=Innovative+Publishing+Co.+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabisindustryjournal.com%2Fnews_article%2Fastm-international-launches-cannabis-committee%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASTMD37-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASTMD37_11-0\">11.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASTMD37_11-1\">11.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\" target=\"_blank\">\"Committee D37 on Cannabis\"<\/a>. ASTM International<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Committee+D37+on+Cannabis&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2Fget-involved%2Ftechnical-committees%2Fcommittee-d37&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MaxwellTheNeed17-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MaxwellTheNeed17_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Maxwell, J. (May 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171027125704\/https:\/\/www.astm.org\/standardization-news\/?q=features\/need-cannabis-standards-mj17.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Need for Cannabis Standards\"<\/a>. <i>ASTM Standardization News<\/i>. ASTM International. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/standardization-news\/?q=features\/need-cannabis-standards-mj17.html\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 27 October 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171027125704\/https:\/\/www.astm.org\/standardization-news\/?q=features\/need-cannabis-standards-mj17.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171027125704\/https:\/\/www.astm.org\/standardization-news\/?q=features\/need-cannabis-standards-mj17.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Need+for+Cannabis+Standards&rft.atitle=ASTM+Standardization+News&rft.aulast=Maxwell%2C+J.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+J.&rft.date=May+2017&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171027125704%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2Fstandardization-news%2F%3Fq%3Dfeatures%2Fneed-cannabis-standards-mj17.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MorganASTM18-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MorganASTM18_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Morgan, R. (29 March 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labroots.com\/webinar\/astm-international-committee-d37-cannabis-road-consensus-standards\" target=\"_blank\">\"ASTM International Committee D37 on Cannabis: The Road to Consensus Standards\"<\/a>. <i>LabRoots<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labroots.com\/webinar\/astm-international-committee-d37-cannabis-road-consensus-standards\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labroots.com\/webinar\/astm-international-committee-d37-cannabis-road-consensus-standards<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>. \"At 20:25 of the webinar\"<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ASTM+International+Committee+D37+on+Cannabis%3A+The+Road+to+Consensus+Standards&rft.atitle=LabRoots&rft.aulast=Morgan%2C+R.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+R.&rft.date=29+March+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labroots.com%2Fwebinar%2Fastm-international-committee-d37-cannabis-road-consensus-standards&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MayASTM18-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MayASTM18_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">May, M. (21 February 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/astm-d37-cannabis-committee-looks-to-expand-its-reach-in-2018-297750\" target=\"_blank\">\"ASTM D37 Cannabis Committee Looks to Expand its Reach in 2018\"<\/a>. <i>Analytical Cannabis<\/i>. Technology Networks<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/astm-d37-cannabis-committee-looks-to-expand-its-reach-in-2018-297750\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.analyticalcannabis.com\/articles\/astm-d37-cannabis-committee-looks-to-expand-its-reach-in-2018-297750<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ASTM+D37+Cannabis+Committee+Looks+to+Expand+its+Reach+in+2018&rft.atitle=Analytical+Cannabis&rft.aulast=May%2C+M.&rft.au=May%2C+M.&rft.date=21+February+2018&rft.pub=Technology+Networks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analyticalcannabis.com%2Farticles%2Fastm-d37-cannabis-committee-looks-to-expand-its-reach-in-2018-297750&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASTM18-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASTM18_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.astm.org\/astm-international-cannabis-committee-approves-first-two-standards\" target=\"_blank\">\"ASTM International Cannabis Committee Approves First Two Standards\"<\/a>. ASTM International. 18 May 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.astm.org\/astm-international-cannabis-committee-approves-first-two-standards\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/newsroom.astm.org\/astm-international-cannabis-committee-approves-first-two-standards<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ASTM+International+Cannabis+Committee+Approves+First+Two+Standards&rft.atitle=&rft.date=18+May+2018&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.astm.org%2Fastm-international-cannabis-committee-approves-first-two-standards&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASTMAnnounce18-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASTMAnnounce18_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">ASTM International (23 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com\/2018\/08\/astm-international-standard-underway-help-reduce-hazards-cannabis-processing\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"ASTM Announces New International Standard Projects to Help Reduce Hazards in Cannabis Processing and Cannabis Sampling Procedures\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Executive<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com\/2018\/08\/astm-international-standard-underway-help-reduce-hazards-cannabis-processing\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com\/2018\/08\/astm-international-standard-underway-help-reduce-hazards-cannabis-processing\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ASTM+Announces+New+International+Standard+Projects+to+Help+Reduce+Hazards+in+Cannabis+Processing+and+Cannabis+Sampling+Procedures&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Executive&rft.aulast=ASTM+International&rft.au=ASTM+International&rft.date=23+August+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com%2F2018%2F08%2Fastm-international-standard-underway-help-reduce-hazards-cannabis-processing%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASTMInternCanna18-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASTMInternCanna18_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.astm.org\/international-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-institute-icci-and-astm-international-sign-mou\" target=\"_blank\">\"International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute (ICCI) and ASTM International Sign MOU on Cannabis Standards\"<\/a>. ASTM International. 19 October 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.astm.org\/international-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-institute-icci-and-astm-international-sign-mou\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/newsroom.astm.org\/international-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-institute-icci-and-astm-international-sign-mou<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=International+Cannabis+and+Cannabinoids+Institute+%28ICCI%29+and+ASTM+International+Sign+MOU+on+Cannabis+Standards&rft.atitle=&rft.date=19+October+2018&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.astm.org%2Finternational-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-institute-icci-and-astm-international-sign-mou&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ASTMSubD37.03-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ASTMSubD37.03_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\/subcommittee-d37\/jurisdiction-d3703\" target=\"_blank\">\"Subcommittee D37.03 on Laboratory\"<\/a>. ASTM International<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\/subcommittee-d37\/jurisdiction-d3703\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/get-involved\/technical-committees\/committee-d37\/subcommittee-d37\/jurisdiction-d3703<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Subcommittee+D37.03+on+Laboratory&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2Fget-involved%2Ftechnical-committees%2Fcommittee-d37%2Fsubcommittee-d37%2Fjurisdiction-d3703&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SMPR2018.011-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SMPR2018.011_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (26 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SMPR2018_011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"AOAC SMPR 2018.011 - Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs) for Identification and Quantitation of Selected Pesticide Residues in Dried Cannabis Materials\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SMPR2018_011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SMPR2018_011.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=AOAC+SMPR+2018.011+-+Standard+Method+Performance+Requirements+%28SMPRs%29+for+Identification+and+Quantitation+of+Selected+Pesticide+Residues+in+Dried+Cannabis+Materials&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.au=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.date=26+August+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F01%2FSMPR2018_011.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AOACNew19-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AOACNew19_20-0\">20.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AOACNew19_20-1\">20.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (12 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"New guidelines require laboratories to meet AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements for Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Hemp\"<\/a>. <i>AOAC News<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/news\/aoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+guidelines+require+laboratories+to+meet+AOAC+Standard+Method+Performance+Requirements+for+Quantitation+of+Cannabinoids+in+Hemp&rft.atitle=AOAC+News&rft.aulast=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.au=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.date=12+November+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fnews%2Faoac-cannabinoid-standard-in-usda-guidelines%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MudgeDeterm20.22-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MudgeDeterm20.22_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mudge, E.M.; Brown, P.N. (2020). \"Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa Dried Flowers and Oils by LC-UV: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2018.10\". <i>Journal of AOAC International<\/i> <b>103<\/b> (2): 489\u201393. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5740%2Fjaoacint.19-0197\" target=\"_blank\">10.5740\/jaoacint.19-0197<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31561754\" target=\"_blank\">31561754<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Determination+of+Cannabinoids+in+Cannabis+sativa+Dried+Flowers+and+Oils+by+LC-UV%3A+Single-Laboratory+Validation%2C+First+Action+2018.10&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+AOAC+International&rft.aulast=Mudge%2C+E.M.%3B+Brown%2C+P.N.&rft.au=Mudge%2C+E.M.%3B+Brown%2C+P.N.&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=489%E2%80%9393&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5740%2Fjaoacint.19-0197&rft_id=info:pmid\/31561754&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-VaclavikQuant19-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-VaclavikQuant19_22-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Vaclavik, L.; Benes, F.; Fenclova, M. et al. (2019). \"Quantitation of Cannabinoids in Cannabis Dried Plant Materials, Concentrates, and Oils Using Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection Technique with Optional Mass Spectrometric Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation Study, First Action 2018.11\". <i>Journal of AOAC International<\/i> <b>102<\/b> (6): 1822-1833. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5740%2Fjaoacint.18-0426\" target=\"_blank\">10.5740\/jaoacint.18-0426<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31208494\" target=\"_blank\">31208494<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quantitation+of+Cannabinoids+in+Cannabis+Dried+Plant+Materials%2C+Concentrates%2C+and+Oils+Using+Liquid+Chromatography-Diode+Array+Detection+Technique+with+Optional+Mass+Spectrometric+Detection%3A+Single-Laboratory+Validation+Study%2C+First+Action+2018.11&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+AOAC+International&rft.aulast=Vaclavik%2C+L.%3B+Benes%2C+F.%3B+Fenclova%2C+M.+et+al.&rft.au=Vaclavik%2C+L.%3B+Benes%2C+F.%3B+Fenclova%2C+M.+et+al.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1822-1833&rft_id=info:doi\/10.5740%2Fjaoacint.18-0426&rft_id=info:pmid\/31208494&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CASP2020Member19-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CASP2020Member19_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200225173719\/https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/CASP-Prospectus-2020.-11_25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"CASP 2020 Member Prospectus\"<\/a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/CASP-Prospectus-2020.-11_25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 25 February 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200225173719\/https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/CASP-Prospectus-2020.-11_25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200225173719\/https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/CASP-Prospectus-2020.-11_25.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CASP+2020+Member+Prospectus&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.au=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft.date=November+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200225173719%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2FCASP-Prospectus-2020.-11_25.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AOACCanna-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AOACCanna_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/resources\/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&pagination=2&pagination=1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Resources, Uploads, & Archives: Cannabis SMPRs\"<\/a>. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/resources\/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&pagination=2&pagination=1\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/resources\/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&pagination=2&pagination=1<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Resources%2C+Uploads%2C+%26+Archives%3A+Cannabis+SMPRs&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Association+of+Official+Agricultural+Chemists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoac.org%2Fresources%2F%3Ftopic%3DCannabis%26type%3DSMPRs%26pagination%3D2%26pagination%3D1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NISTToHelp20-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NISTToHelp20_25-0\">25.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NISTToHelp20_25-1\">25.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/news-events\/news\/2020\/07\/nist-help-labs-achieve-accurate-thc-cbd-measurements\" target=\"_blank\">\"NIST to Help Labs Achieve Accurate THC, CBD Measurements\"<\/a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 21 July 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/news-events\/news\/2020\/07\/nist-help-labs-achieve-accurate-thc-cbd-measurements\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/news-events\/news\/2020\/07\/nist-help-labs-achieve-accurate-thc-cbd-measurements<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NIST+to+Help+Labs+Achieve+Accurate+THC%2C+CBD+Measurements&rft.atitle=&rft.date=21+July+2020&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2Fnist-help-labs-achieve-accurate-thc-cbd-measurements&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NISTTools19-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NISTTools19_26-0\">26.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NISTTools19_26-1\">26.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs-projects\/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance\" target=\"_blank\">\"NIST Tools for Cannabis Laboratory Quality Assurance\"<\/a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. May 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs-projects\/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs-projects\/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NIST+Tools+for+Cannabis+Laboratory+Quality+Assurance&rft.atitle=&rft.date=May+2019&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fprograms-projects%2Fnist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ESTheEmerald21-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ESTheEmerald21_27-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Emerald Test\"<\/a>. Emerald Scientific. 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pt.emeraldscientific.com\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Emerald+Test&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2021&rft.pub=Emerald+Scientific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.emeraldscientific.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CANNRAState20-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CANNRAState20_28-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\/state-regulators-start-cannabis-regulators-association-dr6cc\" target=\"_blank\">\"State Regulators Start \u201cCannabis Regulators Association\u201d\"<\/a>. Cannabis Regulators Association. 12 November 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\/state-regulators-start-cannabis-regulators-association-dr6cc\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\/state-regulators-start-cannabis-regulators-association-dr6cc<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=State+Regulators+Start+%E2%80%9CCannabis+Regulators+Association%E2%80%9D&rft.atitle=&rft.date=12+November+2020&rft.pub=Cannabis+Regulators+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cann-ra.org%2Fnews-events%2Fstate-regulators-start-cannabis-regulators-association-dr6cc&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CANNRAHome-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CANNRAHome_29-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\" target=\"_blank\">\"CANNRA\"<\/a>. Cannabis Regulators Association<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CANNRA&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Cannabis+Regulators+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cann-ra.org&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CANNRACongressHigh21-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CANNRACongressHigh21_30-0\">30.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CANNRACongressHigh21_30-1\">30.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\/cannra-issues-letter-to-congress-highlighting-regulatory-issues-which-impact-state-and-federal-priorities\" target=\"_blank\">\"CANNRA Issues Letter to Congress Highlighting Regulatory Issues Which Impact State and Federal Priorities\"<\/a>. Cannabis Regulators Association. 18 February 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\/cannra-issues-letter-to-congress-highlighting-regulatory-issues-which-impact-state-and-federal-priorities\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\/cannra-issues-letter-to-congress-highlighting-regulatory-issues-which-impact-state-and-federal-priorities<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CANNRA+Issues+Letter+to+Congress+Highlighting+Regulatory+Issues+Which+Impact+State+and+Federal+Priorities&rft.atitle=&rft.date=18+February+2021&rft.pub=Cannabis+Regulators+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cann-ra.org%2Fnews-events%2Fcannra-issues-letter-to-congress-highlighting-regulatory-issues-which-impact-state-and-federal-priorities&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CANNRANews-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CANNRANews_31-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\" target=\"_blank\">\"News\"<\/a>. Cannabis Regulators Association<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cann-ra.org\/news-events<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=News&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Cannabis+Regulators+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cann-ra.org%2Fnews-events&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DCCCaliLook22-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCCCaliLook22_32-0\">32.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCCCaliLook22_32-1\">32.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Cannabis Control (8 July 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2022\/07\/california-looks-to-standardize-cannabis-testing-statewide\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"California looks to standardize cannabis testing statewide\"<\/a>. State of California<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2022\/07\/california-looks-to-standardize-cannabis-testing-statewide\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2022\/07\/california-looks-to-standardize-cannabis-testing-statewide\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=California+looks+to+standardize+cannabis+testing+statewide&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Cannabis+Control&rft.au=Department+of+Cannabis+Control&rft.date=8+July+2022&rft.pub=State+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabis.ca.gov%2F2022%2F07%2Fcalifornia-looks-to-standardize-cannabis-testing-statewide%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DCCNotice22-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCCNotice22_33-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Department of Cannabis Control (17 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/06\/DCC_Cannabinoids-Test-Method_Notice_2022-0608.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Notice of Proposed Rulemaking - Standard cannabinoids test method and standardized operating procedures for all licensed commercial cannabis testing laboratories\"<\/a> (PDF). State of California<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/06\/DCC_Cannabinoids-Test-Method_Notice_2022-0608.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/06\/DCC_Cannabinoids-Test-Method_Notice_2022-0608.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Notice+of+Proposed+Rulemaking+-+Standard+cannabinoids+test+method+and+standardized+operating+procedures+for+all+licensed+commercial+cannabis+testing+laboratories&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Department+of+Cannabis+Control&rft.au=Department+of+Cannabis+Control&rft.date=17+June+2022&rft.pub=State+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabis.ca.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2022%2F06%2FDCC_Cannabinoids-Test-Method_Notice_2022-0608.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BushWorlds15-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BushWorlds15_34-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bush, E. (18 February 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/worldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"World\u2019s strongest weed? Potency testing challenged\"<\/a>. <i>The Seattle Times<\/i>. The Seattle Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/worldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/worldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World%E2%80%99s+strongest+weed%3F+Potency+testing+challenged&rft.atitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.aulast=Bush%2C+E.&rft.au=Bush%2C+E.&rft.date=18+February+2015&rft.pub=The+Seattle+Times+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fworldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-YoungSome16-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-YoungSome16_35-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Young, B. (5 January 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/marijuana\/some-pot-labs-in-state-failed-no-pot-at-all-says-scientist\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Some pot labs in state failed no pot at all, says scientist\"<\/a>. <i>The Seattle Times<\/i>. The Seattle Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/marijuana\/some-pot-labs-in-state-failed-no-pot-at-all-says-scientist\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/marijuana\/some-pot-labs-in-state-failed-no-pot-at-all-says-scientist\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Some+pot+labs+in+state+failed+no+pot+at+all%2C+says+scientist&rft.atitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.aulast=Young%2C+B.&rft.au=Young%2C+B.&rft.date=5+January+2016&rft.pub=The+Seattle+Times+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fmarijuana%2Fsome-pot-labs-in-state-failed-no-pot-at-all-says-scientist%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Coughlin-BogueToCombat16-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Coughlin-BogueToCombat16_36-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Coughlin-Bogue, T. (11 March 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/politics\/to-combat-claims-of-inconsistency-washington-testing-labs-turn-to\" target=\"_blank\">\"To Combat Inconsistency, Washington Testing Labs Turn to Self-Policing\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly - Politics<\/i>. Leafly Holdings, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/politics\/to-combat-claims-of-inconsistency-washington-testing-labs-turn-to\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/politics\/to-combat-claims-of-inconsistency-washington-testing-labs-turn-to<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=To+Combat+Inconsistency%2C+Washington+Testing+Labs+Turn+to+Self-Policing&rft.atitle=Leafly+-+Politics&rft.aulast=Coughlin-Bogue%2C+T.&rft.au=Coughlin-Bogue%2C+T.&rft.date=11+March+2016&rft.pub=Leafly+Holdings%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fto-combat-claims-of-inconsistency-washington-testing-labs-turn-to&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RitchieInconsist18-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RitchieInconsist18_37-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ritchie, H. (29 April 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/terpenesandtesting.com\/category\/testing\/cannabis-testing-lab-test-inconsistencies\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Inconsistency in Cannabis Lab Testing\"<\/a>. <i>Terpenes and Testing Magazine<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/terpenesandtesting.com\/category\/testing\/cannabis-testing-lab-test-inconsistencies\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/terpenesandtesting.com\/category\/testing\/cannabis-testing-lab-test-inconsistencies\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Inconsistency+in+Cannabis+Lab+Testing&rft.atitle=Terpenes+and+Testing+Magazine&rft.aulast=Ritchie%2C+H.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+H.&rft.date=29+April+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterpenesandtesting.com%2Fcategory%2Ftesting%2Fcannabis-testing-lab-test-inconsistencies%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140918\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.239 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.252 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 25588\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 206032\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 79497\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 64679\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 233.614 1 -total\n 92.11% 215.189 1 Template:Reflist\n 76.05% 177.660 37 Template:Citation\/core\n 72.11% 168.467 34 Template:Cite_web\n 14.67% 34.266 29 Template:Date\n 7.85% 18.337 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\n 5.54% 12.953 2 Template:Cite_journal\n 4.96% 11.593 1 Template:Cite_book\n 4.22% 9.847 54 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 2.78% 6.501 5 Template:Citation\/identifier\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5212-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140918 and revision id 17981. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","3d2b37cebf50f61dbb776b1cc988fec8_images":[],"3d2b37cebf50f61dbb776b1cc988fec8_timestamp":1660140558,"edfeef6741d06f8c1b518576b58956ae_type":"article","edfeef6741d06f8c1b518576b58956ae_title":"2.2 State and local regulation","edfeef6741d06f8c1b518576b58956ae_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation","edfeef6741d06f8c1b518576b58956ae_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/State and local regulationFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search2.2 State and local regulation \nNote: It would be beyond the scope of this guide to include every state's laws and guidelines on cannabis testing and consumption; entities such as Leafly Holdings[1] and NORML[2] provide such online resources.\nAs of July 2022, thirty-eight U.S. states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) have approved broad legalization of medicinal marijuana, with 19 U.S. states and D.C. also approving recreational marijuana.[3] In October 1973, Oregon became the first state to enact decriminalization laws for marijuana, imposing a $100 fine for possession of less than an ounce. Eleven other states followed a similar path within five years.[4] The next wave of changes began with the passage of medical marijuana legislation in California\u2014the Compassionate Use Act\u2014in November 1996, followed by similar legislation in Oregon and Alaska in 1998, Maine in 1999, and Colorado, Hawaii, and Nevada in 2000.[5][6] Other states continued to add decriminalization and medical marijuana laws in the 2000s. But it wasn't until 2012 that Colorado and Washington became the first states to make recreational marijuana legal, followed by Alaska, Oregon, and the District of Columbia in 2014.[5] Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, and Nevada followed suit in 2016[7], with Michigan doing the same in 2018.[8]\nAs shown by Cambron et al. in 2016 (before the November election results)[5], dispensaries, possession limits, and interstate ID card acceptance can vary significantly among affected states. California, Colorado, Michigan, Oregon, and Washington led in number of dispensaries; Massachusetts, Oregon, and Washington in maximum possession limits; and Arizona plus five others allowed ID cards from other states. Yet allowed dispensaries numbered in the single digits, possession limits were as low as one ounce, and numerous states still didn't honor ID cards from other states.[5]\nThen there's the matter of state differences in testing, enforcement, advertising allowances, etc. It helps to turn to professional associations and organizations\u2014who often lead the charge for improved, more relevant standards\u2014to sort through the variances. In 2016, the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), for example, published its Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs to help sort through the confusing tangle of existing testing laws, where they exist. They highlight this variation of law in their guidance document[9]:\n\nAs with most programs in the United States, every state takes a different approach. For example as of January 2016, New Jersey\u2019s Public Health & Environmental Laboratories only test cannabis plant material. Just across the Hudson, however, New York\u2019s Public Health Laboratory will not be testing any plant material, only cannabis extracts. In addition, the New York Department of Health will provide an oversight role for commercial cannabis laboratories that are licensed by the federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and approved for testing cannabis products. On the other hand, New Jersey state government does all testing in-house for the medical cannabis program.\nAs such, unlike their federal counterpart, it's difficult to make broad generalizations about cannabis regulations and their enforcement in the states. It becomes even more difficult when examining states that don't have clear, well-considered regulations or strong enforcement powers. Cambron et al. emphasized this issue in regards to the supply side, saying: \"States without clearly defined regulations for medical cannabis supply have fostered gray markets for cannabis whereby individuals without documented medical conditions are able to easily obtain medical cannabis authorizations. This scenario has created substantial challenges for law enforcement in multiple states.\"[5]\nCole et al. argue that in the end, it will take pressure on the federal government \"to set up policy guardrails to steer state regulatory systems\" in a more unified and safe direction. Drugged driving, use by minors, interstate distribution, relation to crime and firearms, consumer safety, and advertising are all issues the government should be tackling towards that goal, they say. Not that states aren't addressing these regulatory concerns; they are, but not in consistent ways.[10][11]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Leafly Staff (24 February 2020). \"Leafly\u2019s State-by-State Guide to Medical Cannabis Testing Regulations\". Leafly - Industry. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"State Laws\". NORML Foundation. 2022. https:\/\/norml.org\/laws . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Berke, J.; Gal, S.; Lee, Y.J. (6 January 2021). \"Marijuana legalization is sweeping the US. See every state where cannabis is legal\". Business Insider. Insider, Inc. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Single, E.W. (1981). \"The Impact of Marijuana Decriminalization\". In Israel, Y.; Glaser, F.B.; Kalant, H. et al.. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Springer US. pp. 405\u2013424. doi:10.1007\/978-1-4615-7740-9_12. ISBN 9781461577409.   \n \n\n\u2191 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Cambron, C.; Guttmannova, K.; Fleming, C.B. (2017). \"State and National Contexts in Evaluating Cannabis Laws: A Case Study of Washington State\". Journal of Drug Issues 47 (1): 74\u201390. doi:10.1177\/0022042616678607.   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Election Summary Report, State of Alaska 1998 General Election: Official Results\". Election Results. State of Alaska Division of Elections. 1 December 1998. https:\/\/www.elections.alaska.gov\/results\/98GENR\/results.htm . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Burke, C. (4 January 2017). \"Four More States Pass New Marijuana Laws: California, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada\". National Law Review. National Law Forum, LLC. https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/four-more-states-pass-new-marijuana-laws-california-maine-massachusetts-nevada . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Chappell, B. (7 November 2018). \"Voters Relax Marijuana Laws In 3 More States: Michigan, Utah, Missouri\". NPR. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/11\/07\/665161814\/3-more-states-ok-easing-their-marijuana-laws-michigan-utah-missouri . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). \"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\" (PDF). pp. 35. https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cole, T.; Trumble, S.; Hatalsky, L.E. (17 February 20116). \"All State Marijuana Laws Are Not Created Equal\". Third Way. https:\/\/www.thirdway.org\/report\/all-state-marijuana-laws-are-not-created-equal . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"A Growing Industry Navigates Conflicting State and Federal Cannabis Laws\". Bloomberg Law. The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. 6 June 2022. https:\/\/pro.bloomberglaw.com\/brief\/a-growing-industry-navigates-conflicting-state-and-federal-cannabis-laws\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:16.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","edfeef6741d06f8c1b518576b58956ae_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Regulation_standardization_and_quality_State_and_local_regulation rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Regulation_standardization_and_quality_State_and_local_regulation skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/State and local regulation<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"2.2_State_and_local_regulation\">2.2 State and local regulation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><i>Note: It would be beyond the scope of this guide to include every state's laws and guidelines on cannabis testing and consumption; entities such as <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations\" target=\"_blank\">Leafly Holdings<\/a><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RoughLeaflysState_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RoughLeaflysState-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> and <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/laws\" target=\"_blank\">NORML<\/a><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NORMLStates_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NORMLStates-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> provide such online resources.<\/i>\n<\/p><p>As of July 2022, thirty-eight U.S. states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) have approved broad legalization of medicinal marijuana, with 19 U.S. states and D.C. also approving recreational marijuana.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BerkeMichigan18_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BerkeMichigan18-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> In October 1973, Oregon became the first state to enact decriminalization laws for marijuana, imposing a $100 fine for possession of less than an ounce. Eleven other states followed a similar path within five years.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SingleTheImp81_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SingleTheImp81-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> The next wave of changes began with the passage of medical marijuana legislation in California\u2014the Compassionate Use Act\u2014in November 1996, followed by similar legislation in Oregon and Alaska in 1998, Maine in 1999, and Colorado, Hawaii, and Nevada in 2000.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CambronState16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CambronState16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Alaska98Results_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Alaska98Results-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Other states continued to add decriminalization and medical marijuana laws in the 2000s. But it wasn't until 2012 that Colorado and Washington became the first states to make recreational marijuana legal, followed by Alaska, Oregon, and the District of Columbia in 2014.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CambronState16_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CambronState16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, and Nevada followed suit in 2016<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BurkeFour17_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BurkeFour17-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>, with Michigan doing the same in 2018.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ChappelVoters18_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ChappelVoters18-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>As shown by Cambron <i>et al.<\/i> in 2016 (before the November election results)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CambronState16_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CambronState16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>, dispensaries, possession limits, and interstate ID card acceptance can vary significantly among affected states. California, Colorado, Michigan, Oregon, and Washington led in number of dispensaries; Massachusetts, Oregon, and Washington in maximum possession limits; and Arizona plus five others allowed ID cards from other states. Yet allowed dispensaries numbered in the single digits, possession limits were as low as one ounce, and numerous states still didn't honor ID cards from other states.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CambronState16_5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CambronState16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Then there's the matter of state differences in testing, enforcement, advertising allowances, etc. It helps to turn to professional associations and organizations\u2014who often lead the charge for improved, more relevant standards\u2014to sort through the variances. In 2016, the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), for example, published its <i>Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs<\/i> to help sort through the confusing tangle of existing testing laws, where they exist. They highlight this variation of law in their guidance document<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APHLGuide16_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APHLGuide16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>As with most programs in the United States, every state takes a different approach. For example as of January 2016, New Jersey\u2019s Public Health & Environmental Laboratories only test cannabis plant material. Just across the Hudson, however, New York\u2019s Public Health Laboratory will not be testing any plant material, only cannabis extracts. In addition, the New York Department of Health will provide an oversight role for commercial cannabis laboratories that are licensed by the federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and approved for testing cannabis products. On the other hand, New Jersey state government does all testing in-house for the medical cannabis program.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>As such, unlike their federal counterpart, it's difficult to make broad generalizations about cannabis regulations and their enforcement in the states. It becomes even more difficult when examining states that don't have clear, well-considered regulations or strong enforcement powers. Cambron <i>et al.<\/i> emphasized this issue in regards to the supply side, saying: \"States without clearly defined regulations for medical cannabis supply have fostered gray markets for cannabis whereby individuals without documented medical conditions are able to easily obtain medical cannabis authorizations. This scenario has created substantial challenges for law enforcement in multiple states.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CambronState16_5-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CambronState16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Cole <i>et al.<\/i> argue that in the end, it will take pressure on the federal government \"to set up policy guardrails to steer state regulatory systems\" in a more unified and safe direction. Drugged driving, use by minors, interstate distribution, relation to crime and firearms, consumer safety, and advertising are all issues the government should be tackling towards that goal, they say. Not that states aren't addressing these regulatory concerns; they are, but not in consistent ways.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ColeAll16_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ColeAll16-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BLAGrow22_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BLAGrow22-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-RoughLeaflysState-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RoughLeaflysState_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Leafly Staff (24 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations\" target=\"_blank\">\"Leafly\u2019s State-by-State Guide to Medical Cannabis Testing Regulations\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly - Industry<\/i>. Leafly Holdings, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/industry\/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Leafly%E2%80%99s+State-by-State+Guide+to+Medical+Cannabis+Testing+Regulations&rft.atitle=Leafly+-+Industry&rft.aulast=Leafly+Staff&rft.au=Leafly+Staff&rft.date=24+February+2020&rft.pub=Leafly+Holdings%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Findustry%2Fleaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NORMLStates-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NORMLStates_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/laws\" target=\"_blank\">\"State Laws\"<\/a>. NORML Foundation. 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/laws\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/norml.org\/laws<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=State+Laws&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2022&rft.pub=NORML+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorml.org%2Flaws&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BerkeMichigan18-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BerkeMichigan18_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Berke, J.; Gal, S.; Lee, Y.J. (6 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana legalization is sweeping the US. See every state where cannabis is legal\"<\/a>. <i>Business Insider<\/i>. Insider, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+legalization+is+sweeping+the+US.+See+every+state+where+cannabis+is+legal&rft.atitle=Business+Insider&rft.aulast=Berke%2C+J.%3B+Gal%2C+S.%3B+Lee%2C+Y.J.&rft.au=Berke%2C+J.%3B+Gal%2C+S.%3B+Lee%2C+Y.J.&rft.date=6+January+2021&rft.pub=Insider%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Flegal-marijuana-states-2018-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SingleTheImp81-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SingleTheImp81_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Single, E.W. (1981). \"The Impact of Marijuana Decriminalization\". In Israel, Y.; Glaser, F.B.; Kalant, H. et al.. <i>Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems<\/i>. Springer US. pp. 405\u2013424. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-7740-9_12\" target=\"_blank\">10.1007\/978-1-4615-7740-9_12<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781461577409.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Marijuana+Decriminalization&rft.atitle=Research+Advances+in+Alcohol+and+Drug+Problems&rft.aulast=Single%2C+E.W.&rft.au=Single%2C+E.W.&rft.date=1981&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B405%E2%80%93424&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-7740-9_12&rft.isbn=9781461577409&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CambronState16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CambronState16_5-0\">5.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CambronState16_5-1\">5.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CambronState16_5-2\">5.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CambronState16_5-3\">5.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CambronState16_5-4\">5.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cambron, C.; Guttmannova, K.; Fleming, C.B. (2017). \"State and National Contexts in Evaluating Cannabis Laws: A Case Study of Washington State\". <i>Journal of Drug Issues<\/i> <b>47<\/b> (1): 74\u201390. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F0022042616678607\" target=\"_blank\">10.1177\/0022042616678607<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+and+National+Contexts+in+Evaluating+Cannabis+Laws%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Washington+State&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Drug+Issues&rft.aulast=Cambron%2C+C.%3B+Guttmannova%2C+K.%3B+Fleming%2C+C.B.&rft.au=Cambron%2C+C.%3B+Guttmannova%2C+K.%3B+Fleming%2C+C.B.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74%E2%80%9390&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1177%2F0022042616678607&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Alaska98Results-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Alaska98Results_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.elections.alaska.gov\/results\/98GENR\/results.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Election Summary Report, State of Alaska 1998 General Election: Official Results\"<\/a>. <i>Election Results<\/i>. State of Alaska Division of Elections. 1 December 1998<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.elections.alaska.gov\/results\/98GENR\/results.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.elections.alaska.gov\/results\/98GENR\/results.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Election+Summary+Report%2C+State+of+Alaska+1998+General+Election%3A+Official+Results&rft.atitle=Election+Results&rft.date=1+December+1998&rft.pub=State+of+Alaska+Division+of+Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.alaska.gov%2Fresults%2F98GENR%2Fresults.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BurkeFour17-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BurkeFour17_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Burke, C. (4 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/four-more-states-pass-new-marijuana-laws-california-maine-massachusetts-nevada\" target=\"_blank\">\"Four More States Pass New Marijuana Laws: California, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada\"<\/a>. <i>National Law Review<\/i>. National Law Forum, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/four-more-states-pass-new-marijuana-laws-california-maine-massachusetts-nevada\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/four-more-states-pass-new-marijuana-laws-california-maine-massachusetts-nevada<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Four+More+States+Pass+New+Marijuana+Laws%3A+California%2C+Maine%2C+Massachusetts%2C+Nevada&rft.atitle=National+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Burke%2C+C.&rft.au=Burke%2C+C.&rft.date=4+January+2017&rft.pub=National+Law+Forum%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natlawreview.com%2Farticle%2Ffour-more-states-pass-new-marijuana-laws-california-maine-massachusetts-nevada&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ChappelVoters18-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ChappelVoters18_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Chappell, B. (7 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/11\/07\/665161814\/3-more-states-ok-easing-their-marijuana-laws-michigan-utah-missouri\" target=\"_blank\">\"Voters Relax Marijuana Laws In 3 More States: Michigan, Utah, Missouri\"<\/a>. <i>NPR<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/11\/07\/665161814\/3-more-states-ok-easing-their-marijuana-laws-michigan-utah-missouri\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/11\/07\/665161814\/3-more-states-ok-easing-their-marijuana-laws-michigan-utah-missouri<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Voters+Relax+Marijuana+Laws+In+3+More+States%3A+Michigan%2C+Utah%2C+Missouri&rft.atitle=NPR&rft.aulast=Chappell%2C+B.&rft.au=Chappell%2C+B.&rft.date=7+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F11%2F07%2F665161814%2F3-more-states-ok-easing-their-marijuana-laws-michigan-utah-missouri&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APHLGuide16-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-APHLGuide16_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs\"<\/a> (PDF). pp. 35<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/aboutAPHL\/publications\/Documents\/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+State+Medical+Cannabis+Testing+Programs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.au=Association+of+Public+Health+Laboratories&rft.date=May+2016&rft.pages=pp.+35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphl.org%2FaboutAPHL%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2FEH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ColeAll16-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ColeAll16_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cole, T.; Trumble, S.; Hatalsky, L.E. (17 February 20116). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thirdway.org\/report\/all-state-marijuana-laws-are-not-created-equal\" target=\"_blank\">\"All State Marijuana Laws Are Not Created Equal\"<\/a>. <i>Third Way<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thirdway.org\/report\/all-state-marijuana-laws-are-not-created-equal\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thirdway.org\/report\/all-state-marijuana-laws-are-not-created-equal<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=All+State+Marijuana+Laws+Are+Not+Created+Equal&rft.atitle=Third+Way&rft.aulast=Cole%2C+T.%3B+Trumble%2C+S.%3B+Hatalsky%2C+L.E.&rft.au=Cole%2C+T.%3B+Trumble%2C+S.%3B+Hatalsky%2C+L.E.&rft.date=17+February+20116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirdway.org%2Freport%2Fall-state-marijuana-laws-are-not-created-equal&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BLAGrow22-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BLAGrow22_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pro.bloomberglaw.com\/brief\/a-growing-industry-navigates-conflicting-state-and-federal-cannabis-laws\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Growing Industry Navigates Conflicting State and Federal Cannabis Laws\"<\/a>. <i>Bloomberg Law<\/i>. The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. 6 June 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/pro.bloomberglaw.com\/brief\/a-growing-industry-navigates-conflicting-state-and-federal-cannabis-laws\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/pro.bloomberglaw.com\/brief\/a-growing-industry-navigates-conflicting-state-and-federal-cannabis-laws\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Growing+Industry+Navigates+Conflicting+State+and+Federal+Cannabis+Laws&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+Law&rft.date=6+June+2022&rft.pub=The+Bureau+of+National+Affairs%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpro.bloomberglaw.com%2Fbrief%2Fa-growing-industry-navigates-conflicting-state-and-federal-cannabis-laws%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140918\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.091 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.104 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 7906\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 63566\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 22398\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 19397\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 98.028 1 -total\n 89.85% 88.079 1 Template:Reflist\n 67.29% 65.964 11 Template:Citation\/core\n 58.00% 56.852 9 Template:Cite_web\n 13.40% 13.139 9 Template:Date\n 13.17% 12.914 1 Template:Cite_book\n 10.06% 9.866 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\n 7.47% 7.322 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 5.53% 5.419 3 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 4.64% 4.549 19 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5210-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140918 and revision id 17976. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","edfeef6741d06f8c1b518576b58956ae_images":[],"edfeef6741d06f8c1b518576b58956ae_timestamp":1660140557,"ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189_type":"article","ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189_title":"2.1 Federal regulation of cannabis","ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis","ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/Federal regulation of cannabisFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchNow that we have a bit of background on the cannabis industry, the next logical step is to look more closely at the regulations and standards that shape it. This chapter looks at the federal, state, and local regulations and the slowly evolving standardization process for laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. We also take a look at quality and what that means in the cannabis testing lab today.\n\n-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n 2. Regulation, standardization, and quality \n2.1 Federal regulation of cannabis \nOn October 27, 1970, the Controlled Substances Act put into place five schedules or classifications of drugs that would be regulated in some fashion, and drugs were initially classified into those schedules, followed by annual reviews and updates.[1] Marijuana was initially placed under Schedule I[1] and remains there today.[2][3][4] As a Schedule I drug, the federal government is indicating marijuana has[1]:\n\"a high potential for abuse\";\n\"no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States\"; and\n\"a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision\".\nThen came the Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973, which took existing enforcement entities such as the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs and placed them into a new, unified entity called the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).[5][6] Then President Richard Nixon said of the transition[5]:\n\nThe enforcement work could benefit significantly, however, from consolidation of our anti-drug forces under a single unified command. Right now the Federal Government is fighting the war on drug abuse under a distinct handicap, for its efforts are those of a loosely confederated alliance facing a resourceful, elusive, worldwide enemy.\nThe DEA was given numerous responsibilities, including but not limited to the development of enforcement strategy; investigation and prosecution preparation of suspects violating federal law; regulation of drugs and other controlled substances; and coordination and cooperation with state and local government drug enforcement efforts.[5] Since then, the DEA has taken various steps\u2014with guidance from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)[7]\u2014to regulate and enforce the availability and use of controlled substances such as marijuana. As the decriminalization and legalization efforts of states have increased in past decades, this has brought federal regulation and enforcement conflicts to those states that have decriminalized and legalized, largely due to the federal government's insistence on maintaining marijuana as a Schedule I drug.[8][9]\nNumerous changes in policy and controversies have occurred since the Controlled Substance Act and DEA were implemented, including a 22-year-long effort by the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) to have marijuana rescheduled (1972\u20131994).[10] However, the following talking points represent the most recent important federal-level changes and rulings that have impacted federal regulation and enforcement of laws relating to cannabis.\nOctober 19, 2009: The Ogden Memorandum\nDeputy Attorney General David W. Ogden issued a memorandum \"intended solely as a guide to the exercise of investigative and prosecutorial discretion\" in regards to state-based laws allowing medical cannabis.[11] The guidance essentially told U.S. attorneys to not prosecute those entities complying fully with state cannabis laws. Researchers generally agree that this memo acted \"as a catalyst for expansion of [state-sanctioned and gray market] cannabis supply in states with poorly defined regulations,\" though the degree to which it influenced such growth remains poorly documented and requires further investigation.[12] To be sure, it likely had some effect, as the number of licensed patients using medical marijuana in the state of Colorado increased from 4,800 in 2008 to 41,000 in 2009, and operating dispensaries jumped to more than 900 by mid-2010.[13]\nJune 29, 2011: The Cole Memorandum 1\nDeputy Attorney General James M. Cole issued a memo as a follow-up to the Ogden Memo, muddying the waters in the process. While stating that the stance of efficiently using department resources as outlined in the Ogden Memo still stood, Cole also made it clear that large grow-ops that didn't qualify as \"caregivers\" had sprung up since.[14] The language of the memo essentially said \"get off your butts and nail those suckers.\"[15] Cambron et al.[12] and Fairman[16] suggest this memo had some impact, as evidenced by declines in cannabis patient registration from 2011\u20132013 in Colorado, Michigan, and Montana.\nAugust 29, 2013: The Cole Memorandum 2\nTwo years later, Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole issued a follow-up memo to his original, following 1. on the heels of then President Obama reiterating publicly that the Department of Justice (DoJ) was to not focus unnecessarily on states that had passed legalization laws and 2. Washington and Colorado legalizing recreational use of cannabis.[12] The second memorandum sought to reduce the emphasis on the size of the grow-op and increase emphasis on\u2014using a case-by-case basis\u2014\"whether the operation is demonstrably in compliance with a strong and effective state regulatory system.\"[17] The memo also clarified specific cases where federal enforcement would be warranted, including distribution to minors, interstate transport, and preventing drugged driving (though it didn't state how). Generally speaking, states saw little federal intervention except in the case of state law being broken or requiring dispensaries to move further away from schools.[18][12] Despite the memo, some attorneys continued to see Cole Memorandum 2 as nothing more than unclear language that had no legal weight for anxious growers and distributors in states where cannabis was legalized.[15]\nDecember 16, 2014 to current: Lee-Joyce Amendment\nA tenuous truce of sorts arrived with the passage of the Rohrabacher-Farr (later Rohrabacher-Blumenauer, Joyce, and today Lee-Joyce) Amendment in December 2014. The amendment prohibited the DoJ from spending funds to prevent or enforce against state laws that allow for medical marijuana cultivation, distribution, and use, particularly when those actions are performed consistently with those state laws.[19] Before being passed in December 2014, the amendment had actually been introduced and defeated six times in the previous 10 years.[20] The DoJ later went on to challenge the amendment on several occasions, from U.S. v. Marin Alliance for Medical Marijuana in 2015 to a collection of 10 different cases from California and Washington in 2016. In all these instances, the courts ruled against the DoJ, setting precedent against further department action.[21][22]\nOne of the downsides of Rohrabacher-Farr is that it essentially acted as a short-term rider attached to several spending bills since December 2014. Due again for renewal in April 2017, and with the new Trump administration coalescing\u2014including Trump's demonstrably anti-drug U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions\u2014some in the industry were concerned the amendment would not be renewed, opening the door again for the DoJ to implement stronger enforcement.[23][24][25][26][27] However, the Amendment continued to live on as the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment, with Rep. Earl Blumenauer taking over as co-lead with the retirement of Rep. Farr. Alternative bills had continued to be proposed in the meantime, including a more permanent version of Rohrabacher-Blumenauer introduced by Representative Dana Rohrabacher of California; however, Speaker Paul Ryan implemented rules prohibiting amendments to budgetary legislation, and the fact remained that Congress was still reluctant in hearing bills that would change the country's marijuana laws.[28][29]\nThe Rohrabacher-Blumenauer amendment was renewed through December 8, 2018[30] However, earlier in the year, Rep. David Joyce submitted an amendment to protect against federal intrusions on medical marijuana patients abiding by state cannabis laws. Passing in May 2018 and acting the same as Rohrabacher-Blumenauer, the new Joyce Amendment was good through the 2019 fiscal year.[31] However, vows by President Trump in late 2018 to shut down the government \"for border security\"[32] left some to wonder if a shutdown would affect the continuity of the Joyce Amendment.[33] In June 2019, a modified version of Rohrabacher-Blumenauer by Blumenauer-McClintock-Norton was approved by the U.S. House, which added on protections for adult-use cannabis users as well as medical cannabis users.[34] It was attached to a large-scale appropriations bill[35][36], but the broader version was removed last-minute, leaving only the original protections for medical cannabis.[37]\nIn June 2022, another take on Rohrabacher-Blumenauer, the Lee-Joyce Amendment, passed through the House Appropriations Committee as part of a budget rider for 2023 Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies. Like prior iterations, it would prohibit the DoJ from using federal funds to interfere with state authority and act against adults using cannabis in compliance with state, tribal, or territorial law, though this version covers both medical and recreational cannabis.[38] Of course, Lee-Joyce still ultimately needs to make it through Senate scrutiny in 2022\/2023.\nAugust 11, 2016: DEA denies petition to reschedule marijuana out of Schedule I\nA request made by two governors and a psychiatric nurse practitioner to the DEA asking it to reschedule marijuana into any other schedule other than Schedule I was denied, as had been done with previous attempts in 2009 and 2011.[2][3][4] Reasons included known health issues such as prenatal exposure and negative impacts on several biological systems, as well as limited research data and new drug applications.[8] At the same time, however, the DEA also recognized the need for further research and the lack of legal marijuana sources for researchers, publishing a policy statement stating intent \"to increase the lawful supply of marijuana available to researchers.\"[39] \nDecember 2018: Congress votes to reconcile and approve the 2018 Farm Bill\nIn April 2018, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell introduced the Hemp Farming Act of 2018, which later found its way into the 2018 Farm Bill. On November 29, lawmakers \"struck a deal in principle\" to finalize the 2018 Farm Bill, which, if passed, would remove industrial hemp from the Controlled Substance Act's definition of \"marijuana\" as well as strike it from Schedule I.[40][41][42] On December 20, 2018, President Trump signed the Farm Bill into law, legalizing the cultivation and sale of hemp at the federal level.[43] With this, expectations were that this would represent a logical next step that will eventually see the U.S. government take further action to legalize derivative products and even cannabis.[41] However, despite hemp legalization, legal experts such as those at The National Law Review noted the potential for additional problems to arise, particularly in the realm of cannabidiol (CBD) derived from industrial hemp. Citing a \"schizophrenic\" state of law across federal and state governments and agencies regarding the status of CBD, expectations were such that the FDA may step up enforcement of CBD infractions, and civil suits against manufacturers who make unjust medical claims about CBD-infused products may rise in number.[42] In fact, some of the first significant warnings were made by the FDA in November 2019, sending warning letters to 15 companies for violating terms of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as well as violating marketing and formulation regulations.[44]\nJanuary 15, 2020: House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Health Subcommittee holds first ever cannabis-related hearing\nThe House Health Subcommittee of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce has held its first ever cannabis hearing, titled \"Cannabis Policies for the New Decade.\" Though no votes or updates to legislation came out of the hearing, much debate over existing and future legislation took place. The primary focus of the hearing was the discussion surrounding cannabis research and cannabis' current scheduling, as well as the problems that come from it. While the committee members agreed that more government-authorized cannabis farms for research materials, as well as more researchers, were needed, there was much disagreement about how to go about with either rescheduling or descheduling cannabis. Bills in various stages of process were discussed, including H.R. 171 on rescheduling THC-containing cannabis to Schedule II, H.R. 601 on producing more research-grade cannabis, and H.R. 2843 on removing cannabis from scheduling, though with numerous stipulations. While nothing specific was resolved, Subcommittee Chairwoman Anna Eshoo reportedly indicated that future hearings would be held, which may include non-agency stakeholders.[45]\nDecember 4, 2020 to current: MORE Act\nIn 2020, Representatives Nydia M. Vel\u00e1zquez and Jared Golden introduced the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act, which would decriminalize \"marijuana at the federal level while enabling states to set their regulatory policies without the threat of federal intervention.\"[46] (It also contained provisions to \"make it easier for cannabis businesses legal under state laws to get help from\" the Small Business Administration (SBA).[47][48][49]) The House voted to pass the legislation in early December 2020, but it was expected to go nowhere in the Senate later that month.[50] Expections were, however, that With changes in the makeup of the Senate in January 2021, a reasonable chance would exist that the MORE Act, or a modified version of it, could work its way through the Congress.[51] It again received support from the House Judiciary Committee in September 2021[52] and in April 2022.[53] As of July 2022, MORE is still in the hands of the Senate Committee on Finance, and it's not clear what happens next.[54] \nAn alternative to the MORE Act\u2014H.R.3105 - Common Sense Cannabis Reform for Veterans, Small Businesses, and Medical Professionals Act\u2014was introduced in 2021, but it remains in the House Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security as of July 2022.[55][56]\n2021 to current: CAOA Act\nAt the beginning of 2021, Democratic senators Schumer, Wyden, and Booker made an informal proposal concerning cannabis reform, culminating in a July 2021 discussion draft of what was called the Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act (CAOA). As described, CAOA would remove cannabis from the Controlled Substance Act, embrace state cannabis laws, make the FDA the lead regulator, expunge\/resentence unjust convictions, guarantee Federal benefits for cannabis users, and more.[57][58] CAOA is expected to be formally introduced at some point in the summer of 2022.[59]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 \"\u00a7812. Schedules of controlled substances\". United States Code. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 January 2012. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title21\/html\/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 2.0 2.1 Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). \"Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says\". USA. Today. Gannett Company. https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). \"DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research\". STAT. Boston Globe Media. https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 4.0 4.1 Grubbs, A. (13 August 2016). \"DEA Declines Request to Reclassify Marijuana, Citiing Its 'High Potential for Abuse'\". CNSNews. Media Research Center. http:\/\/www.cnsnews.com\/news\/article\/alex-grubbs\/dea-declines-request-reclassify-marijuana-citiing-its-high-potential-abuse . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 5.0 5.1 5.2 \"Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973\". United States Code. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 January 2012. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title5\/html\/USCODE-2011-title5-app-reorganiz-other-dup96.htm . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Drug Enforcement Administration: 1970\u20131975\" (PDF). DEA History In Depth. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170119115022\/https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/about\/history\/1970-1975.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hamilton, K. (27 June 2016). \"The FDA told the DEA whether pot is medicine \u2014 but it won't tell the public\". Vice News. Vice Media, LLC. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/pa443y\/dea-fda-marijuana-schedule-1-status-decision . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 8.0 8.1 Romza-Kutz, D.; Roth V., F. (15 August 2016). \"The silver lining in the DEA\u2019s refusal to reclassify cannabis\". Tracking Cannabis. Thompson Coburn LLP. https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hudak, J. (20 June 2015). \"The Conflict Between Federal and State Marijuana Laws Claims a Victim\". Newsweek. Newsweek, LLC. https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/conflict-between-federal-and-state-marijuana-laws-claims-victim-345099 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Drug Policy Alliance; MAPS (June 2014). \"The DEA: Four Decades of Impeding And Rejecting Science\" (PDF). Drug Policy Alliance. https:\/\/drugpolicy.org\/sites\/default\/files\/DPA-MAPS_DEA_Science_Final.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ogden, D.W. (19 October 2009). \"Memorandum for Selected United State Attorneys on Investigations and Prosecutions in States Authorizing the Medical Use of Marijuana\". Justice Blogs. Department of Justice. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/archives\/opa\/blog\/memorandum-selected-united-state-attorneys-investigations-and-prosecutions-states . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Cambron, C.; Guttmannova, K.; Fleming, C.B. (2017). \"State and National Contexts in Evaluating Cannabis Laws: A Case Study of Washington State\". Journal of Drug Issues 47 (1): 74\u201390. doi:10.1177\/0022042616678607.   \n \n\n\u2191 Rocky Mountain HIDTA (August 2013). \"The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact\" (PDF). Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170328103721\/http:\/\/www.rmhidta.org\/html\/final%20legalization%20of%20mj%20in%20colorado%20the%20impact.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cole, J.M. (29 June 2011). \"Memorandum for United States Attorneys\" (PDF). Department of Justice. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/oip\/legacy\/2014\/07\/23\/dag-guidance-2011-for-medical-marijuana-use.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 15.0 15.1 Greenfield, S.H. (30 August 2013). \"The Cole Memo 2.0: This Changes Everything\". Simple Justice. https:\/\/blog.simplejustice.us\/2013\/08\/30\/the-cole-memo-2-0-this-changes-everything\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Fairman, B.J. (2016). \"Trends in registered medical marijuana participation across 13 US states and District of Columbia\". Drug and Alcohol Dependence 159: 72\u20139. doi:10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.015. PMID 26686277.   \n \n\n\u2191 Cole, J.M. (29 August 2013). \"Memorandum for All United States Attorneys\" (PDF). Department of Justice. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/iso\/opa\/resources\/3052013829132756857467.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Federal Marijuana Enforcement Policy\". Marijuana Policy Project. 2016. https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/federal\/federal-enforcement-policy-on-state-marijuana-laws\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Armentano, P. (16 December 2014). \"President Signs Federal Spending Bill Protecting State Sanctioned Medical Marijuana Programs\". NORML Blog. NORML Foundation. https:\/\/norml.org\/blog\/2014\/12\/16\/president-to-sign-federal-spending-bill-protecting-state-sanctioned-medical-marijuana-programs\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Brekke, D. (30 May 2014). \"House Votes to End Medical Marijuana Prosecutions\". KQED News. KQED, Inc. https:\/\/www.kqed.org\/news\/137576\/house-votes-to-block-medical-pot-prosecutions . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ingraham, C. (20 October 2015). \"Federal court tells the DEA to stop harassing medical marijuana providers\". The Washington Post. WP Company, LLC. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2015\/10\/20\/federal-court-tells-the-dea-to-stop-harassing-medical-marijuana-providers\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Fermer, M. (16 August 2016). \"The Largest Federal Appeals Court Tells DOJ To Back Off State-Legal Medical Marijuana\". The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/medical-marijuana-9th-circuit_n_57b36a31e4b04ff883990337 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Steinmetz, K. (8 November 2016). \"These States Just Legalized Marijuana\". Time. Time, Inc. https:\/\/time.com\/4559278\/marijuana-election-results-2016\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Swerdlow, L. (22 January 2017). \"April 28, 2017 - Be Afraid, Be Very Afraid + IRS FU\". Marijuana Anti-Prohibition Project. https:\/\/www.marijuananews.org\/afraid . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Yakowicz, W. (20 January 2017). \"The Perfect Storm That Could Cripple the Marijuana Industry Under Trump\". Inc. Mansueto Ventures, LLC. http:\/\/www.inc.com\/will-yakowicz\/perfect-storm-regulations-could-cripple-marijuana-industry.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rohrabacher, D. (11 January 2017). \"Rohrabacher praises Sessions, urges AG nominee to respect federal marijuana law\". State of California. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180919043302\/https:\/\/rohrabacher.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/rohrabacher-praises-sessions-urges-ag-nominee-to-respect-federal . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Mui, Y. (14 March 2017). \"Trump and his attorney general are freaking out the $7 billion pot industry\". CNBC. CNBC, LLC. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2017\/03\/14\/donald-trump-and-jeff-sessions-anti-legal-pot-industry.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Adams, M. (13 March 2017). \"Marijuana Bills Currently In Congress: How They Can Change The Game\". The Fresh Toast. Project Coco, Inc. https:\/\/thefreshtoast.com\/cannabis\/marijuana-bills-currently-congress-can-change-game\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ruskin, Z. (8 March 2017). \"Sessions Hints at a War on Marijuana. Now What?\". SF Weekly. San Francisco Media Co. https:\/\/www.sfweekly.com\/news\/chemtales\/sessions-hints-at-a-war-on-marijuana-now-what\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Sherman, E. (18 October 2018). \"Despite Canada's legalization of pot, cannabis stocks need more than a puff of smoke to stay lit\". NBC News. https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/business\/business-news\/despite-canada-s-legalization-pot-cannabis-stocks-need-more-puff-n921721 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Misulonas, J. (18 May 2018). \"Congressional Committee Passes Amendment Protecting Medical Marijuana Laws from Jeff Sessions\". Civilized. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200923023929\/https:\/\/www.civilized.life\/articles\/congressional-commitee-passes-medical-marijuana-amendment\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bolton, A. (11 December 2018). \"Senators dumbfounded by Trump vow to shut down government\". The Hill. https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/senate\/420809-senators-dumbfounded-by-trump-vow-to-shut-down-government\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hicks, B. (30 November 2018). \"How a Government Shutdown Could Affect Medical Marijuana Patients\". Civilized. https:\/\/livecivilized.com\/business\/policy-regs\/how-a-government-shutdown-could-affect-medical-marijuana-patients . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Fernandez, J.G. (2 July 2019). \"House of Representatives Approves Amendment to Protect Legal Cannabis\". Shepherd Express. https:\/\/shepherdexpress.com\/cannabis\/cannabis\/house-of-representatives-approves-amendment-to-protect-legal\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kopp, E. (4 March 2020). \"States turn to unenforced federal law to slow medical marijuana legalization\". Roll Call. https:\/\/rollcall.com\/2020\/03\/04\/states-turn-to-unenforced-federal-law-to-slow-medical-marijuana-legalization\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Tax Attorney (28 February 2020). \"President Trump Seeking To Prosecute Legalized Adult-use Marijuana Businesses\". Blog - Jeffrey B. Khan. https:\/\/www.kahntaxlaw.com\/president-trump-seeking-to-prosecute-legalized-adult-use-marijuana-businesses\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Angell, T. (21 December 2019). \"Trump Says He Can Ignore Medical Marijuana Protections Passed By Congress\". Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tomangell\/2019\/12\/21\/trump-says-he-can-ignore-medical-marijuana-protections-passed-by-congress\/#154d87594256 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Herrington, A.J. (30 June 2022). \"House Panel Approves Amendment to Protect State Legal Cannabis Programs\". High Times. https:\/\/hightimes.com\/news\/house-panel-approves-amendment-to-protect-state-legal-cannabis-programs\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Applications To Become Registered Under the Controlled Substances Act To Manufacture Marijuana To Supply Researchers in the United States\". Federal Register 81 (156): 53846\u20138. 12 August 2016. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-17955\/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Pamuk, H. (29 November 2018). \"U.S. lawmakers seal Farm Bill agreement in principle\". Reuters. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-farmbill\/u-s-lawmakers-seal-farm-bill-agreement-in-principle-idUSKCN1NY21M . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 41.0 41.1 Milligan, S. (4 December 2018). \"Legalization of Hemp Could Be First Step for Federal Marijuana Protections\". U.S. News and World Report. https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/national-news\/articles\/2018-12-04\/legalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 42.0 42.1 Stewart, I.A.; Kloss, J.M.; Willner, N.M. (4 December 2018). \"Will Hemp-Derived CBD Be Fully Legal with Passage of the 2018 Farm Bill? Not Quite\u2026\". The National Law Review. https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/will-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cohen, B.; Bleicher, M.C.; Fortier, D.L. et al. (31 December 2018). \"What Does the 2018 Farm Bill Mean for the Hemp and CBD Businesses?\". Perkins Coie LLP. https:\/\/www.perkinscoie.com\/en\/news-insights\/what-does-the-2018-farm-bill-mean-for-the-hemp-and-cbd-businesses.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 U.S. Food & Drug Administration (25 November 2019). \"FDA warns 15 companies for illegally selling various products containing cannabidiol as agency details safety concerns\". Press Announcements. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-warns-15-companies-illegally-selling-various-products-containing-cannabidiol-agency-details . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Norwinski, E.J.; Landgraf, L.C.; Blackwood, K. et al. (10 February 2020). \"United States: Recent Congressional Efforts To Address The Cannabis Policy Gap\". Mondaq. https:\/\/www.mondaq.com\/unitedstates\/Cannabis-Hemp\/891270\/Recent-Congressional-Efforts-To-Address-The-Cannabis-Policy-Gap . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"House Passes Legislation to Make Small Businesses in Cannabis Industry Eligible for SBA Lending Programs\". Committee News. Small Business Administration. 4 December 2020. https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3480 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Statement of the Hon. Nydia M. Vel\u00e1zquez on Unlocking Potential? Small Businesses in the Cannabis Industry\". Press Releases. Small Business Administration. 19 June 2019. https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2689 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Scott, V. (19 June 2019). \"Lawmakers explore easing rules on small cannabis businesses\". The Hill. https:\/\/thehill.com\/policy\/finance\/449419-lawmakers-explore-easing-rules-on-small-cannabis-businesses\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Golden, Vel\u00e1zquez Press SBA to Revise Financial Assistance Policy for Marijuana-Related Businesses\". Press Releases. Small Business Administration. 12 June 2019. https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2673 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Welsh, D. (4 December 2020). \"House Approves Decriminalizing Marijuana; Bill To Stall In Senate\". NPR. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/12\/04\/942949288\/house-approves-decriminalizing-marijuana-bill-to-stall-in-senate . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Krane, K. (6 January 2021). \"Democrats Win The Senate: The Impact On Marijuana Policy\". Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/kriskrane\/2021\/01\/06\/democrats-win-the-senate-the-impact-on-marijuana-policy\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Federal: Support The Historic MORE Act\". NORML. 30 September 2021. https:\/\/norml.org\/act\/federal-support-the-historic-more-act\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Le, J.N. (4 April 2022). \"The House Does It Again: MORE Act Ready for Senate Action\". The National Law Review. https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/house-does-it-again-more-act-ready-senate-action . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"H.R.3617 - Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act\". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. 4 April 2022. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3617 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"H.R.3105 - Common Sense Cannabis Reform for Veterans, Small Businesses, and Medical Professionals Act\". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. 9 November 2021. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3105 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Lange, T. (13 May 2021). \"Congressional Cannabis Caucus Co-Chairs Introduce Federal Reform Legislation\". Cannabis Business Times. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/republican-cannabis-caucus-co-chairs-introduce-federal-reform-legislation\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Fayne, A.; Havens, J. (19 July 2021). \"Senators Schumer, Booker and Wyden Introduce Comprehensive Legislation to End Federal Cannabis Prohibition\". JDSupra. https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/senators-schumer-booker-and-wyden-1167488\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Booker, C.; Wyden, R.; Schumer, C. (July 2021). \"Cannabis Administration & Opportunity Act\" (PDF). https:\/\/norml.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/CAOA-Detailed-Summary-Web-Cover-1.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Schiller, M. (24 June 2022). \"\u2018The Clash Between State and Federal Law in the Cannabis Industry\u2019: 4 Key Takeaways on Federal Policy Reform Efforts\". Cannabis Business Times. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/4-key-takeaways-federal-cannabis-policy-reform-efforts\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:29.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Regulation_standardization_and_quality_Federal_regulation_of_cannabis rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Regulation_standardization_and_quality_Federal_regulation_of_cannabis skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/Federal regulation of cannabis<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>Now that we have a bit of background on the cannabis industry, the next logical step is to look more closely at the regulations and standards that shape it. This chapter looks at the federal, state, and local regulations and the slowly evolving standardization process for laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. We also take a look at quality and what that means in the cannabis testing lab today.\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"rdp-ebb-2._Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"2._Regulation.2C_standardization.2C_and_quality\">2. Regulation, standardization, and quality<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"2.1_Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\">2.1 Federal regulation of cannabis<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Dea_color_logo.svg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"6031b6e0617851896f2fe0cf1d2a3fef\"><img alt=\"Dea color logo.svg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Dea_color_logo.svg\/250px-Dea_color_logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"252\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>On October 27, 1970, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Controlled_Substances_Act\" title=\"Controlled Substances Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"26d5a484acca5b4c5f416480c72c38e5\">Controlled Substances Act<\/a> put into place five schedules or classifications of drugs that would be regulated in some fashion, and drugs were initially classified into those schedules, followed by annual reviews and updates.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GPO21USC812_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GPO21USC812-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_(drug)\" title=\"Cannabis (drug)\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6500790ffdd84957d4b055c47e48efca\">Marijuana<\/a> was initially placed under Schedule I<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GPO21USC812_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GPO21USC812-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> and remains there today.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LegerMari16_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LegerMari16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JosephDEA16_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JosephDEA16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GrubbsDEA16_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GrubbsDEA16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> As a Schedule I drug, the federal government is indicating marijuana has<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GPO21USC812_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GPO21USC812-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p><ul><li>\"a high potential for abuse\";<\/li>\n<li>\"no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States\"; and<\/li>\n<li>\"a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision\".<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Then came the Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973, which took existing enforcement entities such as the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs and placed them into a new, unified entity called the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Drug_Enforcement_Administration\" title=\"Drug Enforcement Administration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b6906da3e41e073dec4902ffbb542825\">Drug Enforcement Administration<\/a> (DEA).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GPO5USCApp_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GPO5USCApp-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DEAHist7075_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DEAHist7075-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> Then President Richard Nixon said of the transition<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GPO5USCApp_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GPO5USCApp-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The enforcement work could benefit significantly, however, from consolidation of our anti-drug forces under a single unified command. Right now the Federal Government is fighting the war on drug abuse under a distinct handicap, for its efforts are those of a loosely confederated alliance facing a resourceful, elusive, worldwide enemy.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The DEA was given numerous responsibilities, including but not limited to the development of enforcement strategy; investigation and prosecution preparation of suspects violating federal law; regulation of drugs and other controlled substances; and coordination and cooperation with state and local government drug enforcement efforts.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GPO5USCApp_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GPO5USCApp-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> Since then, the DEA has taken various steps\u2014with guidance from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration\" title=\"Food and Drug Administration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6798fbab408d97f2c6483e108e7c42a6\">Food and Drug Administration<\/a> (FDA)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HamiltonTheFDA16_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HamiltonTheFDA16-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u2014to regulate and enforce the availability and use of controlled substances such as marijuana. As the decriminalization and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Legality_of_cannabis\" title=\"Legality of cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b80036537100734fce629cc441653451\">legalization<\/a> efforts of states have increased in past decades, this has brought federal regulation and enforcement conflicts to those states that have decriminalized and legalized, largely due to the federal government's insistence on maintaining marijuana as a Schedule I drug.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Romza-KutzTheSilver16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HudakTheCon15_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HudakTheCon15-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Numerous changes in policy and controversies have occurred since the Controlled Substance Act and DEA were implemented, including a 22-year-long effort by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws\" title=\"National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d142deb4f2183fbef2e6a99ad08f9bd7\">National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws<\/a> (NORML) to have marijuana rescheduled (1972\u20131994).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DPAMAPSTheDEA14_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DPAMAPSTheDEA14-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> However, the following talking points represent the most recent important federal-level changes and rulings that have impacted federal regulation and enforcement of laws relating to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">cannabis<\/a>.\n<\/p><p><b>October 19, 2009: The Ogden Memorandum<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Deputy Attorney General David W. Ogden issued a memorandum \"intended solely as a guide to the exercise of investigative and prosecutorial discretion\" in regards to state-based laws allowing medical cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OgdenMemor09_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OgdenMemor09-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> The guidance essentially told U.S. attorneys to not prosecute those entities complying fully with state cannabis laws. Researchers generally agree that this memo acted \"as a catalyst for expansion of [state-sanctioned and gray market] cannabis supply in states with poorly defined regulations,\" though the degree to which it influenced such growth remains poorly documented and requires further investigation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CambronState16_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CambronState16-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> To be sure, it likely had some effect, as the number of licensed patients using medical marijuana in the state of Colorado increased from 4,800 in 2008 to 41,000 in 2009, and operating dispensaries jumped to more than 900 by mid-2010.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HIDTATheLeg13_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HIDTATheLeg13-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>June 29, 2011: The Cole Memorandum 1<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole issued a memo as a follow-up to the Ogden Memo, muddying the waters in the process. While stating that the stance of efficiently using department resources as outlined in the Ogden Memo still stood, Cole also made it clear that large grow-ops that didn't qualify as \"caregivers\" had sprung up since.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ColeMemo11_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ColeMemo11-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> The language of the memo essentially said \"get off your butts and nail those suckers.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GreenfieldTheCole13_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GreenfieldTheCole13-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> Cambron <i>et al.<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CambronState16_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CambronState16-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> and Fairman<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FairmanTrends16_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FairmanTrends16-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> suggest this memo had some impact, as evidenced by declines in cannabis patient registration from 2011\u20132013 in Colorado, Michigan, and Montana.\n<\/p><p><b>August 29, 2013: The Cole Memorandum 2<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Two years later, Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole issued a follow-up memo to his original, following 1. on the heels of then President Obama reiterating publicly that the Department of Justice (DoJ) was to not focus unnecessarily on states that had passed legalization laws and 2. Washington and Colorado legalizing recreational use of cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CambronState16_12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CambronState16-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> The second memorandum sought to reduce the emphasis on the size of the grow-op and increase emphasis on\u2014using a case-by-case basis\u2014\"whether the operation is demonstrably in compliance with a strong and effective state regulatory system.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ColeMemo13_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ColeMemo13-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> The memo also clarified specific cases where federal enforcement would be warranted, including distribution to minors, interstate transport, and preventing drugged driving (though it didn't state how). Generally speaking, states saw little federal intervention except in the case of state law being broken or requiring dispensaries to move further away from schools.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MPPFederal16_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MPPFederal16-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CambronState16_12-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CambronState16-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Despite the memo, some attorneys continued to see Cole Memorandum 2 as nothing more than unclear language that had no legal weight for anxious growers and distributors in states where cannabis was legalized.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GreenfieldTheCole13_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GreenfieldTheCole13-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>December 16, 2014 to current: Lee-Joyce Amendment<\/b>\n<\/p><p>A tenuous truce of sorts arrived with the passage of the (later Rohrabacher-Blumenauer, Joyce, and today Lee-Joyce) Amendment in December 2014. The amendment prohibited the DoJ from spending funds to prevent or enforce against state laws that allow for medical marijuana cultivation, distribution, and use, particularly when those actions are performed consistently with those state laws.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ArmentanoPres14_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ArmentanoPres14-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> Before being passed in December 2014, the amendment had actually been introduced and defeated six times in the previous 10 years.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BrekkeHouse14_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BrekkeHouse14-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> The DoJ later went on to challenge the amendment on several occasions, from <i>U.S. v. Marin Alliance for Medical Marijuana<\/i> in 2015 to a collection of 10 different cases from California and Washington in 2016. In all these instances, the courts ruled against the DoJ, setting precedent against further department action.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-IngrahamFed15_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IngrahamFed15-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FermerTheLargest16_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FermerTheLargest16-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>One of the downsides of Rohrabacher-Farr is that it essentially acted as a short-term rider attached to several spending bills since December 2014. Due again for renewal in April 2017, and with the new Trump administration coalescing\u2014including Trump's demonstrably anti-drug U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions\u2014some in the industry were concerned the amendment would not be renewed, opening the door again for the DoJ to implement stronger enforcement.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SteinmetzThese16_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SteinmetzThese16-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SwerdlowApril17_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SwerdlowApril17-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-YakowiczThePerfect17_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-YakowiczThePerfect17-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RohrabacherRohr17_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RohrabacherRohr17-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MuiTrump17_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MuiTrump17-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup> However, the Amendment continued to live on as the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment, with Rep. Earl Blumenauer taking over as co-lead with the retirement of Rep. Farr. Alternative bills had continued to be proposed in the meantime, including a more permanent version of Rohrabacher-Blumenauer introduced by Representative Dana Rohrabacher of California; however, Speaker Paul Ryan implemented rules prohibiting amendments to budgetary legislation, and the fact remained that Congress was still reluctant in hearing bills that would change the country's marijuana laws.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AdamsMari17_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AdamsMari17-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RuskinSessions17_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RuskinSessions17-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The Rohrabacher-Blumenauer amendment was renewed through December 8, 2018<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShermanDespite18_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShermanDespite18-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> However, earlier in the year, Rep. David Joyce submitted an amendment to protect against federal intrusions on medical marijuana patients abiding by state cannabis laws. Passing in May 2018 and acting the same as Rohrabacher-Blumenauer, the new Joyce Amendment was good through the 2019 fiscal year.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MisulonasCongress18_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MisulonasCongress18-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> However, vows by President Trump in late 2018 to shut down the government \"for border security\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BoltonSenators18_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BoltonSenators18-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> left some to wonder if a shutdown would affect the continuity of the Joyce Amendment.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HicksHowThe18_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HicksHowThe18-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup> In June 2019, a modified version of Rohrabacher-Blumenauer by Blumenauer-McClintock-Norton was approved by the U.S. House, which added on protections for adult-use cannabis users as well as medical cannabis users.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FernandezHouse19_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FernandezHouse19-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup> It was attached to a large-scale appropriations bill<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KoppStates20_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KoppStates20-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AttorneyPresident20_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AttorneyPresident20-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>, but the broader version was removed last-minute, leaving only the original protections for medical cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AngellTrump19_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AngellTrump19-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In June 2022, another take on Rohrabacher-Blumenauer, the Lee-Joyce Amendment, passed through the House Appropriations Committee as part of a budget rider for 2023 Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies. Like prior iterations, it would prohibit the DoJ from using federal funds to interfere with state authority and act against adults using cannabis in compliance with state, tribal, or territorial law, though this version covers both medical and recreational cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HerringtonHouse22_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HerringtonHouse22-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> Of course, Lee-Joyce still ultimately needs to make it through Senate scrutiny in 2022\/2023.\n<\/p><p><b>August 11, 2016: DEA denies petition to reschedule marijuana out of Schedule I<\/b>\n<\/p><p>A request made by two governors and a psychiatric nurse practitioner to the DEA asking it to reschedule marijuana into any other schedule other than Schedule I was denied, as had been done with previous attempts in 2009 and 2011.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LegerMari16_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LegerMari16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JosephDEA16_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JosephDEA16-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GrubbsDEA16_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GrubbsDEA16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Reasons included known health issues such as prenatal exposure and negative impacts on several biological systems, as well as limited research data and new drug applications.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Romza-KutzTheSilver16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> At the same time, however, the DEA also recognized the need for further research and the lack of legal marijuana sources for researchers, publishing a policy statement stating intent \"to increase the lawful supply of marijuana available to researchers.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-81FR53846_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81FR53846-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p><b>December 2018: Congress votes to reconcile and approve the 2018 Farm Bill<\/b>\n<\/p><p>In April 2018, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell introduced the Hemp Farming Act of 2018, which later found its way into the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=2018_Farm_Bill\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"2018 Farm Bill\" data-key=\"6b734fee3f170f3d169950d52f00b025\">2018 Farm Bill<\/a>. On November 29, lawmakers \"struck a deal in principle\" to finalize the 2018 Farm Bill, which, if passed, would remove <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c23e30b6cf1df54f1dc338492c9f9da2\">industrial hemp<\/a> from the Controlled Substance Act's definition of \"marijuana\" as well as strike it from Schedule I.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PamukUSLaw18_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PamukUSLaw18-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MilliganLegal18_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MilliganLegal18-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartWillHemp18_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartWillHemp18-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup> On December 20, 2018, President Trump signed the Farm Bill into law, legalizing the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp#Cultivation\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1a0ab95d728511a1062ef839748a206d\">cultivation<\/a> and sale of hemp at the federal level.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CohenWhatDoes18_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CohenWhatDoes18-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup> With this, expectations were that this would represent a logical next step that will eventually see the U.S. government take further action to legalize derivative products and even cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MilliganLegal18_41-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MilliganLegal18-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup> However, despite hemp legalization, legal experts such as those at <i>The National Law Review<\/i> noted the potential for additional problems to arise, particularly in the realm of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiol\" title=\"Cannabidiol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bbfcdd40d5eda5d20d1d5ab368c922a0\">cannabidiol<\/a> (CBD) derived from industrial hemp. Citing a \"schizophrenic\" state of law across federal and state governments and agencies regarding the status of CBD, expectations were such that the FDA may step up enforcement of CBD infractions, and civil suits against manufacturers who make unjust medical claims about CBD-infused products may rise in number.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartWillHemp18_42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartWillHemp18-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup> In fact, some of the first significant warnings were made by the FDA in November 2019, sending warning letters to 15 companies for violating terms of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act\" title=\"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8cf0ca74b505eb777b067457318159fd\">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act<\/a>, as well as violating marketing and formulation regulations.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FDAWarns19_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FDAWarns19-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>January 15, 2020: House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Health Subcommittee holds first ever cannabis-related hearing<\/b>\n<\/p><p>The House Health Subcommittee of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce has held its first ever cannabis hearing, titled \"Cannabis Policies for the New Decade.\" Though no votes or updates to legislation came out of the hearing, much debate over existing and future legislation took place. The primary focus of the hearing was the discussion surrounding cannabis research and cannabis' current scheduling, as well as the problems that come from it. While the committee members agreed that more government-authorized cannabis farms for research materials, as well as more researchers, were needed, there was much disagreement about how to go about with either rescheduling or descheduling cannabis. Bills in various stages of process were discussed, including H.R. 171 on rescheduling THC-containing cannabis to Schedule II, H.R. 601 on producing more research-grade cannabis, and H.R. 2843 on removing cannabis from scheduling, though with numerous stipulations. While nothing specific was resolved, Subcommittee Chairwoman Anna Eshoo reportedly indicated that future hearings would be held, which may include non-agency stakeholders.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NorwinksiUnited20_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NorwinksiUnited20-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>December 4, 2020 to current: MORE Act<\/b>\n<\/p><p>In 2020, Representatives Nydia M. Vel\u00e1zquez and Jared Golden introduced the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act, which would decriminalize \"marijuana at the federal level while enabling states to set their regulatory policies without the threat of federal intervention.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SBAHousePass20_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SBAHousePass20-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup> (It also contained provisions to \"make it easier for cannabis businesses legal under state laws to get help from\" the Small Business Administration (SBA).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SBAStatement19_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SBAStatement19-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ScottLawmake19_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ScottLawmake19-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SBAGolden19_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SBAGolden19-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup>) The House voted to pass the legislation in early December 2020, but it was expected to go nowhere in the Senate later that month.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WalshHouse20_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WalshHouse20-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup> Expections were, however, that With changes in the makeup of the Senate in January 2021, a reasonable chance would exist that the MORE Act, or a modified version of it, could work its way through the Congress.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KraneDemoc21_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KraneDemoc21-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup> It again received support from the House Judiciary Committee in September 2021<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NORMLFed21_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NORMLFed21-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup> and in April 2022.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LeTheHouse22_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LeTheHouse22-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup> As of July 2022, MORE is still in the hands of the Senate Committee on Finance, and it's not clear what happens next.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HR3617_22_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HR3617_22-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>An alternative to the MORE Act\u2014H.R.3105 - Common Sense Cannabis Reform for Veterans, Small Businesses, and Medical Professionals Act\u2014was introduced in 2021, but it remains in the House Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security as of July 2022.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HR3105_21_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HR3105_21-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LangeCongress21_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LangeCongress21-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><b>2021 to current: CAOA Act<\/b>\n<\/p><p>At the beginning of 2021, Democratic senators Schumer, Wyden, and Booker made an informal proposal concerning cannabis reform, culminating in a July 2021 discussion draft of what was called the Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act (CAOA). As described, CAOA would remove cannabis from the Controlled Substance Act, embrace state cannabis laws, make the FDA the lead regulator, expunge\/resentence unjust convictions, guarantee Federal benefits for cannabis users, and more.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FayneSenat21_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FayneSenat21-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BookerCanna21_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BookerCanna21-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup> CAOA is expected to be formally introduced at some point in the summer of 2022.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchillerTheClash22_59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchillerTheClash22-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-GPO21USC812-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GPO21USC812_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GPO21USC812_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GPO21USC812_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title21\/html\/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"\u00a7812. Schedules of controlled substances\"<\/a>. <i>United States Code<\/i>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 January 2012<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title21\/html\/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title21\/html\/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%C2%A7812.+Schedules+of+controlled+substances&rft.atitle=United+States+Code&rft.date=3+January+2012&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FUSCODE-2011-title21%2Fhtml%2FUSCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LegerMari16-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-LegerMari16_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-LegerMari16_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says\"<\/a>. <i>USA. Today<\/i>. Gannett Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+to+remain+illegal+under+federal+law%2C+DEA+says&rft.atitle=USA.+Today&rft.aulast=Leger%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Leger%2C+D.L.&rft.date=11+August+2016&rft.pub=Gannett+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2016%2F08%2F11%2Fdea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law%2F88550804%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JosephDEA16-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-JosephDEA16_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-JosephDEA16_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research\"<\/a>. <i>STAT<\/i>. Boston Globe Media<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DEA+decision+keeps+major+restrictions+in+place+on+marijuana+research&rft.atitle=STAT&rft.aulast=Joseph%2C+A.&rft.au=Joseph%2C+A.&rft.date=10+August+2016&rft.pub=Boston+Globe+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2016%2F08%2F10%2Fmarijuana-medical-research-dea%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GrubbsDEA16-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GrubbsDEA16_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GrubbsDEA16_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Grubbs, A. (13 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cnsnews.com\/news\/article\/alex-grubbs\/dea-declines-request-reclassify-marijuana-citiing-its-high-potential-abuse\" target=\"_blank\">\"DEA Declines Request to Reclassify Marijuana, Citiing Its 'High Potential for Abuse'\"<\/a>. <i>CNSNews<\/i>. Media Research Center<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cnsnews.com\/news\/article\/alex-grubbs\/dea-declines-request-reclassify-marijuana-citiing-its-high-potential-abuse\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.cnsnews.com\/news\/article\/alex-grubbs\/dea-declines-request-reclassify-marijuana-citiing-its-high-potential-abuse<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DEA+Declines+Request+to+Reclassify+Marijuana%2C+Citiing+Its+%27High+Potential+for+Abuse%27&rft.atitle=CNSNews&rft.aulast=Grubbs%2C+A.&rft.au=Grubbs%2C+A.&rft.date=13+August+2016&rft.pub=Media+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Falex-grubbs%2Fdea-declines-request-reclassify-marijuana-citiing-its-high-potential-abuse&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GPO5USCApp-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GPO5USCApp_5-0\">5.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GPO5USCApp_5-1\">5.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GPO5USCApp_5-2\">5.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title5\/html\/USCODE-2011-title5-app-reorganiz-other-dup96.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973\"<\/a>. <i>United States Code<\/i>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 January 2012<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title5\/html\/USCODE-2011-title5-app-reorganiz-other-dup96.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title5\/html\/USCODE-2011-title5-app-reorganiz-other-dup96.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Reorganization+Plan+No.+2+of+1973&rft.atitle=United+States+Code&rft.date=3+January+2012&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FUSCODE-2011-title5%2Fhtml%2FUSCODE-2011-title5-app-reorganiz-other-dup96.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DEAHist7075-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DEAHist7075_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170119115022\/https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/about\/history\/1970-1975.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Drug Enforcement Administration: 1970\u20131975\"<\/a> (PDF). <i>DEA History In Depth<\/i>. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/about\/history\/1970-1975.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 19 January 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170119115022\/https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/about\/history\/1970-1975.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170119115022\/https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/about\/history\/1970-1975.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Drug+Enforcement+Administration%3A+1970%E2%80%931975&rft.atitle=DEA+History+In+Depth&rft.pub=U.S.+Drug+Enforcement+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170119115022%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.dea.gov%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F1970-1975.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HamiltonTheFDA16-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HamiltonTheFDA16_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hamilton, K. (27 June 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/pa443y\/dea-fda-marijuana-schedule-1-status-decision\" target=\"_blank\">\"The FDA told the DEA whether pot is medicine \u2014 but it won't tell the public\"<\/a>. <i>Vice News<\/i>. Vice Media, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/pa443y\/dea-fda-marijuana-schedule-1-status-decision\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/pa443y\/dea-fda-marijuana-schedule-1-status-decision<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+FDA+told+the+DEA+whether+pot+is+medicine+%E2%80%94+but+it+won%27t+tell+the+public&rft.atitle=Vice+News&rft.aulast=Hamilton%2C+K.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+K.&rft.date=27+June+2016&rft.pub=Vice+Media%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpa443y%2Fdea-fda-marijuana-schedule-1-status-decision&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Romza-KutzTheSilver16-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Romza-Kutz, D.; Roth V., F. (15 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"The silver lining in the DEA\u2019s refusal to reclassify cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Tracking Cannabis<\/i>. Thompson Coburn LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+silver+lining+in+the+DEA%E2%80%99s+refusal+to+reclassify+cannabis&rft.atitle=Tracking+Cannabis&rft.aulast=Romza-Kutz%2C+D.%3B+Roth+V.%2C+F.&rft.au=Romza-Kutz%2C+D.%3B+Roth+V.%2C+F.&rft.date=15+August+2016&rft.pub=Thompson+Coburn+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thompsoncoburn.com%2Finsights%2Fblogs%2Ftracking-cannabis%2Fpost%2F2016-08-15%2Fthe-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HudakTheCon15-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HudakTheCon15_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hudak, J. (20 June 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/conflict-between-federal-and-state-marijuana-laws-claims-victim-345099\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Conflict Between Federal and State Marijuana Laws Claims a Victim\"<\/a>. <i>Newsweek<\/i>. Newsweek, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/conflict-between-federal-and-state-marijuana-laws-claims-victim-345099\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/conflict-between-federal-and-state-marijuana-laws-claims-victim-345099<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Conflict+Between+Federal+and+State+Marijuana+Laws+Claims+a+Victim&rft.atitle=Newsweek&rft.aulast=Hudak%2C+J.&rft.au=Hudak%2C+J.&rft.date=20+June+2015&rft.pub=Newsweek%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fconflict-between-federal-and-state-marijuana-laws-claims-victim-345099&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DPAMAPSTheDEA14-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DPAMAPSTheDEA14_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Drug Policy Alliance; MAPS (June 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/drugpolicy.org\/sites\/default\/files\/DPA-MAPS_DEA_Science_Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The DEA: Four Decades of Impeding And Rejecting Science\"<\/a> (PDF). Drug Policy Alliance<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/drugpolicy.org\/sites\/default\/files\/DPA-MAPS_DEA_Science_Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/drugpolicy.org\/sites\/default\/files\/DPA-MAPS_DEA_Science_Final.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+DEA%3A+Four+Decades+of+Impeding+And+Rejecting+Science&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Drug+Policy+Alliance%3B+MAPS&rft.au=Drug+Policy+Alliance%3B+MAPS&rft.date=June+2014&rft.pub=Drug+Policy+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrugpolicy.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FDPA-MAPS_DEA_Science_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OgdenMemor09-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OgdenMemor09_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ogden, D.W. (19 October 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/archives\/opa\/blog\/memorandum-selected-united-state-attorneys-investigations-and-prosecutions-states\" target=\"_blank\">\"Memorandum for Selected United State Attorneys on Investigations and Prosecutions in States Authorizing the Medical Use of Marijuana\"<\/a>. <i>Justice Blogs<\/i>. Department of Justice<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/archives\/opa\/blog\/memorandum-selected-united-state-attorneys-investigations-and-prosecutions-states\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/archives\/opa\/blog\/memorandum-selected-united-state-attorneys-investigations-and-prosecutions-states<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Memorandum+for+Selected+United+State+Attorneys+on+Investigations+and+Prosecutions+in+States+Authorizing+the+Medical+Use+of+Marijuana&rft.atitle=Justice+Blogs&rft.aulast=Ogden%2C+D.W.&rft.au=Ogden%2C+D.W.&rft.date=19+October+2009&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchives%2Fopa%2Fblog%2Fmemorandum-selected-united-state-attorneys-investigations-and-prosecutions-states&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CambronState16-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CambronState16_12-0\">12.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CambronState16_12-1\">12.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CambronState16_12-2\">12.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-CambronState16_12-3\">12.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cambron, C.; Guttmannova, K.; Fleming, C.B. (2017). \"State and National Contexts in Evaluating Cannabis Laws: A Case Study of Washington State\". <i>Journal of Drug Issues<\/i> <b>47<\/b> (1): 74\u201390. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F0022042616678607\" target=\"_blank\">10.1177\/0022042616678607<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+and+National+Contexts+in+Evaluating+Cannabis+Laws%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Washington+State&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Drug+Issues&rft.aulast=Cambron%2C+C.%3B+Guttmannova%2C+K.%3B+Fleming%2C+C.B.&rft.au=Cambron%2C+C.%3B+Guttmannova%2C+K.%3B+Fleming%2C+C.B.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74%E2%80%9390&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1177%2F0022042616678607&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HIDTATheLeg13-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HIDTATheLeg13_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rocky Mountain HIDTA (August 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170328103721\/http:\/\/www.rmhidta.org\/html\/final%20legalization%20of%20mj%20in%20colorado%20the%20impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact\"<\/a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rmhidta.org\/html\/final%20legalization%20of%20mj%20in%20colorado%20the%20impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 28 March 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170328103721\/http:\/\/www.rmhidta.org\/html\/final%20legalization%20of%20mj%20in%20colorado%20the%20impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170328103721\/http:\/\/www.rmhidta.org\/html\/final%20legalization%20of%20mj%20in%20colorado%20the%20impact.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Legalization+of+Marijuana+in+Colorado%3A+The+Impact&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Rocky+Mountain+HIDTA&rft.au=Rocky+Mountain+HIDTA&rft.date=August+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170328103721%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmhidta.org%2Fhtml%2Ffinal%2520legalization%2520of%2520mj%2520in%2520colorado%2520the%2520impact.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ColeMemo11-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ColeMemo11_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cole, J.M. (29 June 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/oip\/legacy\/2014\/07\/23\/dag-guidance-2011-for-medical-marijuana-use.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Memorandum for United States Attorneys\"<\/a> (PDF). Department of Justice<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/oip\/legacy\/2014\/07\/23\/dag-guidance-2011-for-medical-marijuana-use.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/oip\/legacy\/2014\/07\/23\/dag-guidance-2011-for-medical-marijuana-use.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Memorandum+for+United+States+Attorneys&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cole%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Cole%2C+J.M.&rft.date=29+June+2011&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Foip%2Flegacy%2F2014%2F07%2F23%2Fdag-guidance-2011-for-medical-marijuana-use.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GreenfieldTheCole13-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GreenfieldTheCole13_15-0\">15.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-GreenfieldTheCole13_15-1\">15.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Greenfield, S.H. (30 August 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.simplejustice.us\/2013\/08\/30\/the-cole-memo-2-0-this-changes-everything\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Cole Memo 2.0: This Changes Everything\"<\/a>. <i>Simple Justice<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.simplejustice.us\/2013\/08\/30\/the-cole-memo-2-0-this-changes-everything\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/blog.simplejustice.us\/2013\/08\/30\/the-cole-memo-2-0-this-changes-everything\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Cole+Memo+2.0%3A+This+Changes+Everything&rft.atitle=Simple+Justice&rft.aulast=Greenfield%2C+S.H.&rft.au=Greenfield%2C+S.H.&rft.date=30+August+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.simplejustice.us%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2Fthe-cole-memo-2-0-this-changes-everything%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FairmanTrends16-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FairmanTrends16_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Fairman, B.J. (2016). \"Trends in registered medical marijuana participation across 13 US states and District of Columbia\". <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence<\/i> <b>159<\/b>: 72\u20139. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.drugalcdep.2015.11.015\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.015<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26686277\" target=\"_blank\">26686277<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trends+in+registered+medical+marijuana+participation+across+13+US+states+and+District+of+Columbia&rft.jtitle=Drug+and+Alcohol+Dependence&rft.aulast=Fairman%2C+B.J.&rft.au=Fairman%2C+B.J.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=159&rft.pages=72%E2%80%939&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.drugalcdep.2015.11.015&rft_id=info:pmid\/26686277&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ColeMemo13-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ColeMemo13_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cole, J.M. (29 August 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/iso\/opa\/resources\/3052013829132756857467.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Memorandum for All United States Attorneys\"<\/a> (PDF). Department of Justice<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/iso\/opa\/resources\/3052013829132756857467.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/iso\/opa\/resources\/3052013829132756857467.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Memorandum+for+All+United+States+Attorneys&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cole%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Cole%2C+J.M.&rft.date=29+August+2013&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fiso%2Fopa%2Fresources%2F3052013829132756857467.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MPPFederal16-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MPPFederal16_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/federal\/federal-enforcement-policy-on-state-marijuana-laws\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Federal Marijuana Enforcement Policy\"<\/a>. Marijuana Policy Project. 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/federal\/federal-enforcement-policy-on-state-marijuana-laws\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/federal\/federal-enforcement-policy-on-state-marijuana-laws\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Federal+Marijuana+Enforcement+Policy&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=Marijuana+Policy+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpp.org%2Ffederal%2Ffederal-enforcement-policy-on-state-marijuana-laws%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ArmentanoPres14-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ArmentanoPres14_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Armentano, P. (16 December 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/blog\/2014\/12\/16\/president-to-sign-federal-spending-bill-protecting-state-sanctioned-medical-marijuana-programs\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"President Signs Federal Spending Bill Protecting State Sanctioned Medical Marijuana Programs\"<\/a>. <i>NORML Blog<\/i>. NORML Foundation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/blog\/2014\/12\/16\/president-to-sign-federal-spending-bill-protecting-state-sanctioned-medical-marijuana-programs\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/norml.org\/blog\/2014\/12\/16\/president-to-sign-federal-spending-bill-protecting-state-sanctioned-medical-marijuana-programs\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=President+Signs+Federal+Spending+Bill+Protecting+State+Sanctioned+Medical+Marijuana+Programs&rft.atitle=NORML+Blog&rft.aulast=Armentano%2C+P.&rft.au=Armentano%2C+P.&rft.date=16+December+2014&rft.pub=NORML+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorml.org%2Fblog%2F2014%2F12%2F16%2Fpresident-to-sign-federal-spending-bill-protecting-state-sanctioned-medical-marijuana-programs%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BrekkeHouse14-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BrekkeHouse14_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Brekke, D. (30 May 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kqed.org\/news\/137576\/house-votes-to-block-medical-pot-prosecutions\" target=\"_blank\">\"House Votes to End Medical Marijuana Prosecutions\"<\/a>. <i>KQED News<\/i>. KQED, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kqed.org\/news\/137576\/house-votes-to-block-medical-pot-prosecutions\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.kqed.org\/news\/137576\/house-votes-to-block-medical-pot-prosecutions<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=House+Votes+to+End+Medical+Marijuana+Prosecutions&rft.atitle=KQED+News&rft.aulast=Brekke%2C+D.&rft.au=Brekke%2C+D.&rft.date=30+May+2014&rft.pub=KQED%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fnews%2F137576%2Fhouse-votes-to-block-medical-pot-prosecutions&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-IngrahamFed15-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-IngrahamFed15_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ingraham, C. (20 October 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2015\/10\/20\/federal-court-tells-the-dea-to-stop-harassing-medical-marijuana-providers\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Federal court tells the DEA to stop harassing medical marijuana providers\"<\/a>. <i>The Washington Post<\/i>. WP Company, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2015\/10\/20\/federal-court-tells-the-dea-to-stop-harassing-medical-marijuana-providers\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2015\/10\/20\/federal-court-tells-the-dea-to-stop-harassing-medical-marijuana-providers\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Federal+court+tells+the+DEA+to+stop+harassing+medical+marijuana+providers&rft.atitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.aulast=Ingraham%2C+C.&rft.au=Ingraham%2C+C.&rft.date=20+October+2015&rft.pub=WP+Company%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2015%2F10%2F20%2Ffederal-court-tells-the-dea-to-stop-harassing-medical-marijuana-providers%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FermerTheLargest16-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FermerTheLargest16_22-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Fermer, M. (16 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/medical-marijuana-9th-circuit_n_57b36a31e4b04ff883990337\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Largest Federal Appeals Court Tells DOJ To Back Off State-Legal Medical Marijuana\"<\/a>. <i>The Huffington Post<\/i>. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/medical-marijuana-9th-circuit_n_57b36a31e4b04ff883990337\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/medical-marijuana-9th-circuit_n_57b36a31e4b04ff883990337<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Largest+Federal+Appeals+Court+Tells+DOJ+To+Back+Off+State-Legal+Medical+Marijuana&rft.atitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.aulast=Fermer%2C+M.&rft.au=Fermer%2C+M.&rft.date=16+August+2016&rft.pub=TheHuffingtonPost.com%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmedical-marijuana-9th-circuit_n_57b36a31e4b04ff883990337&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SteinmetzThese16-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SteinmetzThese16_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Steinmetz, K. (8 November 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/4559278\/marijuana-election-results-2016\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"These States Just Legalized Marijuana\"<\/a>. <i>Time<\/i>. Time, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/4559278\/marijuana-election-results-2016\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/time.com\/4559278\/marijuana-election-results-2016\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=These+States+Just+Legalized+Marijuana&rft.atitle=Time&rft.aulast=Steinmetz%2C+K.&rft.au=Steinmetz%2C+K.&rft.date=8+November+2016&rft.pub=Time%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4559278%2Fmarijuana-election-results-2016%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SwerdlowApril17-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SwerdlowApril17_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Swerdlow, L. (22 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuananews.org\/afraid\" target=\"_blank\">\"April 28, 2017 - Be Afraid, Be Very Afraid + IRS FU\"<\/a>. Marijuana Anti-Prohibition Project<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuananews.org\/afraid\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.marijuananews.org\/afraid<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=April+28%2C+2017+-+Be+Afraid%2C+Be+Very+Afraid+%2B+IRS+FU&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Swerdlow%2C+L.&rft.au=Swerdlow%2C+L.&rft.date=22+January+2017&rft.pub=Marijuana+Anti-Prohibition+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marijuananews.org%2Fafraid&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-YakowiczThePerfect17-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-YakowiczThePerfect17_25-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Yakowicz, W. (20 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/will-yakowicz\/perfect-storm-regulations-could-cripple-marijuana-industry.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Perfect Storm That Could Cripple the Marijuana Industry Under Trump\"<\/a>. <i>Inc<\/i>. Mansueto Ventures, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inc.com\/will-yakowicz\/perfect-storm-regulations-could-cripple-marijuana-industry.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.inc.com\/will-yakowicz\/perfect-storm-regulations-could-cripple-marijuana-industry.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Storm+That+Could+Cripple+the+Marijuana+Industry+Under+Trump&rft.atitle=Inc&rft.aulast=Yakowicz%2C+W.&rft.au=Yakowicz%2C+W.&rft.date=20+January+2017&rft.pub=Mansueto+Ventures%2C+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fwill-yakowicz%2Fperfect-storm-regulations-could-cripple-marijuana-industry.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RohrabacherRohr17-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RohrabacherRohr17_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rohrabacher, D. (11 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180919043302\/https:\/\/rohrabacher.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/rohrabacher-praises-sessions-urges-ag-nominee-to-respect-federal\" target=\"_blank\">\"Rohrabacher praises Sessions, urges AG nominee to respect federal marijuana law\"<\/a>. State of California. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/rohrabacher.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/rohrabacher-praises-sessions-urges-ag-nominee-to-respect-federal\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 19 September 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180919043302\/https:\/\/rohrabacher.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/rohrabacher-praises-sessions-urges-ag-nominee-to-respect-federal\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180919043302\/https:\/\/rohrabacher.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/rohrabacher-praises-sessions-urges-ag-nominee-to-respect-federal<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rohrabacher+praises+Sessions%2C+urges+AG+nominee+to+respect+federal+marijuana+law&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Rohrabacher%2C+D.&rft.au=Rohrabacher%2C+D.&rft.date=11+January+2017&rft.pub=State+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180919043302%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Frohrabacher.house.gov%2Fmedia-center%2Fpress-releases%2Frohrabacher-praises-sessions-urges-ag-nominee-to-respect-federal&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MuiTrump17-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MuiTrump17_27-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Mui, Y. (14 March 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2017\/03\/14\/donald-trump-and-jeff-sessions-anti-legal-pot-industry.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Trump and his attorney general are freaking out the $7 billion pot industry\"<\/a>. <i>CNBC<\/i>. CNBC, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2017\/03\/14\/donald-trump-and-jeff-sessions-anti-legal-pot-industry.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2017\/03\/14\/donald-trump-and-jeff-sessions-anti-legal-pot-industry.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Trump+and+his+attorney+general+are+freaking+out+the+%247+billion+pot+industry&rft.atitle=CNBC&rft.aulast=Mui%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mui%2C+Y.&rft.date=14+March+2017&rft.pub=CNBC%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F03%2F14%2Fdonald-trump-and-jeff-sessions-anti-legal-pot-industry.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AdamsMari17-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AdamsMari17_28-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Adams, M. (13 March 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thefreshtoast.com\/cannabis\/marijuana-bills-currently-congress-can-change-game\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Bills Currently In Congress: How They Can Change The Game\"<\/a>. <i>The Fresh Toast<\/i>. Project Coco, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/thefreshtoast.com\/cannabis\/marijuana-bills-currently-congress-can-change-game\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/thefreshtoast.com\/cannabis\/marijuana-bills-currently-congress-can-change-game\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Bills+Currently+In+Congress%3A+How+They+Can+Change+The+Game&rft.atitle=The+Fresh+Toast&rft.aulast=Adams%2C+M.&rft.au=Adams%2C+M.&rft.date=13+March+2017&rft.pub=Project+Coco%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefreshtoast.com%2Fcannabis%2Fmarijuana-bills-currently-congress-can-change-game%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RuskinSessions17-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RuskinSessions17_29-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ruskin, Z. (8 March 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sfweekly.com\/news\/chemtales\/sessions-hints-at-a-war-on-marijuana-now-what\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Sessions Hints at a War on Marijuana. Now What?\"<\/a>. <i>SF Weekly<\/i>. San Francisco Media Co<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sfweekly.com\/news\/chemtales\/sessions-hints-at-a-war-on-marijuana-now-what\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.sfweekly.com\/news\/chemtales\/sessions-hints-at-a-war-on-marijuana-now-what\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Sessions+Hints+at+a+War+on+Marijuana.+Now+What%3F&rft.atitle=SF+Weekly&rft.aulast=Ruskin%2C+Z.&rft.au=Ruskin%2C+Z.&rft.date=8+March+2017&rft.pub=San+Francisco+Media+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfweekly.com%2Fnews%2Fchemtales%2Fsessions-hints-at-a-war-on-marijuana-now-what%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ShermanDespite18-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShermanDespite18_30-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Sherman, E. (18 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/business\/business-news\/despite-canada-s-legalization-pot-cannabis-stocks-need-more-puff-n921721\" target=\"_blank\">\"Despite Canada's legalization of pot, cannabis stocks need more than a puff of smoke to stay lit\"<\/a>. <i>NBC News<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/business\/business-news\/despite-canada-s-legalization-pot-cannabis-stocks-need-more-puff-n921721\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/business\/business-news\/despite-canada-s-legalization-pot-cannabis-stocks-need-more-puff-n921721<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Despite+Canada%27s+legalization+of+pot%2C+cannabis+stocks+need+more+than+a+puff+of+smoke+to+stay+lit&rft.atitle=NBC+News&rft.aulast=Sherman%2C+E.&rft.au=Sherman%2C+E.&rft.date=18+October+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fdespite-canada-s-legalization-pot-cannabis-stocks-need-more-puff-n921721&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MisulonasCongress18-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MisulonasCongress18_31-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Misulonas, J. (18 May 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200923023929\/https:\/\/www.civilized.life\/articles\/congressional-commitee-passes-medical-marijuana-amendment\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Congressional Committee Passes Amendment Protecting Medical Marijuana Laws from Jeff Sessions\"<\/a>. <i>Civilized<\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.civilized.life\/articles\/congressional-commitee-passes-medical-marijuana-amendment\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 23 September 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200923023929\/https:\/\/www.civilized.life\/articles\/congressional-commitee-passes-medical-marijuana-amendment\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200923023929\/https:\/\/www.civilized.life\/articles\/congressional-commitee-passes-medical-marijuana-amendment\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Congressional+Committee+Passes+Amendment+Protecting+Medical+Marijuana+Laws+from+Jeff+Sessions&rft.atitle=Civilized&rft.aulast=Misulonas%2C+J.&rft.au=Misulonas%2C+J.&rft.date=18+May+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200923023929%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilized.life%2Farticles%2Fcongressional-commitee-passes-medical-marijuana-amendment%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BoltonSenators18-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BoltonSenators18_32-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bolton, A. (11 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/senate\/420809-senators-dumbfounded-by-trump-vow-to-shut-down-government\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Senators dumbfounded by Trump vow to shut down government\"<\/a>. <i>The Hill<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/senate\/420809-senators-dumbfounded-by-trump-vow-to-shut-down-government\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/senate\/420809-senators-dumbfounded-by-trump-vow-to-shut-down-government\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Senators+dumbfounded+by+Trump+vow+to+shut+down+government&rft.atitle=The+Hill&rft.aulast=Bolton%2C+A.&rft.au=Bolton%2C+A.&rft.date=11+December+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsenate%2F420809-senators-dumbfounded-by-trump-vow-to-shut-down-government%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HicksHowThe18-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HicksHowThe18_33-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hicks, B. (30 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/livecivilized.com\/business\/policy-regs\/how-a-government-shutdown-could-affect-medical-marijuana-patients\" target=\"_blank\">\"How a Government Shutdown Could Affect Medical Marijuana Patients\"<\/a>. <i>Civilized<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/livecivilized.com\/business\/policy-regs\/how-a-government-shutdown-could-affect-medical-marijuana-patients\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/livecivilized.com\/business\/policy-regs\/how-a-government-shutdown-could-affect-medical-marijuana-patients<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+a+Government+Shutdown+Could+Affect+Medical+Marijuana+Patients&rft.atitle=Civilized&rft.aulast=Hicks%2C+B.&rft.au=Hicks%2C+B.&rft.date=30+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivecivilized.com%2Fbusiness%2Fpolicy-regs%2Fhow-a-government-shutdown-could-affect-medical-marijuana-patients&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FernandezHouse19-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FernandezHouse19_34-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Fernandez, J.G. (2 July 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/shepherdexpress.com\/cannabis\/cannabis\/house-of-representatives-approves-amendment-to-protect-legal\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"House of Representatives Approves Amendment to Protect Legal Cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Shepherd Express<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/shepherdexpress.com\/cannabis\/cannabis\/house-of-representatives-approves-amendment-to-protect-legal\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/shepherdexpress.com\/cannabis\/cannabis\/house-of-representatives-approves-amendment-to-protect-legal\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=House+of+Representatives+Approves+Amendment+to+Protect+Legal+Cannabis&rft.atitle=Shepherd+Express&rft.aulast=Fernandez%2C+J.G.&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+J.G.&rft.date=2+July+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshepherdexpress.com%2Fcannabis%2Fcannabis%2Fhouse-of-representatives-approves-amendment-to-protect-legal%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KoppStates20-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KoppStates20_35-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kopp, E. (4 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/rollcall.com\/2020\/03\/04\/states-turn-to-unenforced-federal-law-to-slow-medical-marijuana-legalization\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"States turn to unenforced federal law to slow medical marijuana legalization\"<\/a>. <i>Roll Call<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/rollcall.com\/2020\/03\/04\/states-turn-to-unenforced-federal-law-to-slow-medical-marijuana-legalization\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/rollcall.com\/2020\/03\/04\/states-turn-to-unenforced-federal-law-to-slow-medical-marijuana-legalization\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=States+turn+to+unenforced+federal+law+to+slow+medical+marijuana+legalization&rft.atitle=Roll+Call&rft.aulast=Kopp%2C+E.&rft.au=Kopp%2C+E.&rft.date=4+March+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frollcall.com%2F2020%2F03%2F04%2Fstates-turn-to-unenforced-federal-law-to-slow-medical-marijuana-legalization%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AttorneyPresident20-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AttorneyPresident20_36-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Tax Attorney (28 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kahntaxlaw.com\/president-trump-seeking-to-prosecute-legalized-adult-use-marijuana-businesses\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"President Trump Seeking To Prosecute Legalized Adult-use Marijuana Businesses\"<\/a>. <i>Blog - Jeffrey B. Khan<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kahntaxlaw.com\/president-trump-seeking-to-prosecute-legalized-adult-use-marijuana-businesses\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.kahntaxlaw.com\/president-trump-seeking-to-prosecute-legalized-adult-use-marijuana-businesses\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=President+Trump+Seeking+To+Prosecute+Legalized+Adult-use+Marijuana+Businesses&rft.atitle=Blog+-+Jeffrey+B.+Khan&rft.aulast=Tax+Attorney&rft.au=Tax+Attorney&rft.date=28+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kahntaxlaw.com%2Fpresident-trump-seeking-to-prosecute-legalized-adult-use-marijuana-businesses%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AngellTrump19-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AngellTrump19_37-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Angell, T. (21 December 2019). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"#154d87594256\">\"Trump Says He Can Ignore Medical Marijuana Protections Passed By Congress\"<\/a>. <i>Forbes<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"#154d87594256\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tomangell\/2019\/12\/21\/trump-says-he-can-ignore-medical-marijuana-protections-passed-by-congress\/#154d87594256<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Trump+Says+He+Can+Ignore+Medical+Marijuana+Protections+Passed+By+Congress&rft.atitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Angell%2C+T.&rft.au=Angell%2C+T.&rft.date=21+December+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftomangell%2F2019%2F12%2F21%2Ftrump-says-he-can-ignore-medical-marijuana-protections-passed-by-congress%2F%23154d87594256&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HerringtonHouse22-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HerringtonHouse22_38-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Herrington, A.J. (30 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hightimes.com\/news\/house-panel-approves-amendment-to-protect-state-legal-cannabis-programs\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"House Panel Approves Amendment to Protect State Legal Cannabis Programs\"<\/a>. <i>High Times<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/hightimes.com\/news\/house-panel-approves-amendment-to-protect-state-legal-cannabis-programs\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/hightimes.com\/news\/house-panel-approves-amendment-to-protect-state-legal-cannabis-programs\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=House+Panel+Approves+Amendment+to+Protect+State+Legal+Cannabis+Programs&rft.atitle=High+Times&rft.aulast=Herrington%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Herrington%2C+A.J.&rft.date=30+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhightimes.com%2Fnews%2Fhouse-panel-approves-amendment-to-protect-state-legal-cannabis-programs%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-81FR53846-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-81FR53846_39-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-17955\/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to\" target=\"_blank\">\"Applications To Become Registered Under the Controlled Substances Act To Manufacture Marijuana To Supply Researchers in the United States\"<\/a>. <i>Federal Register<\/i> <b>81<\/b> (156): 53846\u20138. 12 August 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-17955\/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-17955\/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Applications+To+Become+Registered+Under+the+Controlled+Substances+Act+To+Manufacture+Marijuana+To+Supply+Researchers+in+the+United+States&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.date=12+August+2016&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=156&rft.pages=53846%E2%80%938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2016%2F08%2F12%2F2016-17955%2Fapplications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PamukUSLaw18-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PamukUSLaw18_40-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Pamuk, H. (29 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-farmbill\/u-s-lawmakers-seal-farm-bill-agreement-in-principle-idUSKCN1NY21M\" target=\"_blank\">\"U.S. lawmakers seal Farm Bill agreement in principle\"<\/a>. <i>Reuters<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-farmbill\/u-s-lawmakers-seal-farm-bill-agreement-in-principle-idUSKCN1NY21M\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-farmbill\/u-s-lawmakers-seal-farm-bill-agreement-in-principle-idUSKCN1NY21M<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=U.S.+lawmakers+seal+Farm+Bill+agreement+in+principle&rft.atitle=Reuters&rft.aulast=Pamuk%2C+H.&rft.au=Pamuk%2C+H.&rft.date=29+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-farmbill%2Fu-s-lawmakers-seal-farm-bill-agreement-in-principle-idUSKCN1NY21M&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MilliganLegal18-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MilliganLegal18_41-0\">41.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MilliganLegal18_41-1\">41.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Milligan, S. (4 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/national-news\/articles\/2018-12-04\/legalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections\" target=\"_blank\">\"Legalization of Hemp Could Be First Step for Federal Marijuana Protections\"<\/a>. <i>U.S. News and World Report<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/national-news\/articles\/2018-12-04\/legalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/national-news\/articles\/2018-12-04\/legalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Legalization+of+Hemp+Could+Be+First+Step+for+Federal+Marijuana+Protections&rft.atitle=U.S.+News+and+World+Report&rft.aulast=Milligan%2C+S.&rft.au=Milligan%2C+S.&rft.date=4+December+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-news%2Farticles%2F2018-12-04%2Flegalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StewartWillHemp18-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartWillHemp18_42-0\">42.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartWillHemp18_42-1\">42.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Stewart, I.A.; Kloss, J.M.; Willner, N.M. (4 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/will-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite\" target=\"_blank\">\"Will Hemp-Derived CBD Be Fully Legal with Passage of the 2018 Farm Bill? Not Quite\u2026\"<\/a>. <i>The National Law Review<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/will-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/will-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Will+Hemp-Derived+CBD+Be+Fully+Legal+with+Passage+of+the+2018+Farm+Bill%3F+Not+Quite%E2%80%A6&rft.atitle=The+National+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Stewart%2C+I.A.%3B+Kloss%2C+J.M.%3B+Willner%2C+N.M.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+I.A.%3B+Kloss%2C+J.M.%3B+Willner%2C+N.M.&rft.date=4+December+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natlawreview.com%2Farticle%2Fwill-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CohenWhatDoes18-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CohenWhatDoes18_43-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cohen, B.; Bleicher, M.C.; Fortier, D.L. et al. (31 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinscoie.com\/en\/news-insights\/what-does-the-2018-farm-bill-mean-for-the-hemp-and-cbd-businesses.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"What Does the 2018 Farm Bill Mean for the Hemp and CBD Businesses?\"<\/a>. Perkins Coie LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.perkinscoie.com\/en\/news-insights\/what-does-the-2018-farm-bill-mean-for-the-hemp-and-cbd-businesses.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.perkinscoie.com\/en\/news-insights\/what-does-the-2018-farm-bill-mean-for-the-hemp-and-cbd-businesses.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+Does+the+2018+Farm+Bill+Mean+for+the+Hemp+and+CBD+Businesses%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cohen%2C+B.%3B+Bleicher%2C+M.C.%3B+Fortier%2C+D.L.+et+al.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+B.%3B+Bleicher%2C+M.C.%3B+Fortier%2C+D.L.+et+al.&rft.date=31+December+2018&rft.pub=Perkins+Coie+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perkinscoie.com%2Fen%2Fnews-insights%2Fwhat-does-the-2018-farm-bill-mean-for-the-hemp-and-cbd-businesses.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FDAWarns19-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FDAWarns19_44-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">U.S. Food & Drug Administration (25 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-warns-15-companies-illegally-selling-various-products-containing-cannabidiol-agency-details\" target=\"_blank\">\"FDA warns 15 companies for illegally selling various products containing cannabidiol as agency details safety concerns\"<\/a>. <i>Press Announcements<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-warns-15-companies-illegally-selling-various-products-containing-cannabidiol-agency-details\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-warns-15-companies-illegally-selling-various-products-containing-cannabidiol-agency-details<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA+warns+15+companies+for+illegally+selling+various+products+containing+cannabidiol+as+agency+details+safety+concerns&rft.atitle=Press+Announcements&rft.aulast=U.S.+Food+%26+Drug+Administration&rft.au=U.S.+Food+%26+Drug+Administration&rft.date=25+November+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpress-announcements%2Ffda-warns-15-companies-illegally-selling-various-products-containing-cannabidiol-agency-details&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NorwinksiUnited20-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NorwinksiUnited20_45-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Norwinski, E.J.; Landgraf, L.C.; Blackwood, K. et al. (10 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mondaq.com\/unitedstates\/Cannabis-Hemp\/891270\/Recent-Congressional-Efforts-To-Address-The-Cannabis-Policy-Gap\" target=\"_blank\">\"United States: Recent Congressional Efforts To Address The Cannabis Policy Gap\"<\/a>. <i>Mondaq<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mondaq.com\/unitedstates\/Cannabis-Hemp\/891270\/Recent-Congressional-Efforts-To-Address-The-Cannabis-Policy-Gap\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.mondaq.com\/unitedstates\/Cannabis-Hemp\/891270\/Recent-Congressional-Efforts-To-Address-The-Cannabis-Policy-Gap<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=United+States%3A+Recent+Congressional+Efforts+To+Address+The+Cannabis+Policy+Gap&rft.atitle=Mondaq&rft.aulast=Norwinski%2C+E.J.%3B+Landgraf%2C+L.C.%3B+Blackwood%2C+K.+et+al.&rft.au=Norwinski%2C+E.J.%3B+Landgraf%2C+L.C.%3B+Blackwood%2C+K.+et+al.&rft.date=10+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondaq.com%2Funitedstates%2FCannabis-Hemp%2F891270%2FRecent-Congressional-Efforts-To-Address-The-Cannabis-Policy-Gap&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SBAHousePass20-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SBAHousePass20_46-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3480\" target=\"_blank\">\"House Passes Legislation to Make Small Businesses in Cannabis Industry Eligible for SBA Lending Programs\"<\/a>. <i>Committee News<\/i>. Small Business Administration. 4 December 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3480\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3480<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=House+Passes+Legislation+to+Make+Small+Businesses+in+Cannabis+Industry+Eligible+for+SBA+Lending+Programs&rft.atitle=Committee+News&rft.date=4+December+2020&rft.pub=Small+Business+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmallbusiness.house.gov%2Fnews%2Fdocumentsingle.aspx%3FDocumentID%3D3480&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SBAStatement19-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SBAStatement19_47-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2689\" target=\"_blank\">\"Statement of the Hon. Nydia M. Vel\u00e1zquez on Unlocking Potential? Small Businesses in the Cannabis Industry\"<\/a>. <i>Press Releases<\/i>. Small Business Administration. 19 June 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2689\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2689<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Statement+of+the+Hon.+Nydia+M.+Vel%C3%A1zquez+on+Unlocking+Potential%3F+Small+Businesses+in+the+Cannabis+Industry&rft.atitle=Press+Releases&rft.date=19+June+2019&rft.pub=Small+Business+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmallbusiness.house.gov%2Fnews%2Fdocumentsingle.aspx%3FDocumentID%3D2689&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ScottLawmake19-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ScottLawmake19_48-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Scott, V. (19 June 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/policy\/finance\/449419-lawmakers-explore-easing-rules-on-small-cannabis-businesses\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Lawmakers explore easing rules on small cannabis businesses\"<\/a>. <i>The Hill<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/policy\/finance\/449419-lawmakers-explore-easing-rules-on-small-cannabis-businesses\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/thehill.com\/policy\/finance\/449419-lawmakers-explore-easing-rules-on-small-cannabis-businesses\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lawmakers+explore+easing+rules+on+small+cannabis+businesses&rft.atitle=The+Hill&rft.aulast=Scott%2C+V.&rft.au=Scott%2C+V.&rft.date=19+June+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Ffinance%2F449419-lawmakers-explore-easing-rules-on-small-cannabis-businesses%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SBAGolden19-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SBAGolden19_49-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2673\" target=\"_blank\">\"Golden, Vel\u00e1zquez Press SBA to Revise Financial Assistance Policy for Marijuana-Related Businesses\"<\/a>. <i>Press Releases<\/i>. Small Business Administration. 12 June 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2673\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/smallbusiness.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2673<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Golden%2C+Vel%C3%A1zquez+Press+SBA+to+Revise+Financial+Assistance+Policy+for+Marijuana-Related+Businesses&rft.atitle=Press+Releases&rft.date=12+June+2019&rft.pub=Small+Business+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmallbusiness.house.gov%2Fnews%2Fdocumentsingle.aspx%3FDocumentID%3D2673&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WalshHouse20-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WalshHouse20_50-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Welsh, D. (4 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/12\/04\/942949288\/house-approves-decriminalizing-marijuana-bill-to-stall-in-senate\" target=\"_blank\">\"House Approves Decriminalizing Marijuana; Bill To Stall In Senate\"<\/a>. <i>NPR<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/12\/04\/942949288\/house-approves-decriminalizing-marijuana-bill-to-stall-in-senate\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/12\/04\/942949288\/house-approves-decriminalizing-marijuana-bill-to-stall-in-senate<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=House+Approves+Decriminalizing+Marijuana%3B+Bill+To+Stall+In+Senate&rft.atitle=NPR&rft.aulast=Welsh%2C+D.&rft.au=Welsh%2C+D.&rft.date=4+December+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F12%2F04%2F942949288%2Fhouse-approves-decriminalizing-marijuana-bill-to-stall-in-senate&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KraneDemoc21-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KraneDemoc21_51-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Krane, K. (6 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/kriskrane\/2021\/01\/06\/democrats-win-the-senate-the-impact-on-marijuana-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Democrats Win The Senate: The Impact On Marijuana Policy\"<\/a>. <i>Forbes<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/kriskrane\/2021\/01\/06\/democrats-win-the-senate-the-impact-on-marijuana-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/kriskrane\/2021\/01\/06\/democrats-win-the-senate-the-impact-on-marijuana-policy\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Democrats+Win+The+Senate%3A+The+Impact+On+Marijuana+Policy&rft.atitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Krane%2C+K.&rft.au=Krane%2C+K.&rft.date=6+January+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fkriskrane%2F2021%2F01%2F06%2Fdemocrats-win-the-senate-the-impact-on-marijuana-policy%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NORMLFed21-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NORMLFed21_52-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/act\/federal-support-the-historic-more-act\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Federal: Support The Historic MORE Act\"<\/a>. NORML. 30 September 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/act\/federal-support-the-historic-more-act\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/norml.org\/act\/federal-support-the-historic-more-act\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Federal%3A+Support+The+Historic+MORE+Act&rft.atitle=&rft.date=30+September+2021&rft.pub=NORML&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorml.org%2Fact%2Ffederal-support-the-historic-more-act%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LeTheHouse22-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LeTheHouse22_53-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Le, J.N. (4 April 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/house-does-it-again-more-act-ready-senate-action\" target=\"_blank\">\"The House Does It Again: MORE Act Ready for Senate Action\"<\/a>. <i>The National Law Review<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/house-does-it-again-more-act-ready-senate-action\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/house-does-it-again-more-act-ready-senate-action<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+House+Does+It+Again%3A+MORE+Act+Ready+for+Senate+Action&rft.atitle=The+National+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Le%2C+J.N.&rft.au=Le%2C+J.N.&rft.date=4+April+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natlawreview.com%2Farticle%2Fhouse-does-it-again-more-act-ready-senate-action&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HR3617_22-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HR3617_22_54-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3617\" target=\"_blank\">\"H.R.3617 - Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act\"<\/a>. <i>Congress.gov<\/i>. Library of Congress. 4 April 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3617\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3617<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=H.R.3617+-+Marijuana+Opportunity+Reinvestment+and+Expungement+Act&rft.atitle=Congress.gov&rft.date=4+April+2022&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F117th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F3617&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HR3105_21-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HR3105_21_55-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3105\" target=\"_blank\">\"H.R.3105 - Common Sense Cannabis Reform for Veterans, Small Businesses, and Medical Professionals Act\"<\/a>. <i>Congress.gov<\/i>. Library of Congress. 9 November 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3105\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3105<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=H.R.3105+-+Common+Sense+Cannabis+Reform+for+Veterans%2C+Small+Businesses%2C+and+Medical+Professionals+Act&rft.atitle=Congress.gov&rft.date=9+November+2021&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F117th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F3105&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LangeCongress21-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LangeCongress21_56-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Lange, T. (13 May 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/republican-cannabis-caucus-co-chairs-introduce-federal-reform-legislation\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Congressional Cannabis Caucus Co-Chairs Introduce Federal Reform Legislation\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Times<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/republican-cannabis-caucus-co-chairs-introduce-federal-reform-legislation\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/republican-cannabis-caucus-co-chairs-introduce-federal-reform-legislation\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Congressional+Cannabis+Caucus+Co-Chairs+Introduce+Federal+Reform+Legislation&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Times&rft.aulast=Lange%2C+T.&rft.au=Lange%2C+T.&rft.date=13+May+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinesstimes.com%2Farticle%2Frepublican-cannabis-caucus-co-chairs-introduce-federal-reform-legislation%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FayneSenat21-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FayneSenat21_57-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Fayne, A.; Havens, J. (19 July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/senators-schumer-booker-and-wyden-1167488\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Senators Schumer, Booker and Wyden Introduce Comprehensive Legislation to End Federal Cannabis Prohibition\"<\/a>. <i>JDSupra<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/senators-schumer-booker-and-wyden-1167488\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/senators-schumer-booker-and-wyden-1167488\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Senators+Schumer%2C+Booker+and+Wyden+Introduce+Comprehensive+Legislation+to+End+Federal+Cannabis+Prohibition&rft.atitle=JDSupra&rft.aulast=Fayne%2C+A.%3B+Havens%2C+J.&rft.au=Fayne%2C+A.%3B+Havens%2C+J.&rft.date=19+July+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdsupra.com%2Flegalnews%2Fsenators-schumer-booker-and-wyden-1167488%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BookerCanna21-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BookerCanna21_58-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Booker, C.; Wyden, R.; Schumer, C. (July 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/CAOA-Detailed-Summary-Web-Cover-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Administration & Opportunity Act\"<\/a> (PDF)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/norml.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/CAOA-Detailed-Summary-Web-Cover-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/norml.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/CAOA-Detailed-Summary-Web-Cover-1.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Administration+%26+Opportunity+Act&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Booker%2C+C.%3B+Wyden%2C+R.%3B+Schumer%2C+C.&rft.au=Booker%2C+C.%3B+Wyden%2C+R.%3B+Schumer%2C+C.&rft.date=July+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorml.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2FCAOA-Detailed-Summary-Web-Cover-1.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchillerTheClash22-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchillerTheClash22_59-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schiller, M. (24 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/4-key-takeaways-federal-cannabis-policy-reform-efforts\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"\u2018The Clash Between State and Federal Law in the Cannabis Industry\u2019: 4 Key Takeaways on Federal Policy Reform Efforts\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Times<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/4-key-takeaways-federal-cannabis-policy-reform-efforts\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/4-key-takeaways-federal-cannabis-policy-reform-efforts\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E2%80%98The+Clash+Between+State+and+Federal+Law+in+the+Cannabis+Industry%E2%80%99%3A+4+Key+Takeaways+on+Federal+Policy+Reform+Efforts&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Times&rft.aulast=Schiller%2C+M.&rft.au=Schiller%2C+M.&rft.date=24+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinesstimes.com%2Farticle%2F4-key-takeaways-federal-cannabis-policy-reform-efforts%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140917\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.443 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.929 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 42690\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 352713\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 142322\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 107364\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 397.657 1 -total\n 91.98% 365.775 1 Template:Reflist\n 77.66% 308.803 59 Template:Citation\/core\n 76.49% 304.171 56 Template:Cite_web\n 17.75% 70.583 56 Template:Date\n 7.99% 31.762 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\n 5.57% 22.162 3 Template:Cite_journal\n 4.94% 19.631 109 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 1.39% 5.537 3 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 0.40% 1.582 6 Template:Hide_in_print\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5208-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140916 and revision id 17989. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Dea_color_logo.svg\/500px-Dea_color_logo.svg.png"],"ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189_timestamp":1660140556,"2caa2affe55bbd4e75be99c044bd96b0_type":"article","2caa2affe55bbd4e75be99c044bd96b0_title":"1.5 Other areas of concern - Banking, advertising, insurance, and data management","2caa2affe55bbd4e75be99c044bd96b0_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern","2caa2affe55bbd4e75be99c044bd96b0_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Other areas of concernFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchContents \n\n1 1.5 Other areas of concern \n\n1.1 1.5.1 Banking \n1.2 1.5.2 Advertising \n1.3 1.5.3 Insurance \n1.4 1.5.4 Data management \n\n\n2 References \n3 Citation information for this chapter \n\n\n\n1.5 Other areas of concern \nWhen examining the current state of the U.S. cannabis industry, it's important to note a few additional areas of concern that impact it, again tightly linked to federal regulations (which are discussed extensively in the next section): banking, advertising, and data management. Issues related to these topics continue to limit how state-based grow-ops, dispensaries, and testing laboratories are funded and operated. \n\n1.5.1 Banking \nSince the U.S. federal government still considers marijuana to be illegal, by extension banks and credit unions\u2014which are regulated by a patchwork collection of federal (and state) laws\u2014put themselves into potentially dangerous territory by accepting money from depositors engaging in federally illegal activities; the bank can be punished by federal institutions such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).[1] In an attempt to ease the concerns of industry players as well as banks in states that had implemented legalization efforts, the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) released a guidance document in February 2014 that \"does not grant immunity from prosecution or civil penalties to banks that serve legal marijuana businesses\" but rather \"directs prosecutors and regulators to give priority to cases only where financial institutions have failed to adhere to the guidance.\"[2][3] However, the guidance has remained just that: guidance; it doesn't prevent federal law enforcement or regulating agencies from taking action. An August 2016 attempt to reclassify marijuana into a lower classification than Schedule I failed[4][5], keeping the FinCEN guidance in place as a recommendation for how federal authorities should enforce existing law. \nAccording to an Associated Press report in April 2016, the guidance has had some sort of impact, with banks and credit unions willing to handle any money associated with marijuana, increasing from 51 in March 2014 to 301 in March 2016[6], and up again to 411 in March 2018[7] and 706 in March 2021.[8] However, this hasn't prevented those in states with newly minted medical and recreational marijuana legalization laws from being worried about how cannabis money will be handled, particularly with wavering stances across multiple Federal government branches. California, which in November 2016 legalized recreational use of marijuana beginning in 2018, petitioned the administration to clarify its policy early on. \"We have a year to develop a system that works in California and which addresses the many issues that exist as a result of the federal-state legal conflict,\" wrote California Treasurer John Chiang to Trump. \"Uncertainty about the position of your administration creates even more of a challenge.\"[9] An attempt by the state in the summer of 2018 (Senate Bill 930) to \"license privately financed banks that would issue checks to [cannabis-related] businesses to pay rent and state and local taxes and fees\" was rejected, complicating the matter further.[10] However, California's Department of Business Oversight offered some minor respite in the fall of 2019 in the form of its Cannabis Banking Guidance, which \"offers a comprehensive compliance framework for [California's] financial institutions and demonstrates that there is momentum around finding a workable solution to effectively provide banking services to cannabis-related businesses.\"[11]\nSimilar legalization changes in Massachusetts prompted its senator, Elizabeth Warren, along with nine other senators, to write to FinCEN in early 2017 requesting even clearer, more friendly guidance for marijuana vendors.[12] Yet it remains to be seen if entities outside of grow-ops and dispensaries will see banking relief. In particular, testing laboratories continue to struggle with managing cash flow and acquiring bank lending for their operations[13][14][15], causing some to believe consolidation of such labs will occur before the industry can really even take off.[13][16] In early 2018, one of three testing laboratories in Alaska was forced to suspend its operations after Wells Fargo said it would foreclose on their space if they did not move out, demonstrating the continued difficulties and tensions laboratories are facing with banks.[17]\nIn September 2019, what was thought to the be the best chance to update cannabis banking regulation\u2014in the form of the Secure and Fair Enforcement (SAFE) Banking Act\u2014saw overwhelming approval in the U.S. House of Representatives. The SAFE Banking Act would prevent federal banking regulators from cancelling deposit insurance, penalizing banking institutions, and incentivizing a bank to not do business with cannabis businesses, among other actions. This would mean banks wouldn't see federal retaliation for complying with state-mandated cannabis law. However, the proposed legislation was inevitably held up in the Senate in early 2020, primarily due to the efforts of Senate Banking Committee Chair Mike Crapo[18][19], and the support of 12 other lawmakers.[20] However, in February 2020, Senators noted they were \"close to finding common ground to getting everyone signed off to move this forward.\"[21] Ultimately, the SAFE provisions made their way into the HEROES Act COVID-19 relief bill, which passed in the U.S. House in May 2020[22], as well as another proposed bill in October.[23][24] Those attempts failed within the Senate, and an additional push to include the SAFE Banking Act provisions in the 2020 end-of-year COVID-19 stimulus failed.[25] Additional attempts have been made to reintroduce SAFE in both 2021 and 2022, having passed the House a total of six times as of July 2022. The latest attempt to pass SAFE has been through including it with the Harnessing Opportunities by Pursuing Expungement (HOPE) Act \"to give SAFE the social equity component it needs to make it to the Senate floor.\"[26]\n\n1.5.2 Advertising \nAdvertising of marijuana products is another area of concern, though the regulations and laws regarding it are less clear. When it comes to television and radio broadcasting and its associated advertising, a federally granted broadcasting license stands to be lost, care of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The trouble is, it's not clear if the FCC would act against broadcasters; the FCC hasn't issued guidance in the same way FinCEN has. \"I don\u2019t think anybody knows, and that\u2019s the problem,\" said California Broadcasters Association President Joe Berry in an August 2016 report published by the The Sacramento Bee. \"Without a clear indication [from the FCC on marijuana advertising], the vast majority of broadcasters are going to stay away from this issue.\"[27] California, of course, made recreational marijuana legal, and its proposed law sought to address the issue of advertising, including \"a provision restricting TV and radio ads so they are not targeted to minors,\" while also addressing the authority of the FCC to enforce regardless.[28] Additional changes occurred in California in the form of Assembly Bill 2899, updating how licensees can and can not advertise cannabis and cannabis products.[29]\nOther forms of advertising also remain problematic. In late November 2015, the United States Postal Service (USPS) out of Portland, Oregon published its interpretation of federal law regarding \"mailpieces containing advertisements about marijuana,\" regarding it illegal to distribute certain forms of marijuana advertisement while citing 21 U.S. Code \u00a7 843(c).[30] The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) has, controversially, also gotten involved, stating that trademarking of a \"brand controlled substances or related paraphernalia that are illegal to possess or sell\" legally doesn't fit within a trademark's commercial viability because at the federal level marijuana is not legal for commerce.[31] (Legal experts such as Dariush Adli suggest \"creative ways\" of getting around this, from registering trademarks in multiple states to registering \"non-cannabis merchandise in order to generate some federal protection for their mark.\"[32]) Even billboards have at times been an issue, with California's state lawmakers proposing new regulations on billboard-based marijuana advertising weeks after the state passed its recreational legalization laws.[33] And state laws, such as those found in Alaska, can create their own set of challenges in staying legal with marijuana advertising.[34] Even Canada, which legalized recreational use of marijuana in the fall of 2018, has strict advertising rules laid out by Health Canada, with harsh penalties for violators.[35] This has resulted in some cannabis businesses seeking advertising loopholes; one such example can be found in the U.S. state of Colorado, where cannabis companies have taken to sponsoring highways through the state's Clean Colorado program.[36]\nDespite all this, some financial consultants have believed marijuana marketing will become more prevalent. In 2017, GreenWave Advisors' Matthew Karnes estimated cannabis marketing spending would jump to $75 million by 2021.[37] Karnes may have been off on that prediction, but as of July 2022, new attempts to allow greater permissiveness of cannabis advertising continue to appear. For example, in June 2022, language was added to a proposed FCC-involved appropriations bill that would prevent \"any of the funds appropriated to the agency for the fiscal year that starts Oct. 1 to deny broadcasters a license renewal or station sale application, or require an early license renewal application to be filed.\"[38][39] It remains to be seen if this language will remain in the final approved appropriations bill, however.\n\n1.5.3 Insurance \nInsurance needs for cannabis businesses are being discussed more as the legalization effort continues to expand across the U.S. and other countries. In the U.S. at least, a number of factors has slowed these discussions given the plant's illegal federal status, including limited data on its health impacts, the losses associated with running such businesses, and a lack of understanding the appropriate claims milestones to use. This lack of data and initial hesitance has resulted in overall caution by the insurance industry, issuing mostly basic policies with insufficient coverage.[40] These fears\u2014including the fear of prosecution for providing services to cannabis businesses\u2014aren't limited to the U.S. either, with, for example, concerns that the Proceeds of Crime Act (POCA) in the U.K. will expose financial and insurance businesses to prosecution.[41] Other issues and risks viewed by the industry include[40][41][42][43]:\nWith health risks not fully understood, extensive litigation, including class action lawsuits, may ensue should cannabis users become unexpectedly ill or disabled due to unstated risks by the vendor.\nTransportation of cannabis and related equipment across various borders where it's legal in some places but not others may result in the risk of seizures and losses.\nUncertainty remains about intellectual property law and banking, making it more difficult to produce relevant policies that help protect against theft and loss of proprietary information, product, and cash.\nHemp-derived CBD and its legality is still a gray area, at least in the U.S., though hemp is legal, making it more difficult to separate out related risks in cannabis insurance policies.\nVape pens and e-cigarettes used for cannabis consumption have so far carried some health hazards and risks with them, forcing many insurance carriers to exclude coverage for such products.\nOutdoor crop coverage is scarce, and multi-state distribution coverage policies don't exist.\nProfessional liability insurance for testing laboratories and dispensaries is still a growing area that requires more data and risk consideration, with some specific coverage such as \"slip and fall\" protection not able to be honored due to Schedule I substance exclusions in general liability policies.\nCannabis \"lounges\" serving up legal cannabis products to patrons could be sued for overserving product and enabling third-party bodily injury by the patron.\n1.5.4 Data management \nIn the fall of 2018, Canada legalized the purchase, growth, and consumption of marijuana in small amounts across the country.[44] Ahead of and after the official date of legalization, concerns were being raised about the protection of Canadian cannabis consumers' personally identifiable information (PII)[45], particularly in regards to data processed and stored in the United States.[46][47][48] In truth, comparisons of Canada's privacy laws with those of the United States existed well before the vote, with resources such as FindLaw detailing risks to any Canadian data transferred to the United States.[49] However, concerns grew that Ontario's mandated use of the e-commerce platform Shopify (until private retail outlets opened in April 2019) would put Canadian cannabis consumers' data at risk.[46][50] In particular, Canadian consumers remain worried that if their purchase history becomes available to United States government officials, who function in an environment of criminalization of cannabis use, they will not be allowed entry into the U.S. at minimum, or be treated as criminals upon attempting entry at worst. As such, some developers of cannabis data management software\u2014such as Cova Software\u2014have publicly acknowledged that any cannabis retail data for Canadian customers will remain in Canada \"over and above the current legal requirements.\"[48] Yet even with data providers' intentions to follow Canadian privacy rules and recommendations, data breaches still occur, as happened with the Canada Post in November 2018.[45][51], further emphasizing the need for strict protocols and protections for cannabis consumer data.\nIn the United States, despite cannabis' federal prohibition, many states have been taking on various levels of legalization of cannabis. As Rachel Hutchinson of Foley Hoag LLP noted in March 2017, much like Canada, \"[l]egalization has led to increased oversight and monitoring, as well as to the collection and storage of personally identifiable information ... [and the] threat of a federal crackdown leaves most customers resistant to creating any sort of paper trail.\"[52] In this sort of environment, where federal threats still exist, a patchwork collection of state-based laws have sprung up, including Oregon's Senate Bill 863, which prevents retailers of recreational cannabis from collecting and sharing customers' PII.[53] California has also implemented a variation of this type of protection for both recreational and medical cannabis consumers.[54] Of note is California's classification of medical marijuana identification cards as \"medical information,\" which lends additional credence to the idea that medical marijuana consumers' PII held in dispensaries should be protected by U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations.[55] However, without a unified policy and legal framework for cannabis use and its associated data, its difficult to foresee what future data collection and privacy regulations will look like in the United States. Despite this, some software development companies are betting on further demand for privacy of PII with the development of \"personal privacy and HIPAA complaint cannabis consumer transaction solution[s].\"[56]\nAdditionally, like Canada, concerns still abound concerning data privacy in the United States. Companies such as THSuite, LLC have already been found to inadvertently expose sensitive personal data\u2014and possibly even protected health information (PHI)\u2014from multiple U.S. cannabis dispensaries, potentially violating HIPAA regulations.[57][58] As the anonymous author of the original report concerning THSuite points out, \"most legal experts agree that dispensaries must follow HIPAA regulations just like any other health care provider,\" and even in a realm without legal risk, exposed data could mean \"individuals may suffer backlash if their families, friends, and colleagues find out that they use cannabis.\"[57] Again, these issues firmly fall at the feet of the main problem of not having unified cannabis legislation, let alone not having a federally recognized legalized status of cannabis. With the unclear and mismatched state of law regarding cannabis user data protection, the onus still remain firmly with software developers and business' data managers in regards to thoroughly testing software and implementing (as well as enforcing) stricter controls such as encryption, intrusion detection, and authentication mechanisms.[58]\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 Hill, J.A. (2015). \"Banks, Marijuana, and Federalism\". Case Western Reserve Federal Law Review 65 (3): 597\u2013647. https:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.case.edu\/caselrev\/vol65\/iss3\/7 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kovaleski, S.F. (14 February 2014). \"U.S. Issues Marijuana Guidelines for Banks\". The New York Times. The New York Times Corporation. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/02\/15\/us\/us-issues-marijuana-guidelines-for-banks.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (14 February 2014). \"BSA Expectations Regarding Marijuana-Related Businesses\". U.S. Department of the Treasury. https:\/\/www.fincen.gov\/resources\/statutes-regulations\/guidance\/bsa-expectations-regarding-marijuana-related-businesses . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). \"Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says\". USA. Today. Gannett Company. https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). \"DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research\". STAT. Boston Globe Media. https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hansen, K.; Johnson, G. (20 April 2016). \"Banking woes easing for some legal pot businesses\". Associated Press. Associated Press. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/804ae396daab4ba98f814b186f872ef6 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Angell, T. (14 June 2018). \"More Banks Working With Marijuana Businesses, Despite Federal Moves\". Forbes. Forbes Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220128064459\/https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tomangell\/2018\/06\/14\/more-banks-working-with-marijuana-businesses-despite-federal-moves\/?sh=363e33581b1b . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Marijuana Banking Update\" (PDF). FinCEN. 30 June 2021. https:\/\/www.fincen.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/shared\/303751_MJ%20Banking%20Update%203rd%20QTR%20FY2021_Public.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Blood, M.R. (2 December 2016). \"California treasurer asks Trump for guidance on pot, banking\". Associated Press. Associated Press. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/d54ea614db274238986a8e0d77dbb147 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Myers, J. (16 August 2018). \"California lawmakers reject marijuana banking plan and panic buttons for hotel workers in a frenzy of Sacramento action\". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times Communications, LLC. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-legislature-bills-roundup-20180816-story.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Boomstein, A.L.; Miller, C.D.; Owen, J.L. (30 October 2019). \"California DBO Offers Guidance on Cannabis Banking\". Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP. https:\/\/www.manatt.com\/Insights\/Newsletters\/Financial-Services-Law\/California-DBO-Offers-Guidance-on-Cannabis-Banking . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 LeBlanc, S. (2 January 2017). \"US Sen. Warren seeks to pull pot shops out of banking limbo\". Las Vegas Sun. Greenspun Media Group. https:\/\/lasvegassun.com\/news\/2017\/jan\/02\/us-sen-warren-seeks-to-pull-pot-shops-out-of-banki\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 13.0 13.1 Lampach, D. (20 November 2013). \"Q&A With CEO of Steep Hill Halent: US Cannabis Testing Market Could Hit $40M by 2016\". Marijuana Business Daily. Anne Holland Ventures, Inc. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/qa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Martin, R.W. (May 2016). \"Profitability in the Cannabis Laboratory Industry\". Association of Commercial Cannabis Laboratories. Association of Commercial Cannabis Laboratories. Archived from the original on 02 February 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180202172902\/http:\/\/www.cacannabislabs.com\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Tulsi, B.B. (3 October 2016). \"A Bright Future for Cannabis Testing Services\". Lab Manager. LabX Media Group. https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/labs-less-ordinary\/today-s-cannabis-research-market-4338 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"A Unique Investment Vehicle in Laboratory Testing\" (PDF). DigiPath, Inc. October 2016. pp. 36. http:\/\/digipath.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Digipath-Company-Report.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 The Associated Press (1 April 2018). \"Alaska marijuana-testing lab closes, leaving only 2 in state\". The Seattle Times. Seattle Times Company. https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/marijuana\/alaska-marijuana-testing-lab-closes-leaving-only-2-in-state-2\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Boomstein, A.; Miller, C.D.; Sabine, A. (20 January 2020). \"Burnt Out? SAFE Banking Act Faces Senate Opposition\". JD Supra. https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/burnt-out-safe-banking-act-faces-senate-91591\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Schiller, M. (23 January 2020). \"SAFE Banking Act\u2019s House Co-Sponsors Urge Senate to Approve Bill\". Cannabis Business Times. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/safe-banking-act-house-supporters-urge-senate-to-approve-bill\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Jaeger, K. (13 February 2020). \"Twelve GOP Lawmakers Thank Senate Chairman For Delaying Marijuana Banking Bill\". Marijuana Moment. https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/twelve-gop-lawmakers-thank-senate-chairman-for-delaying-marijuana-banking-bill\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Adlin, B. (25 February 2020). \"Deal On Marijuana Banking Bill Is \u2018Close,\u2019 GOP Senator Says\". Marijuana Moment. https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/deal-on-marijuana-banking-bill-is-close-gop-senator-says\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Williams, S. (17 May 2020). \"Surprise! There's Cannabis Reform Legislation in the Latest COVID-19 Relief Bill\". The Motley Fool. https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2020\/05\/17\/surprise-theres-cannabis-reform-legislation-in-the.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 NJ Cannabis Insider staff (2 October 2020). \"The most important N.J. cannabis stories this week: Decriminalization bill stuck, new women-led organization, SAFE Act has a chance\". nj.com. https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2020\/10\/the-most-important-nj-cannabis-stories-this-week-decriminalization-bill-stuck-new-women-led-organization-safe-act-has-a-chance.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"House passes updated HEROES Act with CDFI funding, SAFE Banking Act\". Credit Union National Association. 1 October 2020. https:\/\/news.cuna.org\/articles\/118520-house-passes-updated-heroes-act-with-cdfi-funding-safe-banking-act . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Skinner, K. (24 December 2020). \"Exclusion of the Safe Banking Act in Coronavirus Relief Doesn\u2019t Mean It Won\u2019t Pass in 2021\". JD Supra. https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/exclusion-of-the-safe-banking-act-in-38523\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Robinson, J.H.; Lomax, S.D.; Steineker, W. (21 June 2022). \"Cannabis Banking: Will the SAFE Banking Act Finally Pass?\". The National Law Review. https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/cannabis-banking-will-safe-banking-act-finally-pass . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 White, J.B. (17 August 2016). \"If California legalizes pot, will TV ads be far behind?\". The Sacramento Bee. The McClatchy Company. http:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/politics-government\/capitol-alert\/article96040082.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 McGreevy, P. (30 October 2016). \"Q&A: Proposition 64 would legalize recreational use of marijuana though it's illegal under federal law. How will that work?\". Los Angeles Times. tronc, Inc. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-sac-proposition-64-marijuana-legalization-qa-20161030-snap-20161029-story.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Malsbury, A. (27 August 2018). \"California Cannabis Advertising: Changes Coming?\". Canna Law Blog. Harris Bricken. Archived from the original on 09 November 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109032232\/https:\/\/harrisbricken.com\/cannalawblog\/california-cannabis-advertising-changes-coming\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rein, L. (21 December 2015). \"The pot business may be legal, but newspapers can\u2019t run ads for it, the U.S. Postal Service says\". The Washington Post. WP Company, LLC. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/federal-eye\/wp\/2015\/12\/21\/the-pot-business-may-be-legal-but-newspapers-cant-run-ads-for-it-the-u-s-postal-service-says\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Oxenford, D. (13 December 2016). \"Accepting Advertising for Marijuana or Marijuana Paraphernalia: The Trademark Office Rules on a Related Issue that Provides More Reason For Caution\". Broadcast Law Blog. https:\/\/www.broadcastlawblog.com\/2016\/12\/articles\/accepting-advertising-for-marijuana-or-marijuana-paraphernalia-the-trademark-office-rules-on-a-related-issue-that-provides-more-reason-for-caution\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Adli, D. (21 December 2016). \"Obtaining Trademark Protection for Cannabis Businesses\". ADLI Law Group. http:\/\/adlilaw.blogspot.com\/2016\/12\/obtaining-trademark-protection-for_9.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 McGreevy, P. (21 December 2016). \"Pot ads along highways? Lawmakers wrangle over legalization's consequences\". Los Angeles Times. tronc, Inc. http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-pot-ads-snap-20161221-story.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Andrews, L. (27 December 2016). \"Gaps in Alaska marijuana ad rules cause worry\". Alaska Dispatch News. Alaska Dispatch Publishing. https:\/\/www.adn.com\/alaska-marijuana\/2016\/12\/26\/gaps-in-alaska-marijuana-advertising-rules-cause-worry\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cecco, L. (6 June 2018). \"How do you market weed when you can't market weed?\". The Guardian. Guardian News. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/jun\/06\/canada-weed-legalisation-cannabis-marijuana-vendors-marketing-tactics . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Pot shops turn to highway sponsor signs amid strict ad rules\". Associated Press. 16 February 2020. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/marijuana-us-news-denver-oddities-boulder-c908e9fcdeae3c502d5252e182bafa73 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Stilson, J. (3 January 2017). \"Why Marijuana Marketing Will Be Bigger Than Ever This Year\". Adweek. Adweek, LLC. http:\/\/www.adweek.com\/news\/advertising-branding\/why-marijuana-marketing-will-be-bigger-ever-year-175246 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 .   \n \n\n\u2191 MJBizDaily Staff (30 June 2022). \"Marijuana TV ads might be protected from FCC under new bill in Congress\". MJBizDaily. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/marijuana-tv-ads-might-be-protected-from-fcc-under-new-bill-in-congress\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cole, C. (28 June 2022). \"House Bill Would Stop FCC From Weeding Out Cannabis Ads\". Law360. https:\/\/www.law360.com\/articles\/1506269\/house-bill-would-stop-fcc-from-weeding-out-cannabis-ads . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 40.0 40.1 AmWINS Group, Inc (September 2019). \"From Seed to Sale: The Top Five Issues Impacting the Cannabis Insurance Industry\". https:\/\/www.amwins.com\/docs\/default-source\/insights\/client-advisory_top-5_issues_impacting_the_cannabis_insurance_industry-9-19.pdf?sfvrsn=72f5f65f_8 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 41.0 41.1 Boldon, J. (17 February 2020). \"Financial lines carriers face big challenges in insuring cannabis business\". Kennedys. https:\/\/kennedyslaw.com\/thought-leadership\/article\/financial-lines-carriers-face-big-challenges-in-insuring-cannabis-business\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Connecticut Insurance Department (1 January 2022). \"Report on Access to Insurance by Connecticut Cannabis Establishments\" (PDF). State of Connecticut. https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/-\/media\/CID\/1_Reports\/Cannabis-Insurance-Report.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Schuerle, J. (6 July 2022). \"New Insurance Risks as Cannabis Lounges Open Across the US\". Cannabis Industry Journal. https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/new-insurance-risks-as-cannabis-lounges-open-across-the-us\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Porter, C. (11 November 2018). \"Canada\u2019s Message to Teenagers: Marijuana Is Legal Now. Please Don\u2019t Smoke It\". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 45.0 45.1 Stoller, D.R. (18 November 2018). \"Legal Canadian Pot Sales Spur Data Privacy Concerns\". Bloomberg BNA. Archived from the original on 02 January 2019. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190102164241\/https:\/\/www.bna.com\/legal-canadian-pot-n57982093971\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 46.0 46.1 Blinch, M. (27 August 2018). \"How privatized cannabis sales threaten your privacy\". The Conversation. https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-privatized-cannabis-sales-threaten-your-privacy-101870 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"A society in transition, an industry ready to bloom: 2018 Cannabis Report\" (PDF). Deloitte LLP. 2018. https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/consulting\/ca-cannabis-2018-report-en.PDF . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 48.0 48.1 Moore, B. (27 September 2018). \"Cova Software Announces Plan to Retain Retail Cannabis Data in Canada\". NCIA News. National Cannabis Industry Association. https:\/\/thecannabisindustry.org\/member_news\/cova-software-announces-plan-to-retain-retail-cannabis-data-in-canada\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Canada's Privacy Laws vs. the USA PATRIOT ACT\". FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. 2 March 2018. https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/law-library\/canada-s-privacy-laws-vs-the-usa-patriot-act.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Abraham, E. (18 October 2018). \"Cannabis may be legal in Canada \u2013 but this is why it's still not safe to buy it online\". Independent. https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/voices\/cannabis-canada-legal-sale-buying-online-risks-a8589716.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Perkel, C. (7 November 2018). \"Canada Post admits cannabis privacy breach involving 4,500 Ontario customers\". CTV News. https:\/\/www.ctvnews.ca\/canada\/canada-post-admits-cannabis-privacy-breach-involving-4-500-ontario-customers-1.4167149 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hutchinson, R. (22 March 2017). \"Marijuana and Privacy: A Primer\". Security, Privacy and the Law. Foley Hoag LLP. https:\/\/www.securityprivacyandthelaw.com\/2017\/03\/marijuana-and-privacy-a-primer\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Marum, A. (19 April 2017). \"Smoke pot in Oregon? Your name now protected from feds\". The Oregonian. https:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/marijuana\/2017\/04\/marijuana_user_data_protected.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Sherry, K. (4 October 2018). \"Client Alert: New California Privacy Law, AB-2402, Specifically Targets Cannabis Licensees\". Nelson Hardiman Newsroom. Nelson Hardiman LLP. https:\/\/www.nelsonhardiman.com\/client-alert-new-california-privacy-law-ab-2402-specifically-targets-cannabis-licensees\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Drolet, M. (15 May 2017). \"Cannabis and privacy compliance: Is your health information protected?\". Cannabis Business Executive. https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com\/2017\/05\/hippa-cannabis-and-privacy-compliance\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"USMJ and Landstar Plan to Bring Data Privacy and HIPAA Compliance to Marijuana Consumers\". PR Newswire. 14 November 2018. https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/usmj-and-landstar-plan-to-bring-data-privacy-and-hipaa-compliance-to-marijuana-consumers-831506836.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 57.0 57.1 Fawkes, G. (24 January 2020). \"Report: Cannabis Users\u2019 Sensitive Data Exposed in Data Breach\". vpnMentor Blog. https:\/\/www.vpnmentor.com\/blog\/report-thsuite-breach\/ . Retrieved 07 July 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 58.0 58.1 Shaghaghi, S.; Weinstein, I. (18 February 2020). \"Leak of 30,000 cannabis customer records heightens need for effective data security\". Insights. CohnReznick LLP. https:\/\/www.cohnreznick.com\/insights\/leak-of-30000-cannabis-customer-records-heightens-need-for-effective-data-security . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n-----Go to the next chapter of this guide-----\nCitation information for this chapter \nChapter: 1. Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\nEdition: Fourth edition\nTitle: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\nAuthor for citation: Shawn E. Douglas\nLicense for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International\nPublication date: August 2022\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 5 August 2022, at 22:17.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","2caa2affe55bbd4e75be99c044bd96b0_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Other_areas_of_concern rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Other_areas_of_concern skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Other areas of concern<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.5_Other_areas_of_concern\">1.5 Other areas of concern<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>When examining the current state of the U.S. cannabis industry, it's important to note a few additional areas of concern that impact it, again tightly linked to federal regulations (which are discussed extensively in the next section): banking, advertising, and data management. Issues related to these topics continue to limit how state-based grow-ops, dispensaries, and testing laboratories are funded and operated. \n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.5.1_Banking\">1.5.1 Banking<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Since the U.S. federal government still considers marijuana to be illegal, by extension banks and credit unions\u2014which are regulated by a patchwork collection of federal (and state) laws\u2014put themselves into potentially dangerous territory by accepting money from depositors engaging in federally illegal activities; the bank can be punished by federal institutions such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HillBanks15_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HillBanks15-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> In an attempt to ease the concerns of industry players as well as banks in states that had implemented legalization efforts, the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) released a guidance document in February 2014 that \"does not grant immunity from prosecution or civil penalties to banks that serve legal marijuana businesses\" but rather \"directs prosecutors and regulators to give priority to cases only where financial institutions have failed to adhere to the guidance.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KovaleskiUS14_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KovaleskiUS14-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FinCEN_BSA14_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FinCEN_BSA14-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> However, the guidance has remained just that: guidance; it doesn't prevent federal law enforcement or regulating agencies from taking action. An August 2016 attempt to reclassify marijuana into a lower classification than Schedule I failed<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LegerMari16_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LegerMari16-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JosephDEA16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JosephDEA16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>, keeping the FinCEN guidance in place as a recommendation for how federal authorities should enforce existing law. \n<\/p><p>According to an Associated Press report in April 2016, the guidance has had some sort of impact, with banks and credit unions willing to handle any money associated with marijuana, increasing from 51 in March 2014 to 301 in March 2016<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HansenBanking16_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HansenBanking16-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>, and up again to 411 in March 2018<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AngellMoreBanks18_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AngellMoreBanks18-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> and 706 in March 2021.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FinCENMari21_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FinCENMari21-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> However, this hasn't prevented those in states with newly minted medical and recreational marijuana legalization laws from being worried about how cannabis money will be handled, particularly with wavering stances across multiple Federal government branches. California, which in November 2016 legalized recreational use of marijuana beginning in 2018, petitioned the administration to clarify its policy early on. \"We have a year to develop a system that works in California and which addresses the many issues that exist as a result of the federal-state legal conflict,\" wrote California Treasurer John Chiang to Trump. \"Uncertainty about the position of your administration creates even more of a challenge.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BloodCali16_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BloodCali16-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> An attempt by the state in the summer of 2018 (Senate Bill 930) to \"license privately financed banks that would issue checks to [cannabis-related] businesses to pay rent and state and local taxes and fees\" was rejected, complicating the matter further.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MyersCalif18_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MyersCalif18-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> However, California's Department of Business Oversight offered some minor respite in the fall of 2019 in the form of its Cannabis Banking Guidance, which \"offers a comprehensive compliance framework for [California's] financial institutions and demonstrates that there is momentum around finding a workable solution to effectively provide banking services to cannabis-related businesses.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BoomsteinCali19_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BoomsteinCali19-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Similar legalization changes in Massachusetts prompted its senator, Elizabeth Warren, along with nine other senators, to write to FinCEN in early 2017 requesting even clearer, more friendly guidance for marijuana vendors.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LeBlancUSSen17_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LeBlancUSSen17-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Yet it remains to be seen if entities outside of grow-ops and dispensaries will see banking relief. In particular, testing laboratories continue to struggle with managing cash flow and acquiring bank lending for their operations<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LampachQA13_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LampachQA13-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MartinProfit16_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MartinProfit16-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TulsiABright16_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TulsiABright16-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>, causing some to believe consolidation of such labs will occur before the industry can really even take off.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LampachQA13_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LampachQA13-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DigiPathAUnique16_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DigiPathAUnique16-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> In early 2018, one of three testing laboratories in Alaska was forced to suspend its operations after Wells Fargo said it would foreclose on their space if they did not move out, demonstrating the continued difficulties and tensions laboratories are facing with banks.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APAlaska18_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APAlaska18-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In September 2019, what was thought to the be the best chance to update cannabis banking regulation\u2014in the form of the Secure and Fair Enforcement (SAFE) Banking Act\u2014saw overwhelming approval in the U.S. House of Representatives. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=SAFE_Banking_Act\" title=\"SAFE Banking Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e70bbaa05e4ccfc44d022e79288ca753\">SAFE Banking Act<\/a> would prevent federal banking regulators from cancelling deposit insurance, penalizing banking institutions, and incentivizing a bank to not do business with cannabis businesses, among other actions. This would mean banks wouldn't see federal retaliation for complying with state-mandated cannabis law. However, the proposed legislation was inevitably held up in the Senate in early 2020, primarily due to the efforts of Senate Banking Committee Chair Mike Crapo<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BoomsteinBurnt20_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BoomsteinBurnt20-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SchillerSAFE20_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SchillerSAFE20-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>, and the support of 12 other lawmakers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JaegerTwelve20_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JaegerTwelve20-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> However, in February 2020, Senators noted they were \"close to finding common ground to getting everyone signed off to move this forward.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AdlinDeal20_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AdlinDeal20-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> Ultimately, the SAFE provisions made their way into the HEROES Act COVID-19 relief bill, which passed in the U.S. House in May 2020<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WilliamsSurprise20_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WilliamsSurprise20-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>, as well as another proposed bill in October.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NJCTheMost20_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NJCTheMost20-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CUNAHouse20_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CUNAHouse20-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> Those attempts failed within the Senate, and an additional push to include the SAFE Banking Act provisions in the 2020 end-of-year COVID-19 stimulus failed.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SkinnerExlus20_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SkinnerExlus20-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> Additional attempts have been made to reintroduce SAFE in both 2021 and 2022, having passed the House a total of six times as of July 2022. The latest attempt to pass SAFE has been through including it with the Harnessing Opportunities by Pursuing Expungement (HOPE) Act \"to give SAFE the social equity component it needs to make it to the Senate floor.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RobinsonCanna22_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RobinsonCanna22-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.5.2_Advertising\">1.5.2 Advertising<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Advertising of marijuana products is another area of concern, though the regulations and laws regarding it are less clear. When it comes to television and radio broadcasting and its associated advertising, a federally granted broadcasting license stands to be lost, care of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The trouble is, it's not clear if the FCC would act against broadcasters; the FCC hasn't issued guidance in the same way FinCEN has. \"I don\u2019t think anybody knows, and that\u2019s the problem,\" said California Broadcasters Association President Joe Berry in an August 2016 report published by the The Sacramento Bee. \"Without a clear indication [from the FCC on marijuana advertising], the vast majority of broadcasters are going to stay away from this issue.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WhiteIfCali16_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WhiteIfCali16-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup> California, of course, made recreational marijuana legal, and its proposed law sought to address the issue of advertising, including \"a provision restricting TV and radio ads so they are not targeted to minors,\" while also addressing the authority of the FCC to enforce regardless.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-McGreevyQA16_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-McGreevyQA16-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> Additional changes occurred in California in the form of Assembly Bill 2899, updating how licensees can and can not advertise cannabis and cannabis products.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MalsburyCali18_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MalsburyCali18-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Other forms of advertising also remain problematic. In late November 2015, the United States Postal Service (USPS) out of Portland, Oregon published its interpretation of federal law regarding \"mailpieces containing advertisements about marijuana,\" regarding it illegal to distribute certain forms of marijuana advertisement while citing 21 U.S. Code \u00a7 843(c).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ReinThePot15_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ReinThePot15-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) has, controversially, also gotten involved, stating that trademarking of a \"brand controlled substances or related paraphernalia that are illegal to possess or sell\" legally doesn't fit within a trademark's commercial viability because at the federal level marijuana is not legal for commerce.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-OxenfordAccepting16_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-OxenfordAccepting16-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> (Legal experts such as Dariush Adli suggest \"creative ways\" of getting around this, from registering trademarks in multiple states to registering \"non-cannabis merchandise in order to generate some federal protection for their mark.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AdliObtain16_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AdliObtain16-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>) Even billboards have at times been an issue, with California's state lawmakers proposing new regulations on billboard-based marijuana advertising weeks after the state passed its recreational legalization laws.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-McGreevyPotAds16_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-McGreevyPotAds16-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup> And state laws, such as those found in Alaska, can create their own set of challenges in staying legal with marijuana advertising.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AndrewsGaps16_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AndrewsGaps16-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup> Even Canada, which legalized recreational use of marijuana in the fall of 2018, has strict advertising rules laid out by Health Canada, with harsh penalties for violators.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CeccoHowDo18_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CeccoHowDo18-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> This has resulted in some cannabis businesses seeking advertising loopholes; one such example can be found in the U.S. state of Colorado, where cannabis companies have taken to sponsoring highways through the state's Clean Colorado program.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-APPotShops20_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-APPotShops20-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Despite all this, some financial consultants have believed marijuana marketing will become more prevalent. In 2017, GreenWave Advisors' Matthew Karnes estimated cannabis marketing spending would jump to $75 million by 2021.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StilsonWhyMari17_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StilsonWhyMari17-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> Karnes may have been off on that prediction, but as of July 2022, new attempts to allow greater permissiveness of cannabis advertising continue to appear. For example, in June 2022, language was added to a proposed FCC-involved appropriations bill that would prevent \"any of the funds appropriated to the agency for the fiscal year that starts Oct. 1 to deny broadcasters a license renewal or station sale application, or require an early license renewal application to be filed.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StaffMari22_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StaffMari22-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ColeHouse22_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ColeHouse22-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> It remains to be seen if this language will remain in the final approved appropriations bill, however.\n<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.5.3_Insurance\">1.5.3 Insurance<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Jackson_Apple_Festival_(29831971922).jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"a7fa9d46dae330502f2b8dab9bef7df6\"><img alt=\"Jackson Apple Festival (29831971922).jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2d\/Jackson_Apple_Festival_%2829831971922%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>Insurance needs for cannabis businesses are being discussed more as the legalization effort continues to expand across the U.S. and other countries. In the U.S. at least, a number of factors has slowed these discussions given the plant's illegal federal status, including limited data on its health impacts, the losses associated with running such businesses, and a lack of understanding the appropriate claims milestones to use. This lack of data and initial hesitance has resulted in overall caution by the insurance industry, issuing mostly basic policies with insufficient coverage.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AmWINSFromSeed19_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AmWINSFromSeed19-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup> These fears\u2014including the fear of prosecution for providing services to cannabis businesses\u2014aren't limited to the U.S. either, with, for example, concerns that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Proceeds_of_Crime_Act_2002\" title=\"Proceeds of Crime Act 2002\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e08b88bcfba709e441d389eccd05ddc9\">Proceeds of Crime Act<\/a> (POCA) in the U.K. will expose financial and insurance businesses to prosecution.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BoldenFinancial20_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BoldenFinancial20-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup> Other issues and risks viewed by the industry include<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AmWINSFromSeed19_40-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AmWINSFromSeed19-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BoldenFinancial20_41-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BoldenFinancial20-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CTReportOnAcc22_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CTReportOnAcc22-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ScheurleNew22_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ScheurleNew22-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p><ul><li>With health risks not fully understood, extensive litigation, including class action lawsuits, may ensue should cannabis users become unexpectedly ill or disabled due to unstated risks by the vendor.<\/li>\n<li>Transportation of cannabis and related equipment across various borders where it's legal in some places but not others may result in the risk of seizures and losses.<\/li>\n<li>Uncertainty remains about intellectual property law and banking, making it more difficult to produce relevant policies that help protect against theft and loss of proprietary information, product, and cash.<\/li>\n<li>Hemp-derived CBD and its legality is still a gray area, at least in the U.S., though hemp is legal, making it more difficult to separate out related risks in cannabis insurance policies.<\/li>\n<li>Vape pens and e-cigarettes used for cannabis consumption have so far carried some health hazards and risks with them, forcing many insurance carriers to exclude coverage for such products.<\/li>\n<li>Outdoor crop coverage is scarce, and multi-state distribution coverage policies don't exist.<\/li>\n<li>Professional liability insurance for testing laboratories and dispensaries is still a growing area that requires more data and risk consideration, with some specific coverage such as \"slip and fall\" protection not able to be honored due to Schedule I substance exclusions in general liability policies.<\/li>\n<li>Cannabis \"lounges\" serving up legal cannabis products to patrons could be sued for overserving product and enabling third-party bodily injury by the patron.<\/li><\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.5.4_Data_management\">1.5.4 Data management<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>In the fall of 2018, Canada legalized the purchase, growth, and consumption of marijuana in small amounts across the country.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PorterCanada18_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PorterCanada18-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup> Ahead of and after the official date of legalization, concerns were being raised about the protection of Canadian cannabis consumers' personally identifiable information (PII)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StollerLegal18_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StollerLegal18-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>, particularly in regards to data processed and stored in the United States.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BlinchHowPriv18_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BlinchHowPriv18-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DeloitteASociety18_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DeloitteASociety18-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MooreCova18_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MooreCova18-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup> In truth, comparisons of Canada's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Privacy_law\" title=\"Privacy law\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7e9a3bdc818a59144d8f095a95f8673e\">privacy laws<\/a> with those of the United States existed well before the vote, with resources such as FindLaw detailing risks to any Canadian data transferred to the United States.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FLCanada04_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FLCanada04-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup> However, concerns grew that Ontario's mandated use of the e-commerce platform Shopify (until private retail outlets opened in April 2019) would put Canadian cannabis consumers' data at risk.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BlinchHowPriv18_46-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BlinchHowPriv18-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-AbrahamCannabis18_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AbrahamCannabis18-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup> In particular, Canadian consumers remain worried that if their purchase history becomes available to United States government officials, who function in an environment of criminalization of cannabis use, they will not be allowed entry into the U.S. at minimum, or be treated as criminals upon attempting entry at worst. As such, some developers of cannabis data management software\u2014such as Cova Software\u2014have publicly acknowledged that any cannabis retail data for Canadian customers will remain in Canada \"over and above the current legal requirements.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MooreCova18_48-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MooreCova18-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup> Yet even with data providers' intentions to follow Canadian privacy rules and recommendations, data breaches still occur, as happened with the Canada Post in November 2018.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StollerLegal18_45-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StollerLegal18-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PerkelCanadaPost18_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PerkelCanadaPost18-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup>, further emphasizing the need for strict protocols and protections for cannabis consumer data.\n<\/p><p>In the United States, despite cannabis' federal prohibition, many states have been taking on various levels of legalization of cannabis. As Rachel Hutchinson of Foley Hoag LLP noted in March 2017, much like Canada, \"[l]egalization has led to increased oversight and monitoring, as well as to the collection and storage of personally identifiable information ... [and the] threat of a federal crackdown leaves most customers resistant to creating any sort of paper trail.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HutchinsonMari17_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HutchinsonMari17-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup> In this sort of environment, where federal threats still exist, a patchwork collection of state-based laws have sprung up, including Oregon's Senate Bill 863, which prevents retailers of recreational cannabis from collecting and sharing customers' PII.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MarumSmoke17_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MarumSmoke17-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup> California has also implemented a variation of this type of protection for both recreational and medical cannabis consumers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SherryClient18_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SherryClient18-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup> Of note is California's classification of medical marijuana identification cards as \"medical information,\" which lends additional credence to the idea that medical marijuana consumers' PII held in dispensaries should be protected by U.S. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act\" title=\"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"18a1f44103f8f3888dbf2856f2918f54\">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act<\/a> (HIPAA) regulations.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DroletCannabis17_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DroletCannabis17-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> However, without a unified policy and legal framework for cannabis use and its associated data, its difficult to foresee what future data collection and privacy regulations will look like in the United States. Despite this, some software development companies are betting on further demand for privacy of PII with the development of \"personal privacy and HIPAA complaint cannabis consumer transaction solution[s].\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PRNewswireUSMJ18_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PRNewswireUSMJ18-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Additionally, like Canada, concerns still abound concerning data privacy in the United States. Companies such as THSuite, LLC have already been found to inadvertently expose sensitive personal data\u2014and possibly even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Protected_health_information\" title=\"Protected health information\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ce6ef39caf9e3e430e3c96b69340f30c\">protected health information<\/a> (PHI)\u2014from multiple U.S. cannabis dispensaries, potentially violating HIPAA regulations.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FawkesReportCanna20_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FawkesReportCanna20-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShaghaghiLeak20_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShaghaghiLeak20-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup> As the anonymous author of the original report concerning THSuite points out, \"most legal experts agree that dispensaries must follow HIPAA regulations just like any other health care provider,\" and even in a realm without legal risk, exposed data could mean \"individuals may suffer backlash if their families, friends, and colleagues find out that they use cannabis.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FawkesReportCanna20_57-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FawkesReportCanna20-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup> Again, these issues firmly fall at the feet of the main problem of not having unified cannabis legislation, let alone not having a federally recognized legalized status of cannabis. With the unclear and mismatched state of law regarding cannabis user data protection, the onus still remain firmly with software developers and business' data managers in regards to thoroughly testing software and implementing (as well as enforcing) stricter controls such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Encryption\" title=\"Encryption\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"058eef86cba1c2b1ebbbbc406440abe2\">encryption<\/a>, intrusion detection, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Authentication\" title=\"Authentication\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7c17fb0bab55967c6baf4913248c9173\">authentication<\/a> mechanisms.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ShaghaghiLeak20_58-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ShaghaghiLeak20-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-HillBanks15-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HillBanks15_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hill, J.A. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.case.edu\/caselrev\/vol65\/iss3\/7\" target=\"_blank\">\"Banks, Marijuana, and Federalism\"<\/a>. <i>Case Western Reserve Federal Law Review<\/i> <b>65<\/b> (3): 597\u2013647<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.case.edu\/caselrev\/vol65\/iss3\/7\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.case.edu\/caselrev\/vol65\/iss3\/7<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Banks%2C+Marijuana%2C+and+Federalism&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve+Federal+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Hill%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Hill%2C+J.A.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=597%E2%80%93647&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.case.edu%2Fcaselrev%2Fvol65%2Fiss3%2F7&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KovaleskiUS14-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KovaleskiUS14_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kovaleski, S.F. (14 February 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/02\/15\/us\/us-issues-marijuana-guidelines-for-banks.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"U.S. Issues Marijuana Guidelines for Banks\"<\/a>. <i>The New York Times<\/i>. The New York Times Corporation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/02\/15\/us\/us-issues-marijuana-guidelines-for-banks.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/02\/15\/us\/us-issues-marijuana-guidelines-for-banks.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=U.S.+Issues+Marijuana+Guidelines+for+Banks&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Kovaleski%2C+S.F.&rft.au=Kovaleski%2C+S.F.&rft.date=14+February+2014&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F15%2Fus%2Fus-issues-marijuana-guidelines-for-banks.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FinCEN_BSA14-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FinCEN_BSA14_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (14 February 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fincen.gov\/resources\/statutes-regulations\/guidance\/bsa-expectations-regarding-marijuana-related-businesses\" target=\"_blank\">\"BSA Expectations Regarding Marijuana-Related Businesses\"<\/a>. U.S. Department of the Treasury<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fincen.gov\/resources\/statutes-regulations\/guidance\/bsa-expectations-regarding-marijuana-related-businesses\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fincen.gov\/resources\/statutes-regulations\/guidance\/bsa-expectations-regarding-marijuana-related-businesses<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=BSA+Expectations+Regarding+Marijuana-Related+Businesses&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Financial+Crimes+Enforcement+Network&rft.au=Financial+Crimes+Enforcement+Network&rft.date=14+February+2014&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Treasury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fincen.gov%2Fresources%2Fstatutes-regulations%2Fguidance%2Fbsa-expectations-regarding-marijuana-related-businesses&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LegerMari16-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LegerMari16_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says\"<\/a>. <i>USA. Today<\/i>. Gannett Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+to+remain+illegal+under+federal+law%2C+DEA+says&rft.atitle=USA.+Today&rft.aulast=Leger%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Leger%2C+D.L.&rft.date=11+August+2016&rft.pub=Gannett+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2016%2F08%2F11%2Fdea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law%2F88550804%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JosephDEA16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JosephDEA16_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research\"<\/a>. <i>STAT<\/i>. Boston Globe Media<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DEA+decision+keeps+major+restrictions+in+place+on+marijuana+research&rft.atitle=STAT&rft.aulast=Joseph%2C+A.&rft.au=Joseph%2C+A.&rft.date=10+August+2016&rft.pub=Boston+Globe+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2016%2F08%2F10%2Fmarijuana-medical-research-dea%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HansenBanking16-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HansenBanking16_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hansen, K.; Johnson, G. (20 April 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/804ae396daab4ba98f814b186f872ef6\" target=\"_blank\">\"Banking woes easing for some legal pot businesses\"<\/a>. <i>Associated Press<\/i>. Associated Press<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/804ae396daab4ba98f814b186f872ef6\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/804ae396daab4ba98f814b186f872ef6<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Banking+woes+easing+for+some+legal+pot+businesses&rft.atitle=Associated+Press&rft.aulast=Hansen%2C+K.%3B+Johnson%2C+G.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+K.%3B+Johnson%2C+G.&rft.date=20+April+2016&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F804ae396daab4ba98f814b186f872ef6&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AngellMoreBanks18-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AngellMoreBanks18_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Angell, T. (14 June 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220128064459\/https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tomangell\/2018\/06\/14\/more-banks-working-with-marijuana-businesses-despite-federal-moves\/?sh=363e33581b1b\" target=\"_blank\">\"More Banks Working With Marijuana Businesses, Despite Federal Moves\"<\/a>. <i>Forbes<\/i>. Forbes Media, LLC. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"#4d828ed21b1b\">the original<\/a> on 28 January 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220128064459\/https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tomangell\/2018\/06\/14\/more-banks-working-with-marijuana-businesses-despite-federal-moves\/?sh=363e33581b1b\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220128064459\/https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tomangell\/2018\/06\/14\/more-banks-working-with-marijuana-businesses-despite-federal-moves\/?sh=363e33581b1b<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=More+Banks+Working+With+Marijuana+Businesses%2C+Despite+Federal+Moves&rft.atitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Angell%2C+T.&rft.au=Angell%2C+T.&rft.date=14+June+2018&rft.pub=Forbes+Media%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220128064459%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftomangell%2F2018%2F06%2F14%2Fmore-banks-working-with-marijuana-businesses-despite-federal-moves%2F%3Fsh%3D363e33581b1b&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FinCENMari21-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FinCENMari21_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fincen.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/shared\/303751_MJ%20Banking%20Update%203rd%20QTR%20FY2021_Public.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Banking Update\"<\/a> (PDF). FinCEN. 30 June 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fincen.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/shared\/303751_MJ%20Banking%20Update%203rd%20QTR%20FY2021_Public.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fincen.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/shared\/303751_MJ%20Banking%20Update%203rd%20QTR%20FY2021_Public.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Banking+Update&rft.atitle=&rft.date=30+June+2021&rft.pub=FinCEN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fincen.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fshared%2F303751_MJ%2520Banking%2520Update%25203rd%2520QTR%2520FY2021_Public.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BloodCali16-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BloodCali16_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Blood, M.R. (2 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/d54ea614db274238986a8e0d77dbb147\" target=\"_blank\">\"California treasurer asks Trump for guidance on pot, banking\"<\/a>. <i>Associated Press<\/i>. Associated Press<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/d54ea614db274238986a8e0d77dbb147\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/d54ea614db274238986a8e0d77dbb147<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=California+treasurer+asks+Trump+for+guidance+on+pot%2C+banking&rft.atitle=Associated+Press&rft.aulast=Blood%2C+M.R.&rft.au=Blood%2C+M.R.&rft.date=2+December+2016&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fd54ea614db274238986a8e0d77dbb147&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MyersCalif18-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MyersCalif18_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Myers, J. (16 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-legislature-bills-roundup-20180816-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"California lawmakers reject marijuana banking plan and panic buttons for hotel workers in a frenzy of Sacramento action\"<\/a>. <i>Los Angeles Times<\/i>. Los Angeles Times Communications, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-legislature-bills-roundup-20180816-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-legislature-bills-roundup-20180816-story.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=California+lawmakers+reject+marijuana+banking+plan+and+panic+buttons+for+hotel+workers+in+a+frenzy+of+Sacramento+action&rft.atitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.aulast=Myers%2C+J.&rft.au=Myers%2C+J.&rft.date=16+August+2018&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Times+Communications%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-pol-ca-legislature-bills-roundup-20180816-story.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BoomsteinCali19-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BoomsteinCali19_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Boomstein, A.L.; Miller, C.D.; Owen, J.L. (30 October 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.manatt.com\/Insights\/Newsletters\/Financial-Services-Law\/California-DBO-Offers-Guidance-on-Cannabis-Banking\" target=\"_blank\">\"California DBO Offers Guidance on Cannabis Banking\"<\/a>. Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.manatt.com\/Insights\/Newsletters\/Financial-Services-Law\/California-DBO-Offers-Guidance-on-Cannabis-Banking\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.manatt.com\/Insights\/Newsletters\/Financial-Services-Law\/California-DBO-Offers-Guidance-on-Cannabis-Banking<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=California+DBO+Offers+Guidance+on+Cannabis+Banking&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Boomstein%2C+A.L.%3B+Miller%2C+C.D.%3B+Owen%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Boomstein%2C+A.L.%3B+Miller%2C+C.D.%3B+Owen%2C+J.L.&rft.date=30+October+2019&rft.pub=Manatt%2C+Phelps+%26+Phillips%2C+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manatt.com%2FInsights%2FNewsletters%2FFinancial-Services-Law%2FCalifornia-DBO-Offers-Guidance-on-Cannabis-Banking&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LeBlancUSSen17-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LeBlancUSSen17_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">LeBlanc, S. (2 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lasvegassun.com\/news\/2017\/jan\/02\/us-sen-warren-seeks-to-pull-pot-shops-out-of-banki\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"US Sen. Warren seeks to pull pot shops out of banking limbo\"<\/a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun<\/i>. Greenspun Media Group<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/lasvegassun.com\/news\/2017\/jan\/02\/us-sen-warren-seeks-to-pull-pot-shops-out-of-banki\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/lasvegassun.com\/news\/2017\/jan\/02\/us-sen-warren-seeks-to-pull-pot-shops-out-of-banki\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=US+Sen.+Warren+seeks+to+pull+pot+shops+out+of+banking+limbo&rft.atitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.aulast=LeBlanc%2C+S.&rft.au=LeBlanc%2C+S.&rft.date=2+January+2017&rft.pub=Greenspun+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2Fjan%2F02%2Fus-sen-warren-seeks-to-pull-pot-shops-out-of-banki%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LampachQA13-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-LampachQA13_13-0\">13.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-LampachQA13_13-1\">13.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Lampach, D. (20 November 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/qa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Q&A With CEO of Steep Hill Halent: US Cannabis Testing Market Could Hit $40M by 2016\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Business Daily<\/i>. Anne Holland Ventures, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/qa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/qa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Q%26A+With+CEO+of+Steep+Hill+Halent%3A+US+Cannabis+Testing+Market+Could+Hit+%2440M+by+2016&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Business+Daily&rft.aulast=Lampach%2C+D.&rft.au=Lampach%2C+D.&rft.date=20+November+2013&rft.pub=Anne+Holland+Ventures%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fqa-with-steep-hill-lab-ceo-david-lampach-cannabis-testing-market-could-hit-40m-in-2-years%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MartinProfit16-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MartinProfit16_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Martin, R.W. (May 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180202172902\/http:\/\/www.cacannabislabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Profitability in the Cannabis Laboratory Industry\"<\/a>. <i>Association of Commercial Cannabis Laboratories<\/i>. Association of Commercial Cannabis Laboratories. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cacannabislabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 02 February 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180202172902\/http:\/\/www.cacannabislabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180202172902\/http:\/\/www.cacannabislabs.com\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Profitability+in+the+Cannabis+Laboratory+Industry&rft.atitle=Association+of+Commercial+Cannabis+Laboratories&rft.aulast=Martin%2C+R.W.&rft.au=Martin%2C+R.W.&rft.date=May+2016&rft.pub=Association+of+Commercial+Cannabis+Laboratories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180202172902%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cacannabislabs.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TulsiABright16-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TulsiABright16_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Tulsi, B.B. (3 October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/labs-less-ordinary\/today-s-cannabis-research-market-4338\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Bright Future for Cannabis Testing Services\"<\/a>. <i>Lab Manager<\/i>. LabX Media Group<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/labs-less-ordinary\/today-s-cannabis-research-market-4338\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.labmanager.com\/labs-less-ordinary\/today-s-cannabis-research-market-4338<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Bright+Future+for+Cannabis+Testing+Services&rft.atitle=Lab+Manager&rft.aulast=Tulsi%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Tulsi%2C+B.B.&rft.date=3+October+2016&rft.pub=LabX+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmanager.com%2Flabs-less-ordinary%2Ftoday-s-cannabis-research-market-4338&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DigiPathAUnique16-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DigiPathAUnique16_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/digipath.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Digipath-Company-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Unique Investment Vehicle in Laboratory Testing\"<\/a> (PDF). DigiPath, Inc. October 2016. pp. 36<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/digipath.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Digipath-Company-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/digipath.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Digipath-Company-Report.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Unique+Investment+Vehicle+in+Laboratory+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.date=October+2016&rft.pages=pp.+36&rft.pub=DigiPath%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigipath.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F10%2FDigipath-Company-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APAlaska18-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-APAlaska18_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">The Associated Press (1 April 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/marijuana\/alaska-marijuana-testing-lab-closes-leaving-only-2-in-state-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Alaska marijuana-testing lab closes, leaving only 2 in state\"<\/a>. <i>The Seattle Times<\/i>. Seattle Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/marijuana\/alaska-marijuana-testing-lab-closes-leaving-only-2-in-state-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/marijuana\/alaska-marijuana-testing-lab-closes-leaving-only-2-in-state-2\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Alaska+marijuana-testing+lab+closes%2C+leaving+only+2+in+state&rft.atitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.aulast=The+Associated+Press&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft.date=1+April+2018&rft.pub=Seattle+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fmarijuana%2Falaska-marijuana-testing-lab-closes-leaving-only-2-in-state-2%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BoomsteinBurnt20-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BoomsteinBurnt20_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Boomstein, A.; Miller, C.D.; Sabine, A. (20 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/burnt-out-safe-banking-act-faces-senate-91591\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Burnt Out? SAFE Banking Act Faces Senate Opposition\"<\/a>. <i>JD Supra<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/burnt-out-safe-banking-act-faces-senate-91591\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/burnt-out-safe-banking-act-faces-senate-91591\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Burnt+Out%3F+SAFE+Banking+Act+Faces+Senate+Opposition&rft.atitle=JD+Supra&rft.aulast=Boomstein%2C+A.%3B+Miller%2C+C.D.%3B+Sabine%2C+A.&rft.au=Boomstein%2C+A.%3B+Miller%2C+C.D.%3B+Sabine%2C+A.&rft.date=20+January+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdsupra.com%2Flegalnews%2Fburnt-out-safe-banking-act-faces-senate-91591%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SchillerSAFE20-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SchillerSAFE20_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schiller, M. (23 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/safe-banking-act-house-supporters-urge-senate-to-approve-bill\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"SAFE Banking Act\u2019s House Co-Sponsors Urge Senate to Approve Bill\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Times<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/safe-banking-act-house-supporters-urge-senate-to-approve-bill\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com\/article\/safe-banking-act-house-supporters-urge-senate-to-approve-bill\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=SAFE+Banking+Act%E2%80%99s+House+Co-Sponsors+Urge+Senate+to+Approve+Bill&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Times&rft.aulast=Schiller%2C+M.&rft.au=Schiller%2C+M.&rft.date=23+January+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinesstimes.com%2Farticle%2Fsafe-banking-act-house-supporters-urge-senate-to-approve-bill%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JaegerTwelve20-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JaegerTwelve20_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Jaeger, K. (13 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/twelve-gop-lawmakers-thank-senate-chairman-for-delaying-marijuana-banking-bill\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Twelve GOP Lawmakers Thank Senate Chairman For Delaying Marijuana Banking Bill\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Moment<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/twelve-gop-lawmakers-thank-senate-chairman-for-delaying-marijuana-banking-bill\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/twelve-gop-lawmakers-thank-senate-chairman-for-delaying-marijuana-banking-bill\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twelve+GOP+Lawmakers+Thank+Senate+Chairman+For+Delaying+Marijuana+Banking+Bill&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Moment&rft.aulast=Jaeger%2C+K.&rft.au=Jaeger%2C+K.&rft.date=13+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marijuanamoment.net%2Ftwelve-gop-lawmakers-thank-senate-chairman-for-delaying-marijuana-banking-bill%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AdlinDeal20-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AdlinDeal20_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Adlin, B. (25 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/deal-on-marijuana-banking-bill-is-close-gop-senator-says\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Deal On Marijuana Banking Bill Is \u2018Close,\u2019 GOP Senator Says\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Moment<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/deal-on-marijuana-banking-bill-is-close-gop-senator-says\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/deal-on-marijuana-banking-bill-is-close-gop-senator-says\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Deal+On+Marijuana+Banking+Bill+Is+%E2%80%98Close%2C%E2%80%99+GOP+Senator+Says&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Moment&rft.aulast=Adlin%2C+B.&rft.au=Adlin%2C+B.&rft.date=25+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marijuanamoment.net%2Fdeal-on-marijuana-banking-bill-is-close-gop-senator-says%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WilliamsSurprise20-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WilliamsSurprise20_22-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Williams, S. (17 May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2020\/05\/17\/surprise-theres-cannabis-reform-legislation-in-the.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"Surprise! There's Cannabis Reform Legislation in the Latest COVID-19 Relief Bill\"<\/a>. <i>The Motley Fool<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2020\/05\/17\/surprise-theres-cannabis-reform-legislation-in-the.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2020\/05\/17\/surprise-theres-cannabis-reform-legislation-in-the.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Surprise%21+There%27s+Cannabis+Reform+Legislation+in+the+Latest+COVID-19+Relief+Bill&rft.atitle=The+Motley+Fool&rft.aulast=Williams%2C+S.&rft.au=Williams%2C+S.&rft.date=17+May+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2F2020%2F05%2F17%2Fsurprise-theres-cannabis-reform-legislation-in-the.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NJCTheMost20-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NJCTheMost20_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">NJ Cannabis Insider staff (2 October 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2020\/10\/the-most-important-nj-cannabis-stories-this-week-decriminalization-bill-stuck-new-women-led-organization-safe-act-has-a-chance.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"The most important N.J. cannabis stories this week: Decriminalization bill stuck, new women-led organization, SAFE Act has a chance\"<\/a>. <i>nj.com<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2020\/10\/the-most-important-nj-cannabis-stories-this-week-decriminalization-bill-stuck-new-women-led-organization-safe-act-has-a-chance.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nj.com\/marijuana\/2020\/10\/the-most-important-nj-cannabis-stories-this-week-decriminalization-bill-stuck-new-women-led-organization-safe-act-has-a-chance.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+most+important+N.J.+cannabis+stories+this+week%3A+Decriminalization+bill+stuck%2C+new+women-led+organization%2C+SAFE+Act+has+a+chance&rft.atitle=nj.com&rft.aulast=NJ+Cannabis+Insider+staff&rft.au=NJ+Cannabis+Insider+staff&rft.date=2+October+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fmarijuana%2F2020%2F10%2Fthe-most-important-nj-cannabis-stories-this-week-decriminalization-bill-stuck-new-women-led-organization-safe-act-has-a-chance.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CUNAHouse20-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CUNAHouse20_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/news.cuna.org\/articles\/118520-house-passes-updated-heroes-act-with-cdfi-funding-safe-banking-act\" target=\"_blank\">\"House passes updated HEROES Act with CDFI funding, SAFE Banking Act\"<\/a>. Credit Union National Association. 1 October 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/news.cuna.org\/articles\/118520-house-passes-updated-heroes-act-with-cdfi-funding-safe-banking-act\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/news.cuna.org\/articles\/118520-house-passes-updated-heroes-act-with-cdfi-funding-safe-banking-act<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=House+passes+updated+HEROES+Act+with+CDFI+funding%2C+SAFE+Banking+Act&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1+October+2020&rft.pub=Credit+Union+National+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.cuna.org%2Farticles%2F118520-house-passes-updated-heroes-act-with-cdfi-funding-safe-banking-act&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SkinnerExlus20-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SkinnerExlus20_25-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Skinner, K. (24 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/exclusion-of-the-safe-banking-act-in-38523\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Exclusion of the Safe Banking Act in Coronavirus Relief Doesn\u2019t Mean It Won\u2019t Pass in 2021\"<\/a>. <i>JD Supra<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/exclusion-of-the-safe-banking-act-in-38523\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/exclusion-of-the-safe-banking-act-in-38523\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Exclusion+of+the+Safe+Banking+Act+in+Coronavirus+Relief+Doesn%E2%80%99t+Mean+It+Won%E2%80%99t+Pass+in+2021&rft.atitle=JD+Supra&rft.aulast=Skinner%2C+K.&rft.au=Skinner%2C+K.&rft.date=24+December+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdsupra.com%2Flegalnews%2Fexclusion-of-the-safe-banking-act-in-38523%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RobinsonCanna22-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RobinsonCanna22_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Robinson, J.H.; Lomax, S.D.; Steineker, W. (21 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/cannabis-banking-will-safe-banking-act-finally-pass\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Banking: Will the SAFE Banking Act Finally Pass?\"<\/a>. <i>The National Law Review<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/cannabis-banking-will-safe-banking-act-finally-pass\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/cannabis-banking-will-safe-banking-act-finally-pass<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Banking%3A+Will+the+SAFE+Banking+Act+Finally+Pass%3F&rft.atitle=The+National+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Robinson%2C+J.H.%3B+Lomax%2C+S.D.%3B+Steineker%2C+W.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.H.%3B+Lomax%2C+S.D.%3B+Steineker%2C+W.&rft.date=21+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natlawreview.com%2Farticle%2Fcannabis-banking-will-safe-banking-act-finally-pass&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WhiteIfCali16-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WhiteIfCali16_27-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">White, J.B. (17 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/politics-government\/capitol-alert\/article96040082.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"If California legalizes pot, will TV ads be far behind?\"<\/a>. <i>The Sacramento Bee<\/i>. The McClatchy Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/politics-government\/capitol-alert\/article96040082.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/politics-government\/capitol-alert\/article96040082.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=If+California+legalizes+pot%2C+will+TV+ads+be+far+behind%3F&rft.atitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.aulast=White%2C+J.B.&rft.au=White%2C+J.B.&rft.date=17+August+2016&rft.pub=The+McClatchy+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacbee.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-government%2Fcapitol-alert%2Farticle96040082.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-McGreevyQA16-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-McGreevyQA16_28-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">McGreevy, P. (30 October 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-sac-proposition-64-marijuana-legalization-qa-20161030-snap-20161029-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Q&A: Proposition 64 would legalize recreational use of marijuana though it's illegal under federal law. How will that work?\"<\/a>. <i>Los Angeles Times<\/i>. tronc, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-sac-proposition-64-marijuana-legalization-qa-20161030-snap-20161029-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-sac-proposition-64-marijuana-legalization-qa-20161030-snap-20161029-story.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Q%26A%3A+Proposition+64+would+legalize+recreational+use+of+marijuana+though+it%27s+illegal+under+federal+law.+How+will+that+work%3F&rft.atitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.aulast=McGreevy%2C+P.&rft.au=McGreevy%2C+P.&rft.date=30+October+2016&rft.pub=tronc%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-pol-sac-proposition-64-marijuana-legalization-qa-20161030-snap-20161029-story.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MalsburyCali18-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MalsburyCali18_29-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Malsbury, A. (27 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109032232\/https:\/\/harrisbricken.com\/cannalawblog\/california-cannabis-advertising-changes-coming\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"California Cannabis Advertising: Changes Coming?\"<\/a>. <i>Canna Law Blog<\/i>. Harris Bricken. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannalawblog.com\/california-cannabis-advertising-changes-coming\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 09 November 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109032232\/https:\/\/harrisbricken.com\/cannalawblog\/california-cannabis-advertising-changes-coming\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109032232\/https:\/\/harrisbricken.com\/cannalawblog\/california-cannabis-advertising-changes-coming\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=California+Cannabis+Advertising%3A+Changes+Coming%3F&rft.atitle=Canna+Law+Blog&rft.aulast=Malsbury%2C+A.&rft.au=Malsbury%2C+A.&rft.date=27+August+2018&rft.pub=Harris+Bricken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20201109032232%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fharrisbricken.com%2Fcannalawblog%2Fcalifornia-cannabis-advertising-changes-coming%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ReinThePot15-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ReinThePot15_30-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rein, L. (21 December 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/federal-eye\/wp\/2015\/12\/21\/the-pot-business-may-be-legal-but-newspapers-cant-run-ads-for-it-the-u-s-postal-service-says\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The pot business may be legal, but newspapers can\u2019t run ads for it, the U.S. Postal Service says\"<\/a>. <i>The Washington Post<\/i>. WP Company, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/federal-eye\/wp\/2015\/12\/21\/the-pot-business-may-be-legal-but-newspapers-cant-run-ads-for-it-the-u-s-postal-service-says\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/federal-eye\/wp\/2015\/12\/21\/the-pot-business-may-be-legal-but-newspapers-cant-run-ads-for-it-the-u-s-postal-service-says\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+pot+business+may+be+legal%2C+but+newspapers+can%E2%80%99t+run+ads+for+it%2C+the+U.S.+Postal+Service+says&rft.atitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.aulast=Rein%2C+L.&rft.au=Rein%2C+L.&rft.date=21+December+2015&rft.pub=WP+Company%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Ffederal-eye%2Fwp%2F2015%2F12%2F21%2Fthe-pot-business-may-be-legal-but-newspapers-cant-run-ads-for-it-the-u-s-postal-service-says%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-OxenfordAccepting16-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-OxenfordAccepting16_31-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Oxenford, D. (13 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.broadcastlawblog.com\/2016\/12\/articles\/accepting-advertising-for-marijuana-or-marijuana-paraphernalia-the-trademark-office-rules-on-a-related-issue-that-provides-more-reason-for-caution\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Accepting Advertising for Marijuana or Marijuana Paraphernalia: The Trademark Office Rules on a Related Issue that Provides More Reason For Caution\"<\/a>. <i>Broadcast Law Blog<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.broadcastlawblog.com\/2016\/12\/articles\/accepting-advertising-for-marijuana-or-marijuana-paraphernalia-the-trademark-office-rules-on-a-related-issue-that-provides-more-reason-for-caution\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.broadcastlawblog.com\/2016\/12\/articles\/accepting-advertising-for-marijuana-or-marijuana-paraphernalia-the-trademark-office-rules-on-a-related-issue-that-provides-more-reason-for-caution\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Accepting+Advertising+for+Marijuana+or+Marijuana+Paraphernalia%3A+The+Trademark+Office+Rules+on+a+Related+Issue+that+Provides+More+Reason+For+Caution&rft.atitle=Broadcast+Law+Blog&rft.aulast=Oxenford%2C+D.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+D.&rft.date=13+December+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastlawblog.com%2F2016%2F12%2Farticles%2Faccepting-advertising-for-marijuana-or-marijuana-paraphernalia-the-trademark-office-rules-on-a-related-issue-that-provides-more-reason-for-caution%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AdliObtain16-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AdliObtain16_32-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Adli, D. (21 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/adlilaw.blogspot.com\/2016\/12\/obtaining-trademark-protection-for_9.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Obtaining Trademark Protection for Cannabis Businesses\"<\/a>. ADLI Law Group<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/adlilaw.blogspot.com\/2016\/12\/obtaining-trademark-protection-for_9.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/adlilaw.blogspot.com\/2016\/12\/obtaining-trademark-protection-for_9.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Obtaining+Trademark+Protection+for+Cannabis+Businesses&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Adli%2C+D.&rft.au=Adli%2C+D.&rft.date=21+December+2016&rft.pub=ADLI+Law+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadlilaw.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fobtaining-trademark-protection-for_9.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-McGreevyPotAds16-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-McGreevyPotAds16_33-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">McGreevy, P. (21 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-pot-ads-snap-20161221-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pot ads along highways? Lawmakers wrangle over legalization's consequences\"<\/a>. <i>Los Angeles Times<\/i>. tronc, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-pot-ads-snap-20161221-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-pot-ads-snap-20161221-story.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pot+ads+along+highways%3F+Lawmakers+wrangle+over+legalization%27s+consequences&rft.atitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.aulast=McGreevy%2C+P.&rft.au=McGreevy%2C+P.&rft.date=21+December+2016&rft.pub=tronc%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-pol-ca-pot-ads-snap-20161221-story.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AndrewsGaps16-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AndrewsGaps16_34-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Andrews, L. (27 December 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.adn.com\/alaska-marijuana\/2016\/12\/26\/gaps-in-alaska-marijuana-advertising-rules-cause-worry\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Gaps in Alaska marijuana ad rules cause worry\"<\/a>. <i>Alaska Dispatch News<\/i>. Alaska Dispatch Publishing<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.adn.com\/alaska-marijuana\/2016\/12\/26\/gaps-in-alaska-marijuana-advertising-rules-cause-worry\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.adn.com\/alaska-marijuana\/2016\/12\/26\/gaps-in-alaska-marijuana-advertising-rules-cause-worry\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Gaps+in+Alaska+marijuana+ad+rules+cause+worry&rft.atitle=Alaska+Dispatch+News&rft.aulast=Andrews%2C+L.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+L.&rft.date=27+December+2016&rft.pub=Alaska+Dispatch+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Falaska-marijuana%2F2016%2F12%2F26%2Fgaps-in-alaska-marijuana-advertising-rules-cause-worry%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CeccoHowDo18-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CeccoHowDo18_35-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cecco, L. (6 June 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/jun\/06\/canada-weed-legalisation-cannabis-marijuana-vendors-marketing-tactics\" target=\"_blank\">\"How do you market weed when you can't market weed?\"<\/a>. <i>The Guardian<\/i>. Guardian News<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/jun\/06\/canada-weed-legalisation-cannabis-marijuana-vendors-marketing-tactics\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/jun\/06\/canada-weed-legalisation-cannabis-marijuana-vendors-marketing-tactics<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+do+you+market+weed+when+you+can%27t+market+weed%3F&rft.atitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Cecco%2C+L.&rft.au=Cecco%2C+L.&rft.date=6+June+2018&rft.pub=Guardian+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjun%2F06%2Fcanada-weed-legalisation-cannabis-marijuana-vendors-marketing-tactics&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-APPotShops20-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-APPotShops20_36-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/marijuana-us-news-denver-oddities-boulder-c908e9fcdeae3c502d5252e182bafa73\" target=\"_blank\">\"Pot shops turn to highway sponsor signs amid strict ad rules\"<\/a>. <i>Associated Press<\/i>. 16 February 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/marijuana-us-news-denver-oddities-boulder-c908e9fcdeae3c502d5252e182bafa73\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/marijuana-us-news-denver-oddities-boulder-c908e9fcdeae3c502d5252e182bafa73<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pot+shops+turn+to+highway+sponsor+signs+amid+strict+ad+rules&rft.atitle=Associated+Press&rft.date=16+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmarijuana-us-news-denver-oddities-boulder-c908e9fcdeae3c502d5252e182bafa73&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StilsonWhyMari17-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-StilsonWhyMari17_37-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Stilson, J. (3 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.adweek.com\/news\/advertising-branding\/why-marijuana-marketing-will-be-bigger-ever-year-175246\" target=\"_blank\">\"Why Marijuana Marketing Will Be Bigger Than Ever This Year\"<\/a>. <i>Adweek<\/i>. Adweek, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.adweek.com\/news\/advertising-branding\/why-marijuana-marketing-will-be-bigger-ever-year-175246\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.adweek.com\/news\/advertising-branding\/why-marijuana-marketing-will-be-bigger-ever-year-175246<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 25 January 2017<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Why+Marijuana+Marketing+Will+Be+Bigger+Than+Ever+This+Year&rft.atitle=Adweek&rft.aulast=Stilson%2C+J.&rft.au=Stilson%2C+J.&rft.date=3+January+2017&rft.pub=Adweek%2C+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fnews%2Fadvertising-branding%2Fwhy-marijuana-marketing-will-be-bigger-ever-year-175246&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StaffMari22-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-StaffMari22_38-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">MJBizDaily Staff (30 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/marijuana-tv-ads-might-be-protected-from-fcc-under-new-bill-in-congress\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana TV ads might be protected from FCC under new bill in Congress\"<\/a>. <i>MJBizDaily<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/marijuana-tv-ads-might-be-protected-from-fcc-under-new-bill-in-congress\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/marijuana-tv-ads-might-be-protected-from-fcc-under-new-bill-in-congress\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+TV+ads+might+be+protected+from+FCC+under+new+bill+in+Congress&rft.atitle=MJBizDaily&rft.aulast=MJBizDaily+Staff&rft.au=MJBizDaily+Staff&rft.date=30+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fmarijuana-tv-ads-might-be-protected-from-fcc-under-new-bill-in-congress%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ColeHouse22-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ColeHouse22_39-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Cole, C. (28 June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law360.com\/articles\/1506269\/house-bill-would-stop-fcc-from-weeding-out-cannabis-ads\" target=\"_blank\">\"House Bill Would Stop FCC From Weeding Out Cannabis Ads\"<\/a>. <i>Law360<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law360.com\/articles\/1506269\/house-bill-would-stop-fcc-from-weeding-out-cannabis-ads\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.law360.com\/articles\/1506269\/house-bill-would-stop-fcc-from-weeding-out-cannabis-ads<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=House+Bill+Would+Stop+FCC+From+Weeding+Out+Cannabis+Ads&rft.atitle=Law360&rft.aulast=Cole%2C+C.&rft.au=Cole%2C+C.&rft.date=28+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F1506269%2Fhouse-bill-would-stop-fcc-from-weeding-out-cannabis-ads&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AmWINSFromSeed19-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AmWINSFromSeed19_40-0\">40.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-AmWINSFromSeed19_40-1\">40.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">AmWINS Group, Inc (September 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amwins.com\/docs\/default-source\/insights\/client-advisory_top-5_issues_impacting_the_cannabis_insurance_industry-9-19.pdf?sfvrsn=72f5f65f_8\" target=\"_blank\">\"From Seed to Sale: The Top Five Issues Impacting the Cannabis Insurance Industry\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amwins.com\/docs\/default-source\/insights\/client-advisory_top-5_issues_impacting_the_cannabis_insurance_industry-9-19.pdf?sfvrsn=72f5f65f_8\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.amwins.com\/docs\/default-source\/insights\/client-advisory_top-5_issues_impacting_the_cannabis_insurance_industry-9-19.pdf?sfvrsn=72f5f65f_8<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=From+Seed+to+Sale%3A+The+Top+Five+Issues+Impacting+the+Cannabis+Insurance+Industry&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=AmWINS+Group%2C+Inc&rft.au=AmWINS+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=September+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amwins.com%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Finsights%2Fclient-advisory_top-5_issues_impacting_the_cannabis_insurance_industry-9-19.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D72f5f65f_8&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BoldenFinancial20-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BoldenFinancial20_41-0\">41.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BoldenFinancial20_41-1\">41.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Boldon, J. (17 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/kennedyslaw.com\/thought-leadership\/article\/financial-lines-carriers-face-big-challenges-in-insuring-cannabis-business\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Financial lines carriers face big challenges in insuring cannabis business\"<\/a>. <i>Kennedys<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/kennedyslaw.com\/thought-leadership\/article\/financial-lines-carriers-face-big-challenges-in-insuring-cannabis-business\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/kennedyslaw.com\/thought-leadership\/article\/financial-lines-carriers-face-big-challenges-in-insuring-cannabis-business\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Financial+lines+carriers+face+big+challenges+in+insuring+cannabis+business&rft.atitle=Kennedys&rft.aulast=Boldon%2C+J.&rft.au=Boldon%2C+J.&rft.date=17+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkennedyslaw.com%2Fthought-leadership%2Farticle%2Ffinancial-lines-carriers-face-big-challenges-in-insuring-cannabis-business%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CTReportOnAcc22-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CTReportOnAcc22_42-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Connecticut Insurance Department (1 January 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/-\/media\/CID\/1_Reports\/Cannabis-Insurance-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Report on Access to Insurance by Connecticut Cannabis Establishments\"<\/a> (PDF). State of Connecticut<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/-\/media\/CID\/1_Reports\/Cannabis-Insurance-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/-\/media\/CID\/1_Reports\/Cannabis-Insurance-Report.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Report+on+Access+to+Insurance+by+Connecticut+Cannabis+Establishments&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Connecticut+Insurance+Department&rft.au=Connecticut+Insurance+Department&rft.date=1+January+2022&rft.pub=State+of+Connecticut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.ct.gov%2F-%2Fmedia%2FCID%2F1_Reports%2FCannabis-Insurance-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ScheurleNew22-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ScheurleNew22_43-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Schuerle, J. (6 July 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/new-insurance-risks-as-cannabis-lounges-open-across-the-us\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"New Insurance Risks as Cannabis Lounges Open Across the US\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Industry Journal<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/new-insurance-risks-as-cannabis-lounges-open-across-the-us\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cannabisindustryjournal.com\/feature_article\/new-insurance-risks-as-cannabis-lounges-open-across-the-us\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+Insurance+Risks+as+Cannabis+Lounges+Open+Across+the+US&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Industry+Journal&rft.aulast=Schuerle%2C+J.&rft.au=Schuerle%2C+J.&rft.date=6+July+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcannabisindustryjournal.com%2Ffeature_article%2Fnew-insurance-risks-as-cannabis-lounges-open-across-the-us%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PorterCanada18-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PorterCanada18_44-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Porter, C. (11 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Canada\u2019s Message to Teenagers: Marijuana Is Legal Now. Please Don\u2019t Smoke It\"<\/a>. <i>The New York Times<\/i>. The New York Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Canada%E2%80%99s+Message+to+Teenagers%3A+Marijuana+Is+Legal+Now.+Please+Don%E2%80%99t+Smoke+It&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Porter%2C+C.&rft.au=Porter%2C+C.&rft.date=11+November+2018&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F11%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Fmarijuana-legalization-teenagers.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StollerLegal18-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StollerLegal18_45-0\">45.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StollerLegal18_45-1\">45.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Stoller, D.R. (18 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190102164241\/https:\/\/www.bna.com\/legal-canadian-pot-n57982093971\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Legal Canadian Pot Sales Spur Data Privacy Concerns\"<\/a>. <i>Bloomberg BNA<\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bna.com\/legal-canadian-pot-n57982093971\/\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 02 January 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190102164241\/https:\/\/www.bna.com\/legal-canadian-pot-n57982093971\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190102164241\/https:\/\/www.bna.com\/legal-canadian-pot-n57982093971\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Legal+Canadian+Pot+Sales+Spur+Data+Privacy+Concerns&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+BNA&rft.aulast=Stoller%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Stoller%2C+D.R.&rft.date=18+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190102164241%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.bna.com%2Flegal-canadian-pot-n57982093971%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BlinchHowPriv18-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BlinchHowPriv18_46-0\">46.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BlinchHowPriv18_46-1\">46.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Blinch, M. (27 August 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-privatized-cannabis-sales-threaten-your-privacy-101870\" target=\"_blank\">\"How privatized cannabis sales threaten your privacy\"<\/a>. <i>The Conversation<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-privatized-cannabis-sales-threaten-your-privacy-101870\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-privatized-cannabis-sales-threaten-your-privacy-101870<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+privatized+cannabis+sales+threaten+your+privacy&rft.atitle=The+Conversation&rft.aulast=Blinch%2C+M.&rft.au=Blinch%2C+M.&rft.date=27+August+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-privatized-cannabis-sales-threaten-your-privacy-101870&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DeloitteASociety18-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DeloitteASociety18_47-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/consulting\/ca-cannabis-2018-report-en.PDF\" target=\"_blank\">\"A society in transition, an industry ready to bloom: 2018 Cannabis Report\"<\/a> (PDF). Deloitte LLP. 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/consulting\/ca-cannabis-2018-report-en.PDF\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/consulting\/ca-cannabis-2018-report-en.PDF<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+society+in+transition%2C+an+industry+ready+to+bloom%3A+2018+Cannabis+Report&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2018&rft.pub=Deloitte+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FDeloitte%2Fca%2FDocuments%2Fconsulting%2Fca-cannabis-2018-report-en.PDF&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MooreCova18-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MooreCova18_48-0\">48.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-MooreCova18_48-1\">48.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Moore, B. (27 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thecannabisindustry.org\/member_news\/cova-software-announces-plan-to-retain-retail-cannabis-data-in-canada\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cova Software Announces Plan to Retain Retail Cannabis Data in Canada\"<\/a>. <i>NCIA News<\/i>. National Cannabis Industry Association<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/thecannabisindustry.org\/member_news\/cova-software-announces-plan-to-retain-retail-cannabis-data-in-canada\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/thecannabisindustry.org\/member_news\/cova-software-announces-plan-to-retain-retail-cannabis-data-in-canada\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cova+Software+Announces+Plan+to+Retain+Retail+Cannabis+Data+in+Canada&rft.atitle=NCIA+News&rft.aulast=Moore%2C+B.&rft.au=Moore%2C+B.&rft.date=27+September+2018&rft.pub=National+Cannabis+Industry+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecannabisindustry.org%2Fmember_news%2Fcova-software-announces-plan-to-retain-retail-cannabis-data-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FLCanada04-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FLCanada04_49-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/law-library\/canada-s-privacy-laws-vs-the-usa-patriot-act.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Canada's Privacy Laws vs. the USA PATRIOT ACT\"<\/a>. <i>FindLaw<\/i>. Thomson Reuters. 2 March 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/law-library\/canada-s-privacy-laws-vs-the-usa-patriot-act.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/law-library\/canada-s-privacy-laws-vs-the-usa-patriot-act.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Privacy+Laws+vs.+the+USA+PATRIOT+ACT&rft.atitle=FindLaw&rft.date=2+March+2018&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.findlaw.com%2Flaw-library%2Fcanada-s-privacy-laws-vs-the-usa-patriot-act.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AbrahamCannabis18-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-AbrahamCannabis18_50-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Abraham, E. (18 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/voices\/cannabis-canada-legal-sale-buying-online-risks-a8589716.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis may be legal in Canada \u2013 but this is why it's still not safe to buy it online\"<\/a>. <i>Independent<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/voices\/cannabis-canada-legal-sale-buying-online-risks-a8589716.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/voices\/cannabis-canada-legal-sale-buying-online-risks-a8589716.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+may+be+legal+in+Canada+%E2%80%93+but+this+is+why+it%27s+still+not+safe+to+buy+it+online&rft.atitle=Independent&rft.aulast=Abraham%2C+E.&rft.au=Abraham%2C+E.&rft.date=18+October+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcannabis-canada-legal-sale-buying-online-risks-a8589716.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PerkelCanadaPost18-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PerkelCanadaPost18_51-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Perkel, C. (7 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ctvnews.ca\/canada\/canada-post-admits-cannabis-privacy-breach-involving-4-500-ontario-customers-1.4167149\" target=\"_blank\">\"Canada Post admits cannabis privacy breach involving 4,500 Ontario customers\"<\/a>. <i>CTV News<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ctvnews.ca\/canada\/canada-post-admits-cannabis-privacy-breach-involving-4-500-ontario-customers-1.4167149\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ctvnews.ca\/canada\/canada-post-admits-cannabis-privacy-breach-involving-4-500-ontario-customers-1.4167149<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Canada+Post+admits+cannabis+privacy+breach+involving+4%2C500+Ontario+customers&rft.atitle=CTV+News&rft.aulast=Perkel%2C+C.&rft.au=Perkel%2C+C.&rft.date=7+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fcanada-post-admits-cannabis-privacy-breach-involving-4-500-ontario-customers-1.4167149&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HutchinsonMari17-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HutchinsonMari17_52-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hutchinson, R. (22 March 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.securityprivacyandthelaw.com\/2017\/03\/marijuana-and-privacy-a-primer\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana and Privacy: A Primer\"<\/a>. <i>Security, Privacy and the Law<\/i>. Foley Hoag LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.securityprivacyandthelaw.com\/2017\/03\/marijuana-and-privacy-a-primer\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.securityprivacyandthelaw.com\/2017\/03\/marijuana-and-privacy-a-primer\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+and+Privacy%3A+A+Primer&rft.atitle=Security%2C+Privacy+and+the+Law&rft.aulast=Hutchinson%2C+R.&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+R.&rft.date=22+March+2017&rft.pub=Foley+Hoag+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.securityprivacyandthelaw.com%2F2017%2F03%2Fmarijuana-and-privacy-a-primer%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MarumSmoke17-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MarumSmoke17_53-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Marum, A. (19 April 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/marijuana\/2017\/04\/marijuana_user_data_protected.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Smoke pot in Oregon? Your name now protected from feds\"<\/a>. <i>The Oregonian<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/marijuana\/2017\/04\/marijuana_user_data_protected.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/marijuana\/2017\/04\/marijuana_user_data_protected.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Smoke+pot+in+Oregon%3F+Your+name+now+protected+from+feds&rft.atitle=The+Oregonian&rft.aulast=Marum%2C+A.&rft.au=Marum%2C+A.&rft.date=19+April+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonlive.com%2Fmarijuana%2F2017%2F04%2Fmarijuana_user_data_protected.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SherryClient18-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SherryClient18_54-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Sherry, K. (4 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nelsonhardiman.com\/client-alert-new-california-privacy-law-ab-2402-specifically-targets-cannabis-licensees\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Client Alert: New California Privacy Law, AB-2402, Specifically Targets Cannabis Licensees\"<\/a>. <i>Nelson Hardiman Newsroom<\/i>. Nelson Hardiman LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nelsonhardiman.com\/client-alert-new-california-privacy-law-ab-2402-specifically-targets-cannabis-licensees\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nelsonhardiman.com\/client-alert-new-california-privacy-law-ab-2402-specifically-targets-cannabis-licensees\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Client+Alert%3A+New+California+Privacy+Law%2C+AB-2402%2C+Specifically+Targets+Cannabis+Licensees&rft.atitle=Nelson+Hardiman+Newsroom&rft.aulast=Sherry%2C+K.&rft.au=Sherry%2C+K.&rft.date=4+October+2018&rft.pub=Nelson+Hardiman+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nelsonhardiman.com%2Fclient-alert-new-california-privacy-law-ab-2402-specifically-targets-cannabis-licensees%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DroletCannabis17-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DroletCannabis17_55-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Drolet, M. (15 May 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com\/2017\/05\/hippa-cannabis-and-privacy-compliance\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis and privacy compliance: Is your health information protected?\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabis Business Executive<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com\/2017\/05\/hippa-cannabis-and-privacy-compliance\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com\/2017\/05\/hippa-cannabis-and-privacy-compliance\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+and+privacy+compliance%3A+Is+your+health+information+protected%3F&rft.atitle=Cannabis+Business+Executive&rft.aulast=Drolet%2C+M.&rft.au=Drolet%2C+M.&rft.date=15+May+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fhippa-cannabis-and-privacy-compliance%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PRNewswireUSMJ18-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PRNewswireUSMJ18_56-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/usmj-and-landstar-plan-to-bring-data-privacy-and-hipaa-compliance-to-marijuana-consumers-831506836.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"USMJ and Landstar Plan to Bring Data Privacy and HIPAA Compliance to Marijuana Consumers\"<\/a>. <i>PR Newswire<\/i>. 14 November 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/usmj-and-landstar-plan-to-bring-data-privacy-and-hipaa-compliance-to-marijuana-consumers-831506836.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/usmj-and-landstar-plan-to-bring-data-privacy-and-hipaa-compliance-to-marijuana-consumers-831506836.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=USMJ+and+Landstar+Plan+to+Bring+Data+Privacy+and+HIPAA+Compliance+to+Marijuana+Consumers&rft.atitle=PR+Newswire&rft.date=14+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fusmj-and-landstar-plan-to-bring-data-privacy-and-hipaa-compliance-to-marijuana-consumers-831506836.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FawkesReportCanna20-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FawkesReportCanna20_57-0\">57.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-FawkesReportCanna20_57-1\">57.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Fawkes, G. (24 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpnmentor.com\/blog\/report-thsuite-breach\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Report: Cannabis Users\u2019 Sensitive Data Exposed in Data Breach\"<\/a>. <i>vpnMentor Blog<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpnmentor.com\/blog\/report-thsuite-breach\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.vpnmentor.com\/blog\/report-thsuite-breach\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 07 July 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Report%3A+Cannabis+Users%E2%80%99+Sensitive+Data+Exposed+in+Data+Breach&rft.atitle=vpnMentor+Blog&rft.aulast=Fawkes%2C+G.&rft.au=Fawkes%2C+G.&rft.date=24+January+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpnmentor.com%2Fblog%2Freport-thsuite-breach%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ShaghaghiLeak20-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShaghaghiLeak20_58-0\">58.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-ShaghaghiLeak20_58-1\">58.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Shaghaghi, S.; Weinstein, I. (18 February 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cohnreznick.com\/insights\/leak-of-30000-cannabis-customer-records-heightens-need-for-effective-data-security\" target=\"_blank\">\"Leak of 30,000 cannabis customer records heightens need for effective data security\"<\/a>. <i>Insights<\/i>. CohnReznick LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cohnreznick.com\/insights\/leak-of-30000-cannabis-customer-records-heightens-need-for-effective-data-security\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cohnreznick.com\/insights\/leak-of-30000-cannabis-customer-records-heightens-need-for-effective-data-security<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Leak+of+30%2C000+cannabis+customer+records+heightens+need+for+effective+data+security&rft.atitle=Insights&rft.aulast=Shaghaghi%2C+S.%3B+Weinstein%2C+I.&rft.au=Shaghaghi%2C+S.%3B+Weinstein%2C+I.&rft.date=18+February+2020&rft.pub=CohnReznick+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cohnreznick.com%2Finsights%2Fleak-of-30000-cannabis-customer-records-heightens-need-for-effective-data-security&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/Federal regulation of cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189\">the next chapter<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Citation_information_for_this_chapter\">Citation information for this chapter<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Chapter<\/b>: 1. Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\n<\/p><p><b>Edition<\/b>: Fourth edition\n<\/p><p><b>Title<\/b>: <i>Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Author for citation<\/b>: Shawn E. Douglas\n<\/p><p><b>License for content<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International<\/a>\n<\/p><p><b>Publication date<\/b>: August 2022\n<\/p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140916\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.416 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.930 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 42168\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 356163\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 141409\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 105170\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 365.667 1 -total\n 92.52% 338.333 1 Template:Reflist\n 79.29% 289.920 57 Template:Cite_web\n 77.92% 284.935 58 Template:Citation\/core\n 18.05% 66.018 57 Template:Date\n 7.46% 27.267 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\n 5.07% 18.547 110 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 3.28% 11.976 1 Template:Cite_journal\n 2.21% 8.097 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\/Data_management\n 0.34% 1.247 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5206-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140915 and revision id 17978. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","2caa2affe55bbd4e75be99c044bd96b0_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2d\/Jackson_Apple_Festival_%2829831971922%29.jpg"],"2caa2affe55bbd4e75be99c044bd96b0_timestamp":1660140555,"594beef2c64e0912400667240bee3df2_type":"article","594beef2c64e0912400667240bee3df2_title":"1.4 Testing and research","594beef2c64e0912400667240bee3df2_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research","594beef2c64e0912400667240bee3df2_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Testing and researchFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search1.4 Testing and research \nOne area that continues to expand\u2014while taking advantage of new scientific research and techniques\u2014is the laboratory sphere, particularly in research, regulation, and standardization activities. According to July 2016 testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Division Director at NIDA, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) alone supported 281 cannabinoid research projects totaling more than $111 million in 2015.[1] By the end of 2021, that number had risen to $198 million.[2]\nWhile the research, analysis, and processing of cannabis has been ongoing for centuries[3], it wasn't until 1896 that Wood et al. conducted one of the first documented chemical experiments to determine the constituents of cannabis. Several years later, the researchers were able to correctly identify the extracted and isolated cannabinol from the exuded resin of Indian hemp as C21H26O2.[4] As of mid-2018, somewhere between 104 upwards to more than 140 of the more than 750 constituents of Cannabis sativa have been identified as cannabinoids[5][6][7], \"a class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors in cells that modulate neurotransmitter release in the brain.\"[8]\nYet in the United States, when it comes to 1. enacting the broad level of testing required to ensure public safety\u2014whether it be medical, recreational, or industrial use of cannabis\u2014and 2. researching and better understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (medical use and benefit) of cannabinoids in the human population, many have argued that laboratory testing of cannabis is still in its infancy[9][10][11][12][13][14] and evidence-based research of marijuana continues to be slow and bogged down in regulation.[15][16][1][17][18] In regards to the first issue, as some form of legalization continues to sweep across states, regulators, users, and industry are recognizing the need for improved standardization of the production and testing of medical and recreational marijuana; the current state of improper labeling and potentially harmful contaminants[9][10][11][14] will only serve to hinder the industry. To the second issue, in 2016, some within the federal government seemed to recognize the roadblocks to improved evidence-based research and began working to slowly improve how researchers can legally acquire and test marijuana in the U.S.[1][17][19] Those attempts were largely rebuffed by the Justice Department, however.[20][21]\nRegardless, an excerpt from the previously mentioned testimony of NIDA's Dr. Weiss illustrates the sentiment still felt by many researchers today[1]:\n\nThe current state of the research on marijuana and its constituent cannabinoids suggests the potential for therapeutic value for a number of conditions; however, more evidence is needed before marijuana or cannabinoid products (beyond those already approved through the FDA) are ready for medical use. Promising preclinical findings do not always prove to be clinically relevant, and even fewer lead to new treatments. Moreover, clinical studies of sufficient quality to meet FDA standards for drug approval are currently lacking for most conditions. Among the factors that impact this research are the specific statutory requirements and treaty obligations that govern research on marijuana. NIH is working closely with the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and FDA to explore ways to streamline these processes to facilitate research. \nIn the meantime, government entities such as the NIH and non-profits such as jCanna have continued to push forward with scientific conferences, summits, and roundtables that bring scientists and interested parties together to share existing knowledge and testing techniques.[22][23] Some U.S. lawmakers have since further discussed the issue of cannabis research; an official hearing scheduled for January 2020 provided an opportunity to further highlight to Congress the \"catch-22\" of regulation and medical research: \"Research is restricted because cannabis is currently considered a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, yet more research would better determine if marijuana should be rescheduled or descheduled.\"[24]\nEncouragingly, the DEA finalized its amended \"21 Code of Federal Regulations 1318 to facilitate the cultivation of marihuana for research purpose and other licit purposes to ensure compliance with the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and treaty obligations\" in December 2020[25] This added an additional five grow-ops to support researchers[25][26], though the impact of this change on research organizations is unclear at this early juncture.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weiss, S.R.B. (13 July 2016). \"Testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D. on The State of the Science on the Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana and Cannabinoids before Judiciary Committee\". ASL Testimony. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on 04 May 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 {{cite web |url=<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/report.nih.gov\/funding\/categorical-spending\">https:\/\/report.nih.gov\/funding\/categorical-spending<\/a> |title=Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC) |work=RePORT |publisher=National Institutes of Health |date=16 May 2022 |accessdate=08 July 2022} \n\n\u2191 Deitch, R. (2003). Hemp \u2013 American History Revisited. New York City: Algora Publishing. pp. 232. ISBN 9780875862262.   \n \n\n\u2191 Wood, T.B.; Newton Spivey, W.T.; Easterfield, T.H. (1899). \"III.\u2014Cannabinol. Part I\". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions 75: 30\u201336. doi:10.1039\/CT8997500020.   \n \n\n\u2191 Radwan, M.M.; ElSohly, M.A.; El-Alfy, A.T. et al. (2015). \"Isolation and pharmacological evaluation of minor cannabinoids from high-potency Cannabis sativa\". Journal of Natural Products 78 (6): 1271-6. doi:10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00065. PMC PMC4880513. PMID 26000707. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Solymosi, K.; K\u00f6falvi, A. (2017). \"Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box?\". Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 17: 1123\u201391. doi:10.2174\/1389557516666161004162133.   \n \n\n\u2191 Mudge, E.M.; Murch, S.J.; Brown, P.N. (2018). \"Chemometric Analysis of Cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and Domestication Syndrome\". Scientific Reports 8: 13090. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-31120-2.   \n \n\n\u2191 World Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renstr\u00f6m, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Health Organization. pp. 95. ISBN 978921510240. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240 .   \n \n\n\u2191 9.0 9.1 Hazekamp, A.; Fischedick, J.T. (2012). \"Cannabis - from cultivar to chemovar\". Drug Testing and Analysis 4 (7\u20138): 660\u20137. doi:10.1002\/dta.407. PMID 22362625.   \n \n\n\u2191 10.0 10.1 Bush, E. (18 February 2015). \"World\u2019s strongest weed? Potency testing challenged\". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/worldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 11.0 11.1 Rutsch, P. (24 March 2015). \"Quality-Testing Legal Marijuana: Strong But Not Always Clean\". Shots. National Public Radio. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2015\/03\/24\/395065699\/quality-testing-legal-marijuana-strong-but-not-always-clean . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Kuzdzal, S.; Lipps, W. (2015). \"Unraveling the Cannabinome\". The Analytical Scientist (0915). https:\/\/theanalyticalscientist.com\/techniques-tools\/unraveling-the-cannabinome . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Crombie, N. (25 July 2016). \"Marijuana labs prepping for regulation and oversight; no lab licenses issued yet\". The Oregonian. Oregon Live LLC. https:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/marijuana\/2016\/07\/marijuana_labs_prepping_for_st.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 14.0 14.1 Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. (December 2017). \"A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing\" (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from the original on 07 December 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bajaj, V. (30 July 2014). \"How the Federal Government Slows Marijuana Research\". Taking Note: The New York Times. The New York Times Company. https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com\/2014\/07\/30\/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Chesler, J.; Ard, A. (15 August 2015). \"Government restrictions, lack of funding slow progress on medical marijuana research\". News21: America's Weed Rush. Carnegie Corporation of New York; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. https:\/\/weedrush.news21.com\/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 17.0 17.1 Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). \"DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research\". STAT. Boston Globe Media. https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rudroff, T. (21 January 2017). \"Marijuana Regulation Blocks Vital Multiple Sclerosis Research\". Newsweek. IBT Media, Inc. https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Romza-Kutz, D.; Roth V., F. (15 August 2016). \"The silver lining in the DEA\u2019s refusal to reclassify cannabis\". Tracking Cannabis. Thompson Coburn LLP. https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gurman, S. (8 September 2018). \"Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ordo\u00f1ez, F.; Kumar, A. (7 November 2018). \"Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general\u2019s tenure\". Miami Herald. The McClatchy Company. https:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article221305965.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Marijuana and Cannabinoids: A Neuroscience Research Summit\". National Institutes of Health. 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210118181842\/https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/news-events\/meetings-events\/2016\/03\/marijuana-cannabinoids-neuroscience-research-summit . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Cannabis Science Conference\". jCanna, Inc. https:\/\/www.cannabisscienceconference.com\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Smith, J. (15 January 2020). \"US House panel calls for stepped-up marijuana research, which could prove critical to federal reform\". Marijuana Business Daily. https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/us-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform\/ . Retrieved 07 July 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 25.0 25.1 Diversion Control Division (18 December 2020). \"Marihuana Growers Information\". U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 13 April 2022. \"Can DEA-backed cannabis growers strike gold via drug development?\". https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 26 March 2020, at 23:03.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","594beef2c64e0912400667240bee3df2_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Testing_and_research rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Testing_and_research skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Testing and research<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.4_Testing_and_research\">1.4 Testing and research<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Marihuana_Test.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"f8b534a527f094911b99feac3565a919\"><img alt=\"Marihuana Test.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/Marihuana_Test.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"180\" height=\"249\" \/><\/a><\/div><p>One area that continues to expand\u2014while taking advantage of new scientific research and techniques\u2014is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed14e6a67b4b14ad2c190c28455725f6\">laboratory<\/a> sphere, particularly in research, regulation, and standardization activities. According to July 2016 testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Division Director at NIDA, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health\" title=\"National Institutes of Health\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e7499993b21fda1732823725687a5ba7\">National Institutes of Health<\/a> (NIH) alone supported 281 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinoid\" title=\"Cannabinoid\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c224c3041748677fcdce5b5209900b7b\">cannabinoid<\/a> research projects totaling more than $111 million in 2015.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WeissTestimony16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> By the end of 2021, that number had risen to $198 million.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NIHEstimates22_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NIHEstimates22-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>While the research, analysis, and processing of cannabis has been ongoing for centuries<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DeitchHemp03_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DeitchHemp03-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>, it wasn't until 1896 that Wood <i>et al.<\/i> conducted one of the first documented chemical experiments to determine the constituents of cannabis. Several years later, the researchers were able to correctly identify the extracted and isolated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabinol\" title=\"Cannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"651d2d238facf7e91a42dc755b1cdb88\">cannabinol<\/a> from the exuded <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Resin\" title=\"Resin\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ea8c3c4a58dd3a20c2a7064df50f4029\">resin<\/a> of Indian hemp as C<sub>21<\/sub>H<sub>26<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WoodCann1899_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WoodCann1899-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> As of mid-2018, somewhere between 104 upwards to more than 140 of the more than 750 constituents of <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> have been identified as cannabinoids<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RadwanIso15_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RadwanIso15-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SolymosiCanna17_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SolymosiCanna17-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MudgeChemo18-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>, \"a class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors in cells that modulate neurotransmitter release in the brain.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WHOTheHealth16_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WHOTheHealth16-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Yet in the United States, when it comes to 1. enacting the broad level of testing required to ensure public safety\u2014whether it be medical, recreational, or industrial use of cannabis\u2014and 2. researching and better understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (medical use and benefit) of cannabinoids in the human population, many have argued that laboratory testing of cannabis is still in its infancy<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HazekampCanna12_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HazekampCanna12-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BushWorlds15_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BushWorlds15-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RutschQuality15_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RutschQuality15-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalUnrav15_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalUnrav15-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CrombieMari16_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CrombieMari16-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> and evidence-based research of marijuana continues to be slow and bogged down in regulation.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BajajHowThe14_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BajajHowThe14-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CheslerGov15_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CheslerGov15-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WeissTestimony16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JosephDEA16_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JosephDEA16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RudroffMari17_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RudroffMari17-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> In regards to the first issue, as some form of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Legality_of_cannabis\" title=\"Legality of cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b80036537100734fce629cc441653451\">legalization<\/a> continues to sweep across states, regulators, users, and industry are recognizing the need for improved standardization of the production and testing of medical and recreational marijuana; the current state of improper labeling and potentially harmful contaminants<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HazekampCanna12_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HazekampCanna12-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BushWorlds15_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BushWorlds15-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RutschQuality15_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RutschQuality15-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> will only serve to hinder the industry. To the second issue, in 2016, some within the federal government seemed to recognize the roadblocks to improved evidence-based research and began working to slowly improve how researchers can legally acquire and test marijuana in the U.S.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WeissTestimony16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JosephDEA16_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JosephDEA16-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Romza-KutzTheSilver16-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> Those attempts were largely rebuffed by the Justice Department, however.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GurmanMari18_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GurmanMari18-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Ordo.C3.B1ezTrump18_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ordo.C3.B1ezTrump18-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Regardless, an excerpt from the previously mentioned testimony of NIDA's Dr. Weiss illustrates the sentiment still felt by many researchers today<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WeissTestimony16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The current state of the research on marijuana and its constituent cannabinoids suggests the potential for therapeutic value for a number of conditions; however, more evidence is needed before marijuana or cannabinoid products (beyond those already approved through the FDA) are ready for medical use. Promising preclinical findings do not always prove to be clinically relevant, and even fewer lead to new treatments. Moreover, clinical studies of sufficient quality to meet FDA standards for drug approval are currently lacking for most conditions. Among the factors that impact this research are the specific statutory requirements and treaty obligations that govern research on marijuana. NIH is working closely with the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Drug_Enforcement_Administration\" title=\"Drug Enforcement Administration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b6906da3e41e073dec4902ffbb542825\">Drug Enforcement Administration<\/a> (DEA), and FDA to explore ways to streamline these processes to facilitate research.<\/p><\/blockquote> \n<p>In the meantime, government entities such as the NIH and non-profits such as jCanna have continued to push forward with scientific conferences, summits, and roundtables that bring scientists and interested parties together to share existing knowledge and testing techniques.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NIHMari16_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NIHMari16-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-jCannaCSC19_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-jCannaCSC19-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> Some U.S. lawmakers have since further discussed the issue of cannabis research; an official hearing scheduled for January 2020 provided an opportunity to further highlight to Congress the \"catch-22\" of regulation and medical research: \"Research is restricted because cannabis is currently considered a Schedule I drug under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Controlled_Substances_Act\" title=\"Controlled Substances Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"26d5a484acca5b4c5f416480c72c38e5\">Controlled Substances Act<\/a>, yet more research would better determine if marijuana should be rescheduled or descheduled.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SmithUSHouse20_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SmithUSHouse20-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Encouragingly, the DEA finalized its amended \"21 Code of Federal Regulations 1318 to facilitate the cultivation of marihuana for research purpose and other licit purposes to ensure compliance with the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and treaty obligations\" in December 2020<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCDMari20_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCDMari20-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> This added an additional five grow-ops to support researchers<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCDMari20_25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCDMari20-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SacirbeyCanDEA22_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SacirbeyCanDEA22-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>, though the impact of this change on research organizations is unclear at this early juncture.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-WeissTestimony16-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_1-3\">1.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Weiss, S.R.B. (13 July 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D. on The State of the Science on the Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana and Cannabinoids before Judiciary Committee\"<\/a>. <i>ASL Testimony<\/i>. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 04 May 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Testimony+from+Susan+R.B.+Weiss%2C+Ph.D.+on+The+State+of+the+Science+on+the+Therapeutic+Potential+of+Marijuana+and+Cannabinoids+before+Judiciary+Committee&rft.atitle=ASL+Testimony&rft.aulast=Weiss%2C+S.R.B.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+S.R.B.&rft.date=13+July+2016&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+%26+Human+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170504180135%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhs.gov%2Fabout%2Fagencies%2Fasl%2Ftestimony%2F2016-09%2Fthe-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NIHEstimates22-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NIHEstimates22_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">{{cite web |url=<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/report.nih.gov\/funding\/categorical-spending\">https:\/\/report.nih.gov\/funding\/categorical-spending<\/a> |title=Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC) |work=RePORT |publisher=National Institutes of Health |date=16 May 2022 |accessdate=08 July 2022}<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DeitchHemp03-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-DeitchHemp03_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Deitch, R. (2003). <i>Hemp \u2013 American History Revisited<\/i>. New York City: Algora Publishing. pp. 232. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780875862262.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemp+%E2%80%93+American+History+Revisited&rft.aulast=Deitch%2C+R.&rft.au=Deitch%2C+R.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B232&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.isbn=9780875862262&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WoodCann1899-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WoodCann1899_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wood, T.B.; Newton Spivey, W.T.; Easterfield, T.H. (1899). \"III.\u2014Cannabinol. Part I\". <i>Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions<\/i> <b>75<\/b>: 30\u201336. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1039%2FCT8997500020\" target=\"_blank\">10.1039\/CT8997500020<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=III.%E2%80%94Cannabinol.+Part+I&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Transactions&rft.aulast=Wood%2C+T.B.%3B+Newton+Spivey%2C+W.T.%3B+Easterfield%2C+T.H.&rft.au=Wood%2C+T.B.%3B+Newton+Spivey%2C+W.T.%3B+Easterfield%2C+T.H.&rft.date=1899&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=30%E2%80%9336&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1039%2FCT8997500020&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RadwanIso15-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RadwanIso15_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Radwan, M.M.; ElSohly, M.A.; El-Alfy, A.T. et al. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513\" target=\"_blank\">\"Isolation and pharmacological evaluation of minor cannabinoids from high-potency <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i>Journal of Natural Products<\/i> <b>78<\/b> (6): 1271-6. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.5b00065\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00065<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513\" target=\"_blank\">PMC4880513<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26000707\" target=\"_blank\">26000707<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4880513<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Isolation+and+pharmacological+evaluation+of+minor+cannabinoids+from+high-potency+%27%27Cannabis+sativa%27%27&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.aulast=Radwan%2C+M.M.%3B+ElSohly%2C+M.A.%3B+El-Alfy%2C+A.T.+et+al.&rft.au=Radwan%2C+M.M.%3B+ElSohly%2C+M.A.%3B+El-Alfy%2C+A.T.+et+al.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1271-6&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.5b00065&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC4880513&rft_id=info:pmid\/26000707&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC4880513&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SolymosiCanna17-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SolymosiCanna17_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Solymosi, K.; K\u00f6falvi, A. (2017). \"<i>Cannabis<\/i>: A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box?\". <i>Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry<\/i> <b>17<\/b>: 1123\u201391. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2174%2F1389557516666161004162133\" target=\"_blank\">10.2174\/1389557516666161004162133<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27Cannabis%27%27%3A+A+Treasure+Trove+or+Pandora%27s+Box%3F&rft.jtitle=Mini-Reviews+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Solymosi%2C+K.%3B+K%C3%B6falvi%2C+A.&rft.au=Solymosi%2C+K.%3B+K%C3%B6falvi%2C+A.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=1123%E2%80%9391&rft_id=info:doi\/10.2174%2F1389557516666161004162133&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MudgeChemo18-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MudgeChemo18_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Mudge, E.M.; Murch, S.J.; Brown, P.N. (2018). \"Chemometric Analysis of Cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and Domestication Syndrome\". <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> <b>8<\/b>: 13090. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-31120-2\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41598-018-31120-2<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chemometric+Analysis+of+Cannabinoids%3A+Chemotaxonomy+and+Domestication+Syndrome&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Mudge%2C+E.M.%3B+Murch%2C+S.J.%3B+Brown%2C+P.N.&rft.au=Mudge%2C+E.M.%3B+Murch%2C+S.J.%3B+Brown%2C+P.N.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=13090&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-31120-2&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WHOTheHealth16-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WHOTheHealth16_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">World Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renstr\u00f6m, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use<\/i><\/a>. World Health Organization. pp. 95. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 978921510240<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241510240<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+health+and+social+effects+of+nonmedical+cannabis+use&rft.aulast=World+Health+Organization&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B95&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.isbn=978921510240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fi%2Fitem%2F9789241510240&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HazekampCanna12-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HazekampCanna12_9-0\">9.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-HazekampCanna12_9-1\">9.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hazekamp, A.; Fischedick, J.T. (2012). \"Cannabis - from cultivar to chemovar\". <i>Drug Testing and Analysis<\/i> <b>4<\/b> (7\u20138): 660\u20137. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002%2Fdta.407\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002\/dta.407<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22362625\" target=\"_blank\">22362625<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannabis+-+from+cultivar+to+chemovar&rft.jtitle=Drug+Testing+and+Analysis&rft.aulast=Hazekamp%2C+A.%3B+Fischedick%2C+J.T.&rft.au=Hazekamp%2C+A.%3B+Fischedick%2C+J.T.&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=660%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1002%2Fdta.407&rft_id=info:pmid\/22362625&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BushWorlds15-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BushWorlds15_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-BushWorlds15_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bush, E. (18 February 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/worldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"World\u2019s strongest weed? Potency testing challenged\"<\/a>. <i>The Seattle Times<\/i>. The Seattle Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/worldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/worldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World%E2%80%99s+strongest+weed%3F+Potency+testing+challenged&rft.atitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.aulast=Bush%2C+E.&rft.au=Bush%2C+E.&rft.date=18+February+2015&rft.pub=The+Seattle+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fworldrsquos-strongest-weed-potency-testing-challenged%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RutschQuality15-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RutschQuality15_11-0\">11.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-RutschQuality15_11-1\">11.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rutsch, P. (24 March 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2015\/03\/24\/395065699\/quality-testing-legal-marijuana-strong-but-not-always-clean\" target=\"_blank\">\"Quality-Testing Legal Marijuana: Strong But Not Always Clean\"<\/a>. <i>Shots<\/i>. National Public Radio<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2015\/03\/24\/395065699\/quality-testing-legal-marijuana-strong-but-not-always-clean\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2015\/03\/24\/395065699\/quality-testing-legal-marijuana-strong-but-not-always-clean<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Quality-Testing+Legal+Marijuana%3A+Strong+But+Not+Always+Clean&rft.atitle=Shots&rft.aulast=Rutsch%2C+P.&rft.au=Rutsch%2C+P.&rft.date=24+March+2015&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fhealth-shots%2F2015%2F03%2F24%2F395065699%2Fquality-testing-legal-marijuana-strong-but-not-always-clean&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KuzdzalUnrav15-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalUnrav15_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Kuzdzal, S.; Lipps, W. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/theanalyticalscientist.com\/techniques-tools\/unraveling-the-cannabinome\" target=\"_blank\">\"Unraveling the Cannabinome\"<\/a>. <i>The Analytical Scientist<\/i> (0915)<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/theanalyticalscientist.com\/techniques-tools\/unraveling-the-cannabinome\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/theanalyticalscientist.com\/techniques-tools\/unraveling-the-cannabinome<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unraveling+the+Cannabinome&rft.jtitle=The+Analytical+Scientist&rft.aulast=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Lipps%2C+W.&rft.au=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Lipps%2C+W.&rft.date=2015&rft.issue=0915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanalyticalscientist.com%2Ftechniques-tools%2Funraveling-the-cannabinome&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CrombieMari16-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CrombieMari16_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Crombie, N. (25 July 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/marijuana\/2016\/07\/marijuana_labs_prepping_for_st.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana labs prepping for regulation and oversight; no lab licenses issued yet\"<\/a>. <i>The Oregonian<\/i>. Oregon Live LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/marijuana\/2016\/07\/marijuana_labs_prepping_for_st.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/marijuana\/2016\/07\/marijuana_labs_prepping_for_st.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+labs+prepping+for+regulation+and+oversight%3B+no+lab+licenses+issued+yet&rft.atitle=The+Oregonian&rft.aulast=Crombie%2C+N.&rft.au=Crombie%2C+N.&rft.date=25+July+2016&rft.pub=Oregon+Live+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonlive.com%2Fmarijuana%2F2016%2F07%2Fmarijuana_labs_prepping_for_st.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-KuzdzalACloser16-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-KuzdzalACloser16_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. (December 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing\"<\/a> (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 07 December 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181207195155\/https:\/\/www.ssi.shimadzu.com\/sites\/ssi.shimadzu.com\/files\/Industry\/Literature\/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Closer+Look+at+Cannabis+Testing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Clifford%2C+R.%3B+Winkler%2C+P.%3B+Bankert%2C+W.&rft.au=Kuzdzal%2C+S.%3B+Clifford%2C+R.%3B+Winkler%2C+P.%3B+Bankert%2C+W.&rft.date=December+2017&rft.pub=Shimadzu+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181207195155%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssi.shimadzu.com%2Fsites%2Fssi.shimadzu.com%2Ffiles%2FIndustry%2FLiterature%2FShimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BajajHowThe14-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BajajHowThe14_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bajaj, V. (30 July 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com\/2014\/07\/30\/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"How the Federal Government Slows Marijuana Research\"<\/a>. <i>Taking Note: The New York Times<\/i>. The New York Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com\/2014\/07\/30\/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com\/2014\/07\/30\/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+the+Federal+Government+Slows+Marijuana+Research&rft.atitle=Taking+Note%3A+The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Bajaj%2C+V.&rft.au=Bajaj%2C+V.&rft.date=30+July+2014&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Ftakingnote.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F07%2F30%2Fhow-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CheslerGov15-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CheslerGov15_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Chesler, J.; Ard, A. (15 August 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/weedrush.news21.com\/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Government restrictions, lack of funding slow progress on medical marijuana research\"<\/a>. <i>News21: America's Weed Rush<\/i>. Carnegie Corporation of New York; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/weedrush.news21.com\/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/weedrush.news21.com\/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Government+restrictions%2C+lack+of+funding+slow+progress+on+medical+marijuana+research&rft.atitle=News21%3A+America%27s+Weed+Rush&rft.aulast=Chesler%2C+J.%3B+Ard%2C+A.&rft.au=Chesler%2C+J.%3B+Ard%2C+A.&rft.date=15+August+2015&rft.pub=Carnegie+Corporation+of+New+York%3B+John+S.+and+James+L.+Knight+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweedrush.news21.com%2Fgovernment-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JosephDEA16-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-JosephDEA16_17-0\">17.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-JosephDEA16_17-1\">17.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research\"<\/a>. <i>STAT<\/i>. Boston Globe Media<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DEA+decision+keeps+major+restrictions+in+place+on+marijuana+research&rft.atitle=STAT&rft.aulast=Joseph%2C+A.&rft.au=Joseph%2C+A.&rft.date=10+August+2016&rft.pub=Boston+Globe+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2016%2F08%2F10%2Fmarijuana-medical-research-dea%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RudroffMari17-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RudroffMari17_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rudroff, T. (21 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Regulation Blocks Vital Multiple Sclerosis Research\"<\/a>. <i>Newsweek<\/i>. IBT Media, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Regulation+Blocks+Vital+Multiple+Sclerosis+Research&rft.atitle=Newsweek&rft.aulast=Rudroff%2C+T.&rft.au=Rudroff%2C+T.&rft.date=21+January+2017&rft.pub=IBT+Media%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fmarijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Romza-KutzTheSilver16-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Romza-KutzTheSilver16_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Romza-Kutz, D.; Roth V., F. (15 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"The silver lining in the DEA\u2019s refusal to reclassify cannabis\"<\/a>. <i>Tracking Cannabis<\/i>. Thompson Coburn LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2016-08-15\/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+silver+lining+in+the+DEA%E2%80%99s+refusal+to+reclassify+cannabis&rft.atitle=Tracking+Cannabis&rft.aulast=Romza-Kutz%2C+D.%3B+Roth+V.%2C+F.&rft.au=Romza-Kutz%2C+D.%3B+Roth+V.%2C+F.&rft.date=15+August+2016&rft.pub=Thompson+Coburn+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thompsoncoburn.com%2Finsights%2Fblogs%2Ftracking-cannabis%2Fpost%2F2016-08-15%2Fthe-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GurmanMari18-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GurmanMari18_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Gurman, S. (8 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department\"<\/a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal<\/i>. Dow Jones & Company, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana-Research+Applications+Go+Nowhere+at+Justice+Department&rft.atitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Gurman%2C+S.&rft.au=Gurman%2C+S.&rft.date=8+September+2018&rft.pub=Dow+Jones+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fmarijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ordo.C3.B1ezTrump18-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Ordo.C3.B1ezTrump18_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ordo\u00f1ez, F.; Kumar, A. (7 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article221305965.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general\u2019s tenure\"<\/a>. <i>Miami Herald<\/i>. The McClatchy Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article221305965.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article221305965.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Trump+fired+Sessions.+Here+are+four+takeaways+from+the+attorney+general%E2%80%99s+tenure&rft.atitle=Miami+Herald&rft.aulast=Ordo%C3%B1ez%2C+F.%3B+Kumar%2C+A.&rft.au=Ordo%C3%B1ez%2C+F.%3B+Kumar%2C+A.&rft.date=7+November+2018&rft.pub=The+McClatchy+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fnational%2Farticle221305965.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NIHMari16-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-NIHMari16_22-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210118181842\/https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/news-events\/meetings-events\/2016\/03\/marijuana-cannabinoids-neuroscience-research-summit\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana and Cannabinoids: A Neuroscience Research Summit\"<\/a>. National Institutes of Health. 23 March 2016. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/news-events\/meetings-events\/2016\/03\/marijuana-cannabinoids-neuroscience-research-summit\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 18 January 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210118181842\/https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/news-events\/meetings-events\/2016\/03\/marijuana-cannabinoids-neuroscience-research-summit\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210118181842\/https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/news-events\/meetings-events\/2016\/03\/marijuana-cannabinoids-neuroscience-research-summit<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+and+Cannabinoids%3A+A+Neuroscience+Research+Summit&rft.atitle=&rft.date=23+March+2016&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210118181842%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugabuse.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fmeetings-events%2F2016%2F03%2Fmarijuana-cannabinoids-neuroscience-research-summit&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-jCannaCSC19-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-jCannaCSC19_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisscienceconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Cannabis Science Conference\"<\/a>. jCanna, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabisscienceconference.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabisscienceconference.com\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cannabis+Science+Conference&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=jCanna%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabisscienceconference.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SmithUSHouse20-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SmithUSHouse20_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Smith, J. (15 January 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/us-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"US House panel calls for stepped-up marijuana research, which could prove critical to federal reform\"<\/a>. <i>Marijuana Business Daily<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/us-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/us-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 07 July 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=US+House+panel+calls+for+stepped-up+marijuana+research%2C+which+could+prove+critical+to+federal+reform&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Business+Daily&rft.aulast=Smith%2C+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.&rft.date=15+January+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fus-house-panel-calls-for-stepped-up-marijuana-research-which-could-prove-critical-to-federal-reform%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DCDMari20-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCDMari20_25-0\">25.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCDMari20_25-1\">25.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Diversion Control Division (18 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marihuana Growers Information\"<\/a>. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marihuana+Growers+Information&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Diversion+Control+Division&rft.au=Diversion+Control+Division&rft.date=18+December+2020&rft.pub=U.S.+Drug+Enforcement+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadiversion.usdoj.gov%2Fdrugreg%2Fmarihuana.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SacirbeyCanDEA22-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SacirbeyCanDEA22_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">13 April 2022. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Can DEA-backed cannabis growers strike gold via drug development?\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Can+DEA-backed+cannabis+growers+strike+gold+via+drug+development%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=13+April+2022&rft.au=13+April+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fdea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140915\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.209 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.726 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 17988\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 158072\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 59943\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 48638\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 175.446 1 -total\n 91.24% 160.070 1 Template:Reflist\n 72.55% 127.289 25 Template:Citation\/core\n 53.27% 93.468 17 Template:Cite_web\n 17.78% 31.202 6 Template:Cite_journal\n 11.18% 19.614 15 Template:Date\n 9.15% 16.050 2 Template:Cite_book\n 8.73% 15.315 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\n 7.83% 13.740 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\/Research_and_analysis\n 5.35% 9.387 10 Template:Citation\/identifier\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5204-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140914 and revision id 15760. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","594beef2c64e0912400667240bee3df2_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/Marihuana_Test.jpg"],"594beef2c64e0912400667240bee3df2_timestamp":1660140554,"f0e4e86b2b69427e1f186b75360a7328_type":"article","f0e4e86b2b69427e1f186b75360a7328_title":"1.3 Cultivation and distribution","f0e4e86b2b69427e1f186b75360a7328_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution","f0e4e86b2b69427e1f186b75360a7328_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Cultivation and distributionFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search1.3 Cultivation and distribution \nAt the federal level, marijuana is considered a Schedule I drug and remains illegal.[1][2] (Federal regulation of cannabis is discussed in detail later under \"Regulation and standardization.\") This doesn't leave a lot of options for researchers and the like. In fact, up until the beginning of 2022, the only federally-granted grow operation (grow-op) was the University of Mississippi, contracted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to grow marijuana for approved research studies.[3][4][5][6][7] Promises to expand grow-ops for research purpose had largely fallen flat[8][9] until finally, on December 18, 2020, the the DEA finalized its amended \"21 Code of Federal Regulations 1318 to facilitate the cultivation of marihuana for research purpose and other licit purposes to ensure compliance with the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and treaty obligations.\"[10] This added an additional five grow-ops to support researchers.[10][11] However, the impact of this change on research organizations remains to be seen.\nAt the state level, the growth, testing, and distribution of cannabis depends on state law, which can vary from state to state. This topic is discussed further in the \"Regulation and standardization\" section, but here are the key points:\n\nFederal law allows for hemp production but still makes it illegal to cultivate and distribute marijuana, even in a state that has legalized such activity. However, while there's no legally binding guarantee cultivators and distributors won't be pursued by federal law enforcement, they can limit their chances of such federal enforcement by precisely following state and local law.\nDespite some of the variances among state laws, one aspect largely remains consistent: it's illegal to distribute marijuana over state lines, even when distributing between two states with similar laws.[12] Hemp (which must contain 0.3 percent or less THC), however, can be transferred across state lines.[13]\nRegulations on the personal and commercial cultivation and distribution of marijuana vary significantly from state to state. Some states make a limited pool of available licenses available; others don't offer them or instead have specific alternative treatment or non-profit centers that handle growth and distribution.[14][15][16] As for hemp, cultivation and hemp may similarly be regulated slightly differently depending on whether or not the state developed its own USDA-approved regulatory program.[17]\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"\u00a7812. Schedules of controlled substances\". United States Code. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 January 2012. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title21\/html\/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). \"Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says\". USA. Today. Gannett Company. https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Bajaj, V. (30 July 2014). \"How the Federal Government Slows Marijuana Research\". Taking Note: The New York Times. The New York Times Company. https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com\/2014\/07\/30\/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Chesler, J.; Ard, A. (15 August 2015). \"Government restrictions, lack of funding slow progress on medical marijuana research\". News21: America's Weed Rush. Carnegie Corporation of New York; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. https:\/\/weedrush.news21.com\/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Weiss, S.R.B. (13 July 2016). \"Testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D. on The State of the Science on the Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana and Cannabinoids before Judiciary Committee\". ASL Testimony. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on 04 May 2017. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). \"DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research\". STAT. Boston Globe Media. https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rudroff, T. (21 January 2017). \"Marijuana Regulation Blocks Vital Multiple Sclerosis Research\". Newsweek. IBT Media, Inc. https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gurman, S. (8 September 2018). \"Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Ordo\u00f1ez, F.; Kumar, A. (7 November 2018). \"Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general\u2019s tenure\". Miami Herald. The McClatchy Company. https:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article221305965.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 10.0 10.1 Diversion Control Division (18 December 2020). \"Marihuana Growers Information\". U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 13 April 2022. \"Can DEA-backed cannabis growers strike gold via drug development?\". https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Belville, R. (15 May 2020). \"Can You Travel With Weed Between Legal States?\". Weed News. WN Media, LLC. https:\/\/www.weednews.co\/traveling-with-legal-weed\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Robinson, C. (22 January 2021). \"USDA issues advice for transporting hemp\". Land Line. https:\/\/landline.media\/usda-issues-advice-for-transporting-hemp\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning\". FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. 18 October 2019. http:\/\/smallbusiness.findlaw.com\/business-laws-and-regulations\/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Gunelius, S. (8 September 2020). \"Which States Allow You to Grow Your Own Recreational or Medical Cannabis?\". Cannabiz Media. https:\/\/www.cannabiz.media\/blog\/which-states-allow-you-to-grow-your-own-recreational-or-medical-cannabis . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"State-by-State Medical Marijuana Laws - Legal Medical & Recreational Marijuana States\". ProCon.org. 6 June 2022. https:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hudak, J. (14 December 2018). \"The Farm Bill, hemp legalization and the status of CBD: An explainer\". FIXGOV. The Brookings Institution. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2018\/12\/14\/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 26 March 2020, at 22:52.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","f0e4e86b2b69427e1f186b75360a7328_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Cultivation_and_distribution rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Cultivation_and_distribution skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Cultivation and distribution<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.3_Cultivation_and_distribution\">1.3 Cultivation and distribution<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>At the federal level, marijuana is considered a Schedule I drug and remains illegal.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GPO21USC812_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GPO21USC812-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LegerMari16_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LegerMari16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> (Federal regulation of cannabis is discussed in detail later under \"Regulation and standardization.\") This doesn't leave a lot of options for researchers and the like. In fact, up until the beginning of 2022, the only federally-granted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_cultivation\" title=\"Cannabis cultivation\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"2a93fc4d018f9aaacd8e9024a56eaa13\">grow operation<\/a> (grow-op) was the University of Mississippi, contracted by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse\" title=\"National Institute on Drug Abuse\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d2f3e2460dc78c616ff6ed72aaa0db2a\">National Institute on Drug Abuse<\/a> (NIDA) to grow marijuana for approved research studies.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BajajHowThe14_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BajajHowThe14-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CheslerGov15_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CheslerGov15-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WeissTestimony16-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-JosephDEA16_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-JosephDEA16-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RudroffMari17_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RudroffMari17-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Promises to expand grow-ops for research purpose had largely fallen flat<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GurmanMari18_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GurmanMari18-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Ordo.C3.B1ezTrump18_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ordo.C3.B1ezTrump18-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> until finally, on December 18, 2020, the the DEA finalized its amended \"21 Code of Federal Regulations 1318 to facilitate the cultivation of marihuana for research purpose and other licit purposes to ensure compliance with the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and treaty obligations.\"<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCDMari20_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCDMari20-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> This added an additional five grow-ops to support researchers.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DCDMari20_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DCDMari20-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SacirbeyCanDEA22_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SacirbeyCanDEA22-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> However, the impact of this change on research organizations remains to be seen.\n<\/p><p>At the state level, the growth, testing, and distribution of cannabis depends on state law, which can vary from state to state. This topic is discussed further in the \"Regulation and standardization\" section, but here are the key points:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Federal law allows for hemp production but still makes it illegal to cultivate and distribute marijuana, even in a state that has legalized such activity. However, while there's no legally binding guarantee cultivators and distributors won't be pursued by federal law enforcement, they can limit their chances of such federal enforcement by precisely following state and local law.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>Despite some of the variances among state laws, one aspect largely remains consistent: it's illegal to distribute marijuana over state lines, even when distributing between two states with similar laws.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BelvilleCanI16_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BelvilleCanI16-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> Hemp (which must contain 0.3 percent or less THC), however, can be transferred across state lines.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RobinsonUSDA21_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RobinsonUSDA21-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li>Regulations on the personal and commercial cultivation and distribution of marijuana vary significantly from state to state. Some states make a limited pool of available licenses available; others don't offer them or instead have specific alternative treatment or non-profit centers that handle growth and distribution.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FindLawMari_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FindLawMari-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GunelieusWHich20_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GunelieusWHich20-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ProCon28Legal16_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ProCon28Legal16-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> As for hemp, cultivation and hemp may similarly be regulated slightly differently depending on whether or not the state developed its own USDA-approved regulatory program.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HudakTheFarm18_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HudakTheFarm18-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-GPO21USC812-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GPO21USC812_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title21\/html\/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"\u00a7812. Schedules of controlled substances\"<\/a>. <i>United States Code<\/i>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 January 2012<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title21\/html\/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2011-title21\/html\/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%C2%A7812.+Schedules+of+controlled+substances&rft.atitle=United+States+Code&rft.date=3+January+2012&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FUSCODE-2011-title21%2Fhtml%2FUSCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LegerMari16-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LegerMari16_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says\"<\/a>. <i>USA. Today<\/i>. Gannett Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+to+remain+illegal+under+federal+law%2C+DEA+says&rft.atitle=USA.+Today&rft.aulast=Leger%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Leger%2C+D.L.&rft.date=11+August+2016&rft.pub=Gannett+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2016%2F08%2F11%2Fdea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law%2F88550804%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BajajHowThe14-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BajajHowThe14_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bajaj, V. (30 July 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com\/2014\/07\/30\/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"How the Federal Government Slows Marijuana Research\"<\/a>. <i>Taking Note: The New York Times<\/i>. The New York Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com\/2014\/07\/30\/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com\/2014\/07\/30\/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+the+Federal+Government+Slows+Marijuana+Research&rft.atitle=Taking+Note%3A+The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Bajaj%2C+V.&rft.au=Bajaj%2C+V.&rft.date=30+July+2014&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Ftakingnote.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F07%2F30%2Fhow-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CheslerGov15-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CheslerGov15_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Chesler, J.; Ard, A. (15 August 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/weedrush.news21.com\/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Government restrictions, lack of funding slow progress on medical marijuana research\"<\/a>. <i>News21: America's Weed Rush<\/i>. Carnegie Corporation of New York; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/weedrush.news21.com\/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/weedrush.news21.com\/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Government+restrictions%2C+lack+of+funding+slow+progress+on+medical+marijuana+research&rft.atitle=News21%3A+America%27s+Weed+Rush&rft.aulast=Chesler%2C+J.%3B+Ard%2C+A.&rft.au=Chesler%2C+J.%3B+Ard%2C+A.&rft.date=15+August+2015&rft.pub=Carnegie+Corporation+of+New+York%3B+John+S.+and+James+L.+Knight+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweedrush.news21.com%2Fgovernment-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WeissTestimony16-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WeissTestimony16_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Weiss, S.R.B. (13 July 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D. on The State of the Science on the Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana and Cannabinoids before Judiciary Committee\"<\/a>. <i>ASL Testimony<\/i>. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 04 May 2017<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170504180135\/https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/asl\/testimony\/2016-09\/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids\/index.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Testimony+from+Susan+R.B.+Weiss%2C+Ph.D.+on+The+State+of+the+Science+on+the+Therapeutic+Potential+of+Marijuana+and+Cannabinoids+before+Judiciary+Committee&rft.atitle=ASL+Testimony&rft.aulast=Weiss%2C+S.R.B.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+S.R.B.&rft.date=13+July+2016&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+%26+Human+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170504180135%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhs.gov%2Fabout%2Fagencies%2Fasl%2Ftestimony%2F2016-09%2Fthe-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-JosephDEA16-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-JosephDEA16_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research\"<\/a>. <i>STAT<\/i>. Boston Globe Media<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/08\/10\/marijuana-medical-research-dea\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DEA+decision+keeps+major+restrictions+in+place+on+marijuana+research&rft.atitle=STAT&rft.aulast=Joseph%2C+A.&rft.au=Joseph%2C+A.&rft.date=10+August+2016&rft.pub=Boston+Globe+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2016%2F08%2F10%2Fmarijuana-medical-research-dea%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RudroffMari17-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RudroffMari17_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Rudroff, T. (21 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Regulation Blocks Vital Multiple Sclerosis Research\"<\/a>. <i>Newsweek<\/i>. IBT Media, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Regulation+Blocks+Vital+Multiple+Sclerosis+Research&rft.atitle=Newsweek&rft.aulast=Rudroff%2C+T.&rft.au=Rudroff%2C+T.&rft.date=21+January+2017&rft.pub=IBT+Media%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fmarijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GurmanMari18-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GurmanMari18_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Gurman, S. (8 September 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department\"<\/a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal<\/i>. Dow Jones & Company, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana-Research+Applications+Go+Nowhere+at+Justice+Department&rft.atitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Gurman%2C+S.&rft.au=Gurman%2C+S.&rft.date=8+September+2018&rft.pub=Dow+Jones+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fmarijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ordo.C3.B1ezTrump18-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Ordo.C3.B1ezTrump18_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Ordo\u00f1ez, F.; Kumar, A. (7 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article221305965.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general\u2019s tenure\"<\/a>. <i>Miami Herald<\/i>. The McClatchy Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article221305965.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article221305965.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Trump+fired+Sessions.+Here+are+four+takeaways+from+the+attorney+general%E2%80%99s+tenure&rft.atitle=Miami+Herald&rft.aulast=Ordo%C3%B1ez%2C+F.%3B+Kumar%2C+A.&rft.au=Ordo%C3%B1ez%2C+F.%3B+Kumar%2C+A.&rft.date=7+November+2018&rft.pub=The+McClatchy+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fnational%2Farticle221305965.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DCDMari20-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCDMari20_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DCDMari20_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Diversion Control Division (18 December 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marihuana Growers Information\"<\/a>. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/marihuana.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marihuana+Growers+Information&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Diversion+Control+Division&rft.au=Diversion+Control+Division&rft.date=18+December+2020&rft.pub=U.S.+Drug+Enforcement+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadiversion.usdoj.gov%2Fdrugreg%2Fmarihuana.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SacirbeyCanDEA22-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SacirbeyCanDEA22_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">13 April 2022. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Can DEA-backed cannabis growers strike gold via drug development?\"<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/dea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Can+DEA-backed+cannabis+growers+strike+gold+via+drug+development%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=13+April+2022&rft.au=13+April+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjbizdaily.com%2Fdea-backed-cannabis-growers-seek-to-strike-gold-via-drug-development%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BelvilleCanI16-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BelvilleCanI16_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Belville, R. (15 May 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.weednews.co\/traveling-with-legal-weed\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Can You Travel With Weed Between Legal States?\"<\/a>. <i>Weed News<\/i>. WN Media, LLC<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.weednews.co\/traveling-with-legal-weed\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.weednews.co\/traveling-with-legal-weed\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Can+You+Travel+With+Weed+Between+Legal+States%3F&rft.atitle=Weed+News&rft.aulast=Belville%2C+R.&rft.au=Belville%2C+R.&rft.date=15+May+2020&rft.pub=WN+Media%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weednews.co%2Ftraveling-with-legal-weed%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RobinsonUSDA21-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RobinsonUSDA21_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Robinson, C. (22 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/landline.media\/usda-issues-advice-for-transporting-hemp\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"USDA issues advice for transporting hemp\"<\/a>. <i>Land Line<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/landline.media\/usda-issues-advice-for-transporting-hemp\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/landline.media\/usda-issues-advice-for-transporting-hemp\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=USDA+issues+advice+for+transporting+hemp&rft.atitle=Land+Line&rft.aulast=Robinson%2C+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+C.&rft.date=22+January+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flandline.media%2Fusda-issues-advice-for-transporting-hemp%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FindLawMari-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FindLawMari_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbusiness.findlaw.com\/business-laws-and-regulations\/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning\"<\/a>. <i>FindLaw<\/i>. Thomson Reuters. 18 October 2019<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/smallbusiness.findlaw.com\/business-laws-and-regulations\/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/smallbusiness.findlaw.com\/business-laws-and-regulations\/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Business%3A+Licenses%2C+Permits%2C+and+Planning&rft.atitle=FindLaw&rft.date=18+October+2019&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmallbusiness.findlaw.com%2Fbusiness-laws-and-regulations%2Fmarijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GunelieusWHich20-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GunelieusWHich20_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Gunelius, S. (8 September 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabiz.media\/blog\/which-states-allow-you-to-grow-your-own-recreational-or-medical-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"Which States Allow You to Grow Your Own Recreational or Medical Cannabis?\"<\/a>. <i>Cannabiz Media<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannabiz.media\/blog\/which-states-allow-you-to-grow-your-own-recreational-or-medical-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cannabiz.media\/blog\/which-states-allow-you-to-grow-your-own-recreational-or-medical-cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Which+States+Allow+You+to+Grow+Your+Own+Recreational+or+Medical+Cannabis%3F&rft.atitle=Cannabiz+Media&rft.aulast=Gunelius%2C+S.&rft.au=Gunelius%2C+S.&rft.date=8+September+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannabiz.media%2Fblog%2Fwhich-states-allow-you-to-grow-your-own-recreational-or-medical-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ProCon28Legal16-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ProCon28Legal16_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"State-by-State Medical Marijuana Laws - Legal Medical & Recreational Marijuana States\"<\/a>. <i>ProCon.org<\/i>. 6 June 2022<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=State-by-State+Medical+Marijuana+Laws+-+Legal+Medical+%26+Recreational+Marijuana+States&rft.atitle=ProCon.org&rft.date=6+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicalmarijuana.procon.org%2Flegal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HudakTheFarm18-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HudakTheFarm18_17-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hudak, J. (14 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2018\/12\/14\/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Farm Bill, hemp legalization and the status of CBD: An explainer\"<\/a>. <i>FIXGOV<\/i>. The Brookings Institution<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2018\/12\/14\/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2018\/12\/14\/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Farm+Bill%2C+hemp+legalization+and+the+status+of+CBD%3A+An+explainer&rft.atitle=FIXGOV&rft.aulast=Hudak%2C+J.&rft.au=Hudak%2C+J.&rft.date=14+December+2018&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Ffixgov%2F2018%2F12%2F14%2Fthe-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140914\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.122 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.132 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 12309\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 100022\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 41239\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 30325\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 122.511 1 -total\n 91.30% 111.850 1 Template:Reflist\n 79.96% 97.957 17 Template:Cite_web\n 75.03% 91.923 17 Template:Citation\/core\n 17.77% 21.773 16 Template:Date\n 8.64% 10.586 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\n 5.40% 6.617 33 Template:Citation\/make_link\n 1.07% 1.305 1 Template:Column-width\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5202-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140914 and revision id 15757. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","f0e4e86b2b69427e1f186b75360a7328_images":[],"f0e4e86b2b69427e1f186b75360a7328_timestamp":1660140554,"5a8f0605155a0d30680503a19e764caf_type":"article","5a8f0605155a0d30680503a19e764caf_title":"1.2 Medical and recreational use","5a8f0605155a0d30680503a19e764caf_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use","5a8f0605155a0d30680503a19e764caf_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Medical and recreational useFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search1.2 Medical and recreational use \nIn its 2022 World Drug Report, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated that more than four percent of the global population\u2014roughly 209 million people\u2014used cannabis in 2020.[1] Focusing in on the United States, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) estimated that in 2020 the country had 49.6 million past-year marijuana users.[2] It's not clear if that total includes legal medical marijuana users, which numbered roughly 4.3 million by the end of December 2020 according to non-profit Marijuana Policy Project (MPP).[3] When compared to SAMHSA's estimate of 11.1 million users in 1997[4], it becomes clear that reported marijuana use has increased in the United States over the past few decades, whether it's through legalization efforts or otherwise. Some have pointed to the expansion of medical marijuana laws acting as gateways for increased adolescent use; however, multiple studies have tried but failed to find such a cause and effect relationship.[5][6][7] Regardless, with 38 U.S. states and D.C. now having some type of legalization law on the books[8], the number of marijuana users isn't likely to decrease any time soon in the U.S.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (June 2022). \"World Drug Report 2022: Global Overview of Drug Demand and Supply\" (PDF). United Nations. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/res\/wdr2022\/MS\/WDR22_Booklet_2.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (October 2021). \"Results from The 2020 National Survey on Drug Use And Health\". In RTI International (PDF). p. 2. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt35325\/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020\/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Medical Marijuana Patient Numbers\". Marijuana Policy Project. 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 09 May 2021. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210509095341\/https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/issues\/medical-marijuana\/state-by-state-medical-marijuana-laws\/medical-marijuana-patient-numbers\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Rabkin, N.J. (July 1999). Drug Control: DEA's Strategies and Operations in the 1990s. U.S. General Accounting Office. pp. 172. ISBN 9780788184833. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZvzBdlolKrQC&pg=PA16 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hasin, D.S.; Wall, M.; Keyes, K.M. et al. (2015). \"Medical marijuana laws and adolescent marijuana use in the USA from 1991 to 2014: Results from annual, repeated cross-sectional surveys\". The Lancet Psychiatry 2 (7): 601\u2013608. doi:10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00217-5.   \n \n\n\u2191 Wall, M.M.; Poh, E.; Cerd\u00e1, M. (2011). \"Adolescent Marijuana Use from 2002 to 2008: Higher in States with Medical Marijuana Laws, Cause Still Unclear\". Annals of Epidemiology 21 (9): 714\u2013716. doi:10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.06.001. PMC PMC3358137. PMID 21820632. http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3358137 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Harper, S.; Strumpf, E.C.; Kaufman, J.S. (2012). \"Do Medical Marijuana Laws Increase Marijuana Use? Replication Study and Extension\". Annals of Epidemiology 22 (3): 207\u2013212. doi:10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.12.002. PMID 22285867.   \n \n\n\u2191 Berke, J.; Gal, S.; Lee, Y.J. (6 January 2021). \"Marijuana legalization is sweeping the US. See every state where cannabis is legal\". Business Insider. Insider, Inc. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 26 March 2020, at 22:45.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","5a8f0605155a0d30680503a19e764caf_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Medical_and_recreational_use rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Medical_and_recreational_use skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Medical and recreational use<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.2_Medical_and_recreational_use\">1.2 Medical and recreational use<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In its 2022 World Drug Report, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime\" title=\"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"469c8c91a2ae142c7234891a0cedb758\">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime<\/a> estimated that more than four percent of the global population\u2014roughly 209 million people\u2014used cannabis in 2020.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-UNODCWorld16_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-UNODCWorld16-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Focusing in on the United States, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) estimated that in 2020 the country had 49.6 million past-year marijuana users.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SAMHSAResults16_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SAMHSAResults16-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> It's not clear if that total includes legal medical marijuana users, which numbered roughly 4.3 million by the end of December 2020 according to non-profit Marijuana Policy Project (MPP).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ProConNumber18_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ProConNumber18-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> When compared to SAMHSA's estimate of 11.1 million users in 1997<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-RabkinDrug99_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-RabkinDrug99-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>, it becomes clear that reported marijuana use has increased in the United States over the past few decades, whether it's through legalization efforts or otherwise. Some have pointed to the expansion of medical marijuana laws acting as gateways for increased adolescent use; however, multiple studies have tried but failed to find such a cause and effect relationship.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HasinMedical15_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HasinMedical15-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallAdol11_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallAdol11-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HarperDoMed12_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HarperDoMed12-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Regardless, with 38 U.S. states and D.C. now having some type of legalization law on the books<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BerkeMichigan18_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BerkeMichigan18-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>, the number of marijuana users isn't likely to decrease any time soon in the U.S.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-UNODCWorld16-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-UNODCWorld16_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (June 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/res\/wdr2022\/MS\/WDR22_Booklet_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"World Drug Report 2022: Global Overview of Drug Demand and Supply\"<\/a> (PDF). United Nations<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/res\/wdr2022\/MS\/WDR22_Booklet_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/res\/wdr2022\/MS\/WDR22_Booklet_2.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+Drug+Report+2022%3A+Global+Overview+of+Drug+Demand+and+Supply&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.au=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.date=June+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fres%2Fwdr2022%2FMS%2FWDR22_Booklet_2.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SAMHSAResults16-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SAMHSAResults16_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (October 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt35325\/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020\/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Results from The 2020 National Survey on Drug Use And Health\"<\/a>. In RTI International (PDF). p. 2<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt35325\/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020\/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt35325\/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020\/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Results+from+The+2020+National+Survey+on+Drug+Use+And+Health&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Substance+Abuse+and+Mental+Health+Services+Administration&rft.au=Substance+Abuse+and+Mental+Health+Services+Administration&rft.date=October+2021&rft.pages=p.+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samhsa.gov%2Fdata%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Frpt35325%2FNSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020%2F2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ProConNumber18-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ProConNumber18_3-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210509095341\/https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/issues\/medical-marijuana\/state-by-state-medical-marijuana-laws\/medical-marijuana-patient-numbers\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Medical Marijuana Patient Numbers\"<\/a>. Marijuana Policy Project. 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 09 May 2021<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210509095341\/https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/issues\/medical-marijuana\/state-by-state-medical-marijuana-laws\/medical-marijuana-patient-numbers\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210509095341\/https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/issues\/medical-marijuana\/state-by-state-medical-marijuana-laws\/medical-marijuana-patient-numbers\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medical+Marijuana+Patient+Numbers&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2+December+2020&rft.pub=Marijuana+Policy+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210509095341%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpp.org%2Fissues%2Fmedical-marijuana%2Fstate-by-state-medical-marijuana-laws%2Fmedical-marijuana-patient-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-RabkinDrug99-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-RabkinDrug99_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Rabkin, N.J. (July 1999). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZvzBdlolKrQC&pg=PA16\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Drug Control: DEA's Strategies and Operations in the 1990s<\/i><\/a>. U.S. General Accounting Office. pp. 172. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780788184833<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZvzBdlolKrQC&pg=PA16\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZvzBdlolKrQC&pg=PA16<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drug+Control%3A+DEA%27s+Strategies+and+Operations+in+the+1990s&rft.aulast=Rabkin%2C+N.J.&rft.au=Rabkin%2C+N.J.&rft.date=July+1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B172&rft.pub=U.S.+General+Accounting+Office&rft.isbn=9780788184833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvzBdlolKrQC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HasinMedical15-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HasinMedical15_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Hasin, D.S.; Wall, M.; Keyes, K.M. et al. (2015). \"Medical marijuana laws and adolescent marijuana use in the USA from 1991 to 2014: Results from annual, repeated cross-sectional surveys\". <i>The Lancet Psychiatry<\/i> <b>2<\/b> (7): 601\u2013608. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2815%2900217-5\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00217-5<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Medical+marijuana+laws+and+adolescent+marijuana+use+in+the+USA+from+1991+to+2014%3A+Results+from+annual%2C+repeated+cross-sectional+surveys&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Psychiatry&rft.aulast=Hasin%2C+D.S.%3B+Wall%2C+M.%3B+Keyes%2C+K.M.+et+al.&rft.au=Hasin%2C+D.S.%3B+Wall%2C+M.%3B+Keyes%2C+K.M.+et+al.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=601%E2%80%93608&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2815%2900217-5&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WallAdol11-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallAdol11_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Wall, M.M.; Poh, E.; Cerd\u00e1, M. (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3358137\" target=\"_blank\">\"Adolescent Marijuana Use from 2002 to 2008: Higher in States with Medical Marijuana Laws, Cause Still Unclear\"<\/a>. <i>Annals of Epidemiology<\/i> <b>21<\/b> (9): 714\u2013716. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.annepidem.2011.06.001\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.06.001<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" data-key=\"c85bdffd69dd30e02024b9cc3d7679e2\">PMC<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3358137\" target=\"_blank\">PMC3358137<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21820632\" target=\"_blank\">21820632<\/a><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3358137\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3358137<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Adolescent+Marijuana+Use+from+2002+to+2008%3A+Higher+in+States+with+Medical+Marijuana+Laws%2C+Cause+Still+Unclear&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Epidemiology&rft.aulast=Wall%2C+M.M.%3B+Poh%2C+E.%3B+Cerd%C3%A1%2C+M.&rft.au=Wall%2C+M.M.%3B+Poh%2C+E.%3B+Cerd%C3%A1%2C+M.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=714%E2%80%93716&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.annepidem.2011.06.001&rft_id=info:pmc\/PMC3358137&rft_id=info:pmid\/21820632&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3DPMC3358137&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HarperDoMed12-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HarperDoMed12_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Harper, S.; Strumpf, E.C.; Kaufman, J.S. (2012). \"Do Medical Marijuana Laws Increase Marijuana Use? Replication Study and Extension\". <i>Annals of Epidemiology<\/i> <b>22<\/b> (3): 207\u2013212. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" data-key=\"ae6d69c760ab710abc2dd89f3937d2f4\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.annepidem.2011.12.002\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.12.002<\/a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" data-key=\"1d34e999f13d8801964a6b3e9d7b4e30\">PMID<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22285867\" target=\"_blank\">22285867<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+Medical+Marijuana+Laws+Increase+Marijuana+Use%3F+Replication+Study+and+Extension&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Epidemiology&rft.aulast=Harper%2C+S.%3B+Strumpf%2C+E.C.%3B+Kaufman%2C+J.S.&rft.au=Harper%2C+S.%3B+Strumpf%2C+E.C.%3B+Kaufman%2C+J.S.&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207%E2%80%93212&rft_id=info:doi\/10.1016%2Fj.annepidem.2011.12.002&rft_id=info:pmid\/22285867&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BerkeMichigan18-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BerkeMichigan18_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Berke, J.; Gal, S.; Lee, Y.J. (6 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana legalization is sweeping the US. See every state where cannabis is legal\"<\/a>. <i>Business Insider<\/i>. Insider, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+legalization+is+sweeping+the+US.+See+every+state+where+cannabis+is+legal&rft.atitle=Business+Insider&rft.aulast=Berke%2C+J.%3B+Gal%2C+S.%3B+Lee%2C+Y.J.&rft.au=Berke%2C+J.%3B+Gal%2C+S.%3B+Lee%2C+Y.J.&rft.date=6+January+2021&rft.pub=Insider%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Flegal-marijuana-states-2018-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140914\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.081 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.123 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 5896\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 52827\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 18268\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 15817\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 106.556 1 -total\n 92.46% 98.521 1 Template:Reflist\n 57.93% 61.729 8 Template:Citation\/core\n 35.79% 38.139 4 Template:Cite_web\n 20.55% 21.896 3 Template:Cite_journal\n 16.07% 17.126 1 Template:Cite_book\n 12.53% 13.355 7 Template:Citation\/identifier\n 12.12% 12.912 1 Template:Column-width\n 7.48% 7.974 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\n 7.29% 7.767 4 Template:Date\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5200-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140914 and revision id 15755. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","5a8f0605155a0d30680503a19e764caf_images":[],"5a8f0605155a0d30680503a19e764caf_timestamp":1660140553,"11901a0e4fb813a64da02825d0a7d0c7_type":"article","11901a0e4fb813a64da02825d0a7d0c7_title":"1.1 Brief history of cannabis in the U.S.","11901a0e4fb813a64da02825d0a7d0c7_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.","11901a0e4fb813a64da02825d0a7d0c7_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Brief history of cannabis in the U.S.From CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to searchBefore getting directly into testing and regulations surrounding cannabis testing in the U.S., it's useful to review the past and current state of the cannabis industry in general. This chapter talks about the U.S.'s past with cannabis; how it's used medically and recreationally; how it's cultivated, tested, and distributed; and other industry aspects affected by the political and social climate in the U.S.\n\n-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----\n1. Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States \nThe following is a brief overview of the cannabis industry in the United States. It's meant to give a quick and concise review of where cannabis use, regulation, testing, and research have been and where they are now. Many of the topics touched upon here will be expanded upon later in this guide.\n\n1.1 Brief history of cannabis in the U.S. \nCannabis is a rapid-growing, flowering plant that has been used for centuries for industrial, medicinal, and recreational purposes. The plant includes three species or subspecies: indica, ruderalis, and sativa.[1] Broadly speaking, both \"industrial hemp\" and \"recreational marijuana\" are scientifically similar in that they both refer to the Cannabis plant. The important difference between the two is how they've been bred by humans, particularly in regards to their biochemical composition. Hemp\u2014which has historically been used to create clothing, food and feed, paper, textiles, and other industrial items\u2014tends to be bred to have lower levels of the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and higher levels of the non-psychoactive component cannabidiol (CBD).[2][3] However, some cannabis strains have intentionally been bred to maximize the psychoactive component THC; this is often referred to as marijuana (or the older term \"marihuana\"), a change arguably driven by newspaper reporters post-1900.[4][5]\nCannabis cultivation began in England's Jamestown colony of America in earnest around 1611, via formal orders. Several years later those orders turned into a royal decree, enacted by the Virginia Company, asking colonists to each grow 100 hemp plants for export to England.[3] Colonial America continued its growth, use, and exportation of hemp, even beyond the formal founding of the United States. During that time, growers undoubtedly were using the female plant (which flowers and has higher levels of THC) to treat aches and pains, as well as enjoy it recreationally. By the time the U.S. Civil War arrived in the 1860s, however, the growth and use of industrial hemp declined as increased cotton and wood use took away much of the profitability of hemp.[3] Around the same time, local governments began recognizing tonics, tinctures, and extracts from cannabis plants as potentially dangerous substances, labeling them as hypnotics, narcotics, or even poisons.[6] In the early twentieth century, U.S. labeling and prescription laws\u2014such as the the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 at the federal level, as well as various state laws\u2014saw further restrictions put on cannabis, effectively culminating in the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. With the passage of those acts, hemp and marijuana essentially became illegal, controlled substances.[7][8][9]\nState efforts to decriminalize marijuana were somewhat successful in the early 1970s, though progress towards that goal slowed again with the Reagan Administration's war on drugs.[10] Progress picked up steam again in the late 1990s into the 2000s, particularly in states such as California, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Washington, and Colorado.\nAs of July 2022, thirty-eight U.S. states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) have approved broad legalization of medicinal marijuana, with 19 U.S. states and D.C. also approving recreational marijuana.[11] Additionally, neighboring Canada has legalized the purchase, growth, and consumption of marijuana in small amounts across the country[12], while Mexico's Supreme Court has legalized \"all forms of non-commercial adult use\" of the plant[13], though, as of July 2022, fully implementing the decision continues to be an ongoing process.[14][15][16] \nIndustrial hemp has also been addressed in a more serious fashion in the U.S., with 47 states having introduced some sort of hemp cultivation and production programs, and the federal government making certain concessions on it (Cannabis sativa containing no more than 0.3 percent THC, grown under a state-sanctioned agricultural pilot program).[17][18] In December 2018, those concessions seemingly transformed into what became outright legalization of industrial hemp in the United States (with significant shared state-federal regulator restrictions[19]) via the full passage and reconciliation of the 2018 Farm Bill.[17][20][21][22] However, marijuana remains a Schedule I controlled substance, as determined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)[23], including extracts and other derivatives such as CBD that come from cannabis.[24] (However, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA] moved CBD-based prescription drugs with a THC content below 0.01 percent to Schedule V classification in September 2018.[25] The status of CBD extracted from industrial hemp appears to be in a legal quagmire with the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill; see The National Law Review from late 2018[22], the FDA's consumer update from late 2019[26], and it's most recent regulatory news[27] for further details.) This federal classification continues to clash with changing state laws and regulations at an increasing pace, creating both opportunities and difficulties for involved citizens at all points along the industrial, economic, and social chain.\n\nReferences \n\n\n\u2191 \"Genus: Cannabis L.\". U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1 January 2011. https:\/\/npgsweb.ars-grin.gov\/gringlobal\/taxonomygenus?id=2034 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Swanson, T.E. (2015). \"Controlled Substances Chaos: The Department of Justice's New Policy Position on Marijuana and What It Means for Industrial Hemp Farming in North Dakota\" (PDF). North Dakota Law Review 90 (3): 599\u2013622. https:\/\/law.und.edu\/_files\/docs\/ndlr\/pdf\/issues\/90\/3\/90ndlr599.pdf .   \n \n\n\u2191 3.0 3.1 3.2 Deitch, R. (2003). Hemp \u2013 American History Revisited. New York City: Algora Publishing. pp. 232. ISBN 9780875862262.   \n \n\n\u2191 Bacca, A. (5 June 2014). \"What's the Difference Between Hemp and Marijuana?\". Alternet. Independent Media Institute. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200615050023\/https:\/\/www.alternet.org\/2014\/06\/whats-difference-between-hemp-and-marijuana\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Thompson, M. (22 July 2013). \"The Mysterious History Of 'Marijuana'\". NPR. National Public Radio. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/codeswitch\/2013\/07\/14\/201981025\/the-mysterious-history-of-marijuana . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 U.S. Senate (16 February 1860). \"Senate\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 04 February 2018. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180204001301\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1860\/02\/16\/news\/senate-88150825.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Walton, R.F. (1938). Marijuana, America\u2019s New Drug Problem. Philadelphia: B. Lippincott. p. 37.   \n \n\n\u2191 Woodward, W.C.; House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means (4 May 1937). \"Taxation of Marihuana\". Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. https:\/\/www.druglibrary.org\/schaffer\/hemp\/taxact\/woodward.htm . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Cavers, D.F. (1939). \"The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938: Its Legislative History and its Substantive Provisions\". Law and Contemporary Problems 6: 2\u201342. https:\/\/scholarship.law.duke.edu\/lcp\/vol6\/iss1\/2\/ .   \n \n\n\u2191 Meier, K.J. (2016). The Politics of Sin: Drugs, Alcohol and Public Policy: Drugs, Alcohol and Public Policy. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. ISBN 9781315287270. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=J4wYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Berke, J.; Gal, S.; Lee, Y.J. (6 January 2021). \"Marijuana legalization is sweeping the US. See every state where cannabis is legal\". Business Insider. Insider, Inc. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1 . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Porter, C. (11 November 2018). \"Canada\u2019s Message to Teenagers: Marijuana Is Legal Now. Please Don\u2019t Smoke It\". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Timmons, P. (31 October 2018). \"Mexico's Supreme Court legalizes cannabis for recreational use\". UPI. United Press International, Inc. https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Top_News\/World-News\/2018\/10\/31\/Mexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use\/9621541024238\/ . Retrieved 07 July 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Williams, S. (16 November 2019). \"News Flash: Recreational Marijuana in Mexico Is Going to Have to Wait\". The Motley Fool. https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2019\/11\/16\/news-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx . Retrieved 07 July 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Westfall, S. (29 June 2021). \"Mexico\u2019s top court rolls back marijuana prohibition, opening door to legalization\". The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2021\/06\/29\/marijuana-legalization-court-ruling-mexico\/ . Retrieved 07 July 2021 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Busby, M. (12 May 2022). \"Mexico\u2019s Supreme Court rules personal marijuana possession legal, again\". Leafly. https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/politics\/mexicos-supreme-court-rules-personal-marijuana-possession-legal-again . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 17.0 17.1 \"State Industrial Hemp Statuses\". National Conference of State Legislatures. 16 April 2020. https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/agriculture-and-rural-development\/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 \"Statement of Principles on Industrial Hemp\". Federal Register 81 (156): 53395\u20136. 12 August 2016. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-19146\/statement-of-principles-on-industrial-hemp . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Hudak, J. (14 December 2018). \"The Farm Bill, hemp legalization and the status of CBD: An explainer\". FIXGOV. The Brookings Institution. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2018\/12\/14\/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Good, K. (20 December 2018). \"Farm Bill Signed, SNAP Proposal Released, and Trade Aid Payments Approved\". Farm Policy News. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. https:\/\/farmpolicynews.illinois.edu\/2018\/12\/farm-bill-signed-snap-proposal-released-and-trade-aid-payments-approved\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Milligan, S. (4 December 2018). \"Legalization of Hemp Could Be First Step for Federal Marijuana Protections\". U.S. News and World Report. https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/national-news\/articles\/2018-12-04\/legalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 22.0 22.1 Stewart, I.A.; Kloss, J.M.; Willner, N.M. (4 December 2018). \"Will Hemp-Derived CBD Be Fully Legal with Passage of the 2018 Farm Bill? Not Quite\u2026\". The National Law Review. https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/will-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). \"Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says\". USA. Today. Gannett Company. https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Wallace, A. (13 January 2017). \"Legal challenge filed against DEA\u2019s new marijuana extract rule\". The Cannabist. The Denver Post. https:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2017\/01\/13\/hemp-dea-extracts-marijuana-cbd-judicial-review\/71387\/ . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 Romza-Kutz, D. (1 October 2018). \"CBD drugs moved to Schedule 5; no promises for cannabis\". Thompson Coburn LLP. https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2018-10-01\/cbd-drugs-moved-to-schedule-5-no-promises-for-cannabis . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (5 March 2020). \"What You Need to Know (And What We\u2019re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD\". Consumer Updates. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\u2191 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (22 January 2021). \"FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)\". Public Health Focus. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/public-health-focus\/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd#legaltosell . Retrieved 08 July 2022 .   \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 26 March 2020, at 23:18.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","11901a0e4fb813a64da02825d0a7d0c7_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U_S rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States_Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U_S skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Brief history of cannabis in the U.S.<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>Before getting directly into testing and regulations surrounding cannabis testing in the U.S., it's useful to review the past and current state of the cannabis industry in general. This chapter talks about the U.S.'s past with cannabis; how it's used medically and recreationally; how it's cultivated, tested, and distributed; and other industry aspects affected by the political and social climate in the U.S.\n<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">-----Return to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Introduction\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f\">the beginning<\/a> of this guide-----<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1._Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\">1. Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The following is a brief overview of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">cannabis<\/a> industry in the United States. It's meant to give a quick and concise review of where cannabis use, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Regulatory_compliance\" title=\"Regulatory compliance\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"96ef4e38e482cf2be714a7092a6f9caa\">regulation<\/a>, testing, and research have been and where they are now. Many of the topics touched upon here will be expanded upon later in this guide.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1.1_Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\">1.1 Brief history of cannabis in the U.S.<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Drug_bottle_containing_cannabis.jpg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"16ad4af51a3bed65433ce06044764395\"><img alt=\"Drug bottle containing cannabis.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a3\/Drug_bottle_containing_cannabis.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"160\" height=\"340\" \/><\/a><\/div><p><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">Cannabis<\/a><\/i> is a rapid-growing, flowering plant that has been used for centuries for industrial, medicinal, and recreational purposes. The plant includes three species or subspecies: <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_indica\" title=\"Cannabis indica\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"7ea23da7d68f4d25012bac401d531b8b\">indica<\/a><\/i>, <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_ruderalis\" title=\"Cannabis ruderalis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"42623e227b8db007679c59aa10cc1eab\">ruderalis<\/a><\/i>, and <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_sativa\" title=\"Cannabis sativa\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"e003358742012354d1ff6002bc5781de\">sativa<\/a><\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GRINCannabis11_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GRINCannabis11-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Broadly speaking, both \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"c23e30b6cf1df54f1dc338492c9f9da2\">industrial hemp<\/a>\" and \"recreational marijuana\" are scientifically similar in that they both refer to the <i>Cannabis<\/i> plant. The important difference between the two is how they've been bred by humans, particularly in regards to their biochemical composition. Hemp\u2014which has historically been used to create clothing, food and feed, paper, textiles, and other industrial items\u2014tends to be bred to have lower levels of the psychoactive component <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Tetrahydrocannabinol\" title=\"Tetrahydrocannabinol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"15f3b3e338baeb54c04c715818759ec9\">tetrahydrocannabinol<\/a> (THC) and higher levels of the non-psychoactive component <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabidiol\" title=\"Cannabidiol\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"bbfcdd40d5eda5d20d1d5ab368c922a0\">cannabidiol<\/a> (CBD).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-SwansonControlled15_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SwansonControlled15-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DeitchHemp03_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DeitchHemp03-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> However, some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_strains\" title=\"Cannabis strains\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"31157c083080914bf8b5216f89d93bf8\">cannabis strains<\/a> have intentionally been bred to maximize the psychoactive component THC; this is often referred to as marijuana (or the older term \"marihuana\"), a change arguably driven by newspaper reporters post-1900.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BaccaWhat14_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BaccaWhat14-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-ThompsonTheMyst13_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ThompsonTheMyst13-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Cannabis cultivation began in England's Jamestown colony of America in earnest around 1611, via formal orders. Several years later those orders turned into a royal decree, enacted by the Virginia Company, asking colonists to each grow 100 hemp plants for export to England.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DeitchHemp03_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DeitchHemp03-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Colonial America continued its growth, use, and exportation of hemp, even beyond the formal founding of the United States. During that time, growers undoubtedly were using the female plant (which flowers and has higher levels of THC) to treat aches and pains, as well as enjoy it recreationally. By the time the U.S. Civil War arrived in the 1860s, however, the growth and use of industrial hemp declined as increased cotton and wood use took away much of the profitability of hemp.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-DeitchHemp03_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-DeitchHemp03-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Around the same time, local governments began recognizing tonics, tinctures, and extracts from cannabis plants as potentially dangerous substances, labeling them as hypnotics, narcotics, or even poisons.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Senate1860_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Senate1860-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> In the early twentieth century, U.S. labeling and prescription laws\u2014such as the the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 at the federal level, as well as various state laws\u2014saw further restrictions put on cannabis, effectively culminating in the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act\" title=\"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"8cf0ca74b505eb777b067457318159fd\">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938<\/a>. With the passage of those acts, hemp and marijuana essentially became illegal, controlled substances.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WaltonMari38_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WaltonMari38-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WoodwardTax37_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WoodwardTax37-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-CaversTheFood39_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CaversTheFood39-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>State efforts to decriminalize marijuana were somewhat successful in the early 1970s, though progress towards that goal slowed again with the Reagan Administration's war on drugs.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MeierPolitics16_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MeierPolitics16-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Progress picked up steam again in the late 1990s into the 2000s, particularly in states such as California, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Washington, and Colorado.\n<\/p><p>As of July 2022, thirty-eight U.S. states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) have approved broad legalization of medicinal marijuana, with 19 U.S. states and D.C. also approving recreational marijuana.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BerkeMichigan18_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BerkeMichigan18-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, neighboring Canada has legalized the purchase, growth, and consumption of marijuana in small amounts across the country<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-PorterCanada18_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PorterCanada18-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>, while Mexico's Supreme Court has legalized \"all forms of non-commercial adult use\" of the plant<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-TimmonsMexico18_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TimmonsMexico18-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>, though, as of July 2022, fully implementing the decision continues to be an ongoing process.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WilliamsNews19_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WilliamsNews19-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WestfallMexico21_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WestfallMexico21-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-BusbyMexicoSup22_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BusbyMexicoSup22-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Industrial hemp has also been addressed in a more serious fashion in the U.S., with 47 states having introduced some sort of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Hemp#Cultivation\" title=\"Hemp\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"1a0ab95d728511a1062ef839748a206d\">hemp cultivation<\/a> and production programs, and the federal government making certain concessions on it (<i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> containing no more than 0.3 percent THC, grown under a state-sanctioned agricultural pilot program).<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NCSLState18_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NCSLState18-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-81FR53395_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81FR53395-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> In December 2018, those concessions seemingly transformed into what became outright legalization of industrial hemp in the United States (with significant shared state-federal regulator restrictions<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-HudakTheFarm18_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HudakTheFarm18-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>) via the full passage and reconciliation of the 2018 Farm Bill.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-NCSLState18_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NCSLState18-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-GoodFarm18_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GoodFarm18-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-MilliganLegal18_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MilliganLegal18-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartWillHemp18_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartWillHemp18-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> However, marijuana remains a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedules_of_controlled_substances\" title=\"Controlled Substances Act\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"d2cd6a2097fb4903853d7e3d4a35fd47\">Schedule I<\/a> controlled substance, as determined by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration\" title=\"Food and Drug Administration\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6798fbab408d97f2c6483e108e7c42a6\">U.S. Food and Drug Administration<\/a> (FDA)<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-LegerMari16_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LegerMari16-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis_concentrate\" title=\"Cannabis concentrate\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"4820fde4ed6a3627d7a670471f273d33\">extracts<\/a> and other derivatives such as CBD that come from cannabis.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-WallaceLegal17_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WallaceLegal17-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> (However, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA] moved CBD-based prescription drugs with a THC content below 0.01 percent to Schedule V classification in September 2018.<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-Romza-KutzCBD18_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Romza-KutzCBD18-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> The status of CBD extracted from industrial hemp appears to be in a legal quagmire with the passage of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=2018_Farm_Bill\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"2018 Farm Bill\" data-key=\"6b734fee3f170f3d169950d52f00b025\">2018 Farm Bill<\/a>; see <i>The National Law Review<\/i> from late 2018<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-StewartWillHemp18_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-StewartWillHemp18-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>, the FDA's consumer update from late 2019<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FDAWhatYouNeed19_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FDAWhatYouNeed19-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>, and it's most recent regulatory news<sup id=\"rdp-ebb-cite_ref-FDARegulationOfCann20_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FDARegulationOfCann20-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup> for further details.) This federal classification continues to clash with changing state laws and regulations at an increasing pace, creating both opportunities and difficulties for involved citizens at all points along the industrial, economic, and social chain.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-GRINCannabis11-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GRINCannabis11_1-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/npgsweb.ars-grin.gov\/gringlobal\/taxonomygenus?id=2034\" target=\"_blank\">\"Genus: Cannabis L.\"<\/a>. <i>U.S. National Plant Germplasm System<\/i>. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1 January 2011<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/npgsweb.ars-grin.gov\/gringlobal\/taxonomygenus?id=2034\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/npgsweb.ars-grin.gov\/gringlobal\/taxonomygenus?id=2034<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Genus%3A+Cannabis+L.&rft.atitle=U.S.+National+Plant+Germplasm+System&rft.date=1+January+2011&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomygenus%3Fid%3D2034&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-SwansonControlled15-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-SwansonControlled15_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Swanson, T.E. (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/law.und.edu\/_files\/docs\/ndlr\/pdf\/issues\/90\/3\/90ndlr599.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"Controlled Substances Chaos: The Department of Justice's New Policy Position on Marijuana and What It Means for Industrial Hemp Farming in North Dakota\"<\/a> (PDF). <i>North Dakota Law Review<\/i> <b>90<\/b> (3): 599\u2013622<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/law.und.edu\/_files\/docs\/ndlr\/pdf\/issues\/90\/3\/90ndlr599.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/law.und.edu\/_files\/docs\/ndlr\/pdf\/issues\/90\/3\/90ndlr599.pdf<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Controlled+Substances+Chaos%3A+The+Department+of+Justice%27s+New+Policy+Position+on+Marijuana+and+What+It+Means+for+Industrial+Hemp+Farming+in+North+Dakota&rft.jtitle=North+Dakota+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Swanson%2C+T.E.&rft.au=Swanson%2C+T.E.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=599%E2%80%93622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.und.edu%2F_files%2Fdocs%2Fndlr%2Fpdf%2Fissues%2F90%2F3%2F90ndlr599.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-DeitchHemp03-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DeitchHemp03_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DeitchHemp03_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-DeitchHemp03_3-2\">3.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Deitch, R. (2003). <i>Hemp \u2013 American History Revisited<\/i>. New York City: Algora Publishing. pp. 232. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9780875862262.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemp+%E2%80%93+American+History+Revisited&rft.aulast=Deitch%2C+R.&rft.au=Deitch%2C+R.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B232&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.isbn=9780875862262&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BaccaWhat14-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BaccaWhat14_4-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Bacca, A. (5 June 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200615050023\/https:\/\/www.alternet.org\/2014\/06\/whats-difference-between-hemp-and-marijuana\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"What's the Difference Between Hemp and Marijuana?\"<\/a>. <i>Alternet<\/i>. Independent Media Institute. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.alternet.org\/drugs\/whats-difference-between-hemp-and-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 15 June 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200615050023\/https:\/\/www.alternet.org\/2014\/06\/whats-difference-between-hemp-and-marijuana\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200615050023\/https:\/\/www.alternet.org\/2014\/06\/whats-difference-between-hemp-and-marijuana\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+Difference+Between+Hemp+and+Marijuana%3F&rft.atitle=Alternet&rft.aulast=Bacca%2C+A.&rft.au=Bacca%2C+A.&rft.date=5+June+2014&rft.pub=Independent+Media+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200615050023%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternet.org%2F2014%2F06%2Fwhats-difference-between-hemp-and-marijuana%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ThompsonTheMyst13-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ThompsonTheMyst13_5-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Thompson, M. (22 July 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/codeswitch\/2013\/07\/14\/201981025\/the-mysterious-history-of-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Mysterious History Of 'Marijuana'\"<\/a>. <i>NPR<\/i>. National Public Radio<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/codeswitch\/2013\/07\/14\/201981025\/the-mysterious-history-of-marijuana\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/codeswitch\/2013\/07\/14\/201981025\/the-mysterious-history-of-marijuana<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Mysterious+History+Of+%27Marijuana%27&rft.atitle=NPR&rft.aulast=Thompson%2C+M.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+M.&rft.date=22+July+2013&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2013%2F07%2F14%2F201981025%2Fthe-mysterious-history-of-marijuana&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Senate1860-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Senate1860_6-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">U.S. Senate (16 February 1860). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180204001301\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1860\/02\/16\/news\/senate-88150825.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Senate\"<\/a>. <i>The New York Times<\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1860\/02\/16\/news\/senate-88150825.html\" target=\"_blank\">the original<\/a> on 04 February 2018<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180204001301\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1860\/02\/16\/news\/senate-88150825.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180204001301\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1860\/02\/16\/news\/senate-88150825.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Senate&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=U.S.+Senate&rft.au=U.S.+Senate&rft.date=16+February+1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180204001301%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1860%2F02%2F16%2Fnews%2Fsenate-88150825.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WaltonMari38-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WaltonMari38_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Walton, R.F. (1938). <i>Marijuana, America\u2019s New Drug Problem<\/i>. Philadelphia: B. Lippincott. p. 37.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marijuana%2C+America%E2%80%99s+New+Drug+Problem&rft.aulast=Walton%2C+R.F.&rft.au=Walton%2C+R.F.&rft.date=1938&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B37&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=B.+Lippincott&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WoodwardTax37-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WoodwardTax37_8-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Woodward, W.C.; House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means (4 May 1937). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.druglibrary.org\/schaffer\/hemp\/taxact\/woodward.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Taxation of Marihuana\"<\/a>. <i>Schaffer Library of Drug Policy<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.druglibrary.org\/schaffer\/hemp\/taxact\/woodward.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.druglibrary.org\/schaffer\/hemp\/taxact\/woodward.htm<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Taxation+of+Marihuana&rft.atitle=Schaffer+Library+of+Drug+Policy&rft.aulast=Woodward%2C+W.C.%3B+House+of+Representatives%2C+Committee+on+Ways+and+Means&rft.au=Woodward%2C+W.C.%3B+House+of+Representatives%2C+Committee+on+Ways+and+Means&rft.date=4+May+1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fschaffer%2Fhemp%2Ftaxact%2Fwoodward.htm&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-CaversTheFood39-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CaversTheFood39_9-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\">Cavers, D.F. (1939). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.duke.edu\/lcp\/vol6\/iss1\/2\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938: Its Legislative History and its Substantive Provisions\"<\/a>. <i>Law and Contemporary Problems<\/i> <b>6<\/b>: 2\u201342<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.duke.edu\/lcp\/vol6\/iss1\/2\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/scholarship.law.duke.edu\/lcp\/vol6\/iss1\/2\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Food%2C+Drug%2C+and+Cosmetic+Act+of+1938%3A+Its+Legislative+History+and+its+Substantive+Provisions&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Contemporary+Problems&rft.aulast=Cavers%2C+D.F.&rft.au=Cavers%2C+D.F.&rft.date=1939&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=2%E2%80%9342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Flcp%2Fvol6%2Fiss1%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MeierPolitics16-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MeierPolitics16_10-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation book\">Meier, K.J. (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=J4wYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58\" target=\"_blank\"><i>The Politics of Sin: Drugs, Alcohol and Public Policy: Drugs, Alcohol and Public Policy<\/i><\/a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text wiki-link\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" data-key=\"f64947ba21e884434bd70e8d9e60bae6\">ISBN<\/a> 9781315287270<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=J4wYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=J4wYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Sin%3A+Drugs%2C+Alcohol+and+Public+Policy%3A+Drugs%2C+Alcohol+and+Public+Policy&rft.aulast=Meier%2C+K.J.&rft.au=Meier%2C+K.J.&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B58&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.isbn=9781315287270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4wYDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BerkeMichigan18-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BerkeMichigan18_11-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Berke, J.; Gal, S.; Lee, Y.J. (6 January 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana legalization is sweeping the US. See every state where cannabis is legal\"<\/a>. <i>Business Insider<\/i>. Insider, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+legalization+is+sweeping+the+US.+See+every+state+where+cannabis+is+legal&rft.atitle=Business+Insider&rft.aulast=Berke%2C+J.%3B+Gal%2C+S.%3B+Lee%2C+Y.J.&rft.au=Berke%2C+J.%3B+Gal%2C+S.%3B+Lee%2C+Y.J.&rft.date=6+January+2021&rft.pub=Insider%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Flegal-marijuana-states-2018-1&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PorterCanada18-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-PorterCanada18_12-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Porter, C. (11 November 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html\" target=\"_blank\">\"Canada\u2019s Message to Teenagers: Marijuana Is Legal Now. Please Don\u2019t Smoke It\"<\/a>. <i>The New York Times<\/i>. The New York Times Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/11\/world\/canada\/marijuana-legalization-teenagers.html<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Canada%E2%80%99s+Message+to+Teenagers%3A+Marijuana+Is+Legal+Now.+Please+Don%E2%80%99t+Smoke+It&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Porter%2C+C.&rft.au=Porter%2C+C.&rft.date=11+November+2018&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F11%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Fmarijuana-legalization-teenagers.html&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-TimmonsMexico18-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-TimmonsMexico18_13-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Timmons, P. (31 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Top_News\/World-News\/2018\/10\/31\/Mexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use\/9621541024238\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mexico's Supreme Court legalizes cannabis for recreational use\"<\/a>. <i>UPI<\/i>. United Press International, Inc<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Top_News\/World-News\/2018\/10\/31\/Mexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use\/9621541024238\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Top_News\/World-News\/2018\/10\/31\/Mexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use\/9621541024238\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 07 July 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mexico%27s+Supreme+Court+legalizes+cannabis+for+recreational+use&rft.atitle=UPI&rft.aulast=Timmons%2C+P.&rft.au=Timmons%2C+P.&rft.date=31+October+2018&rft.pub=United+Press+International%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2018%2F10%2F31%2FMexicos-Supreme-Court-legalizes-cannabis-for-recreational-use%2F9621541024238%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WilliamsNews19-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WilliamsNews19_14-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Williams, S. (16 November 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2019\/11\/16\/news-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"News Flash: Recreational Marijuana in Mexico Is Going to Have to Wait\"<\/a>. <i>The Motley Fool<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2019\/11\/16\/news-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2019\/11\/16\/news-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 07 July 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=News+Flash%3A+Recreational+Marijuana+in+Mexico+Is+Going+to+Have+to+Wait&rft.atitle=The+Motley+Fool&rft.aulast=Williams%2C+S.&rft.au=Williams%2C+S.&rft.date=16+November+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2F2019%2F11%2F16%2Fnews-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WestfallMexico21-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WestfallMexico21_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Westfall, S. (29 June 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2021\/06\/29\/marijuana-legalization-court-ruling-mexico\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mexico\u2019s top court rolls back marijuana prohibition, opening door to legalization\"<\/a>. <i>The Washington Post<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2021\/06\/29\/marijuana-legalization-court-ruling-mexico\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2021\/06\/29\/marijuana-legalization-court-ruling-mexico\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 07 July 2021<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mexico%E2%80%99s+top+court+rolls+back+marijuana+prohibition%2C+opening+door+to+legalization&rft.atitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.aulast=Westfall%2C+S.&rft.au=Westfall%2C+S.&rft.date=29+June+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F06%2F29%2Fmarijuana-legalization-court-ruling-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-BusbyMexicoSup22-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-BusbyMexicoSup22_16-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Busby, M. (12 May 2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/politics\/mexicos-supreme-court-rules-personal-marijuana-possession-legal-again\" target=\"_blank\">\"Mexico\u2019s Supreme Court rules personal marijuana possession legal, again\"<\/a>. <i>Leafly<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/politics\/mexicos-supreme-court-rules-personal-marijuana-possession-legal-again\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/politics\/mexicos-supreme-court-rules-personal-marijuana-possession-legal-again<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mexico%E2%80%99s+Supreme+Court+rules+personal+marijuana+possession+legal%2C+again&rft.atitle=Leafly&rft.aulast=Busby%2C+M.&rft.au=Busby%2C+M.&rft.date=12+May+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fmexicos-supreme-court-rules-personal-marijuana-possession-legal-again&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NCSLState18-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NCSLState18_17-0\">17.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-NCSLState18_17-1\">17.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/agriculture-and-rural-development\/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\"State Industrial Hemp Statuses\"<\/a>. National Conference of State Legislatures. 16 April 2020<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/agriculture-and-rural-development\/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/agriculture-and-rural-development\/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=State+Industrial+Hemp+Statuses&rft.atitle=&rft.date=16+April+2020&rft.pub=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fresearch%2Fagriculture-and-rural-development%2Fstate-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-81FR53395-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-81FR53395_18-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation Journal\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-19146\/statement-of-principles-on-industrial-hemp\" target=\"_blank\">\"Statement of Principles on Industrial Hemp\"<\/a>. <i>Federal Register<\/i> <b>81<\/b> (156): 53395\u20136. 12 August 2016<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-19146\/statement-of-principles-on-industrial-hemp\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/12\/2016-19146\/statement-of-principles-on-industrial-hemp<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Statement+of+Principles+on+Industrial+Hemp&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.date=12+August+2016&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=156&rft.pages=53395%E2%80%936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2016%2F08%2F12%2F2016-19146%2Fstatement-of-principles-on-industrial-hemp&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HudakTheFarm18-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-HudakTheFarm18_19-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Hudak, J. (14 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2018\/12\/14\/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Farm Bill, hemp legalization and the status of CBD: An explainer\"<\/a>. <i>FIXGOV<\/i>. The Brookings Institution<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2018\/12\/14\/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2018\/12\/14\/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Farm+Bill%2C+hemp+legalization+and+the+status+of+CBD%3A+An+explainer&rft.atitle=FIXGOV&rft.aulast=Hudak%2C+J.&rft.au=Hudak%2C+J.&rft.date=14+December+2018&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Ffixgov%2F2018%2F12%2F14%2Fthe-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GoodFarm18-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-GoodFarm18_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Good, K. (20 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/farmpolicynews.illinois.edu\/2018\/12\/farm-bill-signed-snap-proposal-released-and-trade-aid-payments-approved\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Farm Bill Signed, SNAP Proposal Released, and Trade Aid Payments Approved\"<\/a>. <i>Farm Policy News<\/i>. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/farmpolicynews.illinois.edu\/2018\/12\/farm-bill-signed-snap-proposal-released-and-trade-aid-payments-approved\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/farmpolicynews.illinois.edu\/2018\/12\/farm-bill-signed-snap-proposal-released-and-trade-aid-payments-approved\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Farm+Bill+Signed%2C+SNAP+Proposal+Released%2C+and+Trade+Aid+Payments+Approved&rft.atitle=Farm+Policy+News&rft.aulast=Good%2C+K.&rft.au=Good%2C+K.&rft.date=20+December+2018&rft.pub=Board+of+Trustees+of+the+University+of+Illinois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffarmpolicynews.illinois.edu%2F2018%2F12%2Ffarm-bill-signed-snap-proposal-released-and-trade-aid-payments-approved%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MilliganLegal18-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-MilliganLegal18_21-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Milligan, S. (4 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/national-news\/articles\/2018-12-04\/legalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections\" target=\"_blank\">\"Legalization of Hemp Could Be First Step for Federal Marijuana Protections\"<\/a>. <i>U.S. News and World Report<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/national-news\/articles\/2018-12-04\/legalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/national-news\/articles\/2018-12-04\/legalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Legalization+of+Hemp+Could+Be+First+Step+for+Federal+Marijuana+Protections&rft.atitle=U.S.+News+and+World+Report&rft.aulast=Milligan%2C+S.&rft.au=Milligan%2C+S.&rft.date=4+December+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-news%2Farticles%2F2018-12-04%2Flegalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-StewartWillHemp18-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartWillHemp18_22-0\">22.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-StewartWillHemp18_22-1\">22.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Stewart, I.A.; Kloss, J.M.; Willner, N.M. (4 December 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/will-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite\" target=\"_blank\">\"Will Hemp-Derived CBD Be Fully Legal with Passage of the 2018 Farm Bill? Not Quite\u2026\"<\/a>. <i>The National Law Review<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/will-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/will-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Will+Hemp-Derived+CBD+Be+Fully+Legal+with+Passage+of+the+2018+Farm+Bill%3F+Not+Quite%E2%80%A6&rft.atitle=The+National+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Stewart%2C+I.A.%3B+Kloss%2C+J.M.%3B+Willner%2C+N.M.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+I.A.%3B+Kloss%2C+J.M.%3B+Willner%2C+N.M.&rft.date=4+December+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natlawreview.com%2Farticle%2Fwill-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LegerMari16-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-LegerMari16_23-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says\"<\/a>. <i>USA. Today<\/i>. Gannett Company<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2016\/08\/11\/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law\/88550804\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Marijuana+to+remain+illegal+under+federal+law%2C+DEA+says&rft.atitle=USA.+Today&rft.aulast=Leger%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Leger%2C+D.L.&rft.date=11+August+2016&rft.pub=Gannett+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2016%2F08%2F11%2Fdea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law%2F88550804%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-WallaceLegal17-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WallaceLegal17_24-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Wallace, A. (13 January 2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2017\/01\/13\/hemp-dea-extracts-marijuana-cbd-judicial-review\/71387\/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Legal challenge filed against DEA\u2019s new marijuana extract rule\"<\/a>. <i>The Cannabist<\/i>. The Denver Post<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2017\/01\/13\/hemp-dea-extracts-marijuana-cbd-judicial-review\/71387\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2017\/01\/13\/hemp-dea-extracts-marijuana-cbd-judicial-review\/71387\/<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Legal+challenge+filed+against+DEA%E2%80%99s+new+marijuana+extract+rule&rft.atitle=The+Cannabist&rft.aulast=Wallace%2C+A.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+A.&rft.date=13+January+2017&rft.pub=The+Denver+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecannabist.co%2F2017%2F01%2F13%2Fhemp-dea-extracts-marijuana-cbd-judicial-review%2F71387%2F&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Romza-KutzCBD18-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Romza-KutzCBD18_25-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">Romza-Kutz, D. (1 October 2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2018-10-01\/cbd-drugs-moved-to-schedule-5-no-promises-for-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"CBD drugs moved to Schedule 5; no promises for cannabis\"<\/a>. Thompson Coburn LLP<span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2018-10-01\/cbd-drugs-moved-to-schedule-5-no-promises-for-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thompsoncoburn.com\/insights\/blogs\/tracking-cannabis\/post\/2018-10-01\/cbd-drugs-moved-to-schedule-5-no-promises-for-cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CBD+drugs+moved+to+Schedule+5%3B+no+promises+for+cannabis&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Romza-Kutz%2C+D.&rft.au=Romza-Kutz%2C+D.&rft.date=1+October+2018&rft.pub=Thompson+Coburn+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thompsoncoburn.com%2Finsights%2Fblogs%2Ftracking-cannabis%2Fpost%2F2018-10-01%2Fcbd-drugs-moved-to-schedule-5-no-promises-for-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FDAWhatYouNeed19-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FDAWhatYouNeed19_26-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">U.S. Food and Drug Administration (5 March 2020). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">\"What You Need to Know (And What We\u2019re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD\"<\/a>. <i>Consumer Updates<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+%28And+What+We%E2%80%99re+Working+to+Find+Out%29+About+Products+Containing+Cannabis+or+Cannabis-derived+Compounds%2C+Including+CBD&rft.atitle=Consumer+Updates&rft.aulast=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.au=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=5+March+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fconsumers%2Fconsumer-updates%2Fwhat-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FDARegulationOfCann20-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-FDARegulationOfCann20_27-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">U.S. Food and Drug Administration (22 January 2021). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"#legaltosell\">\"FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)\"<\/a>. <i>Public Health Focus<\/i><span class=\"printonly\">. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"#legaltosell\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/public-health-focus\/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd#legaltosell<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved 08 July 2022<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA+Regulation+of+Cannabis+and+Cannabis-Derived+Products%2C+Including+Cannabidiol+%28CBD%29&rft.atitle=Public+Health+Focus&rft.aulast=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.au=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=22+January+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpublic-health-focus%2Ffda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd%23legaltosell&rfr_id=info:sid\/en.wikipedia.org:Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\"><span style=\"display: none;\"> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140913\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.222 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.709 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 19476\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 166321\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 61754\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 18\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 49248\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 205.010 1 -total\n 85.96% 176.220 1 Template:Reflist\n 68.85% 141.145 27 Template:Citation\/core\n 58.08% 119.077 21 Template:Cite_web\n 14.24% 29.201 22 Template:Date\n 14.01% 28.725 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\n 11.73% 24.045 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\/Cannabis_history\n 9.93% 20.366 3 Template:Cite_book\n 7.97% 16.333 3 Template:Cite_journal\n 4.37% 8.961 48 Template:Citation\/make_link\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5198-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140913 and revision id 15769. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","11901a0e4fb813a64da02825d0a7d0c7_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a3\/Drug_bottle_containing_cannabis.jpg"],"11901a0e4fb813a64da02825d0a7d0c7_timestamp":1660140553,"fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f_type":"article","fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f_title":"Introduction","fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f_url":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction","fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f_plaintext":"\n\nBook:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/IntroductionFrom CannaQAWikiJump to navigationJump to search\nTitle: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\nEdition: Fourth edition\nAuthor for citation: Shawn E. Douglas\nLicense for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International\nPublication date: August 2022\nThis guide provides an in-depth discussion of the ever-changing status of the regulation of the Cannabis plant in the United States (and other parts of the world), as well as the industries surrounding it, including laboratory testing. It also addresses history, regulations, and standards as well as the chemical properties of cannabis and the laboratory methods used to define them. Additionally, the guide examines the equipment, software, and reporting of testing labs; provides future-looking trends and guidance both nationally and internationally; and offers a full directory of resources associated with cannabis regulation and testing. \nThe fourth edition of this guide updates historical content and adds new historically relevant facts as they relate to regulations, standards, and more. New in this edition is the discussion of quality within the cannabis testing lab, discussion about enforcement of regulations and standards, several new laboratory testing standards and methods, additional vendors, additional insights into the future of cannabis testing and regulation, and updated resources.\nThe table of contents for Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States is as follows: \n\r\n\n1. Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\n\n1.1 Brief history of cannabis in the U.S.\n1.2 Medical and recreational use\n1.3 Cultivation and distribution\n1.4 Testing and research\n1.5 Other areas of concern\n1.5.1 Banking\n1.5.2 Advertising\n1.5.3 Insurance\n1.5.4 Data management<\/dd>\n2. Regulation, standardization, and quality\n\n2.1 Federal regulation of cannabis\n2.2 State and local regulation\n2.3 Standardization\n2.3.1 Enforcement<\/dd>\n2.4 Quality\n3. Laboratory testing of cannabis\n\n3.1 Analytical aspects of cannabis\n3.1.1 Cannabinoids\n3.1.2 Terpenes\n3.1.3 Contaminants<\/dd>\n3.2 Methods and guidelines\n3.2.1 Sampling\n3.2.2 Cannabinoid testing\n3.2.3 Terpene testing\n3.2.4 Contaminant testing<\/dd>\n3.3 Laboratory accreditation\n3.4 Reports\n3.5 Lab equipment\n3.6 Software\n3.6.1 LIMS\n3.6.2 CDS\n3.6.3 Seed-to-sale<\/dd>\n4. Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\n\n4.1 Vendors: 0 through F\n4.1.1 AB Sciex Pte. Ltd.\n4.1.2 Agilent Technologies, Inc.\n4.1.3 Alpha-CAT Lab s.r.o.\n4.1.4 B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG\n4.1.5 CEM Corporation\n4.1.6 Conquer Scientific Service, Inc.\n4.1.7 Emerald Scientific, LLC\n4.1.8 Fritsch GmbH<\/dd>\n4.2 Vendors: G through P\n4.2.1 GemmaCert Ltd.\n4.2.2 GenTech Scientific, Inc.\n4.2.3 GMI OpCo, LLC\n4.2.4 ICON Scientific, Inc.\n4.2.5 Lab Society, LLC\n4.2.6 LabX\n4.2.7 LGC Limited\n4.2.8 Marshall Scientific, LLC\n4.2.9 Microbiologics, Inc.\n4.2.10 Neutec Group, Inc.\n4.2.11 Orange Photonics, Inc.\n4.2.12 Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd.\n4.2.13 PerkinElmer, Inc.<\/dd>\n4.3 Vendors: Q through Z\n4.3.1 Quantum Analytics, LLC\n4.3.2 Restek Corporation\n4.3.3 Sage Analytics\n4.3.4 Scientific Equipment Source, Inc.\n4.3.5 Scientific Repair, Inc.\n4.3.6 Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc.\n4.3.7 Sigma-Aldritch, Inc. \/ MilliporeSigma, Inc.\n4.3.8 SPEX CertiPrep, Inc.\n4.3.9 ST2 Service Technologies, Inc.\n4.3.10 Thermo Fisher Scientific\n4.3.11 VICAM\n4.3.12 Waters Corporation\n4.3.13 Willow Industries, LLC<\/dd>\n5. Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\n\n5.1 Regulation, market, and research\n5.2 Lab testing\n5.2.1 Consolidation<\/dd>\n5.3 Production\n5.3.1 Safety<\/dd>\n5.4 Big Marijuana\n5.4.1 Patenting<\/dd>\n5.5 Non-U.S. policy\n6. Final thoughts and resources\n\n6.1 Final thoughts\n6.2 Key reading and reference material\n6.2.1 Key reading\n6.2.2 Reference material<\/dd>\n6.3 Publications and blogs\n6.4 Education and training\n6.5 Scientific conferences and trade shows\n6.6 Associations, organizations, and interest groups\n6.7 Consultancy and support services\n6.8 Licensed cultivators\n6.8.1 Canada\n6.8.2 United States<\/dd>\n6.9 Testing labs and pricing info\n6.9.1 Canada\n6.9.2 United States\n6.9.3 Mexico<\/dd>\n\n\n\n\nSource: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction<\/a>\nNavigation menuPage actionsBookDiscussionView sourceHistoryPage actionsBookDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languagesPersonal toolsLog inNavigationMain pageList of articlesRandom pageRecent changesHelpSearch\u00a0 ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information This page was last edited on 26 March 2020, at 22:23.Content is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.Privacy policyAbout CannaQAWikiDisclaimers\n","fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f_html":"<body class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-150 ns-subject page-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Introduction rootpage-Book_Past_Present_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States_Introduction skin-monobook action-view skin--responsive\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-globalWrapper\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-column-content\"><div id=\"rdp-ebb-content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\"><a id=\"rdp-ebb-top\"><\/a>\n<h1 id=\"rdp-ebb-firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Introduction<\/h1><div id=\"rdp-ebb-bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><!-- start content --><div id=\"rdp-ebb-mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><div class=\"floatright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=File:Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg\" class=\"image wiki-link\" data-key=\"3a8068adcb3ed07939ee0f2f27e7469f\"><img alt=\"Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg\/300px-Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><b>Title<\/b>: <i>Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States<\/i>\n<\/p><p><b>Edition<\/b>: Fourth edition\n<\/p><p><b>Author for citation<\/b>: Shawn E. Douglas\n<\/p><p><b>License for content<\/b>: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International<\/a>\n<\/p><p><b>Publication date<\/b>: August 2022\n<\/p><p>This guide provides an in-depth discussion of the ever-changing status of the regulation of the <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Cannabis\" title=\"Cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"a70b76268930d795518ff1f98d7e500d\">Cannabis<\/a><\/i> plant in the United States (and other parts of the world), as well as the industries surrounding it, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Laboratory\" title=\"Laboratory\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ed14e6a67b4b14ad2c190c28455725f6\">laboratory<\/a> testing. It also addresses history, regulations, and standards as well as the chemical properties of cannabis and the laboratory methods used to define them. Additionally, the guide examines the equipment, software, and reporting of testing labs; provides future-looking trends and guidance both nationally and internationally; and offers a full directory of resources associated with cannabis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=RefWork:Known_cannabis_testing_regulations_in_the_United_States\" title=\"RefWork:Known cannabis testing regulations in the United States\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ff57dfeb7bb057c6b03df91fe39df3dd\">regulation<\/a> and testing. \n<\/p><p>The fourth edition of this guide updates historical content and adds new historically relevant facts as they relate to regulations, standards, and more. New in this edition is the discussion of quality within the cannabis testing lab, discussion about enforcement of regulations and standards, several new laboratory testing standards and methods, additional vendors, additional insights into the future of cannabis testing and regulation, and updated resources.\n<\/p><p>The table of contents for <i>Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States<\/i> is as follows: \n<\/p><p><br \/>\n1. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S.\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States\/Brief history of cannabis in the U.S.\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"11901a0e4fb813a64da02825d0a7d0c7\">Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>1.1 Brief history of cannabis in the U.S.<\/dd>\n<dd>1.2 Medical and recreational use<\/dd>\n<dd>1.3 Cultivation and distribution<\/dd>\n<dd>1.4 Testing and research<\/dd>\n<dd>1.5 Other areas of concern\n<dl><dd>1.5.1 Banking<\/dd>\n<dd>1.5.2 Advertising<\/dd>\n<dd>1.5.3 Insurance<\/dd>\n<dd>1.5.4 Data management<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p>2. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Regulation, standardization, and quality\/Federal regulation of cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189\">Regulation, standardization, and quality<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>2.1 Federal regulation of cannabis<\/dd>\n<dd>2.2 State and local regulation<\/dd>\n<dd>2.3 Standardization\n<dl><dd>2.3.1 Enforcement<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>2.4 Quality<\/dd><\/dl>\n<p>3. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Laboratory testing of cannabis\/Analytical aspects of cannabis\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd\">Laboratory testing of cannabis<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>3.1 Analytical aspects of cannabis\n<dl><dd>3.1.1 Cannabinoids<\/dd>\n<dd>3.1.2 Terpenes<\/dd>\n<dd>3.1.3 Contaminants<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>3.2 Methods and guidelines\n<dl><dd>3.2.1 Sampling<\/dd>\n<dd>3.2.2 Cannabinoid testing<\/dd>\n<dd>3.2.3 Terpene testing<\/dd>\n<dd>3.2.4 Contaminant testing<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>3.3 Laboratory accreditation<\/dd>\n<dd>3.4 Reports<\/dd>\n<dd>3.5 Lab equipment<\/dd>\n<dd>3.6 Software\n<dl><dd>3.6.1 LIMS<\/dd>\n<dd>3.6.2 CDS<\/dd>\n<dd>3.6.3 Seed-to-sale<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p>4. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment\/Vendors: 0 through F\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83\">Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>4.1 Vendors: 0 through F\n<dl><dd>4.1.1 AB Sciex Pte. Ltd.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.2 Agilent Technologies, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.3 Alpha-CAT Lab s.r.o.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.4 B\u00dcCHI Labortechnik AG<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.5 CEM Corporation<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.6 Conquer Scientific Service, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.7 Emerald Scientific, LLC<\/dd>\n<dd>4.1.8 Fritsch GmbH<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>4.2 Vendors: G through P\n<dl><dd>4.2.1 GemmaCert Ltd.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.2 GenTech Scientific, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.3 GMI OpCo, LLC<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.4 ICON Scientific, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.5 Lab Society, LLC<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.6 LabX<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.7 LGC Limited<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.8 Marshall Scientific, LLC<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.9 Microbiologics, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.10 Neutec Group, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.11 Orange Photonics, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.12 Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.2.13 PerkinElmer, Inc.<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>4.3 Vendors: Q through Z\n<dl><dd>4.3.1 Quantum Analytics, LLC<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.2 Restek Corporation<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.3 Sage Analytics<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.4 Scientific Equipment Source, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.5 Scientific Repair, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.6 Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.7 Sigma-Aldritch, Inc. \/ MilliporeSigma, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.8 SPEX CertiPrep, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.9 ST2 Service Technologies, Inc.<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.10 Thermo Fisher Scientific<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.11 VICAM<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.12 Waters Corporation<\/dd>\n<dd>4.3.13 Willow Industries, LLC<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd><\/dl>\n<p>5. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends\/Regulation, market, and research\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be\">Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>5.1 Regulation, market, and research<\/dd>\n<dd>5.2 Lab testing\n<dl><dd>5.2.1 Consolidation<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>5.3 Production\n<dl><dd>5.3.1 Safety<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>5.4 Big Marijuana\n<dl><dd>5.4.1 Patenting<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>5.5 Non-U.S. policy<\/dd><\/dl>\n<p>6. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Final_thoughts\" title=\"Book:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States\/Final thoughts and resources\/Final thoughts\" class=\"wiki-link\" data-key=\"b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed\">Final thoughts and resources<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<dl><dd>6.1 Final thoughts<\/dd>\n<dd>6.2 Key reading and reference material\n<dl><dd>6.2.1 Key reading<\/dd>\n<dd>6.2.2 Reference material<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>6.3 Publications and blogs<\/dd>\n<dd>6.4 Education and training<\/dd>\n<dd>6.5 Scientific conferences and trade shows<\/dd>\n<dd>6.6 Associations, organizations, and interest groups<\/dd>\n<dd>6.7 Consultancy and support services<\/dd>\n<dd>6.8 Licensed cultivators\n<dl><dd>6.8.1 Canada<\/dd>\n<dd>6.8.2 United States<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd>\n<dd>6.9 Testing labs and pricing info\n<dl><dd>6.9.1 Canada<\/dd>\n<dd>6.9.2 United States<\/dd>\n<dd>6.9.3 Mexico<\/dd><\/dl><\/dd><\/dl>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20220810140912\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.041 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.523 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 3\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 5511\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 2\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 0\/5000000 bytes\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 2.534 1 Template:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction\n100.00% 2.534 1 -total\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key cannaqa_wiki:pcache:idhash:5196-0!canonical and timestamp 20220810140912 and revision id 15746. Serialized with JSON.\n -->\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"printfooter\">Source: <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction\">https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- end content --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/body>","fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f_images":["https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg\/600px-Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg.png"],"fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f_timestamp":1660140552,"816bc5ee048c8669f9d42b30425606b4":{"type":"chapter","title":"About this book","key":"816bc5ee048c8669f9d42b30425606b4"}},"link":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States","price_currency":"","price_amount":"","book_size":"","download_url":"https:\/\/www.limsforum.com?ebb_action=book_download&book_id=89631","language":"","cta_button_content":"","toc":[{"type":"chapter","name":"About this book","id":"816bc5ee048c8669f9d42b30425606b4","children":[{"type":"article","name":"Introduction","id":"fce1d9973b149a468b7ad4f55260cf7f","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Introduction"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"1. Overview of the cannabis industry in the United States","id":"24bb2371c0f34f22a652a984a0fa235c","children":[{"type":"article","name":"1.1 Brief history of cannabis in the U.S.","id":"11901a0e4fb813a64da02825d0a7d0c7","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Brief_history_of_cannabis_in_the_U.S."},{"type":"article","name":"1.2 Medical and recreational use","id":"5a8f0605155a0d30680503a19e764caf","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Medical_and_recreational_use"},{"type":"article","name":"1.3 Cultivation and distribution","id":"f0e4e86b2b69427e1f186b75360a7328","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Cultivation_and_distribution"},{"type":"article","name":"1.4 Testing and research","id":"594beef2c64e0912400667240bee3df2","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Testing_and_research"},{"type":"article","name":"1.5 Other areas of concern - Banking, advertising, insurance, and data management","id":"2caa2affe55bbd4e75be99c044bd96b0","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Overview_of_the_cannabis_industry_in_the_United_States\/Other_areas_of_concern"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"2. Regulation, standardization, and quality","id":"e7a2ffb6154e32827b1c2d2ef1e93e0f","children":[{"type":"article","name":"2.1 Federal regulation of cannabis","id":"ac2e5cdb712dbe669de5a1e3623d1189","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Federal_regulation_of_cannabis"},{"type":"article","name":"2.2 State and local regulation","id":"edfeef6741d06f8c1b518576b58956ae","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/State_and_local_regulation"},{"type":"article","name":"2.3 Standardization","id":"3d2b37cebf50f61dbb776b1cc988fec8","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Standardization"},{"type":"article","name":"2.4 Quality","id":"8bcf572b5f7d1b8d2596e4fbd591227f","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Regulation,_standardization,_and_quality\/Quality"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"3. Laboratory testing of cannabis","id":"52c1fd13335888b2e076615016a7fbff","children":[{"type":"article","name":"3.1 Analytical aspects of cannabis - Cannabinoids, terpenes, and contaminants","id":"b99964aacbbb79f615b937feda35bacd","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Analytical_aspects_of_cannabis"},{"type":"article","name":"3.2 Methods and guidelines - Sampling, cannabinoid testing, terpene testing, and contaminant testing","id":"ae94ef3d64193ccbb654faae93d8d5c5","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Methods_and_guidelines"},{"type":"article","name":"3.3 Laboratory accreditation","id":"6324d0cdf264ab3bf926b37f5a996397","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Laboratory_accreditation"},{"type":"article","name":"3.4 Reports","id":"43e093bebcd90c654ac235e2f3adedbd","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Reports"},{"type":"article","name":"3.5 Lab equipment","id":"38cf50bd9a2169af7fcda0aceceed734","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Lab_equipment"},{"type":"article","name":"3.6 Software - LIMS, CDS, and seed-to-sale","id":"5dfd42f19a638751568a31ea0c22dd4c","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis\/Software"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"4. Cannabis testing instruments, software, and equipment","id":"6c43fbcdfea3ac2176204892a1ace636","children":[{"type":"article","name":"4.1 Vendors: 0 through F","id":"6ecd4687775ba4d2942a5bcc8f6d4f83","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_0_through_F"},{"type":"article","name":"4.2 Vendors: G through P","id":"c02710919090f377b68855d9e7194892","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_G_through_P"},{"type":"article","name":"4.3 Vendors: Q through Z","id":"589930486e726b6c7c3ad58b22f6ea2e","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Cannabis_testing_instruments,_software,_and_equipment\/Vendors:_Q_through_Z"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"5. Future of cannabis regulation, testing, and market trends","id":"01b3fc1b65d52bd1cc01c95278925e88","children":[{"type":"article","name":"5.1 Regulation, market, and research","id":"eb4d51e3d781010937327d4b2f0206be","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Regulation,_market,_and_research"},{"type":"article","name":"5.2 Lab testing and consolidation","id":"01727302717c8a5a6807f1508c3d9349","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Lab_testing"},{"type":"article","name":"5.3 Production and safety","id":"eb1b7514c5abdbf2237d540c5fb0fb7d","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Production"},{"type":"article","name":"5.4 Big Marijuana and patenting","id":"7ace9bcbbed3bc6dc01a7099efe1cd88","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Big_Marijuana"},{"type":"article","name":"5.5 Non-U.S. policy","id":"212e92fc0fab471a0e421e7459eda0d3","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Future_of_cannabis_regulation,_testing,_and_market_trends\/Non-U.S._policy"}]},{"type":"chapter","name":"6. Final thoughts and resources","id":"a34afe758b291c4614f6612b3b061fae","children":[{"type":"article","name":"6.1 Final thoughts","id":"b548eea2f8ea01e27100198cb7c203ed","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Final_thoughts"},{"type":"article","name":"6.2 Key reading and reference material","id":"f352af2b83dc6cc2960a5f06bb04294c","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Key_reading_and_reference_material"},{"type":"article","name":"6.3 Publications and blogs","id":"d2fc9c6de26901f68b92dbe9364b9f6e","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Publications_and_blogs"},{"type":"article","name":"6.4 Education and training","id":"8ad218889baaf0c7fb6b2baec4efe83e","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Education_and_training"},{"type":"article","name":"6.5 Scientific conferences and trade shows","id":"3e17f26898185a725672e0fa50f07ab8","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Scientific_conferences_and_trade_shows"},{"type":"article","name":"6.6 Associations, organizations, and interest groups","id":"94263a4026b151000bec8b3aa249c140","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Associations,_organizations,_and_interest_groups"},{"type":"article","name":"6.7 Consultancy and support services","id":"ee0368e9f4d3ab63f7a83454026f9788","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Consultancy_and_support_services"},{"type":"article","name":"6.8 Licensed cultivators - Canada and United States","id":"2f5db46e47f373222c5cfc4d5e8ba5cc","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Licensed_cultivators"},{"type":"article","name":"6.9 Testing labs and pricing info - Canada, United States, and Mexico","id":"b1b3d688b0a303a28955a2d498ef5f5c","pageUrl":"https:\/\/www.cannaqa.wiki\/index.php?title=Book:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States\/Final_thoughts_and_resources\/Testing_labs_and_pricing_info"}]}],"settings":{"show_cover":1,"show_title":1,"show_subtitle":0,"show_full_title":1,"show_editor":1,"show_editor_pic":1,"show_publisher":1,"show_language":1,"show_size":1,"show_toc":1,"show_content_beneath_cover":1,"toc_links":"logged-in","cta_button":"1","content_location":"1","log_in_msg":"","cover_size":"medium"},"title_image":"https:\/\/s3.limsforum.com\/www.limsforum.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/My_420_Tours_guide-1-scaled.jpg"}}
Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States
Fourth Edition
Editor: Shawn Douglas
Publisher: LabLynx Press
Copyright LabLynx Inc. All rights reserved.